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Speth J. Guidelines in Practice: Surgical Attire. AORN J 2024; 120:164-171. [PMID: 39189827 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative team members wear surgical attire when working in the OR. Wearing clean surgical attire is important to maintain a high level of cleanliness for patient safety. The recently updated AORN "Guideline for surgical attire" provides perioperative nurses with recommendations for wearing surgical attire in the semirestricted and restricted areas of the perioperative setting. This article discusses recommendations for laundering; head coverings; shoes; and identification badges, access cards, and personal items. It also includes a scenario describing compliance monitoring for an updated policy related to cleaning cell phones and performing hand hygiene after cell phone use. Perioperative nurses should review the guideline in its entirety and apply the recommendations for wearing surgical attire in the perioperative environment.
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Kopp J. Response to: Efficacy of a bioburden reduction intervention on mobile phones of critical care nurses. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:1081. [PMID: 37625889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopp
- School of Health Professions, Nurse Anesthesia, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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Olsen M, Goldsworthy A, Nassar R, Senok A, Albastaki A, Lee ZZ, Abraham S, Alghafri R, Tajouri L, McKirdy S. Ultraviolet-C-Based Mobile Phone Sanitisation for Global Public Health and Infection Control. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1876. [PMID: 37630437 PMCID: PMC10456618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mobile phones act as fomites that pose a global public health risk of disseminating microorganisms, including highly pathogenic strains possessing antimicrobial resistances. The use of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) to sanitise mobile phones presents an alternative means to complement basic hand hygiene to prevent the cross-contamination and dissemination of microorganisms between hands and mobile phones. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the germicidal efficacy of the Glissner CleanPhone UV-C phone sanitiser (Glissner) device. METHODS Two experimental trials were performed for the evaluation of the CleanPhone (Glissner). The first was a controlled trial, where the germicidal efficacy of the CleanPhone was evaluated against six different microorganism species that were inoculated onto mobile phones. The second was a field trial evaluating the germicidal efficacy of the CleanPhone on 100 volunteer mobile phones. Efficacy was determined based on colony counts of microorganisms on Columbia sheep blood agar before and after UV-C treatment. RESULTS In the controlled trial, reduction in growth was observed for all microorganisms after UV-C treatment with ST131 Escherichia coli showing the highest growth reduction at 4 log10 CFU/mL followed by C. albicans and ATCC E. coli at 3 log10 CFU/mL. An overall reduction in microorganism growth after UV-C treatment was also observed for the field trial, with an average growth reduction of 84.4% and 93.6% in colony counts at 24 h and 48 h post-incubation, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated the capability of the CleanPhone (Glissner) to rapidly sanitise mobile phones, thereby providing a means to reduce the potential dissemination of microorganisms, including highly pathogenic strains with antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Adrian Goldsworthy
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah Albastaki
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai P.O. Box 1493, United Arab Emirates
- General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai P.O. Box 1493, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zheng Z. Lee
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Rashed Alghafri
- General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai P.O. Box 1493, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai P.O. Box 1493, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Simon McKirdy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Shah A, Zhuang E, German J, Tai S, Schanz M, Glendening G, Mason M, Kolesnik O, Hines SE. Surface Contamination of Reusable Respirators and Face Shields During Care of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Workplace Health Saf 2023; 71:137-143. [PMID: 36476243 PMCID: PMC9742730 DOI: 10.1177/21650799221135583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, healthcare workers (HCW) have relied on reusable personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators and face shields (FSs). The effectiveness of decontamination procedures outside experimental settings is unclear. We examined the prevalence of surface contamination on reusable PPE used by HCWs at a hospital incorporating daily centralized decontamination and post-use wiping by sampling for common pathogens. METHOD Samples were collected from HCWs' CleanSpace Halo respirator face masks (FMs) and FSs at the start of shift, immediately after use, and after cleaning with disinfecting wipes. Samples were analyzed for pathogens using the Applied Biosystems™ TaqPath™ COVID-19 Combo Kit and ThermoFisher TaqMan Array Card. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical correlation. FINDINGS Of the 89 samples, 51 from FMs and 38 from FSs, none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, despite 58 being obtained from PPE used in the care of patients with COVID-19, many with recent aerosol-generating procedures. Four samples tested positive (4.5%) for Staphylococcus aureus, two each from FMs and FSs. FMs that tested positive were not worn concurrently with FSs that tested positive. The FM and FS samples testing positive were worn in the care of patients without diagnosed S. aureus infection. No FMs tested positive following wipe-based disinfection, but both positive FS samples were found after disinfection wiping. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Contamination of reusable PPE appears uncommon, especially with SARS-CoV-2, when regular decontamination programs are in place. The rare presence of S. aureus highlights the importance of doffing procedures and hand hygiene by HCW to prevent surface contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Shah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Eileen Zhuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Kolesnik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Stella E Hines
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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5
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Kopp J, Cawcutt KA, Musil L, Huang X, Minard CG, Hetland B. Efficacy of a bioburden reduction intervention on mobile phones of critical care nurses. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:35-40. [PMID: 35569614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current literature identifies mobile phones of staff as potential vectors for hospital-acquired infection. METHODS A pre-post, quasi-experimental study was conducted in a 20 bed intensive care unit (ICU). Surface bioburden of personal and shared mobile phones was estimated with a luminometer, expressed in Relative Light Units (RLU). Effects of a simple sanitizing wipe-based disinfection routine were measured at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implementation of the disinfection routine. RESULTS Personal mobile phones and shared phones of 30 on-shift ICU nurses were analyzed at each collection. RLUs for personal phones decreased from baseline to 12 months post-intervention (Geometric mean 497.1 vs 63.36 RLU; adj P < .001), while shared unit phones also demonstrated a decrease from baseline to 12 months post-intervention (Geometric mean 417.4 vs 45.90 RLU; adj P < .001). DISCUSSION No recommended practice yet exists for disinfection of mobile phones in the acute care setting. The disinfection method and routine used in this study may have implications for use in acute care settings to reduce opportunities for infectious disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopp
- Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States; School of Health Professions, Nurse Anesthesia, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Kelly A Cawcutt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lauren Musil
- Department of Infection Control and Epidemiology, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xiaofan Huang
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles G Minard
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Breanna Hetland
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Wee LE, Arora S, Ko KKK, Conceicao EP, Coleman KK, Tan KY, Tohid HB, Liu Q, Tung GLT, See SWJ, Suphavilai C, Ling ML, Venkatachalam I. Environmental contamination and evaluation of healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in temporary isolation wards during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control 2022; 51:413-419. [PMID: 37010998 PMCID: PMC9613445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Temporary isolation wards have been introduced to meet demands for airborne-infection-isolation-rooms (AIIRs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental sampling and outbreak investigation was conducted in temporary isolation wards converted from general wards and/or prefabricated containers, in order to evaluate the ability of such temporary isolation wards to safely manage COVID-19 cases over a period of sustained use. Methods Environmental sampling for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was conducted in temporary isolation ward rooms constructed from pre-fabricated containers (N = 20) or converted from normal-pressure general wards (N = 47). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was utilized to ascertain health care-associated transmission when clusters were reported amongst HCWs working in isolation areas from July 2020 to December 2021. Results A total of 355 environmental swabs were collected; 22.4% (15/67) of patients had at least one positive environmental sample. Patients housed in temporary isolation ward rooms constructed from pre-fabricated containers (adjusted-odds-ratio, aOR = 10.46, 95% CI = 3.89-58.91, P = .008) had greater odds of detectable environmental contamination, with positive environmental samples obtained from the toilet area (60.0%, 12/20) and patient equipment, including electronic devices used for patient communication (8/20, 40.0%). A single HCW cluster was reported amongst staff working in the temporary isolation ward constructed from pre-fabricated containers; however, health care-associated transmission was deemed unlikely based on WGS and/or epidemiological investigations. Conclusion Environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed in temporary isolation wards, particularly from the toilet area and smartphones used for patient communication. However, despite intensive surveillance, no healthcare-associated transmission was detected in temporary isolation wards over 18 months of prolonged usage, demonstrating their capacity for sustained use during succeeding pandemic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Shalvi Arora
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Karrie Kwan-Ki Ko
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Edwin Philip Conceicao
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Kwee Yuen Tan
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hatijah Binti Tohid
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Qinnan Liu
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Shawn Wee Jin See
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chayaporn Suphavilai
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Moi Lin Ling
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Lane SJ, Sugg M, Spaulding TJ, Hege A, Iyer L. Southeastern United States Predictors of COVID-19 in Nursing Homes. J Appl Gerontol 2022; 41:1641-1650. [PMID: 35412383 PMCID: PMC9098783 DOI: 10.1177/07334648221082022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's aim was to determine nursing home (NH) and county-level predictors of COVID-19 outbreaks in nursing homes (NHs) in the southeastern region of the United States across three time periods. NH-level data compiled from census data and from NH compare and NH COVID-19 infection datasets provided by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services cover 2951 NHs located in 836 counties in nine states. A generalized linear mixed-effect model with a random effect was applied to significant factors identified in the final stepwise regression. County-level COVID-19 estimates and NHs with more certified beds were predictors of COVID-19 outbreaks in NHs across all time periods. Predictors of NH cases varied across the time periods with fewer community and NH variables predicting COVID-19 in NH during the late period. Future research should investigate predictors of COVID-19 in NH in other regions of the US from the early periods through March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi J. Lane
- Department of Nutrition and Health
Care Management, Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Maggie Sugg
- Department of Geography and
Planning, Appalachian
State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Trent J. Spaulding
- Department of Nutrition and Health
Care Management, Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Adam Hege
- Department of Public Health,
Appalachian
State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Lakshmi Iyer
- Department of Computer Information
Systems, Appalachian
State University, Boone, NC, USA
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Shao W, Ye Q. SARS-CoV-2 Spreads Globally Through the Object-to-Human Transmission of Cross-Border Logistics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918957. [PMID: 35814665 PMCID: PMC9260597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With globalization, the demand for transnational logistics is growing rapidly. However, the object-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in transnational logistics production, transportation, storage, sales, and consumption. Every link of transnational logistics has the risk of spreading the COVID-19 pandemic. It is concluded that low temperatures, dry environments, and smooth surfaces are conducive to the long-term survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of transnational goods. Epidemiological investigation and big data analysis show that the object-to-human transmission route of direct contact with contaminated cold chain goods plays a key role in the outbreak and transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic. This may be the most crucial reason for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 caused by transnational logistics. It is an effective way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from object-to-human through transnational logistics by strengthening the management of employees in all aspects of transnational logistics, carrying out comprehensive disinfection and quarantine of and guiding consumers to handle transnational goods properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Hessling M, Haag R, Sicks B. Review of microbial touchscreen contamination for the determination of reasonable ultraviolet disinfection doses. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2021; 16:Doc30. [PMID: 34956822 PMCID: PMC8662742 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Touchscreens are usually microbially contaminated and can therefore act as fomites inside and outside healthcare environments. Due to the increasing use of such touchscreens and the growing awareness of infection risks, approaches that allow safe and automatic disinfection are desired. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, with its known antimicrobial efficacy, could achieve this goal, but should be executed with limited touchscreen degradation, disinfection duration, and energy consumption. It should also pose as little harm as possible to humans even in case of failure. Materials and methods: A literature search was performed first to identify the microorganisms most commonly found on touchscreens. Then, the 90% reduction doses (D90 doses) for the different relevant microorganisms and UV spectral ranges were determined from the literature, and irradiation doses are suggested that should reduce most of these important microorganisms by 5 log-levels. Results: The most frequent microorganisms are staphylococci, bacilli, micrococci, enterococci, pseudomonads and E. coli with small differences between hospital and community environments, if antibiotic resistance properties are ignored. The determined irradiation doses for a 5 log-reduction of the most frequent microorganisms are about 40 mJ/cm2, 80 J/cm2, 500 J/cm2 and 50 mJ/cm2 for the UV spectral ranges UVC, UVB, UVA and far-UVC, respectively. These doses are also sufficient to inactivate all nosocomial ESKAPE pathogens on touchscreens by at least 99.999%. Conclusion: Disinfection is achievable in all UV spectral ranges, with UVC being the most effective, enabling automatic disinfection within a minute or less. The much higher doses required in the UVB and UVA spectral range result in much longer disinfection durations, with the advantage of a reduced risk to humans. For all kinds of UV irradiation, the doses should be limited to reasonable values to avoid irradiating an already more or less sterile surface and to prevent degradation of touchscreen devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hessling
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robin Haag
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ben Sicks
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Armstrong WJ, Dayal NN, Braun WA. Beyond COVID-19: Preparing Fitness Centers for the Next Pandemic. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Christie J, Walsh T, Lee C, Stefanacci P. Process improvement: Use of UV-C for healthcare cell phone disinfection. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1292-1294. [PMID: 34153404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell phones are increasingly used in healthcare on a daily basis. However, development of protocols to ensure cleanliness of these devices has not kept pace. The most common method of disinfecting cell phones is the use of germicidal impregnated disposable wipes, though there are a number of limitations associated with this method. One acute care hospital, part of a multi-hospital system, embarked on a study to compare the efficacy, workflow, and staff satisfaction of germicidal wipes versus a novel UV-C light device, concluding that the UV-C device was superior.
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Chiappa F, Frascella B, Vigezzi GP, Moro M, Diamanti L, Gentile L, Lago P, Clementi N, Signorelli C, Mancini N, Odone A. The efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting technology against coronaviruses: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2021; 114:63-78. [PMID: 34029626 PMCID: PMC8139389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has underlined the importance of adopting effective infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in hospital and community settings. Ultraviolet (UV)-based technologies represent promising IPC tools: their effective application for sanitation has been extensively evaluated in the past but scant, heterogeneous and inconclusive evidence is available on their effect on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. With the aim of pooling the available evidence on the efficacy of UV technologies against coronaviruses, we conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library, and the main clinical trials' registries (WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane and EU Clinical Trial Register). Quantitative data on studies' interventions were summarized in tables, pooled by different coronavirus species and strain, UV source, characteristics of UV light exposure and outcomes. Eighteen papers met our inclusion criteria, published between 1972 and 2020. Six focused on SARS-CoV-2, four on SARS-CoV-1, one on MERS-CoV, three on seasonal coronaviruses, and four on animal coronaviruses. All were experimental studies. Overall, despite wide heterogenicity within included studies, complete inactivation of coronaviruses on surfaces or aerosolized, including SARS-CoV-2, was reported to take a maximum exposure time of 15 min and to need a maximum distance from the UV emitter of up to 1 m. Advances in UV-based technologies in the field of sanitation and their proved high virucidal potential against SARS-CoV-2 support their use for IPC in hospital and community settings and their contribution towards ending the COVID-19 pandemic. National and international guidelines are to be updated and parameters and conditions of use need to be identified to ensure both efficacy and safety of UV technology application for effective infection prevention and control in both healthcare and non-healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiappa
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - B Frascella
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G P Vigezzi
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Moro
- Infection Control Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Diamanti
- Clinical Engineering Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; HTA Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Gentile
- Clinical Engineering Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Lago
- Clinical Engineering Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - N Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C Signorelli
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - N Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Odone
- HTA Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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13
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Gorman S, Weller RB. Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:616527. [PMID: 33426009 PMCID: PMC7786057 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.616527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard B. Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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14
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Alnaser WE, Ghanem AZ, Alnaser NW, Manaa H, Alaraibi Q, Alshaikh F. Do UV LED Devices Immolate SARS-CoV2? Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.1211105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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