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Ismail SHH, Hamdy R, Altaie AM, Fayed B, Dakalbab S, El-Awady R, Soliman SSM. Decoding host cell interaction- and fluconazole-induced metabolic alterations and drug resistance in Candida auris. Mycologia 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39024116 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2363730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging drug-resistant pathogen associated with high mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the metabolic alterations and associated pathogenesis and drug resistance in fluconazole-treated Candida auris-host cell interaction. Compared with controls, secreted metabolites from fluconazole-treated C. auris and fluconazole-treated C. auris-host cell co-culture demonstrated notable anti-Candida activity. Fluconazole caused significant reductions in C. auris cell numbers and aggregated phenotype. Metabolites produced by C. auris with potential fungal colonization, invasion, and host immune evasion effects were identified. Metabolites known to enhance biofilm formation produced during C. auris-host cell interaction were inhibited by fluconazole. Fluconazole enhanced the production of metabolites with biofilm inhibition activity, including behenyl alcohol and decanoic acid. Metabolites with potential Candida growth inhibition activity such as 2-palmitoyl glycerol, 1-tetradecanol, and 1-nonadecene were activated by fluconazole. Different patterns of proinflammatory cytokine expression presented due to fluconazole concentration and host cell type (fibroblasts versus macrophages). This highlights the immune response's complexity, emphasizing the necessity for additional research to comprehend cell-type-specific responses to antifungal therapies. Both host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment increased the expression of CDR1 and ERG11 genes, both associated with drug resistance. This study provides insights into pathogenesis in C. auris due to host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment. Understanding these interactions is crucial for enhancing fluconazole sensitivity and effectively combating C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah H H Ismail
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salam Dakalbab
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Kiernan MA, Garvey MI, Norville P, Otter JA, Weber DJ. Is detergent-only cleaning paired with chlorine disinfection the best approach for cleaning? J Hosp Infect 2024; 148:58-61. [PMID: 38649119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Kiernan
- Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, Brentford, UK.
| | - M I Garvey
- Hospital Infection Research Laboratory, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - J A Otter
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Institute for Healthcare Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in HCAI and AMR, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D J Weber
- Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Izadi A, Paknia F, Roostaee M, Mousavi SAA, Barani M. Advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies for multidrug-resistant candidiasis infections: a comprehensive review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:332001. [PMID: 38749415 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4bed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris, a rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, poses a global health threat, with cases reported in over 47 countries. Conventional detection methods struggle, and the increasing resistance ofC. auristo antifungal agents has limited treatment options. Nanoparticle-based therapies, utilizing materials like silver, carbon, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, polymer, and gold, show promise in effectively treating cutaneous candidiasis. This review explores recent advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize antifungal therapy, particularly in combatingC. aurisinfections. The discussion delves into mechanisms of action, combinations of nanomaterials, and their application against multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens, offering exciting prospects for improved clinical outcomes and reduced mortality rates. The aim is to inspire further research, ushering in a new era in the fight against multidrug-resistant fungal infections, paving the way for more effective and targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Izadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paknia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75168, Iran
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Rutala WA, Bolomey AC, Cadnum JL, Donskey CJ. Inactivation and/or physical removal of Candida auris from floors by detergent cleaner, disinfectants, microfiber, and ultraviolet C light (UV-C). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:390-392. [PMID: 37782038 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated surfaces may be a source of transmission for the globally emerging pathogen, Candida auris. Because floors may be a source of C. auris contamination on hands, strategies for inactivating or removing C. auris from floors were investigated. A sporicidal disinfectant and UV-C were most effective in inactivating C. auris on floors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Rutala
- Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School (UNC) of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Austin C Bolomey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer L Cadnum
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Sickbert-Bennett EE. ..úNo touch..Ñ methods for health care room disinfection: Focus on clinical trials. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A134-A143. [PMID: 37890944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital patient room surfaces are frequently contaminated with multidrug-resistant organisms. Since studies have demonstrated that inadequate terminal room disinfection commonly occurs, ..úno touch..Ñ methods of terminal room disinfection have been developed such as ultraviolet light (UV) devices and hydrogen peroxide (HP) systems. METHODS This paper reviews published clinical trials of ..úno touch..Ñ methods and ..úself-disinfecting..Ñ surfaces. RESULTS Multiple papers were identified including clinical trials of UV room disinfection devices (N.ß=.ß20), HP room disinfection systems (N.ß=.ß8), handheld UV devices (N.ß=.ß1), and copper-impregnated or coated surfaces (N.ß=.ß5). Most but not all clinical trials of UV devices and HP systems for terminal disinfection demonstrated a reduction of colonization/infection in patients subsequently housed in the room. Copper-coated surfaces were the only ..úself-disinfecting..Ñ technology evaluated by clinical trials. Results of these clinical trials were mixed. DISCUSSION Almost all clinical trials reviewed used a ..úweak..Ñ design (eg, before-after) and failed to assess potential confounders (eg, compliance with hand hygiene and environmental cleaning). CONCLUSIONS The evidence is strong enough to recommend the use of a ..úno-touch..Ñ method as an adjunct for outbreak control, mitigation strategy for high-consequence pathogens (eg, Candida auris or Ebola), or when there are an excessive endemic rates of multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Emily E Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Lompo P, Heroes AS, Agbobli E, Kazienga A, Peeters M, Tinto H, Lagrou K, Sangaré L, Affolabi D, Jacobs J. Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa-A Cross-Sectional Survey. Pathogens 2023; 12:917. [PMID: 37513763 PMCID: PMC10384974 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products can act as reservoirs of Gram-negative bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections. This problem is rarely documented in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In a cross-sectional survey, we assessed the bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products in two university hospitals in Burkina Faso and Benin. During ward visits and staff interviews, in-use products were cultured for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. The growth of Gram-negative bacteria was absent or rare in alcohol-based products, povidone iodine, and Dakin solution. Contamination was highest (73.9% (51/69)) for liquid soap products (versus antiseptic/disinfectants (4.5%, 7/157) (p < 0.0001)), mostly used in high-risk areas and associated with high total bacterial counts (>10,000 colony-forming units/mL). Contaminating flora (105 isolates) included Enterobacterales and the Vibrio non-cholerae/Aeromonas group (17.1%) and non-fermentative Gram-negative rods (82.8%). Multidrug resistance was present among 9/16 Enterobacterales (Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp.) and 3/12 Acinetobacter spp., including carbapenem resistance (Acinetobacter baumannii: NDM, Pseudomonas stutzeri: VIM). The risk factors for contamination included the type of product (cleaning grade and in-house prepared liquid soap), use of recycled disposable containers and soft drink bottles, absence of labeling, topping-up of containers, dilution with tap water (pharmacy and ward), and poor-quality management (procurement, stock management, expiry dates, and period after opening).
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpouguini Lompo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Heroes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esenam Agbobli
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Adama Kazienga
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7022, Burkina Faso
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Apisarnthanarak A, Ling ML, Weber DJ. The role of environmental and healthcare-associated infections in Asia: Lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e100. [PMID: 37396196 PMCID: PMC10311687 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anucha Apisarnthanarak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Moi Lin Ling
- Infection Prevention & Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David J. Weber
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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Zhang D, Yang Y, Li M, Lu Y, Liu Y, Jiang J, Liu R, Liu J, Huang X, Li G, Qu J. Ecological Barrier Deterioration Driven by Human Activities Poses Fatal Threats to Public Health due to Emerging Infectious Diseases. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 10:155-166. [PMID: 33903827 PMCID: PMC8060651 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and concerns about several other pandemics in the 21st century have attracted extensive global attention. These emerging infectious diseases threaten global public health and raise urgent studies on unraveling the underlying mechanisms of their transmission from animals to humans. Although numerous works have intensively discussed the cross-species and endemic barriers to the occurrence and spread of emerging infectious diseases, both types of barriers play synergistic roles in wildlife habitats. Thus far, there is still a lack of a complete understanding of viral diffusion, migration, and transmission in ecosystems from a macro perspective. In this review, we conceptualize the ecological barrier that represents the combined effects of cross-species and endemic barriers for either the natural or intermediate hosts of viruses. We comprehensively discuss the key influential factors affecting the ecological barrier against viral transmission from virus hosts in their natural habitats into human society, including transmission routes, contact probability, contact frequency, and viral characteristics. Considering the significant impacts of human activities and global industrialization on the strength of the ecological barrier, ecological barrier deterioration driven by human activities is critically analyzed for potential mechanisms. Global climate change can trigger and expand the range of emerging infectious diseases, and human disturbances promote higher contact frequency and greater transmission possibility. In addition, globalization drives more transmission routes and produces new high-risk regions in city areas. This review aims to provide a new concept for and comprehensive evidence of the ecological barrier blocking the transmission and spread of emerging infectious diseases. It also offers new insights into potential strategies to protect the ecological barrier and reduce the wide-ranging risks of emerging infectious diseases to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Barakat MT, Girotra M, Banerjee S. Initial application of deep learning to borescope detection of endoscope working channel damage and residue. Endosc Int Open 2022; 10:E112-E118. [PMID: 35047341 PMCID: PMC8759945 DOI: 10.1055/a-1591-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Outbreaks of endoscopy-related infections have prompted evaluation for potential contributing factors. We and others have demonstrated the utility of borescope inspection of endoscope working channels to identify occult damage that may impact the adequacy of endoscope reprocessing. The time investment and training necessary for borescope inspection have been cited as barriers preventing implementation. We investigated the utility of artificial intelligence (AI) for streamlining and enhancing the value of borescope inspection of endoscope working channels. Methods We applied a deep learning AI approach to borescope inspection videos of the working channels of 20 endoscopes in use at our academic institution. We evaluated the sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability of this software for detection of endoscope working channel findings. Results Overall sensitivity for AI-based detection of borescope inspection findings identified by gold standard endoscopist inspection was 91.4 %. Labels were accurate for 67 % of these working channel findings and accuracy varied by endoscope segment. Read-to-read variability was noted to be minimal, with test-retest correlation value of 0.986. Endoscope type did not predict accuracy of the AI system ( P = 0.26). Conclusions Harnessing the power of AI for detection of endoscope working channel damage and residue could enable sterile processing department technicians to feasibly assess endoscopes for working channel damage and perform endoscope reprocessing surveillance. Endoscopes that accumulate an unacceptable level of damage may be flagged for further manual evaluation and consideration for manufacturer evaluation/repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique T. Barakat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Mohit Girotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Subhas Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
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Zhang D, Zhang X, Yang Y, Huang X, Jiang J, Li M, Ling H, Li J, Liu Y, Li G, Li W, Yi C, Zhang T, Jiang Y, Xiong Y, He Z, Wang X, Deng S, Zhao P, Qu J. SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LETTERS 2021; 2:100027. [PMID: 34977842 PMCID: PMC8132549 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Facing the ongoing coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many studies focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in indoor environment, on solid surface or in wastewater. It remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 can spill over into outdoor environments and impose transmission risks to surrounding people and communities. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in 118 samples from outdoor environment of three hospitals in Wuhan. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in soils (205-550 copies/g), aerosols (285-1,130 copies/m3) and wastewaters (255-18,744 copies/L) in locations close to hospital departments receiving COVID-19 patients or in wastewater treatment sectors. These findings revealed a significant viral spillover in hospital outdoor environments that was possibly caused by respiratory droplets from patients or aerosolized particles from wastewater containing SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in other areas or on surfaces with regular implemented disinfection. Soils may behave as viral warehouse through deposition and serve as a secondary source spreading SARS-CoV-2 for a prolonged time. For the first time, our findings demonstrate that there are high-risk areas out of expectation in hospital outdoor environments to spread SARS-CoV-2, calling for sealing of wastewater treatment unit and complete sanitation to prevent COVID-19 transmission risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Wuhan Center for Control & Prevention, Wuhan, 430015, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Center for Control & Prevention, Wuhan, 430015, PR China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, 215163, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, 215163, PR China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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Zhang D, Zhang X, Yang Y, Huang X, Jiang J, Li M, Ling H, Li J, Liu Y, Li G, Li W, Yi C, Zhang T, Jiang Y, Xiong Y, He Z, Wang X, Deng S, Zhao P, Qu J. SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LETTERS 2021; 2:100027. [PMID: 34977842 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.12.20097105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Facing the ongoing coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many studies focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in indoor environment, on solid surface or in wastewater. It remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 can spill over into outdoor environments and impose transmission risks to surrounding people and communities. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in 118 samples from outdoor environment of three hospitals in Wuhan. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in soils (205-550 copies/g), aerosols (285-1,130 copies/m3) and wastewaters (255-18,744 copies/L) in locations close to hospital departments receiving COVID-19 patients or in wastewater treatment sectors. These findings revealed a significant viral spillover in hospital outdoor environments that was possibly caused by respiratory droplets from patients or aerosolized particles from wastewater containing SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in other areas or on surfaces with regular implemented disinfection. Soils may behave as viral warehouse through deposition and serve as a secondary source spreading SARS-CoV-2 for a prolonged time. For the first time, our findings demonstrate that there are high-risk areas out of expectation in hospital outdoor environments to spread SARS-CoV-2, calling for sealing of wastewater treatment unit and complete sanitation to prevent COVID-19 transmission risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Wuhan Center for Control & Prevention, Wuhan, 430015, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Center for Control & Prevention, Wuhan, 430015, PR China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, 215163, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, 215163, PR China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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13
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Khan J, Asoom LIA, Khan M, Chakrabartty I, Dandoti S, Rudrapal M, Zothantluanga JH. Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 34642633 PMCID: PMC8494164 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background From the start of the twenty-first century up to the year 2021, RNA viruses are the main causative agents of the majority of the disease outbreaks the world has confronted. Recently published reviews on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions, management trials and available therapies. However, in this review, we aim to explore the history, evolution of all coronaviruses and the associated viral outbreaks along with the diagnostics for COVID-19 in the twenty-first century.
Main body We have focused on different RNA viruses’ viz. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, their classification, and the various disease outbreaks caused by them. In the subsequent section, the comparison of different RNA viruses affecting humans has been made based on the viral genome, structure, time of the outbreak, mode of spread, virulence, causative agents, and transmission. Due to the current mayhem caused by the rapidly emerging virus, special attention is given to SARS-CoV-2, its genome updates, and infectivity. Finally, the current diagnostic techniques such as nucleic acid testing (real time-polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification), CRISPR-based diagnostics (CRISPR based DETECTR assay, CRISPR based SHERLOCK test, AIOD-CRISPR, FELUDA, CREST), chest radiographs (computed tomography, X-ray), and serological tests (Lateral flow assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, neutralization assay, nano-sensors, blood test, viral sequencing) with their pros and cons, and future diagnostic prospective have been described.
Conclusions The present gloomy scenario mandates clinical manifestations, contact tracing, and laboratory tests as important parameters that need to be taken into consideration to make the final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952 Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Ibrahim Al Asoom
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31541 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002 India
| | - Ishani Chakrabartty
- Department of Science, P.A. First Grade College (Affiliated To Mangalore University, Mangalore), Nadupadav, Mangalore, Karnataka 574153 India
| | - Sayequa Dandoti
- Department of Biology, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31541 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune) , Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra 411019 India
| | - James H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India
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14
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Kanamori H, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Role of the Healthcare Surface Environment in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission and Potential Control Measures. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2052-2061. [PMID: 32985671 PMCID: PMC7543309 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthcare environment serves as one of the possible routes of transmission of epidemiologically important pathogens, but the role of the contaminated environment on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission remains unclear. We reviewed survival, contamination, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via environmental surfaces and shared medical devices as well as environmental disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings. Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have been demonstrated to survive for hours to days on environmental surfaces depending on experimental conditions. The healthcare environment is frequently contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in most studies but without evidence of viable virus. Although direct exposure to respiratory droplets is the main transmission route of SARS-CoV-2, the contaminated healthcare environment can potentially result in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as described with other coronaviruses such as SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. It is important to improve thoroughness of cleaning/disinfection practices in healthcare facilities and select effective disinfectants to decontaminate inanimate surfaces and shared patient care items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kanamori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Allaw F, Kara Zahreddine N, Ibrahim A, Tannous J, Taleb H, Bizri AR, Dbaibo G, Kanj SS. First Candida auris Outbreak during a COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary-Care Center in Lebanon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020157. [PMID: 33546137 PMCID: PMC7913166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen considered as a global health threat. Recently there has been growing concern regarding drug resistance, difficulty in identification, as well as problems with eradication. Although outbreaks have been reported throughout the globe including from several Arab countries, there were no previous reports from Lebanon. We herein report the first cases of C. auris infection from the American University of Beirut Medical Center, a tertiary care center in Lebanon describing the clinical features of the affected patients in addition to the infection control investigation and applied interventions to control the outbreak. Fourteen patients with C. auris infection/colonization identified using MALDI-TOF and VITEK 2- Compact system were reported over a period of 13 weeks. Patients were admitted to four separate critical care units. All of them came through the emergency room and had comorbid conditions. Half of the patients were infected with COVID-19 prior to isolation of the C. auris. C. auris was isolated from blood (two isolates), urine (three isolates), respiratory tract (10 isolates) and skin (one isolate). All the patients had received broad spectrum antibiotics prior to isolation of C. auris. Six patients received antifungal treatment, while the remaining eight patients were considered colonized. Environmental cultures were taken from all four units and failed to isolate the organism from any cultured surfaces. A series of interventions were initiated by the Infection Prevention and Control team to contain the outbreak. Rapid detection and reporting of cases are essential to prevent further hospital transmission. A national standardized infection control registry needs to be established to identify widespread colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Allaw
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (F.A.); (H.T.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Nada Kara Zahreddine
- Infection Control and Prevention Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.K.Z.); (A.I.); (J.T.)
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim
- Infection Control and Prevention Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.K.Z.); (A.I.); (J.T.)
| | - Joseph Tannous
- Infection Control and Prevention Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (N.K.Z.); (A.I.); (J.T.)
| | - Hussein Taleb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (F.A.); (H.T.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Bizri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (F.A.); (H.T.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Souha S. Kanj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (F.A.); (H.T.); (A.R.B.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Farooq S, Ngaini Z. Natural and Synthetic Drugs as Potential Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-2019). CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7682129 DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic in a short period, where a tragically large number of human lives being lost. It is an infectious pandemic that recently infected more than two hundred countries in the world. Many potential treatments have been introduced, which are considered potent antiviral drugs and commonly reported as herbal or traditional and medicinal treatments. A variety of bioactive metabolites extracts from natural herbal have been reported for coronaviruses with some effective results. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved numerous drugs to be introduced against COVID-19, which commercially available as antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this study, a comprehensive review is discussed on the potential antiviral remedies based on natural and synthetic drugs. This review highlighted the potential remedies of COVID-19 which successfully applied to patients with high cytopathic inhibition potency for cell-to-cell spread and replication of coronavirus.
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17
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Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Rubino JR, Nims RW, Gerba CP. Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9914. [PMID: 33194365 PMCID: PMC7485481 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan City, China, late in December 2019 is an example of an emerging zoonotic virus that threatens public health and international travel and commerce. When such a virus emerges, there is often insufficient specific information available on mechanisms of virus dissemination from animal-to-human or from person-to-person, on the level or route of infection transmissibility or of viral release in body secretions/excretions, and on the survival of virus in aerosols or on surfaces. The effectiveness of available virucidal agents and hygiene practices as interventions for disrupting the spread of infection and the associated diseases may not be clear for the emerging virus. In the present review, we suggest that approaches for infection prevention and control (IPAC) for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging/re-emerging viruses can be invoked based on pre-existing data on microbicidal and hygiene effectiveness for related and unrelated enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA.,Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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18
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León Molina J, Abad-Corpa E. Disinfectants and antiseptics facing coronavirus: synthesis of evidence and recommendations. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020; 31:S84-S88. [PMID: 34629855 PMCID: PMC7241393 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize the available evidence on the use of antiseptics and disinfectants in the face of VIDOC-19 infection METHOD: Bibliographic search in the main databases (WOS, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, SCIELO, PubMed, BMJ Best Practice, Cochrane Library, UptoDate) and on the web of official bodies in March 2020, using descriptors and truncations. The search was limited to reviews published between 2016-2020. RESULTS Thirty-six papers were identified (no duplicates) of which 17 were selected for relevance and specificity and one paper was added from the literature review. In the documents finally used, no evidence was located, but experiences and recommendations of interest were found, highlighting the importance of material, environmental and, very significantly, hand disinfection. CONCLUSION There is no clear evidence, nor are there clear recommendations for the use of one or another antiseptic, although the action of sodium hypochlorite, ethanol and hydrogen peroxide is highlighted in comparison to others such as benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine digluconate, povidoeyodine and diluted ethyl alcohol. Particular importance is attached to their use in hand hygiene, the use of protective equipment and environmental disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín León Molina
- Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca. Servicio Murciano de Salud, ENFERAVANZA, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, España
| | - Eva Abad-Corpa
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Murcia, Hospital Reina Sofía, Servicio Murciano de Salud, ENFERAVANZA, IMIB-Arrixaca. Investén-isciii, CIBERFES, Murcia, España
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19
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Chakrabarti A, Singh S. Multidrug-resistant Candida auris: an epidemiological review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:551-562. [PMID: 32237924 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1750368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Since the emergence of Candida auris infection in 2009, the disease has been reported from multiple countries within a decade. The infection is classified under urgent threat, as it is multi-drug resistant, causes high mortality, spreads easily in hospital setting and is difficult to identify. Whole-genome sequencing has provided insights into this organisms biology and epidemiology. A comprehensive review of those issues would help the clinicians and scientists facing C. auris infection.Areas covered: We reviewed the epidemiological trends of C. auris infection, including the genomic epidemiology based on an electronic search using Pubmed and Google scholar. We also discuss the biology, virulence attributes of this pathogen, its clinical presentations and associated risk factors. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance known so far are also described in addition to factors involved in the nosocomial transmission, environmental survival and ecology of C. auris.Expert opinion: Despite the attention of multiple researchers evaluating every aspect of this organism and its epidemiology, there are several gaps in tracing its origin and understanding the dynamics of nosocomial transmission and global spread. Multidisciplinary, coordinated studies are required to understand the biology, ecology, method of survival and spread of the organism in healthcare setup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Caceres DH, Forsberg K, Welsh RM, Sexton DJ, Lockhart SR, Jackson BR, Chiller T. Candida auris: A Review of Recommendations for Detection and Control in Healthcare Settings. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5040111. [PMID: 31795175 PMCID: PMC6958335 DOI: 10.3390/jof5040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Since first reported in 2009, C. auris has caused healthcare outbreaks around the world, often involving high mortality. Identification of C. auris has been a major challenge as many common conventional laboratory methods cannot accurately detect it. Early detection and implementation of infection control practices can prevent its spread. The aim of this review is to describe recommendations for the detection and control of C. auris in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H. Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: or (D.H.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Kaitlin Forsberg
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30346, USA
- Correspondence: or (D.H.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Rory M. Welsh
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
| | - David Joseph Sexton
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Shawn R. Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Brendan R. Jackson
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (R.M.W.); (D.J.S.); (S.R.L.); (B.R.J.); (T.C.)
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