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Brodzka S, Baszyński J, Rektor K, Hołderna-Bona K, Stanek E, Kurhaluk N, Tkaczenko H, Malukiewicz G, Woźniak A, Kamiński P. Immunogenetic and Environmental Factors in Age-Related Macular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6567. [PMID: 38928273 PMCID: PMC11203563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease, which often develops in older people, but this is not the rule. AMD pathogenesis changes include the anatomical and functional complex. As a result of damage, it occurs, in the retina and macula, among other areas. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. This disease can occur in two clinical forms, i.e., dry (progression is slowly and gradually) and exudative (wet, progression is acute and severe), which usually started as dry form. A coexistence of both forms is possible. AMD etiology is not fully understood. Extensive genetic studies have shown that this disease is multifactorial and that genetic determinants, along with environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the impact of heavy metals, macro- and microelements, and genetic factors on the development of AMD. We present the current state of knowledge about the influence of environmental factors and genetic determinants on the progression of AMD in the confrontation with our own research conducted on the Polish population from Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Regions. Our research is concentrated on showing how polluted environments of large agglomerations affects the development of AMD. In addition to confirming heavy metal accumulation, the growth of risk of acute phase factors and polymorphism in the genetic material in AMD development, it will also help in the detection of new markers of this disease. This will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of AMD and will help to establish prevention and early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Brodzka
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Baszyński
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Rektor
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Karolina Hołderna-Bona
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Emilia Stanek
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Halina Tkaczenko
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Grażyna Malukiewicz
- Department of Eye Diseases, University Hospital No. 1, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Karłowicz St. 24, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kamiński
- Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (J.B.); (K.H.-B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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Korhonen E. Inflammasome activation in response to aberrations of cellular homeostasis in epithelial cells from human cornea and retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 281:3-68. [PMID: 38386419 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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Zhao Q, Lai K. Role of immune inflammation regulated by macrophage in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109770. [PMID: 38145794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to irreversible impairment of visual function, and the number of patients with AMD has been increasing globally. The immunoinflammatory theory is an important pathogenic mechanism of AMD, with macrophages serving as the primary inflammatory infiltrating cells in AMD lesions. Its powerful immunoinflammatory regulatory function has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we provide an overview of the involvement of macrophage-regulated immunoinflammation in different stages of AMD. Additionally, we summarize novel therapeutic approaches for AMD, focusing on targeting macrophages, such as macrophage/microglia modulators, reduction of macrophage aggregation in the subretinal space, modulation of macrophage effector function, macrophage phenotypic alterations, and novel biomimetic nanocomposites development based on macrophage-associated functional properties. We aimed to provide a basis and reference for the further exploration of AMD pathogenesis, developmental influences, and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Choi KE, Joung C, Pahk KJ, Kim H, Pahk K. Metabolic activity of visceral adipose tissue is associated with age-related macular degeneration: a pilot 18F-FDG PET/CT study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1322326. [PMID: 38260144 PMCID: PMC10801050 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1322326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is known to increase the risk and severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Increased inflamed metabolic activity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is considered as a crucial underlying mechanism for the harmful effects of obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inflamed metabolic activity of VAT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and their association with AMD. Materials and methods A total of 57 elderly participants (aged ≥ 50 years) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for health screening and subsequent fundoscopic exam for complaint of recently impaired vision were enrolled. The metabolic activity of VAT was measured from the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of VAT. The early AMD participant was defined as the participant with either eye satisfying AMD and without any sign of advanced AMD (neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy). The late AMD participant was defined as the participant with either eye satisfying advanced AMD. Results VAT SUVmax was highest in participants with late AMD, intermediate in early AMD, and lowest in non-AMD participants. The levels of systemic inflammation surrogate markers were also highest in late AMD group. Furthermore, VAT SUVmax was positively correlated with systemic inflammation surrogate markers and independently associated with the late AMD. Conclusions The metabolic activity of VAT evaluated by 18F-FDG PET/CT was associated with the severity of AMD and synchronized with the level of systemic inflammation. Thus, VAT SUVmax could be potentially employed as a surrogate marker of obesity-driven VAT inflammation associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Eon Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmin Joung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ki Joo Pahk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Papadopoulos Z. The role of the cytokine TNF-α in choroidal neovascularization: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:25-32. [PMID: 37380786 PMCID: PMC10764737 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α is a multifunctional cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells. This proinflammatory substance is considered to play a crucial role in the inflammatory process associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The current review aimed to describe evidence for an association between TNF-α and AMD reported in various studies. The MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Global Health databases were systematically searched to identify studies that investigated the role of TNF-α in AMD. A total of 24 studies were deemed eligible for the review. To better understand and integrate the evidence, the studies were categorised into four major groups in relation to the role of TNF-α in AMD: (1) those examining biological signalling pathways through which TNF-α exerts its effect; (2) investigating levels of TNF-α; (3) exploring the genetics underlying the role of TNF-α; and (4) assessing anti-TNF-α agents as potential treatments for AMD. TNF-α is thought to directly contribute to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) enhancement and has been shown to exert its effect by augmenting the inflammatory response through other signalling pathways. Additionally, different genes have been found to be associated with activities linked to TNF-α in AMD. Overall, measurement of systemic and local levels of TNF-α has not yielded consistent findings, with variable conclusions for the role of anti-TNF-α agents in remission of AMD symptoms. The role of TNF-α in neovascular AMD is not clear, and not all anti-TNF-α agents are safe. The potential of this cytokine in atrophic AMD has not been examined. Future studies should address these unresolved questions.
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Fietz A, Corsi F, Hurst J, Schnichels S. Blue Light Damage and p53: Unravelling the Role of p53 in Oxidative-Stress-Induced Retinal Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2072. [PMID: 38136192 PMCID: PMC10740515 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the digital age, the widespread presence of electronic devices has exposed humans to an exceptional amount of blue light (BL) emitted from screens, LEDs, and other sources. Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to BL could have harmful effects on the visual system and circadian rhythm regulation. BL is known to induce oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage. Emerging research indicates that BL may also induce cell death pathways that involve the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Activated p53 acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the implication of p53 in BL-caused retinal damage, shedding light on the potential mechanisms of oxidative-stress-induced retinal diseases. BL-exposed porcine retinal cultures demonstrated increased p53- and caspase-mediated apoptosis, depending on exposure duration. Direct inhibition of p53 via pifithrin α resulted in the prevention of retinal cell death. These findings raise concerns about the long-term consequences of the current daily BL exposure and its potential involvement in various pathological conditions, including oxidative-stress-based retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration. In addition, this study paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for oxidative-stress-based retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Fietz
- Center for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesca Corsi
- Center for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - José Hurst
- Center for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Center for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
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Nielsen MK, Subhi Y, Falk M, Singh A, Sørensen TL, Nissen MH, Faber C. Complement factor H Y402H polymorphism results in diminishing CD4 + T cells and increasing C-reactive protein in plasma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19414. [PMID: 37940659 PMCID: PMC10632322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual loss among the elderly. Genetic variants in the gene encoding complement factor H (CFH) have been identified as an AMD susceptibility gene, however, the mechanistic link is debated. Here, we investigated the link between the CFH Y402H genotype and low-grade inflammation. We recruited 153 healthy individuals, 84 participants with dry stages of AMD, and 148 participants with neovascular AMD. All participants were subjected to detailed retinal examination, and interview regarding comorbidities and lifestyle. Blood samples were analyzed for level of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), white blood cell differential count, and stained with fluorescent antibodies to differentiate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CFH Y402H genotyping was performed using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay. Splenocytes from young and aged wild type and Cfh null mutant C57BL/6J mice were examined for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Healthy individuals with the CFH Y402H at-risk polymorphism HH had higher levels of CRP and lower proportions of CD4+ T cells compared to persons with the YH or YY polymorphism (P = 0.037, Chi-square). Healthy individuals with the HH polymorphism displayed lower proportions of CD4+ T cells with ageing (P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA), whereas both young and aged Cfh null mutant mice displayed lower proportions of CD4+ T cells (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05; unpaired t test). Participants with dry AMD and the HH polymorphism had similarly lower proportions of CD4+ T cells (P = 0.024, one-way ANOVA), but no difference in CRP-levels. In the neovascular stage of AMD, there was no difference in proportion of CD4+ cells or CRP levels according to genotype. The risk-associated CFH genotype is associated with an age-related decrease in proportion of CD4+ T cells and increased levels of CRP in healthy individuals. This indicates that decreased complement regulation results in extensive changes in innate and adaptive immune compartments that precede development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yousif Subhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Falk
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Holst Nissen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Faber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Twarog M, Schustak J, Xu Y, Coble M, Dolan K, Esterberg R, Huang Q, Saint-Geniez M, Bao Y. TNFα induced by DNA-sensing in macrophage compromises retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier function. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14451. [PMID: 37660150 PMCID: PMC10475136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the precise pathogenic stressors and sensors, and their impact on disease progression remain unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN) response is activated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of AMD patients. Previously, we demonstrated that human RPE cells can initiate RNA-mediated type I IFN responses through RIG-I, yet are unable to directly sense and respond to DNA. In this study, we utilized a co-culture system combining primary human macrophage and iPS-derived RPE to study how each cell type responds to nucleic acids challenges and their effect on RPE barrier function in a homotypic and heterotypic manner. We find that DNA-induced macrophage activation induces an IFN response in the RPE, and compromises RPE barrier function via tight-junction remodeling. Investigation of the secreted cytokines responsible for RPE dysfunction following DNA-induced macrophages activation indicates that neutralization of macrophage-secreted TNFα, but not IFNβ, is sufficient to rescue RPE morphology and barrier function. Our data reveals a novel mechanism of intercellular communication by which DNA induces RPE dysfunction via macrophage-secreted TNFa, highlighting the complexity and potential pathological relevance of RPE and macrophage interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Twarog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Schustak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - YongYao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Coble
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katie Dolan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Esterberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Velazquez-Soto H, Groman-Lupa S, Cruz-Aguilar M, Salazar AL, Zenteno JC, Jimenez-Martinez MC. Exogenous CFH Modulates Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators to Prevent Oxidative Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with the At-Risk CFH Y402H Variant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1540. [PMID: 37627535 PMCID: PMC10451625 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative retinal disease. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play an important role in the immune defense of the eye and their dysfunction leads to the progressive irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors. Genetic factors, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress causes RPE injury, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response and cell death. The Y402H polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) protein is an important risk factor for AMD. However, the functional significance of CFH Y402H polymorphism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of CFH in the pro-inflammatory response using an in vitro model of oxidative stress in the RPE with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant. ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant were highly susceptible to damage caused by oxidative stress, with increased levels of inflammatory mediators and pro-apoptotic factors that lead to cell death. Pretreatment of the ARPE-19 cell cultures with exogenous CFH prior to the induction of oxidative stress prevented damage and cell death. This protective effect may be related to the negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CFH contributes to cell homeostasis and is required to modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response under oxidative stress in the ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Velazquez-Soto
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Sergio Groman-Lupa
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Alberto L. Salazar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Juan C. Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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10
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Wang X, Wang T, Lam E, Alvarez D, Sun Y. Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12090. [PMID: 37569464 PMCID: PMC10418793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is an immune privileged tissue that insulates the visual system from local and systemic immune provocation to preserve homeostatic functions of highly specialized retinal neural cells. If immune privilege is breached, immune stimuli will invade the eye and subsequently trigger acute inflammatory responses. Local resident microglia become active and release numerous immunological factors to protect the integrity of retinal neural cells. Although acute inflammatory responses are necessary to control and eradicate insults to the eye, chronic inflammation can cause retinal tissue damage and cell dysfunction, leading to ocular disease and vision loss. In this review, we summarized features of immune privilege in the retina and the key inflammatory responses, factors, and intracellular pathways activated when retinal immune privilege fails, as well as a highlight of the recent clinical and research advances in ocular immunity and ocular vascular diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - Enton Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - David Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
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11
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Sun M, Yu T, Zhao J, Zhu X, Xin W, Zhang F, Zhang L. Role of flavonoids in age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114259. [PMID: 36652737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A common eye disorder known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eventually results in blindness and vision loss. AMD has a complicated and poorly understood aetiology. The main pathological processes associated with AMD include oxidative damage, inflammation, and neovascularization. Flavonoids are naturally occurring bioactive substances with extensive distribution and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neovascularization inhibitory properties. Several in vitro and in vivo AMD-related models pertinent to vision and this ocular ailment have been used to assess the mechanisms of action of various flavonoids. This article will discuss the research progress of flavonoids in AMD, especially the characteristics and mechanism of flavonoids in treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, PR China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China.
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12
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Xu H, Chen M. Immune response in retinal degenerative diseases - Time to rethink? Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102350. [PMID: 36075351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration comprises a group of diseases whereby either the retinal neurons or the neurovascular unit degenerates leading to the loss of visual function. Although the initial cause varies in different conditions, inflammation is known to play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Recent advances in molecular and cell biology and systems biology have yielded unexpected findings, including the heterogeneity of immune cells in the degenerative retina, bidirectional neuron-microglia cross talk, and links to the gut microbiome. Here we discuss the immune response in retinal degenerative conditions, taking into account both regional (retinal) and systemic factors. We propose to classify retinal degeneration into dry and wet forms based on whether the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is breached and fluid is accumulated in retinal parenchyma. The dry form has a relatively intact BRB and is characterised by progressive retinal thinning. Immune response to degenerative insults is dominated by the retinal defence system, which remains to be regulated by neurons. In contrast, the wet form has retinal oedema due to BRB damaged. Inflammation is executed by infiltrating immune cells as well as the retinal defence system. The gut microbiome will have easy access to the retina in wet retinal degeneration and may affect significantly retinal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha 410000, China; The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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13
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Chen W, Chen H, Mi L, Li J, Lin H, Chen W. Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness After Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery for Age-Related Cataracts. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:826042. [PMID: 35860729 PMCID: PMC9289166 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.826042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) on subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with age-related cataracts. Methods In this prospective consecutive study, 26 patients (26 eyes) with age-related cataracts without previous ocular surgery or other ocular diseases who had FLACS were included as the study group. Twenty-six age-matched patients (26 eyes) who underwent CPS in the same period were also included as the control group. The SFCT and the foveal retinal thickness (FRT) were measured at baseline and at 1 day (D1), 7 days (D7), 1 month (M1), and 3 months (M3) postoperatively by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Aqueous flare was also measured with a laser flare meter. Results The mean SFCTs of the FLACS group at baseline and at D1, D7, M1, and M3 were 185.2, 174.3, 184.2, 180.8, and 184.1 μm, respectively. A Bonferroni posttest showed that the choroid became thinner on postoperative D1 (P = 0.006). The measurements at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively showed no significant differences in the SFCTs compared with that at baseline (P = 0.66, P = 0.22, and P = 0.53, respectively). A different trend was observed in the CPS group. The choroid became thicker by the 3-month postoperative measurement, as follows: 1 day (P = 0.28), 1 week (P = 0.016), 1 month (P = 0.020), and 3 months (P < 0.001). Conclusion The mean SFCT significantly and temporarily decreased following FLACS. In contrast, an increased SFCT was observed following CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haotian Lin,
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Weirong Chen,
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14
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Ebeling MC, Fisher CR, Kapphahn RJ, Stahl MR, Shen S, Qu J, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA. Inflammasome Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium from Human Donors with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:2075. [PMID: 35805159 PMCID: PMC9265516 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is characterized by the death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. One of the risk factors associated with developing AMD is the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found within the gene encoding complement factor H (CFH). Part of the innate immune system, CFH inhibits alternative complement pathway activation. Multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes also play a role in the innate immune response. Previous studies reported that inflammasome activation may contribute to AMD pathology. In this study, we used primary human adult RPE cell cultures from multiple donors, with and without AMD, that were genotyped for the Y402H CFH risk allele. We found complement and inflammasome-related genes and proteins at basal levels in RPE tissue and cell cultures. Additionally, treatment with rotenone, bafilomycin A, and ATP led to inflammasome activation. Overall, the response to priming and activation was similar, irrespective of disease state or CFH genotype. While these data show that the inflammasome is present and active in RPE, our results suggest that inflammasome activation may not contribute to early AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Madilyn R. Stahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
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15
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Sterling JK, Baumann B, Foshe S, Voigt A, Guttha S, Alnemri A, McCright SJ, Li M, Zauhar RJ, Montezuma SR, Kapphahn RJ, Chavali VRM, Hill DA, Ferrington DA, Stambolian D, Mullins RF, Merrick D, Dunaief JL. Inflammatory adipose activates a nutritional immunity pathway leading to retinal dysfunction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110942. [PMID: 35705048 PMCID: PMC9248858 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among Americans over 50, is characterized by dysfunction and death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The RPE accumulates iron in AMD, and iron overload triggers RPE cell death in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of RPE iron accumulation in AMD is unknown. We show that high-fat-diet-induced obesity, a risk factor for AMD, drives systemic and local inflammatory circuits upregulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β upregulates RPE iron importers and downregulates iron exporters, causing iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction. We term this maladaptive, chronic activation of a nutritional immunity pathway the cellular iron sequestration response (CISR). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of choroid and retina from human donors revealed that hallmarks of this pathway are present in AMD microglia and macrophages. Together, these data suggest that inflamed adipose tissue, through the CISR, can lead to RPE pathology in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Sterling
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bailey Baumann
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sierra Foshe
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Voigt
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samyuktha Guttha
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahab Alnemri
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam J McCright
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Randy J Zauhar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkata R M Chavali
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David Merrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Fursova AZ, Derbeneva AS, Vasilyeva MS, Niculich IF, Tarasov MS, Gamza YA, Chubar NV, Gusarevich OG, Dmitrieva EI, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG, Elizarova AA. [New findings on pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of age-related macular degeneration]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:120-130. [PMID: 35488571 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease that occurs due to disfunction and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choriocapillaris, as well as death of photoreceptors. The exact pathogenetic mechanism remains uncertain. The aging process is the main and the clearest risk factor of AMD. In the development of this condition, a special role belongs to the secretory phenotype of aging spreading from one cell to another and mediated by the secretion and release of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, proteases, and other molecules. Another major contributor is oxidative stress caused by violations in the recirculation of vitamin A in the vision cycle and accompanied by accumulation of lipofuscin, which mediates the formation of iron-based oxidants that are toxic for mitochondria. Furthermore, prolonged oxidative stress and constant light exposure induce the development of inflammation in the retina. Accumulation of metabolic products and cellular defects with age can induce an inflammatory reaction that amplifies the damage. The inflammatory processes including innate immune response, activation of microglia and parainflammation that occur locally in the vascular membrane, pigment epithelium and neuroretina are very significant contributors to the age-related changes, their progression, and the development of advanced stages of AMD. Various growth factors play a special role in the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) has traditionally been considered the main factor of neoangiogenesis and, consequently, the main therapeutic target, but in recent years various studies have determined the role of other factors - VEGF-B, C, D, PGF, Gal-1, angiopoietins. This article describes the main underlying mechanisms in the development of choroidal neovascularization including retinal aging, impaired metabolic activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory reactions and genetic variations, as well as the role of various growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zh Fursova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A S Derbeneva
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M S Vasilyeva
- Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I F Niculich
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M S Tarasov
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu A Gamza
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Chubar
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O G Gusarevich
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E I Dmitrieva
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O S Kozhevnikova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N G Kolosova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Elizarova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Bućan I, Škunca Herman J, Jerončić Tomić I, Gornik O, Vatavuk Z, Bućan K, Lauc G, Polašek O. N-Glycosylation Patterns across the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Spectrum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061774. [PMID: 35335137 PMCID: PMC8949900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains elusive, despite numerous research studies. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the changes of plasma and IgG-specific N-glycosylation across the disease severity spectrum. We examined 2835 subjects from the 10.001 Dalmatians project, originating from the isolated Croatian islands of Vis and Korčula. All subjects were classified into four groups, namely (i) bilateral AMD, (ii) unilateral AMD, (iii) early-onset drusen, and (iv) controls. We analysed plasma and IgG N-glycans measured by HPLC and their association with retinal fundus photographs. There were 106 (3.7%) detected cases of AMD; 66 of them were bilateral. In addition, 45 (0.9%) subjects were recorded as having early-onset retinal drusen. We detected several interesting differences across the analysed groups, suggesting that N-glycans can be used as a biomarker for AMD. Multivariate analysis suggested a significant decrease in the immunomodulatory bi-antennary glycan structures in unilateral AMD (adjusted odds ratio 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.22–0.79)). We also detected a substantial increase in the pro-inflammatory tetra-antennary plasma glycans in bilateral AMD (7.90 (2.94–20.95)). Notably, some of these associations were not identified in the aggregated analysis, where all three disease stages were collapsed into a single category, suggesting the need for better-refined phenotypes and the use of disease severity stages in the analysis of more complex diseases. Age-related macular degeneration progression is characterised by the complex interplay of various mechanisms, some of which can be detected by measuring plasma and IgG N-glycans. As opposed to a simple case-control study, more advanced and refined study designs are needed to understand the pathogenesis of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bućan
- Clinical Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Jelena Škunca Herman
- Clinical Hospital Centre Sisters of Mercy, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.Š.H.); (Z.V.)
| | - Iris Jerončić Tomić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Olga Gornik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Genos Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zoran Vatavuk
- Clinical Hospital Centre Sisters of Mercy, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.Š.H.); (Z.V.)
| | - Kajo Bućan
- Clinical Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.); (K.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Algebra LAB, Algebra University College, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-91-5163443
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18
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Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052592. [PMID: 35269743 PMCID: PMC8910030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease typically associated with the aging and can be classified into two types—namely, the exudative and the nonexudative AMD. Currently available treatments for exudative AMD use intravitreal injections, which are associated with high risk of infection that can lead to endophthalmitis, while no successful treatments yet exist for the nonexudative form of AMD. In addition to the pharmacologic therapies administered by intravitreal injection already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in exudative AMD, there are some laser treatments approved that can be used in combination with the pharmacological therapies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments of treatment options for AMD. Relevant literature available from 1993 was used, which included original articles and reviews available in PubMed database and also information collected from Clinical Trials Gov website using “age-related macular degeneration” and “antiangiogenic therapies” as keywords. The clinical trials search was limited to ongoing trials from 2015 to date.
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19
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Wang S, Tang YJ. Sulforaphane ameliorates amyloid-β-induced inflammatory injury by suppressing the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7079-7089. [PMID: 34982643 PMCID: PMC8973853 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1976503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disorder that leads to irreversible impairment of central vision, and effective therapies are lacking. Here, we explore how oligomeric amyloid-β1-42 can trigger inflammatory injury in retinal pigment epithelial cells and how sulforaphane can mitigate such injury. ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells expressing low, endogenous, or high levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) were treated with oligomeric amyloid-β1-42 in the presence or absence of various signaling inhibitors or sulforaphane. Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and activity of the PARP1/Sirtuin (SIRT1) axis were assayed. Treating ARPE-19 cells with oligomeric amyloid-β1-42 promoted the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-ɑ, which was partially reversed by inhibiting PARP1 and activating SIRT1. PARP1 was found to act upstream of SIRT1, and expression of the two proteins correlated negatively with each other. Sulforaphane also mitigated the injury due to oligomeric amyloid-β1-42 through a mechanism involving inactivation of the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway. Oligomeric amyloid-β1-42 can trigger AMD-like injury in retinal pigment epithelium by activating PARP1 and repressing SIRT1. Moreover, sulforaphane can induce cell viability and SIRT1 expression, but reduce cell apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 or -9, and PARP1 expression in oAβ1-42-treated cells. However, PARP1 inactivation or SIRT1 activation weaken these effects. In summary, sulforaphane reduces the inflammatory injury induced by oAβ1-42 in ARPE-19 cell by inactivating the PARP1/SIRT1 pathway. Thus, the compound may be an effective therapy against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
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20
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Tian Y, Zhang F, Qiu Y, Wang S, Li F, Zhao J, Pan C, Tao Y, Yu D, Wei W. Reduction of choroidal neovascularization via cleavable VEGF antibodies conjugated to exosomes derived from regulatory T cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:968-982. [PMID: 34312509 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization induced by age-related macular degeneration and retinal neovascularization induced by diabetic retinopathy-two leading causes of blindness-are often treated using antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here we report a strong association between inflammation and high VEGF expression in aqueous humour samples from patients with choroidal or retinal neovascularization, and show that intravitreally injected exosomes derived from regulatory T cells and conjugated with an anti-VEGF antibody via a peptide linker that is cleavable by matrix metalloproteinases markedly suppressed ocular neovascularization in mouse and non-human primate models of choroidal neovascularization. The engineered exosomes, which selectively accumulate in the neovascularization lesions, could be adapted for other combination therapies of therapeutic antibodies and anti-inflammatory cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yefeng Qiu
- Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
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21
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Fang V, Gomez-Caraballo M, Lad EM. Biomarkers for Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Relevance for Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:691-713. [PMID: 34432254 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TOPIC The purpose of the review was to identify structural, functional, blood-based, and other types of biomarkers for early, intermediate, and late nonexudative stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and summarize the relevant data for proof-of-concept clinical trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE AMD is a leading cause of blindness in the aging population, yet no treatments exist for its most common nonexudative form. There are limited data on the diagnosis and progression of nonexudative AMD compared to neovascular AMD. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive, systematic review of recently published biomarkers (molecular, structural, and functional) for early AMD, intermediate AMD, and geographic atrophy and to evaluate the relevance of these biomarkers for use in future clinical trials. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and Web of Science from January 1, 1996 to November 30, 2020 and a patent search were conducted. Search terms included "early AMD," "dry AMD," "intermediate AMD," "biomarkers for nonexudative AMD," "fundus autofluorescence patterns," "color fundus photography," "dark adaptation," and "microperimetry." Articles were assessed for bias and quality with the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool. A total of 94 articles were included (61,842 individuals). RESULTS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was superior at highlighting detailed structural changes in earlier stages of AMD. Fundus autofluorescence patterns were found to be most important in estimating progression of geographic atrophy. Delayed rod intercept time on dark adaptation was the most widely recommended surrogate functional endpoint for early AMD, while retinal sensitivity on microperimetry was most relevant for intermediate AMD. Combinational studies accounting for various patient characteristics and machine/deep-learning approaches were best suited for assessing individualized risk of AMD onset and progression. CONCLUSION This systematic review supports the use of structural and functional biomarkers in early AMD and intermediate AMD, which are more reproducible and less invasive than the other classes of biomarkers described. The use of deep learning and combinational algorithms will gain increasing importance in future clinical trials of nonexudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Gomez-Caraballo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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Hytti M, Korhonen E, Hongisto H, Kaarniranta K, Skottman H, Kauppinen A. Differential Expression of Inflammasome-Related Genes in Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with or without History of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136800. [PMID: 34202702 PMCID: PMC8268331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key underlying factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inflammasome activation has been linked to disease development. Induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (iPSC-RPE) are an attractive novel model system that can help to further elucidate disease pathways of this complex disease. Here, we analyzed the effect of dysfunctional protein clearance on inflammation and inflammasome activation in iPSC-RPE cells generated from a patient suffering from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and an age-matched control. We primed iPSC-RPE cells with IL-1α and then inhibited both proteasomal degradation and autophagic clearance using MG-132 and bafilomycin A1, respectively, causing inflammasome activation. Subsequently, we determined cell viability, analyzed the expression levels of inflammasome-related genes using a PCR array, and measured the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secreted into the medium. Cell treatments modified the expression of 48 inflammasome-related genes and increased the secretion of mature IL-1β, while reducing the levels of IL-6 and MCP-1. Interestingly, iPSC-RPE from an AMD donor secreted more IL-1β and expressed more Hsp90 prior to the inhibition of protein clearance, while MCP-1 and IL-6 were reduced at both protein and mRNA levels. Overall, our results suggest that cellular clearance mechanisms might already be dysfunctional, and the inflammasome activated, in cells with a disease origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hongisto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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Local complement factor H protects kidney endothelial cell structure and function. Kidney Int 2021; 100:824-836. [PMID: 34139209 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Factor H (FH) is a critical regulator of the alternative complement pathway and its deficiency or mutation underlie kidney diseases such as dense deposit disease. Since vascular dysfunction is an important facet of kidney disease, maintaining optimal function of the lining endothelial cells is important for vascular health. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by FH in endothelial cells, FH deficient and sufficient mouse kidney endothelial cell cultures were established. Endothelial FH deficiency resulted in cytoskeletal remodeling, increased angiogenic potential, loss of cellular layer integrity and increased cell proliferation. FH reconstitution prevented these FH-dependent proliferative changes. Respiratory flux analysis showed reduced basal mitochondrial respiration, ATP production and maximal respiratory capacity in FH deficient endothelial cells, while proton leak remained unaltered. Similar changes were observed in FH deficient human glomerular endothelial cells indicating the translational potential of these studies. Gene expression analysis revealed that the FH-dependent gene changes in mouse kidney endothelial cells include significant upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and the complement system. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kB, that regulates many biological processes, was translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the absence of FH. Thus, our studies show the functional relevance of intrinsic FH in kidney endothelial cells in man and mouse.
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Mukai A, Otsuki Y, Ito E, Fujita T, Ueno M, Maeda T, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C, Hamuro J. Mitochondrial miRNA494-3p in extracellular vesicles participates in cellular interplay of iPS-Derived human retinal pigment epithelium with macrophages. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108621. [PMID: 34000275 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To explore new molecular targets for therapy in human model systems by discerning the role of extracellular vesicle (EV) microRNAs (miRs) secreted by human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells and their cellular interplay with macrophages (Mps). Human Mps differentiated from THP-1 cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate were co-cultured with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated hRPE (iPS-hRPE) cells in Transwell® system separated by 0.40 μm or 0.03 μm filters. EV-associated CD63+ proteins (CD63+ EV) were detected by western blotting, and secreted EVs were analyzed by Nanosight tracking. The miR profiles of the secreted EVs were determined using 3D-gene human microRNA chips (Toray Industries, Inc.). Levels of CD63+ EV were increased in co-cultures concomitantly with the increased production of EV particles (50-150 nm). The increased production of EVs was associated with higher production of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8 from hRPE cells, and VEGF and repressed production of TNF-α from Mps and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) from RPE cells. Ultracentrifugation of semi-purified EVs increased the secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and EV particles from hRPE cells, but this effect was eliminated in transwells equipped with 0.03 μm filters, whereas no repression of PEDF and TNF-α secretion occurred. 3D-gene miR analysis revealed a selective increase in secretion of miR494-3p in EVs from iPS-hRPE cells during the interplay with Mps. The miRs in EVs secreted by hRPE cells may have a critical role in the vicious inflammatory cycle, whereas repression of TNF-α and PEDF require cell-to-cell contact that is independent of EVs or exosomes. MiR494-3p may be a candidate molecular target of diagnosis and therapy for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Yohei Otsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Eiko Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Tadao Maeda
- Kobe Eye Center Hospital, 2-1-8 Minatojima-minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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Sirakaya E, Duru Z, Kuçuk B, Duru N. Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 68:854-858. [PMID: 32317461 PMCID: PMC7350498 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1327_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate monocyte to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as indicators of systemic inflammation in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: The HDL levels, hematological profiles, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of 38 patients with acute CSC (Group I) and 38 controls without CSC (Group II) were measured. Results: MHRs were significantly higher in Group I (13.30 ± 2.95) than in Group II (11.52 ± 2.42, P = 0.005), whereas NLRs, CRP values, and ESR values did not significantly differ between the groups (P = 0.726, P = 0.219, and P = 0.441, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the MHR was an independent predictor of acute CSC (OR = 1.266, 95% CI = 1.054-1.521, P = 0.012). Conclusion: Indicating an association between increased MHRs and acute CSC, the MHR might represent simple, inexpensive, reliable biomarkers of inflammation in acute CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Sirakaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Duru
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bekir Kuçuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Necati Duru
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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Krueger K, Boehme E, Klettner AK, Zille M. The potential of marine resources for retinal diseases: a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7518-7560. [PMID: 33970706 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We rely on vision more than on any other sense to obtain information about our environment. Hence, the loss or even impairment of vision profoundly affects our quality of life. Diet or food components have already demonstrated beneficial effects on the development of retinal diseases. Recently, there has been a growing interest in resources from marine animals and plants for the prevention of retinal diseases through nutrition. Especially fish intake and omega-3 fatty acids have already led to promising results, including associations with a reduced incidence of retinal diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are insufficiently explained. The aim of this review was to summarize the known mechanistic effects of marine resources on the pathophysiological processes in retinal diseases. We performed a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines and identified 107 studies investigating marine resources in the context of retinal diseases. Of these, 46 studies described the underlying mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiangiogenic/vasoprotective, cytoprotective, metabolic, and retinal function effects, which we critically summarize. We further discuss perspectives on the use of marine resources for human nutrition to prevent retinal diseases with a particular focus on regulatory aspects, health claims, safety, and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Krueger
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elke Boehme
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexa Karina Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Quincke Research Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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27
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Terheyden L, Roider J, Klettner A. Basolateral activation with TLR agonists induces polarized cytokine release and reduces barrier function in RPE in vitro. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:413-424. [PMID: 32949301 PMCID: PMC7843481 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic inflammation may be of importance in the development of AMD. RPE cells can recognize danger signals with toll-like receptors (TLR) and may react in a pro-inflammatory manner. In this study, we evaluated the basal and apical secretions of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in primary RPE cells and RPE/choroid explant cells under basolateral stimulation of TLR2, 3, and 4; the effects on barrier function; and their influence on neuronal cell viability. METHODS RPE/choroid tissue explants were prepared from porcine eyes and cultivated in modified Ussing chambers; primary porcine RPE cells on transwell plates. Cells were basally stimulated with agonists Pam2CSK4 (Pam; TLR2), polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; TLR3), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4) for 24 h. Supernatants were evaluated with ELISA for cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β. Apical supernatants were applied to SHSY-5Y cells, and cell viability was evaluated in MTT assay. Barrier function was tested by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and occludin immunostaining. RESULTS None of the tested TLR agonists was toxic on RPE cells after 24 h of exposure. Unstimulated RPE cells secreted hardly any cytokines. Pam induced IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα on the basal and apical sides at all concentrations tested. Poly I:C induced IL-6 and TNFα primarily at the basal side at lower but on both sides at higher concentrations. LPS induced IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα apically and basally at all concentrations tested. In the RPE/choroid, a strong difference between apical and basal secretions could be found. IL-6 was constitutively secreted basally, but not apically, but was induced by all agonists on both sides. IL-1ß and TNFα alpha were strongly induced on the basal side by all agonists. TER was reduced by all agonists, with Pam and LPS being effective in all concentrations tested. Occludin expression was unaltered, but the distribution was influenced by the agonists, with a less distinct localization at the cell borders after treatment. None of the agonists or supernatants of treated RPE and RPE/choroid organ cultures exerted any effect on viability of SHSY-5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS Danger signals activating TLRs can induce polarized cytokine expression and contribute to the loss of barrier function in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Terheyden
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Acadesine suppresses TNF-α induced complement component 3 (C3), in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244307. [PMID: 33362238 PMCID: PMC7757886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent form of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Aging, inflammation and complement dysregulation affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), are considered significant contributors in its pathogenesis and several evidences have linked tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and complement component 3 (C3) with AMD. Acadesine, an analog of AMP and an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, has been shown to have cytoprotective effects in human clinical trials as well as having anti-inflammatory and anti-vascular exudative effects in animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if acadesine is able to suppress TNF-α induced C3 in RPE cells. Methods ARPE-19 and human primary RPE cells were cultured and allowed to grow to confluence. TNF-α was used for C3 induction in the presence or absence of acadesine. Small molecule inhibitors and siRNA were used to determine if acadesine exerts its effect via the extracellular or intracellular pathway and to evaluate the importance of AMPK for these effects. The expression level of C3 was determined by immunoblot analysis. Results Acadesine suppresses TNF-α induced C3 in a dose dependent manner. When we utilized the adenosine receptor inhibitor dipyridamole (DPY) along with acadesine, acadesine’s effects were abolished, indicating the necessity of acadesine to enter the cell in order to exert it’s action. However, pretreatment with 5-iodotubericidin (5-Iodo), an adenosine kinase (AK) inhibitor, didn’t prevent acadesine from decreasing TNF-α induced C3 expression suggesting that acadesine does not exert its effect through AMP conversion and subsequent activation of AMPK. Consistent with this, knockdown of AMPK α catalytic subunit did not affect the inhibitory effect of acadesine on TNF-α upregulation of C3. Conclusions Our results suggest that acadesine suppresses TNF-α induced C3, likely through an AMPK-independent pathway, and could have potential use in complement over activation diseases.
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Varinthra P, Huang SP, Chompoopong S, Wen ZH, Liu IY. 4-(Phenylsulfanyl) Butan-2-One Attenuates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:md19010001. [PMID: 33374505 PMCID: PMC7822165 DOI: 10.3390/md19010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease that causes irreversible impairment of central vision, and effective treatment is not yet available. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in drusen that lie under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been reported as one of the early signs of AMD and was found in more than 60% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Extracellular deposition of Aβ can induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in RPE cells. Thus, finding a compound that can effectively reduce the inflammatory response may help the treatment of AMD. In this research, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the coral-derived compound 4-(phenylsulfanyl) butan-2-one (4-PSB-2) on Aβ1-42 oligomer (oAβ1-42) added to the human adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19). Our results demonstrated that 4-PSB-2 can decrease the elevated expressions of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS via NF-κB signaling in ARPE-19 cells treated with oAβ1-42 without causing any cytotoxicity or notable side effects. This study suggests that 4-PSB-2 is a promising drug candidate for attenuation of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3846-2722
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Luteolin Attenuates IL-1 β-Induced THP-1 Adhesion to ARPE-19 Cells via Suppression of NF- κB and MAPK Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9421340. [PMID: 33122970 PMCID: PMC7585660 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9421340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced endothelial dysfunction leads to inflammation and vascular adhesion molecule production in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Inflammation is a critical mediator in retinal degeneration (RD) diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and RD progression may be prevented through anti-inflammatory activity in RPE cells. The flavonoid polyphenol luteolin (LU) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetes activities, but its effects regarding retinal protection remain unknown. Here, we examined the ability of luteolin to alleviate markers of inflammation related to RD in cytokine-primed APPE-19 cells. We found that luteolin decreased the levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-8, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and attenuated adherence of the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 to IL-1β-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Luteolin also increased anti-inflammatory protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Interestingly, luteolin induced protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, thus inhibiting nuclear factor- (NF-) κB transfer from cytoplasm into the nucleus and suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, cotreatment with MAPK inhibitors and luteolin decreased inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, and further suppressed THP-1 adhesion. Overall, these results provide evidence that luteolin protects ARPE-19 cells from IL-1β-stimulated increases of IL-6, IL-8, sICAM-1, and MCP-1 production by blocking the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, thus ameliorating the inflammatory response.
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Chu Z, Ma G, Sun X, Xu Z, Zhang J. Grape Seed Extracts Inhibit the Overexpression of Inflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Retinas and ARPE-19 Cells: Potentially Useful Dietary Supplement for Age-Related Eye Dysfunction. J Med Food 2020; 23:499-507. [PMID: 32119812 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging can cause retinal degeneration, which leads to visual impairment among the elderly population. Age-dependent increases in amyloid beta (Aβ) inducesinflammatory cytokine overexpression in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which promotes the progression of age-related retinal degeneration. However, whether dietary antioxidants are useful for the treatment of RPE degeneration remains to be clarified. This study exposited the protective activities and underlying mechanisms of grape seed extracts (GSEs) against Aβ-induced proinflammatory events in mouse retinas and ARPE-19 cells. The experimental data demonstrated that GSEs attenuated the increases in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 18 (IL-18) in the retinal tissues of Aβ-treated mice. The experimental results in mice were confirmed by findings in ARPE-19 cells with or without treatment with GSEs. GSEs affected the protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in ARPE-19 cells exposed to Aβ. Knockdown of Bip blocked the inhibitory activities of GSEs on mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-8. We conclude that GSEs may suppress proinflammatory cytokines partly by increasing the expression of Bip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Chu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanqun Ma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Age-related macular degeneration: A two-level model hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100825. [PMID: 31899290 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of growing importance in a world where population ageing has become a dominant global trend. Although a wide variety of risk factors for AMD have been identified, age itself remains by far the most important risk factor, making it an urgent priority to understand the connections between underlying ageing mechanisms and pathophysiology of AMD. Ageing is both multicausal and variable, so that differences between individuals in biological ageing processes are the focus of a growing number of pathophysiological studies seeking to explain how ageing contributes to chronic, age-related conditions. The aim of this review is to integrate the available knowledge on the pathophysiology of AMD within the framework of the biology of ageing. One highly significant feature of biological ageing is systemic inflammation, which arises as a second-level response to a first level of molecular damage involving oxidative stress, mutations etc. Combining these insights, the various co-existing pathophysiological explanations in AMD arrange themselves according to a two-level hypothesis. Accordingly, we describe how AMD can be considered the consequence of age-related random accumulation of molecular damage at the ocular level and the subsequent systemic inflammatory host response thereof. We summarize evidence and provide original data to enlighten where evidence is lacking. Finally, we discuss how this two-level hypothesis provides a foundation for thoughts and future studies in prevention, prognosis, and intervention.
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Litwińska Z, Sobuś A, Łuczkowska K, Grabowicz A, Mozolewska-Piotrowska K, Safranow K, Kawa MP, Machaliński B, Machalińska A. The Interplay Between Systemic Inflammatory Factors and MicroRNAs in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:286. [PMID: 31695606 PMCID: PMC6817913 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the expression of systemic inflammatory factors and selected intracellular miRNAs that regulate inflammatory signaling pathways potentially involved in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. A total of 179 patients with wet AMD, 175 with dry AMD and 121 controls were enrolled in the study. Soluble inflammatory factors were analyzed in plasma samples using Luminex technology. Expression of selected miRNAs was analyzed in isolated nucleated peripheral blood cells (PBNCs) using real-time qPCR. Wet AMD was an independent factor associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 (β = +0.24, p = 0.0004), GM-CSF (β = +0.31, p < 0.001), IFN-γ (β = +0.58, p < 0.001), higher expression of miRNA-23a-3p (β = +0.60, p < 0.0001), miRNA-30b (β = +0.32, p < 0.0001), miRNA-191-5p (β = +0.28, p < 0.0001) and lower concentration of IL-1β (β = −0.25, p = 0.0003), IL-5 (β = −0.45, p < 0.001), IL-10 (β = −0.45, p < 0.001), IL-12 (β = −0.35, p < 0.001), lower expression of miRNA-16-5p (β = −0.31, p < 0.0001), miRNA-17-3p (β = −0.18, p = 0.01), miRNA-150-5p (β = −0.18, p = 0.01) and miRNA-155-5p (β = −0.47, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that dry AMD was an independent factor associated with higher concentration of GM-CSF (β = +0.34, p < 0.001), IL-6 (β = +0.13, p = 0.05), higher expression of miRNA-23a-3p (β = +0.60, p < 0.0001), miRNA-126-3p (β = +0.23, p = 0.0005), miRNA-126-5p (β = +0.16, p = 0.01), miRNA 146a (β = +0.14, p = 0.03), and mRNA191-5p (β = +0.15, p = 0.03) and lower concentrations of TNF-α (β = +0.24, p = 0.0004), IL-1β (β = −0.39, p < 0.001), IL-2 (β = −0.20, p = 0.003), IL-5 (β = −0.54, p < 0.001), IL-10 (β = −0.56, p < 0.001), IL-12 (β = −0.51, p < 0.001), lower expression of miRNA-16-5p (β = −0.23, p = 0.0004), miRNA-17-3p (β = −0.20, p = 0.003) and miRNA-17-5p (β = −0.19, p = 0.004). Negative correlations between visual acuity and WBC, lymphocyte count, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 concentrations and miRNA-191-5p, as well as positive correlations between visual acuity and miRNA-126-3p, -126-5p, and -155-5p PBNCs expression were found in AMD patients. No such correlations were found in the control group. Our results may suggest the role of both intra- and extracellular mechanisms implicated in inflammatory response regulation in multifactorial AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Litwińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowicz
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miłosz Piotr Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Mansoor N, Wahid F, Azam M, Shah K, den Hollander AI, Qamar R, Ayub H. Molecular Mechanisms of Complement System Proteins and Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:705-718. [PMID: 31456517 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190828150625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disorder affecting predominantly the older people above the age of 50 years in which the macular region of the retina deteriorates, resulting in the loss of central vision. The key factors associated with the pathogenesis of AMD are age, smoking, dietary, and genetic risk factors. There are few associated and plausible genes involved in AMD pathogenesis. Common genetic variants (with a minor allele frequency of >5% in the population) near the complement genes explain 40-60% of the heritability of AMD. The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders, trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH, contribute to the formation of drusen and progression of AMD. Similarly, Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are normally involved in tissue remodeling also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD. MMPs are involved in the degradation of cell debris and lipid deposits beneath retina but with age their functions get affected and result in the drusen formation, succeeding to macular degeneration. In this review, AMD pathology, existing knowledge about the normal and pathological role of complement system proteins and MMPs in the eye is reviewed. The scattered data of complement system proteins, MMPs, drusenogenesis, and lipofusogenesis have been gathered and discussed in detail. This might add new dimensions to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of AMD pathophysiology and might help in finding new therapeutic options for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Mansoor
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khadim Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Ayub
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
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Yang HJ, Hu R, Sun H, Bo Chen, Li X, Chen JB. 4-HNE induces proinflammatory cytokines of human retinal pigment epithelial cells by promoting extracellular efflux of HSP70. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107792. [PMID: 31499034 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and subsequent chronic inflammation result in dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and represent therapeutic targets in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, molecular mechanisms that linked oxidative stress and inflammation still unclear. As an important byproduct of oxidative stress, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) induces apoptosis and lysosome dysregulation of RPE cells. In the present study, we evaluated cytokines production of RPE cells induced by 4-HNE by using cytokine array and confirmed that 4-HNE induced IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production in a concentration dependent manner. Specifically, 4-HNE also induced IL-10 and TGF-β production in low concentration. Molecular analysis revealed that intracellular HSP70 inhibited 4-HNE-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and 4-HNE exerted proinflammatory effects in RPE cells by enhancing extracellular release of HSP70, as efflux inhibitor Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBC) treatment significantly blocked the release of HSP70 and decreased IL-6 production of RPE cells induced by 4-HNE. Meanwhile, HSP70 inducer arimoclomol increased intracellular HSP70 production, but showed no influence on its extracellular level, also performed anti-inflammatory effects in 4-HNE-stimulated RPE cells. Whereas the anti-inflammatory effects of paeoniflorin, an HSP70 inducer simultaneously promoted its extracellular efflux, was lower than arimoclomol. In addition, we further confirmed that MBC exhibited synergetic effect with both paeoniflorin and arimoclomol to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by 4-HNE. Taken together, these results indicate that HSP70 plays a vital role in regulating inflammation of RPE cells induced by oxidative stress and might be a potential novel target for clinical treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalomology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Eugenic Genetics Laboratory, Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Eugenic Genetics Laboratory, Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalomology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xia Li
- Ophthalmic Center, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China.
| | - Jian-Bin Chen
- Department of Ophthalomology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Wooff Y, Man SM, Aggio-Bruce R, Natoli R, Fernando N. IL-1 Family Members Mediate Cell Death, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1618. [PMID: 31379825 PMCID: PMC6646526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation underpins and contributes to the pathogenesis of many retinal degenerative diseases. The recruitment and activation of both resident microglia and recruited macrophages, as well as the production of cytokines, are key contributing factors for progressive cell death in these diseases. In particular, the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family consisting of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to be pivotal in the mediation of innate immunity and contribute directly to a number of retinal degenerations, including Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this review, we will discuss the role of IL-1 family members and inflammasome signaling in retinal degenerative diseases, piecing together their contribution to retinal disease pathology, and identifying areas of research expansion required to further elucidate their function in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Chernykh V, Shevchenko A, Konenkov V, Prokofiev V, Eremina A, Trunov A. TNF-α gene polymorphisms: association with age-related macular degeneration in Russian population. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:25-29. [PMID: 30662836 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study polymorphisms in promotor regions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α TNF-863A/C (rs1800630), TNF-308A/G (rs1800629), and TNF-238A/G (rs361525) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and associations of complex TNF-α genotypes with AMD. METHODS One hundred and two patients (82 women, 20 men; mean age 64.2±1.2y) with AMD and 100 healthy age- and sex-matched controls (82 women, 18 men; 60±1.4y) were included in the study. All subjects were Caucasian, all subjects and their parents were inhabitants of Russia. Genomic DNA was obtained from EDTA-preserved blood using the standard phenol-chloroform method. Polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The following TNF-α genotypes were studied: TNF-α-238 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-308 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-863 AA, CA, CC. RESULTS Differences in TNF-α-863 and TNF-α-238 genotypes frequencies in patients with AMD and healthy controls were not found. The distribution of TNF-α-308 AA and TNF-α-308 GA genotypes was significantly different between the studied group and the controls [odds ratios (OR) =0.22, P=0.0287 and OR=2.91, P=0.0063, respectively]. TNF-863CC/TNF-308GA and TNF-308GA/TNF-238GG genotypes were associated with the increased risk of AMD (OR=2.48, P=0.0332 and OR=2.51, P=0.0187, respectively). Five genotypes combinations appeared to be protective. CONCLUSION In the present study, single nucleotide polymorphisms and complex polymorphisms of one of the key inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and a number of significant associations of these polymorphisms with AMD in Russian population have been shown. Complex analysis of genotypes could be important in AMD risk factors detection and studying pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Chernykh
- Novosibirsk Branch, S. Fyodorov Eye microsurgery Federal State, Novosibirsk 630096, Russia
| | - Alla Shevchenko
- Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia
| | - Vladimir Konenkov
- Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia
| | - Viktor Prokofiev
- Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia
| | - Alena Eremina
- Novosibirsk Branch, S. Fyodorov Eye microsurgery Federal State, Novosibirsk 630096, Russia
| | - Alexander Trunov
- Novosibirsk Branch, S. Fyodorov Eye microsurgery Federal State, Novosibirsk 630096, Russia
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Farazdaghi MK, Ebrahimi KB. Role of the Choroid in Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Current Review. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:78-87. [PMID: 30820291 PMCID: PMC6388521 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_125_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of vision loss in the developed world and its pathogenesis is a topic of active research. To date, much study has been focused on the role of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BrM) in AMD pathogenesis, but the role of the choroid has also been investigated. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in research in the role of the choroid in AMD, beginning with an exploration of the histopathologic, cellular and molecular changes that occur in the choroid in AMD and concluding by discussing new choroidal imaging techniques and patterns seen on fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. Exploring these domains will lead to a better understanding of the factors at play beyond the outer retina in this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katayoon B Ebrahimi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Sodi A, Passerini I, Bacherini D, Boni L, Palchetti S, Murro V, Caporossi O, Mucciolo DP, Franco F, Vannozzi L, Torricelli F, Pelo E, Rizzo S, Virgili G. CFH Y402H polymorphism in Italian patients with age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt disease. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:699-705. [PMID: 30285522 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1525753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the CFH Y402H polymorphism has been suggested as a major risk factor for AMD. Recent evidences supported the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of some retinal dystrophies. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CFHY402H polymorphism in a group of Italian patients affected by atrophic AMD, Stargardt disease (STGD), or retinitis pigmentosa(RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Our case-control association study included 116 patients with atrophic AMD, 77 with RP, 86 with STGD, and 100 healthy controls. All the patients were evaluated by a standard ophthalmologic examination and OCT. ERG was performed on STGD and RP patients. All the subjects underwent a blood drawing for genetic testing and the CFHY402H polymorphism was genotyped with the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction single nucleotide polymorphism assay. RESULTS The prevalence of the risk genotype C/C was higher in the AMD group than in controls (p < 0.001). The risk allele C was more frequent in the AMD group than in controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of the risk genotype was higher in the RP patients than in controls (p < 0.001) and similarly the risk allele C was more frequent in the RP group (p = 0.008). The CFHY402H genotype distribution was not different between patients with STGD and the controls, for the biallelic (p = 0.531) and for the monoallelic (p = 0.318) evaluation. CONCLUSIONS In our series of Italian patients, the CFHY402H genotype is associated with atrophic AMD and RP, but not with STGD. This result may support the hypothesis of a complement system dysregulation in the pathogenesis of AMD and RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sodi
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Ilaria Passerini
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Daniela Bacherini
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Luca Boni
- c Clinical Trials Coordinating Center , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Simona Palchetti
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Vittoria Murro
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Orsola Caporossi
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Dario Pasquale Mucciolo
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Franco
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vannozzi
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Francesca Torricelli
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pelo
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Eye Clinic , Careggi Teaching Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Spindler J, Zandi S, Pfister IB, Gerhardt C, Garweg JG. Cytokine profiles in the aqueous humor and serum of patients with dry and treated wet age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203337. [PMID: 30157273 PMCID: PMC6114931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify disease-specific cytokine profile differences in the aqueous humor (AH) (other than the vascular endothelial growth factor) between patients with dry and treated wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy controls. METHODS This retrospective study drew on a case-series of patients diagnosed with dry AMD (n = 25) and treated wet AMD (n = 19), as well as on healthy controls (no systemic therapy; n = 20) undergoing phacoemulsification or vitrectomy. Samples of AH and serum were collected in parallel at the beginning of surgery. The levels of 43 cytokines were simultaneously determined using the Bio-Plex® multiplex beads system. Differences between the three groups were statistically compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H-Test after applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p<0.0012). RESULTS The concentrations of three cytokines were elevated in the AH of patients with dry AMD (CXCL6; p = 0.00067) and treated wet AMD (CXCL5, CXCL6, MIG/XCXL; all p<0.001) relative to those in the healthy controls. No other differences between the three groups were identified. The AH levels of seven cytokines (16%), including CXCL6, ranged below the lower limit of quantitation of the assay. Without the correction for multiple comparisons (p<0.05), the levels of 31 of the 43 cytokines in the AH of patients with AMD would have differed significantly from those in the control. The systemic cytokine profiles (serum) were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS No systematic differences in the AH cytokine environment were identified between patients with dry AMD and those with treated wet AMD. This finding might indicate that AMD is either the result of a persistent imbalance in the physiological tissue milieu, or that the localized process induces no significant change in the cytokine environment of the anterior ocular segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spindler
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Souska Zandi
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabel B. Pfister
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christin Gerhardt
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G. Garweg
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Biarnés M, Vassilev V, Nogoceke E, Emri E, Rodríguez-Bocanegra E, Ferraro L, Garcia M, Fauser S, Monés J, Lengyel I, Peto T. Precision medicine for age-related macular degeneration: current developments and prospects. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2018.1502037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassil Vassilev
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eszter Emri
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Monés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imre Lengyel
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha induces retinal pigment epithelium cell dedifferentiation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:85. [PMID: 29548329 PMCID: PMC5857126 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells with important barrier and immuno-suppressive functions in the eye. We have previously shown that acute stimulation of RPE cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) downregulates the expression of OTX2 (Orthodenticle homeobox 2) and dependent RPE genes. We here investigated the long-term effects of TNFα on RPE cell morphology and key functions in vitro. Methods Primary porcine RPE cells were exposed to TNFα (at 0.8, 4, or 20 ng/ml per day) for 10 days. RPE cell morphology, phagocytosis, barrier- and immunosuppressive-functions were assessed. Results Chronic (10 days) exposure of primary RPE cells to TNFα increases RPE cell size and polynucleation, decreases visual cycle gene expression, impedes RPE tight-junction organization and transepithelial resistance, and decreases the immunosuppressive capacities of the RPE. TNFα-induced morphological- and transepithelial-resistance changes were prevented by concomitant Transforming Growth Factor β inhibition. Conclusions Our results indicate that chronic TNFα-exposure is sufficient to alter RPE morphology and impede cardinal features that define the differentiated state of RPE cells with striking similarities to the alterations that are observed with age in neurodegenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Ioanna Z, Christian S, Christian G, Daniel B. Plasma levels of hypoxia-regulated factors in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 256:325-332. [PMID: 29177891 PMCID: PMC5790859 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Various hypoxia-related proteins are differentially expressed in the retina and secreted to the vitreous and/or aqueous humor of patients affected by dry or neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). To determine whether these conditions alter concentrations of cytokines also in the systemic circulation, we measured plasma levels of six hypoxia-related proteins. METHODS Plasma was prepared from EDTA blood that was collected from patients affected by dry AMD (n = 5), nAMD (n = 11), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR; n = 9), and patients with an epiretinal membrane (ERM; n = 11). ERM samples served as negative controls, PDR samples as positive controls. Protein concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), placental growth factor (PlGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The concentration of PlGF was significantly increased in plasma of patients affected by nAMD. Although no statistically significant differences were found for EPO, ANGPTL4, PlGF, TNF-α, and PEDF, the mean concentration of VEGF was lowest in the nAMD group. Plasma concentrations of the six factors did not correlate with gender or age of patients. CONCLUSIONS nAMD may increase plasma concentrations of PlGF, making it a candidate as a biomarker for the neovascular form of AMD. Other factors, however, were not differentially regulated, suggesting that their systemic concentrations are not generally increased in hypoxia-related retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygoula Ioanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Schori Christian
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), and Neuroscience Centre (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grimm Christian
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), and Neuroscience Centre (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barthelmes Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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On phagocytes and macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:98-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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45
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Sun J, Huang P, Liang J, Li J, Shen M, She X, Feng Y, Luo X, Liu T, Sun X. Cooperation of Rel family members in regulating Aβ 1-40-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3115. [PMID: 29022897 PMCID: PMC5682668 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark component of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Previous studies have shown that p50/RelA (p65), a member of NF-κB family, is an essential pro-inflammatory transcription factor responding to Aβ1-40 stimulation, but few focused on the other two Rel transcription factor members – RelB and c-Rel – and their role in Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation. It was reported that RelA, RelB and c-Rel are also implicated in various NF-κB-mediated inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we infer that Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation targets not only the classical inflammation regulator, RelA, but also RelB and c-Rel. In this study, we demonstrate that intravitreally injected Aβ1-40 mice develop AMD-like pathologic changes, coupled with Rel protein (RelA, RelB and c-Rel) synthesis and nuclear translocation. To focus on the interaction mechanism of Rel proteins, we found that RelB and c-Rel formed a heterodimer with RelA in mice model. We also found that c-Rel silencing decreased the levels of Aβ1-40-dependent RelA expression, indicating that RelB and c-Rel may interact with RelA as coactivator and c-Rel is required to activate the expression of RelA. Moreover, Rel protein silencing decreased the expression of distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, we demonstrate that besides RelA, RelB and c-Rel can also be activated by Aβ1-40, all of which mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription and RPE damage. Our findings imply that RPE-mediated inflammation under the stimulation of Aβ1-40 is multi-targeted and RelA, RelB and c-Rel proteins may be the new targets of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peirong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yiji Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
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46
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THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND THE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. Retina 2017; 37:819-835. [PMID: 27902638 PMCID: PMC5424580 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can significantly impact visual function, but has no approved treatment. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of geographic atrophy, particularly the role of complement cascade dysregulation and emerging therapies targeting the complement cascade. Purpose: Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced, vision-threatening form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affecting approximately five million individuals worldwide. To date, there are no approved therapeutics for GA treatment; however, several are in clinical trials. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of GA, particularly the role of complement cascade dysregulation and emerging therapies targeting the complement cascade. Methods: Primary literature search on PubMed for GA, complement cascade in age-related macular degeneration. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for natural history studies in GA and clinical trials of drugs targeting the complement cascade for GA. Results: Cumulative damage to the retina by aging, environmental stress, and other factors triggers inflammation via multiple pathways, including the complement cascade. When regulatory components in these pathways are compromised, as with several GA-linked genetic risk factors in the complement cascade, chronic inflammation can ultimately lead to the retinal cell death characteristic of GA. Complement inhibition has been identified as a key candidate for therapeutic intervention, and drugs targeting the complement pathway are currently in clinical trials. Conclusion: The complement cascade is a strategic target for GA therapy. Further research, including on natural history and genetics, is crucial to expand the understanding of GA pathophysiology and identify effective therapeutic targets.
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Kwon HJ, Lee SM, Pak KY, Park SW, Lee JE, Byon IS. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Sex Hormone Deficiency and Soft Drusen. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1527-1536. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1337155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Jo Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Kang Yeun Pak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sung Who Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ik Soo Byon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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48
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Li H, Chintalapudi SR, Jablonski MM. Current drug and molecular therapies for the treatment of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: phase I to phase III clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1103-1114. [PMID: 28816076 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1369042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly. Atrophic AMD, including early, intermediate and geographic atrophy (GA), accounts for ~90% of all cases. It is a multifactorial degeneration characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and aging components. Although no FDA-approved treatment yet exists for the late stage of atrophic AMD, multiple pathological mechanisms are partially known and several promising therapies are in various stages of development. Areas covered: Underlying mechanisms that define atrophic AMD will help provide novel therapeutic targets that will address this largely unmet clinical need. The purpose of this paper is to review current promising drugs that are being evaluated in clinical trials. Because no pharmacological treatments are currently available for late stage of atrophic AMD, any new therapy would have extensive market potential. Expert opinion: The number of AMD patients is predicted to increase to ~30 million worldwide by 2020. In response to this enormous unmet clinical need, new promising therapies are being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. We propose that the assessment of novel interventions will also need to consider the genotypes of participants, as the benefit may be determined by polymorphisms in an individual's genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Sumana R Chintalapudi
- b Department of Ophthalmology, The Hamilton Eye Institute , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Monica M Jablonski
- b Department of Ophthalmology, The Hamilton Eye Institute , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.,d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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49
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Wang L, Cano M, Datta S, Wei H, Ebrahimi KB, Gorashi Y, Garlanda C, Handa JT. Pentraxin 3 recruits complement factor H to protect against oxidative stress-induced complement and inflammasome overactivation. J Pathol 2017; 240:495-506. [PMID: 27659908 DOI: 10.1002/path.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that genetic abnormalities in complement factor H (FH) are associated with an increased risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness among the elderly, raised hope of new treatments for this vision-threatening disease. Nonetheless, over a decade after the identification of this important association, how innate immunity contributes to AMD remains unresolved. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an essential component of the innate immunity system that plays a non-redundant role in controlling inflammation, regulates complement by interacting with complement components. Here, we show that PTX3 is induced by oxidative stress, a known cause of AMD, in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). PTX3 deficiency in vitro and in vivo magnified complement activation induced by oxidative stress, leading to increased C3a, FB, and C3d, but not C5b-9 complex formation. Increased C3a levels, resulting from PTX3 deficiency, raised the levels of Il1b mRNA and secretion of activated interleukin (IL)-1β by interacting with C3aR. Importantly, PTX3 deficiency augmented NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in enhanced IL-1β, but not IL-18, production by the RPE. Thus, in the presence of PTX3 deficiency, the complement and inflammasome pathways worked in concert to produce IL-1β in sufficient abundance to, importantly, result in macrophages accumulating in the choroid. These results demonstrate that PTX3 acts as an essential brake for complement and inflammasome activation by regulating the abundance of FH in the RPE, and provide critical insights into the complex interplay between oxidative stress and innate immunity in the early stages of AMD development. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hong Wei
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Yara Gorashi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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50
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Mathis T, Housset M, Eandi C, Beguier F, Touhami S, Reichman S, Augustin S, Gondouin P, Sahel JA, Kodjikian L, Goureau O, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F. Activated monocytes resist elimination by retinal pigment epithelium and downregulate their OTX2 expression via TNF-α. Aging Cell 2017; 16:173-182. [PMID: 27660103 PMCID: PMC5242302 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) controls essential, homeostatic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) genes in the adult. Using cocultures of human CD14+ blood monocytes (Mos) and primary porcine RPE cells and a fully humanized system using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE cells, we show that activated Mos markedly inhibit RPEOTX2 expression and resist elimination in contact with the immunosuppressive RPE. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that TNF-α, secreted from activated Mos, mediates the downregulation of OTX2 and essential RPE genes of the visual cycle among others. Our data show how subretinal, chronic inflammation and in particular TNF-α can affect RPE function, which might contribute to the visual dysfunctions in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) where subretinal macrophages are observed. Our findings provide important mechanistic insights into the regulation of OTX2 under inflammatory conditions. Therapeutic restoration of OTX2 expression might help revive RPE and visual function in retinal diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mathis
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
- Department of Ophthalmology; Croix-Rousse University Hospital; Hospices Civils de Lyon; University of medicine Lyon 1; 103 Grande rue de la Croix Rousse 69317 Lyon Cedex 04 France
| | - Michael Housset
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Chiara Eandi
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
- Department of Clinical Science; Eye Clinic; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Fanny Beguier
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sara Touhami
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sebastien Augustin
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Pauline Gondouin
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology; Croix-Rousse University Hospital; Hospices Civils de Lyon; University of medicine Lyon 1; 103 Grande rue de la Croix Rousse 69317 Lyon Cedex 04 France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
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