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Liu XN, Yap SEL, Chen XYE, Philip K, Naduvilath TJ, Sankaridurg PR. Late Bedtime and Altered Diurnal Axial Length Rhythms of the Eye. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39229673 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2396383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Affecting one-third of the population worldwide and increasing, the sight-threatening condition myopia is causing a significant socio-economic burden. To better understand its etiology, recent studies investigated the role of ocular and systemic rhythms, yet results are conflicting. Here we profiled 24-h variations of axial length of the eye and salivary melatonin concentration in young adults with and without myopia and explored the potential impacts of bedtime on these rhythms. METHODS A total of 25 healthy young adults (age 25.0 ± 4.8 years, 13 females) completed this study, including 13 myopes (mean spherical equivalent refractive error -2.93 ± 1.46 diopters) and 12 non-myopes (0.14 ± 0.42 diopters). Saliva sample collection and axial length measurements were repeated for seven times over 24 h starting from 8 am. Information on sleep and chronotype was collected at first visit with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. RESULTS Significant diurnal rhythms of axial length and salivary melatonin concentration were identified in both refractive groups (both p < 0.001), with no myopia-related rhythm difference (interaction of measurement time-point × myopia, p = 0.9). Late bedtime was associated with altered rhythms (p = 0.009) and smaller diurnal change (p = 0.01) in axial length. Elevated melatonin levels were observed in myopes (p = 0.006) and in late sleepers (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sleep/wake cycles may be involved in the regulation of axial length rhythms. Further research is needed to determine if there exists a causal relationship between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Nicole Liu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ee Leen Yap
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yu Eric Chen
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krupa Philip
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas John Naduvilath
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Padmaja R Sankaridurg
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Eppenberger LS, Jaggi GP, Todorova MG, Messerli J, Sturm V. Following prevalence of myopia in a large Swiss military cohort over the last decade: where is the European "myopia boom"? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:3039-3046. [PMID: 38578331 PMCID: PMC11377683 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia prevalence is increasing globally, with the highest rates found in Asia. Data from European countries is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether the prevalence of myopia is rising in our meridians. METHODS Data from male military conscripts for the recruitment period of 2008-2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Year of recruitment, conscripts' birth year, visual acuity, refractive status (spherical equivalent), and spectacle wear (yes/no) were available. RESULTS The dataset contained data of a total of 355,657 male conscripts, who had been recruited in the years 2008 to 2017. The mean number of conscripts per year was 35,566 (MD = 35,440, SD = 1249), reaching a minimum number of 33,998 conscripts in 2017 and a maximum of 37,594 in 2011. Mean age at recruitment was 19.7 years (MD = 19.0 years, SD = 1.1 years). Overall, the number of conscripts wearing spectacles remained stable over the observation time; on average 29.6% (n = 10,540; MD = 10,472; SD = 492) of conscripts wore glasses at recruitment. Of 21.8% (n = 77,698) of conscripts, data on the refractive status was available: The mean spherical equivalent for both right and left eyes was -2.3D (MD = -2 D, SD = 2.4 D). No decrease in mean spherical equivalent per recruitment year was noted over the observation period. Estimated myopia prevalence reached an average of 27.5% (SD = 0.8%) and did not increase during the observation period. CONCLUSION In summary, no change in spherical equivalent refractive errors of male Swiss army conscripts was found for the years 2008-2017. Equally, the percentage of spectacle wearers (MN = 29.6%) and estimated myopia prevalence (MN = 27.5%) did not significantly increase during the observation time. TRIAL REGISTRATION BASEC 2019-00060 (18/01/2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Raemistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland.
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, 6000, Lucerne, LU, Switzerland.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, 20 College Rd, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
| | - Gregor P Jaggi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3, 8032, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Margarita G Todorova
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, SG, Switzerland
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, BS, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Messerli
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, BS, Switzerland
- Health Department, Swiss Armed Forces, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Veit Sturm
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Raemistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3, 8032, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland
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3
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Sharma S, Rose L, Schulz A, Sharma DP, Zeldovich A, Azzi C, Nischal K. Myopia intervention and ultraviolet radiation related eye diseases: A narrative literature review. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14:151-158. [PMID: 39027060 PMCID: PMC11253989 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-24-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been an increased understanding of the protective effect of two or more hours in high lux light on the development and progression of myopia. The aim of myopia management is to reduce the incidence of high myopia and sight-threatening myopic complications. Equally important are the sight-threatening complications of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the eye and adnexal structures. This review will analyze the literature for both these epidemics to help guide public health policy. Whilst increasing childhood high lux light exposure is important, consideration of a holistic eye health policy should ensure that UV eye diseases are also prevented. The advent of ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence photography has increased our understanding that significant UV eye damage occurs in childhood, with 81% of children aged 12-15 years having signs of UV eye damage. Hence, the need to reduce myopia and protect from UV-related eye diseases needs simultaneous consideration. Advocating for eye protection is important, particularly as the natural squint reflex is disabled with dark sunglasses lenses. The pathways UV reaches the eye need to be considered and addressed to ensure that sunglasses offer optimum UV eye protection. The design of protective sunglasses that simultaneously allow high lux light exposure and protect from UVR is critical in combating both these epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Nischal
- UPMC Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rodriguez NG, Claici AO, Ramos-Castaneda JA, González-Zamora J, Bilbao-Malavé V, de la Puente M, Fernandez-Robredo P, Garzón-Parra SJ, Garza-Leon M, Recalde S. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence as a biomarker of outdoor exposure in myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1097. [PMID: 38212604 PMCID: PMC10784576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Outdoor exposure is considered the primary modifiable risk factor in preventing the development of myopia. This effect is thought to be attributed to the light-induced synthesis and release of dopamine in the retina. However, until recent years, there was no objective quantifiable method available to measure the association between time spent outdoors and myopia. It is only recently that the conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area, serving as a biomarker for sun exposure, has begun to be utilized in numerous studies. To provide a comprehensive summary of the relevant evidence pertaining to the association between the CUVAF area and myopia across different geographic regions and age groups, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. The search encompassed multiple databases, including MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, WEB OF SCIENCE, and SCOPUS, and utilized specific search terms such as "conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence", "CUVAF", "UVAF", "objective marker of ocular sun exposure", "myopia", "degenerative myopia", and "high myopia". The bibliographic research included papers published between the years 2006 and 2022. A total of 4051 records were initially identified, and after duplicates were removed, 49 articles underwent full-text review. Nine articles were included in the systematic review. These studies covered myopia and outdoor exposure across different regions (Australia, Europe and India) with a total population of 3615 individuals. They found that myopes generally had smaller CUVAF areas compared to non-myopes. The meta-analysis confirmed this, revealing statistically smaller CUVAF areas in myopic patients, with a mean difference of - 3.30 mm2 (95% CI - 5.53; - 1.06). Additionally, some studies showed a positive correlation between more outdoor exposure and larger CUVAF areas. In terms of outdoor exposure time, myopic patients reported less time outdoors than non-myopic individuals, with a mean difference of - 3.38 h/week (95% CI - 4.66; - 2.09). Overall, these findings highlight the connection between outdoor exposure, CUVAF area and myopia, with regional variations playing a significant role. The results of this meta-analysis validate CUVAF as a quantitative method to objectively measure outdoor exposure in relation with myopia development.
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Grants
- 01/0022-23 Doctoral fellowship funded by Miniciencias Bogotá, Colombia.
- PI20/00251 Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund "A way to make Europe"
- CUN 2019 Multiópticas
- (RD21/0017/0027) Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas al Resultado en Salud (RICORS) de Terapias avanzadas , Enfermedades Inflamatorias and Enfermedades vasculares cerebrales , Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- (RD21/0002/0010) Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas al Resultado en Salud (RICORS) de Terapias avanzadas , Enfermedades Inflamatorias and Enfermedades vasculares cerebrales , Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- (RD21/0006/0008) Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas al Resultado en Salud (RICORS) de Terapias avanzadas , Enfermedades Inflamatorias and Enfermedades vasculares cerebrales , Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- 01-20/21 Fundación Jesús Gangoiti Barrera
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund “A way to make Europe”
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Gutierrez Rodriguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Optometría-Facultad de Optometría de la Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aura Ortega Claici
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge A Ramos-Castaneda
- Research Group Innovación y Cuidado, Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Neiva, Colombia
| | - Jorge González-Zamora
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam de la Puente
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Johanna Garzón-Parra
- Grupo de Investigación en Optometría-Facultad de Optometría de la Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Garza-Leon
- Clinical Science Department, Science of Health Division, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
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Makhdoum H, Alrehaili A, Albelowi A, Aljabri GH, Alamri RA, Alawfi B, Alsaedi S, Garah RA. Prevalence of Myopia and Its Related Factors Among University Students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e49656. [PMID: 38161853 PMCID: PMC10756248 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia, a common refractive error, is a growing global health burden influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Despite its high prevalence, studies on its prevalence and risk factors among university students are lacking. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of myopia and its associated factors among college students in Saudi Arabia's Madinah region. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from February to June 2023, utilizing a survey that was distributed to college students through a social media application. RESULTS A total of 433 university students from Al-Madinah province were enrolled in this study; 66.3% were females and 33.7% were males. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 33 years with a mean of 21.3 ± 2.0 years. The prevalence of myopia among college students in Al-Madinah and its provinces was 57.3%, and 87.9% of them had myopia in both eyes. Respondents with an electronic screen time of more than three hours and a reading distance of less than 15cm were at significant risk of myopia with p-values of 0.037 and 0.019, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A significant prevalence of myopia has been observed among university students in Madinah. Studying in scientific and medical fields, having eye diseases, prolonged use of digital devices, limiting daily outdoor activities to one hour, and having a reading distance of less than 15 cm significantly increased the risk of myopia. Encouraging education and screening programs for myopia prevention and control is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Makhdoum
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Ruba A Alamri
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Bushra Alawfi
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Saba Alsaedi
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Reem A Garah
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
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6
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Champagne-Hamel M, Monfort C, Chevrier C, Saint-Amour D. Screen Time at 6 Years Old and Visual Function in Early Adolescence. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:63. [PMID: 37873891 PMCID: PMC10594439 DOI: 10.3390/vision7040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive screen time has been linked to adverse health outcomes in children, including vision-related problems such as myopia. However, very few studies have evaluated the effect of moderate screen exposure on the development of visual functions. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time during middle childhood and color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and short-range visual acuity in 12-year-old children (n = 305) from the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France) for the whole sample and for boys and girls separately. Visual functions were assessed using the Freiburg Acuity and Contrast Test and an adapted version of the Cambridge Color Test. Screen exposure was documented using a parent self-report questionnaire. Regression models showed that screen exposure at 6 years of age was significantly associated with higher contrast sensitivity across the entire sample at 12 years of age. However, when controlling for covariates, this association remained statistically significant in girls only. Sex-stratified analyses also showed that moderate screen exposure was linked to improved tritan-axis color vision in boys only. These findings suggest that moderate screen exposure in middle childhood is not harmful to visual function development and as such, provide new insights into the impact of digital technology on children's visual health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Monfort
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada;
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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7
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Heilenbach N, Hu G, Lamrani R, Prasad J, Ogunsola T, Iskander M, Elgin CY, McGowan R, Vieira D, Al-Aswad LA. Environmental influences on ophthalmic conditions: A scoping review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:516-545. [PMID: 37309709 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors have been implicated in various eye pathologies. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the published research on environmental effects on eye disease. METHODS Four databases were searched for terms relating to environmental exposures and ophthalmic disease. Titles and abstracts were screened followed by full-text review. Data was extracted from 118 included studies. Quality assessment was conducted for each study. RESULTS Air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, nitrites, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone and hydrocarbons are associated with ocular conditions ranging from corneal damage to various retinopathies, including central retinal artery occlusion. Certain chemicals and metals, such as cadmium, are associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. Climate factors, such as sun exposure, have been associated with the development of cataracts. Living in rural areas was associated with various age-related eye diseases whereas people living in urban settings had higher risk for dry eye disease and uveitis. CONCLUSION Environmental exposures in every domain are associated with various ophthalmic conditions. These findings underscore the importance of continued research on the interplay between the environment and eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Heilenbach
- Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Galen Hu
- Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Lamrani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaideep Prasad
- Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Titilola Ogunsola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mina Iskander
- Miller School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cansu Yuksel Elgin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Universitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard McGowan
- Health Sciences Library, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dorice Vieira
- Health Sciences Library, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Khan HA, Naduvilath T, Tahhan N, Sankaridurg PR. Myopia Progression in Adults: A Retrospective Analysis. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:537-542. [PMID: 37499166 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Studies on adult myopia progression are limited. This retrospective analysis of a large data set of young adult myopes characterizes myopia progression during adulthood. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the mean annual progression of myopia and to estimate the proportion of progressors in adult myopes. METHODS Longitudinal, noncycloplegic subjective refraction data for young adult myopes (spherical equivalent refractive error, -0.5 D or more), age ranging from 18 to 30 years, were retrospectively analyzed. The mean annual progression, as well as the proportion of progressors (at least -0.50 D shift between visits and annualized progression of -0.25 D or more), was estimated. RESULTS A total of 354 myopes (230 females [64.7%]), with a mean (standard deviation) age of 22.2 (3.8) years, were considered. The mean (standard deviation) annualized progression was -0.10 (0.21), -0.08 (0.2), and -0.04 (0.21) D in the 18- to 21-year, 22- to 26-year, and 27- to 30-year age groups, respectively ( P = .003). The difference between 18- to 21- and 27- to 30-year age groups was significant ( P = .05), whereas all other pairwise comparisons were not significant. The proportion (95% confidence interval) of progressors in the 18- to 21-, >21- to 26-, and >26- to 30-year age groups was 18.3% (14.9 to 21.7%), 10.9% (7.1 to 14.7%), and 8.8% (4.4 to 13.1%), respectively. The proportion of progressors working or studying in a higher learning/academic environment was 16.2% with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for progression of 2.07 (1.15 to 3.74) compared with those in nonacademic environments ( P = .02), with no significant effect of sex or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS This study is consistent with other studies on myopia in young adults, which show that myopia does not progress by substantial amounts throughout the adult years, particularly after the age of 21 years. Although future studies may be challenged by the small rates of change and the small proportion of progressors, further research is needed to understand the implications of adult myopia progression on clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Padmaja R Sankaridurg
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Rajasingam P, Shaw A, Davis B, Alonso-Caneiro D, Hamwood J, Collins M. The association between conjunctival and scleral thickness and ocular surface ultraviolet autofluorescence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7931. [PMID: 37193731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet autofluorescence (UVAF) imaging is used to visualise ocular surface changes due to sunlight exposure and so is considered to be a biomarker for UV damage. The conjunctival and scleral thicknesses of participants with and without ocular surface UVAF were measured to examine the UVAF associated tissue thicknesses. The presence of UVAF on the ocular surface was associated with significant differences in tissue thickness including thinner conjunctival epitheliums and thicker scleras but predominantly thickening of the conjunctival stroma. Participants were also classified into four groups according to the presence and absence of UVAF on both the temporal and nasal conjunctivas. It was noted that for those that had only nasal UVAF, the temporal conjunctival stroma was significantly thicker even without the presence of UVAF. Some participants with temporal UVAF had signs of pinguecula observed with slit lamp examination and some had OCT SLO enface imaging darkening. These findings highlight the potential of techniques other than slit lamp examination, including tissue thickness measurement and UVAF photography, in the detection of early UV-related changes to the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryntha Rajasingam
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Alyra Shaw
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Brett Davis
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Jared Hamwood
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Michael Collins
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
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10
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Machine Learning-Based Integration of Metabolomics Characterisation Predicts Progression of Myopic Retinopathy in Children and Adolescents. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020301. [PMID: 36837920 PMCID: PMC9965721 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopic retinopathy is an important cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness. As metabolomics has recently been successfully applied in myopia research, this study sought to characterize the serum metabolic profile of myopic retinopathy in children and adolescents (4-18 years) and to develop a diagnostic model that combines clinical and metabolic features. We selected clinical and serum metabolic data from children and adolescents at different time points as the training set (n = 516) and the validation set (n = 60). All participants underwent an ophthalmologic examination. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum was performed. Three machine learning (ML) models were trained by combining metabolic features and conventional clinical factors that were screened for significance in discrimination. The better-performing model was validated in an independent point-in-time cohort and risk nomograms were developed. Retinopathy was present in 34.2% of participants (n = 185) in the training set, including 109 (28.61%) with mild to moderate myopia. A total of 27 metabolites showed significant variation between groups. After combining Lasso and random forest (RF), 12 modelled metabolites (mainly those involved in energy metabolism) were screened. Both the logistic regression and extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms showed good discriminatory ability. In the time-validation cohort, logistic regression (AUC 0.842, 95% CI 0.724-0.96) and XGBoost (AUC 0.897, 95% CI 0.807-0.986) also showed good prediction accuracy and had well-fitted calibration curves. Three clinical characteristic coefficients remained significant in the multivariate joint model (p < 0.05), as did 8/12 metabolic characteristic coefficients. Myopic retinopathy may have abnormal energy metabolism. Machine learning models based on metabolic profiles and clinical data demonstrate good predictive performance and facilitate the development of individual interventions for myopia in children and adolescents.
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Zhu Z, Chen Y, Tan Z, Xiong R, McGuinness MB, Müller A. Interventions recommended for myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:160-166. [PMID: 34844916 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, a consortium of government bodies in China led by the Ministry of Education released the Comprehensive Plan to Prevent Nearsightedness among Children and Teenagers (CPPNCT), aiming to reduce the incidence of myopia and control myopic progression in China. Recommendations span from home-based to school-based interventions, including time outdoors, physical activity, light exposure, near-work activity, screen time, Chinese eye exercises, diet and sleep. To date, the levels of evidence for this suite of interventions have not been thoroughly investigated. This review has summarised the evidence of the interventions recommended by the CPPNCT in myopia prevention and control. Thus, the following statements are supposed by the evidence: (1) Increasing time outdoors and reducing near-work time are effective in lowering incident myopia in school-aged children. (2) All interventions have a limited effect on myopia progression. Ongoing research may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of myopia development, the interaction of different interventions and recommendations, confounding variables and their true effect on myopia prevention, and the identification of those most likely to respond to specific interventions. This field may also benefit from longer-term studies of the various interventions or strategies covered within this review article, to better understand the persistence of treatment effects over time and explore more novel approaches to myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zachary Tan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruilin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Myra Beth McGuinness
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Bilbao-Malavé V, González-Zamora J, Gándara E, de la Puente M, Escriche E, Bezunartea J, Marizkurrena A, Alonso E, Hernández M, Fernández-Robredo P, Sáenz de Viteri M, Barrio-Barrio J, García-Layana A, Recalde S. A Cross-Sectional Observational Study of the Relationship between Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in University Students, Measured by Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence (CUVAF). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154264. [PMID: 35893353 PMCID: PMC9331436 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common refractive error worldwide. This cannot be explained by genetic factors alone, therefore, environmental factors may play an important role. Hence, the main objective of this study was to analyse whether outdoor exposure could exert a protective effect against the development of myopia in a cohort of young adults and to investigate ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF), as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out using two cohorts. A total of 208 participants were recruited, 156 medical students and 52 environmental science students. The data showed that 66.66% of the medical students were myopic, while 50% of the environmental science students were myopic (p = 0.021). Environmental science students spent significantly more hours per week doing outdoor activities than medical students (p < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference with respect to near work activities between them. In both cohorts, the degree of myopia was inversely associated with CUVAF, and a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between spherical equivalent and CUVAF (Pearson’s r = 0.248). In conclusion, outdoor activities could reduce the onset and progression of myopia not only in children, but also in young adults. In addition, CUVAF represents an objective, non-invasive biomarker of outdoor exposure that is inversely associated with myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge González-Zamora
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elsa Gándara
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
| | - Miriam de la Puente
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Escriche
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Marizkurrena
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
| | - Elena Alonso
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Hernández
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Robredo
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425600 (ext. 6499-6290)
| | - Manuel Sáenz de Viteri
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Barrio-Barrio
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (E.G.); (M.d.l.P.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (E.A.); (M.H.); (M.S.d.V.); (J.B.-B.); (A.G.-L.); (S.R.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lee SSY, Mackey DA. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Myopia in Young Adults: Review of Findings From the Raine Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:861044. [PMID: 35570945 PMCID: PMC9092372 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.861044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia tends to develop and progress fastest during childhood, and the age of stabilization has been reported to be 15-16 years old. Thus, most studies on myopia have centered on children. Data on the refractive error profile in young adulthood - a time in life when myopia is thought to have stabilized and refractive error is unaffected by age-related pathology such as cataract - are limited. The Raine Study has been following a community-based cohort of young adults representative of the general Western Australia population since their prenatal periods in 1989-1991, with eye examinations performed when participants were 20 and 28 years old. At 20 years old, prevalence of myopia in the cohort was 25.8%. Using long-term trajectory of serum vitamin D levels and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area to objectively quantify sun exposure, the Raine Study confirmed a negative relationship between time spent outdoors and myopia prevalence. However, prospective studies are required to determine the amount of CUVAF area or serum vitamin D levels associated with time duration. Combining data from the Raine Study and several other cohorts, Mendelian randomization studies have confirmed a link between myopia and a genetic predisposition toward higher education. Several novel potential associations of myopia or ocular biometry were investigated, including fetal growth trajectory, which was found to be significantly associated with corneal curvature at 20 years. By age 28, myopia prevalence had increased to 33.2%. Between 20 and 28 years old, myopia progressed and axial length elongated, on average, by -0.041D/year and 0.02 mm/year, respectively. Smaller CUVAF area at follow-up, female sex, and parental myopia were significant risk factors for myopia incidence and progression between 20 and 28 years. Given the limited research in young adults, further investigations are warranted to confirm the Raine Study findings, as well as identify novel genetic or environmental factors of myopia incidence and progression in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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14
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Lee SSY, Lingham G, Sanfilippo PG, Hammond CJ, Saw SM, Guggenheim JA, Yazar S, Mackey DA. Incidence and Progression of Myopia in Early Adulthood. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:162-169. [PMID: 34989764 PMCID: PMC8739830 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Myopia incidence and progression has been described extensively in children. However, few data exist regarding myopia incidence and progression in early adulthood. OBJECTIVE To describe the 8-year incidence of myopia and change in ocular biometry in young adults and their association with the known risk factors for childhood myopia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Raine Study is a prospective single-center cohort study. Baseline and follow-up eye assessments were conducted from January 2010 to August 2012 and from March 2018 to March 2020. The data were analyzed from June to July 2021. A total of 1328 participants attended the baseline assessment, and 813 participants attended the follow-up assessment. Refractive information from both visits was available for 701 participants. Participants with keratoconus, previous corneal surgery, or recent orthokeratology wear were excluded. EXPOSURES Participants' eyes were examined at ages 20 years (baseline) and 28 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of myopia and high myopia; change in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL). RESULTS A total of 516 (261 male [50.6%]) and 698 (349 male [50.0%]) participants without myopia or high myopia at baseline, respectively, were included in the incidences analyses, while 691 participants (339 male [49%]) were included in the progression analysis. The 8-year myopia and high myopia incidence were 14.0% (95% CI, 11.5%-17.4%) and 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.2%), respectively. A myopic shift (of 0.50 diopters [D] or greater in at least 1 eye) occurred in 261 participants (37.8%). Statistical significance was found in longitudinal changes in SE (-0.04 D per year; P < .001), AL (0.02 mm per year; P <.001), and lens thickness (0.02 mm per year; P < .001). Incident myopia was associated with self-reported East Asian vs White race (odds ratio [OR], 6.13; 95% CI, 1.06-35.25; P = .04), female vs male sex (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.02-3.22; P = .04), smaller conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area (per 10-mm2 decrease, indicating less sun exposure; OR, 9.86; 95% CI, 9.76-9.97; P = <.009), and parental myopia (per parent; OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03-2.38; P = <.05). Rates of myopia progression and axial elongation were faster in female participants (estimate: SE, 0.02 D per year; 95 % CI, 0.01-0.02 and AL, 0.007 mm per year, 95 % CI, 0.00.-0.011; P ≤ .001) and those with parental myopia (estimate per parent: SE, 0.01 D per year; 95% CI, 0.00-0.02 and AL, 95% CI, 0.002-0.008; P ≤ .001). Education level was not associated with myopia incidence or progression. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest myopia progression continues for more than one-third of adults during the third decade of life, albeit at lower rates than during childhood. The protective effects of time outdoors against myopia may continue into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia,Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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15
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Suh YW, Ha SG, Kim SH. Effect of Classroom Illuminance on the Development and Progression of Myopia in School Children. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 36:194-201. [PMID: 35067020 PMCID: PMC9194730 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2021.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woo Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Gyu Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Lingham G, Kugelman J, Charng J, Lee SS, Yazar S, McKnight CM, Coroneo MT, Lucas RM, Brown H, Stevenson LJ, Mackey DA, Alonso-Caneiro D. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area decreases with age and sunglasses use. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 107:614-620. [PMID: 34815236 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is a method of detecting conjunctival damage related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. In cross-sectional studies, CUVAF area is positively associated with self-reported time spent outdoors and pterygium and negatively associated with myopia; however, longitudinal studies are scarce. AIMS To use a novel deep learning-based tool to assess 8-year change in CUVAF area in young adults, investigate factors associated with this change and identify the number of new onset pterygia. METHODS A deep learning-based CUVAF tool was developed to measure CUVAF area. CUVAF area and pterygium status were assessed at three study visits: baseline (participants were approximately 20 years old) and at 7-year and 8-year follow-ups. Participants self-reported sun protection behaviours and ocular history. RESULTS CUVAF data were available for 1497 participants from at least one study visit; 633 (43%) participants had complete CUVAF data. Mean CUVAF areas at baseline and the 7-year and 8-year follow-ups were 48.4, 39.3 and 37.7 mm2, respectively. There was a decrease in mean CUVAF area over time (change in total CUVAF area=-0.96 mm2 per year (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.86)). For participants who wore sunglasses ≥1/2 of the time, CUVAF area decreased by an additional -0.42 mm2 per year (95% CI: -0.72 to -0.12) on average. Fourteen (1.5%) participants developed a pterygium. CONCLUSIONS In this young adult cohort, CUVAF area declined over an 8-year period. Wearing sunglasses was associated with a faster reduction in CUVAF area. Deep learning-based models can assist in accurate and efficient measurement of CUVAF area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Kugelman
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Sy Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlotte M McKnight
- Ophthalmology, St John of God Health Care, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Holly Brown
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louis J Stevenson
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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朱 秋, 刘 陇. [Relationship between Myopia and Light Exposure]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:901-906. [PMID: 34841751 PMCID: PMC10408837 DOI: 10.12182/20211160205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies found that the incidence of myopia was increasing year by year and the age of onset of myopia was showing a trend of affecting increasingly younger children. Reducing the occurrence of myopia and controlling the increase of myopia diopter have always been the focus of research on the prevention and control of myopia. Large randomized controlled clinical trials have found that outdoor activities can effectively reduce the incidence of myopia and delay the progression of myopia. Basic experiments also revealed that there were certain connections between light exposure and myopia. We herein review the research progress, limitations and future directions of research on light exposure and myopia. From the perspective of light properties, increasing the intensity of light can slow the progression of myopia and reduce the occurrence of experimentally induced myopia. However, the actual mechanism of action is still unclear. The rhythmic changes of light exposure caused by the light/dark cycle may cause abnormalities in the secretion of melatonin and dopamine, and changes in the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness, thus affecting myopia. The red light, with relatively longer wavelength and forming images behind the retina, tends to induce myopia more easily, while the blue light, with medium and short wavelength and forming images before the retina, tends to delay myopia progression. However, different species respond differently to lights of different wavelengths, and the relationship between light wavelength and myopia needs further investigation. Future research can be done to further explore the mechanism of action of how light exposure changes the progression of myopia, including the following aspects: how light changes dopamine levels, causing changes in downstream signal pathways, and thus controlling the growth of the axial length of the eye; how retinal photoreceptor cells receive light signals of different wavelengths in order to adjust the refractive power of the eyes; and how to design artificial lighting of reasonable intensity, composition and properties, and apply the design in myopia prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- 秋蓉 朱
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 陇黔 刘
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lingham G, Mackey DA, Zhu K, Lucas RM, Black LJ, Oddy WH, Holt P, Walsh JP, Sanfilippo PG, Chan She Ping‐Delfos W, Yazar S. Time spent outdoors through childhood and adolescence - assessed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration - and risk of myopia at 20 years. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:679-687. [PMID: 33423400 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between time spent outdoors, at particular ages in childhood and adolescence, and myopia status in young adulthood using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. METHODS Participants of the Raine Study Generation 2 cohort had 25(OH)D concentrations measured at the 6-, 14-, 17- and 20-year follow-ups. Participants underwent cycloplegic autorefraction at age 20 years, and myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent -0.50 dioptres or more myopic. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between risk of myopia at age 20 years and age-specific 25(OH)D concentrations. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse trajectory of 25(OH)D concentrations from 6 to 20 years. RESULTS After adjusting for sex, race, parental myopia, body mass index and studying status, myopia at 20 years was associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration at 20 years (per 10 nmol/L decrease, odds ratio (aOR)=1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and a low vitamin D status [25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L] at 17 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.76) and 20 years (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.56), compared to those without low vitamin D status. There were no associations between 25(OH)D at younger ages and myopia. Individuals who were myopic at 20 years had a 25(OH)D concentration trajectory that declined, relative to non-myopic peers, with increasing age. Differences in 25(OH)D trajectory between individuals with and without myopia were greater among non-Caucasians compared to Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS Myopia in young adulthood was most strongly associated with recent 25(OH)D concentrations, a marker of time spent outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Lions Eye Institute Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Kun Zhu
- Medical School University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- Lions Eye Institute Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research School of Population Health Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | | | - Wendy H. Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | | | - John P. Walsh
- Medical School University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth Australia
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Seyhan Yazar
- Lions Eye Institute Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science University of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney Australia
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Mackey DA, Lingham G, Lee SSY, Hunter M, Wood D, Hewitt AW, Mitchell P, Taylor HR, Hammond CJ, Yazar S. Change in the prevalence of myopia in Australian middle-aged adults across 20 years. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 49:1039-1047. [PMID: 34378302 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally including in Europe and parts of Asia but Australian data are lacking. This study aim described the change in myopia prevalence in middle-aged Australian adults over approximately a 20-year period. METHODS Two contemporary Western Australian studies (conducted in mid-late 2010s): the coastal-regional Busselton Healthy Ageing Study (BHAS) and the urban Gen1 of the Raine Study (G1RS) were compared to two earlier studies (early-mid 1990s) in Australia: the urban Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) and urban/regional Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP). Refractive error was measured by autorefraction, vertometry, or subjective refraction. Participants (49-70 years) of European descent without self-reported/diagnosed cataract, corneal disease, or refractive or corneal surgery were included. RESULTS After exclusions, data were available from 2217, 1760, 700, 2987 and 756 participants from BMES, urban MVIP, regional MVIP, BHAS, and G1RS, respectively. The mean age ranged from 57.1 ± 4.6 years in the G1RS to 60.1 ± 6.0 years in the BMES; 44-48% of participants were male. When stratified by location, the contemporary urban G1RS cohort had a higher age-standardised myopia prevalence than the urban MVIP and BMES cohorts (29.2%, 16.4%, and 23.9%, p < 0.001). The contemporary coastal-regional BHAS had a higher age-standardised myopia prevalence than the regional MVIP cohort (19.4% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We report an increase in myopia prevalence in older adults in Australia born after World War ll compared to cohorts born before, accounting for urban/regional location. The prevalence of myopia remains relatively low in middle-aged Australian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Hunter
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Diane Wood
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology (Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital), Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugh R Taylor
- Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Single Cell and Computational Genomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Morgan IG, Wu PC, Ostrin LA, Tideman JWL, Yam JC, Lan W, Baraas RC, He X, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, French AN, Rose KA, Guggenheim JA. IMI Risk Factors for Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 33909035 PMCID: PMC8083079 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions for any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence for a large number of risk factors has been presented, but they have not been systematically tested for confounding. To be useful for designing preventive interventions, risk factor analysis ideally needs to be carried through to demonstration of a causal connection, with a defined mechanism. Statistical analysis is often complicated by covariation of variables, and demonstration of a causal relationship between a factor and myopia using Mendelian randomization or in a randomized clinical trial should be aimed for. When strict analysis of this kind is applied, associations between various measures of educational pressure and myopia are consistently observed. However, associations between more nearwork and more myopia are generally weak and inconsistent, but have been supported by meta-analysis. Associations between time outdoors and less myopia are stronger and more consistently observed, including by meta-analysis. Measurement of nearwork and time outdoors has traditionally been performed with questionnaires, but is increasingly being pursued with wearable objective devices. A causal link between increased years of education and more myopia has been confirmed by Mendelian randomization, whereas the protective effect of increased time outdoors from the development of myopia has been confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Other proposed risk factors need to be tested to see if they modulate these variables. The evidence linking increased screen time to myopia is weak and inconsistent, although limitations on screen time are increasingly under consideration as interventions to control the epidemic of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier School of Optometry, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.,Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China.,Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Xiangui He
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Amanda N French
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ramamurthy D, Lin chua SY, Saw S. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 98:497-506. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Ramamurthy
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
| | | | - Seang‐mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
- Myopia Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore,
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22
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Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6337. [PMID: 33737652 PMCID: PMC7973740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (near-sightedness) is an important public health issue. Spending more time outdoors can prevent myopia but the long-term association between this exposure and myopia has not been well characterised. We investigated the relationship between time spent outdoors in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood and risk of myopia in young adulthood. The Kidskin Young Adult Myopia Study (KYAMS) was a follow-up of the Kidskin Study, a sun exposure-intervention study of 1776 children aged 6–12 years. Myopia status was assessed in 303 (17.6%) KYAMS participants (aged 25–30 years) and several subjective and objective measures of time spent outdoors were collected in childhood (8–12 years) and adulthood. Index measures of total, childhood and recent time spent outdoors were developed using confirmatory factor analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between a 0.1-unit change in the time outdoor indices and risk of myopia after adjusting for sex, education, outdoor occupation, parental myopia, parental education, ancestry and Kidskin Study intervention group. Spending more time outdoors during childhood was associated with reduced risk of myopia in young adulthood (multivariable odds ratio [OR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69, 0.98). Spending more time outdoors in later adolescence and young adulthood was associated with reduced risk of late-onset myopia (≥ 15 years of age, multivariable OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64, 0.98). Spending more time outdoors in both childhood and adolescence was associated with less myopia in young adulthood.
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Kumar S, Gupta N, Velpandian T, Gupta V, Vanathi M, Vashist P, Gowtham L, Saxena R, Tandon R. Myopia, Melatonin and Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study in Indian Myopes. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1474-1481. [PMID: 33646852 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1894580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the role of outdoor light exposure by estimating ocular sun exposure measured by Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence (CUVAF) imaging and serum melatonin levels in myopes and non-myopes.Materials & Methods: Age and sex matched emmetropes and myopes (60 each) aged 10-25 years participated. Those with a history of ocular surgery or any ocular or systemic co-morbidity were excluded. Socio-demographic parameters, sun exposure questionnaires, indoor and outdoor activity profile, morning serum melatonin levels, sleep pattern, degree of myopia, ocular biometry and area of CUVAF on ultraviolet photography were noted and analyzed.Results: Mean age of myopes (18 ± 4.5 years) and emmetropes (18.5 ± 4 years) was similar (P = .523). Serum melatonin levels were significantly higher (P = .001) among myopes (89.45 pg/ml) as compared to emmetropes (52.83 pg/ml). Lifetime sun exposure was significantly lower in myopes than emmetropes (P = .0003). Area of CUVAF was inversely related to degree of myopia (P < .0001). Day time sleepiness was greater in myopes (51.7%) than emmetropes (15%) (P < .0001). There was a positive correlation between serum melatonin levels and axial length among myopes (correlation coefficient = 0.27; P = .03). Age and gender had no association with serum melatonin levels.Conclusion: This study demonstrates an inverse relationship between serum melatonin levels and degree of CUVAF in myopes. A novel link between serum melatonin, axial length and outdoor sun exposure is highlighted in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Noopur Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Vashist
- Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshminarayan Gowtham
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Joachimsen L, Farassat N, Bleul T, Böhringer D, Lagrèze WA, Reich M. Side effects of topical atropine 0.05% compared to 0.01% for myopia control in German school children: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:2001-2008. [PMID: 33634343 PMCID: PMC8172502 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on findings of the Asian low-concentration atropine for myopia progression study, a concentration of 0.05% has been proposed as a good compromise between safety and efficacy for myopia control. However, no data on side effects have been published so far in Caucasian children receiving this dose. METHODS Prior to commencement of bilateral atropine treatment with 0.05% atropine, 19 myopic children aged 5 to 15 years were treated in only one eye at bedtime leaving the other eye as a control. Pupil size, accommodation amplitude and near visual acuity were measured at 10:00 a.m. the next day and compared to the untreated contralateral control eye. The results were then compared to a cohort of 18 children whose treatment with 0.01% atropine commenced in a similar fashion. RESULTS Twelve children (63%) reported visual impairment or reading difficulties. Anisocoria was 2.9 ± 1.1 mm. In comparison, 0.01% atropine led to a significantly less anisocoria of 0.8 ± 0.7 mm (p < 0.0001). Accommodation was decreased by - 4.2 ± 3.8 D in 0.05% atropine treated eyes, whereas 0.01% atropine induced hypoaccommodation of - 0.05 ± 2.5 D (p < 0.01). Near visual acuity was not significantly reduced in eyes treated with 0.05% atropine compared to 0.01% atropine (p = 0.26). CONCLUSION Compared to 0.01%, our data indicate stronger more relevant side effects of 0.05% topical atropine in young Caucasian children with progressive myopia as recently reported in Asian children, potentially compromising acceptance and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Joachimsen
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Navid Farassat
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tim Bleul
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wolf A Lagrèze
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Reich
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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25
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Comment on “Pterygium Is Related to Short Axial Length”. Cornea 2020; 39:e19-e20. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Reply. Cornea 2020; 39:e20-e21. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Ng FJ, Mackey DA, O'Sullivan TA, Oddy WH, Yazar S. Is Dietary Vitamin A Associated with Myopia from Adolescence to Young Adulthood? Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:29. [PMID: 32821526 PMCID: PMC7408804 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Potential links may exist between vitamin A intake and myopia via various pathways. In this study, we examined the association between dietary vitamin A intake during adolescence and myopia in early adulthood. Methods We performed a prospective analysis utilizing data collected from participants of the Raine Study Gen2. Dietary vitamin A intake, determined via food frequency questionnaires completed at ages 14, 17, and 20 years, was compared with ophthalmic measurements collected at year 20. Low vitamin A levels were defined as <600 µg/day. Regression models were used to adjust for ocular sun exposure level, educational level, and parental myopia as potential confounders. Results A total of 642 subjects were analyzed. Although those with adequate vitamin A intakes were less likely to be myopic (P = 0.03), this association became insignificant when adjusted for potential confounding factors in logistic regression modeling (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–2.52; P = 0.06). Conclusions There were no significant associations between total vitamin A intakes during adolescence and year 20 refractive errors after adjustment for confounders. Replication of this finding and further investigations are essential to rule out the suggestion that sufficient vitamin A intake during adolescence is associated with lower risk of myopia in early adulthood. Translational Relevance Our findings are not definitive that ingesting foods high in vitamin A during childhood and adolescence does not have a role for preventing myopia in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher J Ng
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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McGlacken-Byrne AB, Drinkwater JJ, Mackey DA, Turner AW. Gender and ethnic differences in pterygium prevalence: an audit of remote Australian clinics. Clin Exp Optom 2020; 104:74-77. [PMID: 32363676 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Developing an accurate picture of the demographic profile and refractive status of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal individuals with pterygium will facilitate health planning and appropriate deployment of health-care resources in rural Australia. BACKGROUND To date, there is a paucity of reports in the literature regarding Aboriginal ocular health and refractive error. This study examines clinical data from a rural ophthalmology outreach clinic - a predominantly Aboriginal population. METHODS An assessment was undertaken of data of 293 patients noted to have pterygium present in at least one eye, from a sample of 2,072 individuals seen in rural northern Western Australia in 2017 by the Lions Outback Vision Visiting Optometry Service. RESULTS Pterygium was found in 14.1 per cent (n = 293) of patients using the Lions Outback Vision service. The mean age of those with pterygium (n = 293) was 57.1 ± 11.9-years (mean ± standard deviation); 188 were female (64.1 per cent); 260 identified as Aboriginal (88.7 per cent), 22 identified as non-Aboriginal (7.5 per cent) and 11 did not specify (3.8 per cent). There were more males than females with pterygium in the non-Aboriginal group (18.0 per cent versus 6.4 per cent); however, the reverse was true in the Aboriginal group (11.7 per cent versus 17.0 per cent). Analysis of the subjective refractive data in those with pterygium revealed an overall mean spherical equivalent value of +0.66 ± 1.28 DS. The median (interquartile range) best-corrected visual acuity was 0.0 (-0.1 to 0.0) logMAR (6/6 Snellen equivalent). CONCLUSIONS This paper increases our knowledge of ocular health in a remote Australian population, with an emphasis on the differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal individuals, males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Mackey
- Lions Outback Vision, Lions Eye Institute , Perth, Australia.,Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Angus W Turner
- Lions Outback Vision, Lions Eye Institute , Perth, Australia.,Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
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Popa AV, Kee CS, Stell WK. Retinal control of lens-induced astigmatism in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:108000. [PMID: 32171734 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astigmatism is a refractive error due to meridional differences in refractive powers of lens or cornea. The resulting failure to focus image points in a single plane causes blurred vision at all distances. In this study, using an animal model of lens-induced astigmatism, we tested the hypothesis that induced astigmatism is due to processing of astigmatic retinal image information by the brain, which causes distorted growth in the anterior segment via centrifugal neural projections. METHODS To induce astigmatism, +4.00DS/-8.00DC crossed-cylinder-lens goggles were affixed over the right eyes of 7-day-old chicks (P7), with the -8.00DC axis oriented vertically (at 90°) or horizontally (180°) (n = 12 each); the left eyes were without goggles (non-goggled). For all experiments, refractive errors of both eyes were measured by streak retinoscopy, before and after 1 week of lens wear. To test whether neuronal pathways between retina and brain are required, axonal conduction within the eye was blocked by intravitreal injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 7 μL of 10-4M) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or of PBS alone (7 μL); fellow open eyes received PBS alone. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) and optokinetic response (OKR) were measured, to assess the efficacy and duration of TTX action. To test whether retinal circuitry is required, groups of chicks (n = 12 each) were treated at P7 by intravitreal injection of 20 μL of mixed excitotoxins (2 μmol N-methyl-D-aspartate, 0.2 μmol quisqualic acid, 0.2 μmol kainic acid; in water) into goggled or non-goggled eyes, to compromise retinal circuitry needed for emmetropization. RESULTS Crossed-cylinder goggles reliably induced refractive astigmatism. Maximum astigmatic error was induced when the cylindrical axis was oriented at 90° (vertically). TTX effectively blocked nerve conduction within the eye for 48 h after injection. Goggled eyes developed astigmatism after treatment with TTX or PBS, but not after excitotoxins. CONCLUSION Our hypothesis was rejected. In this model, the compensatory astigmatism induced by crossed-cylinder lenses is intrinsic to the eye, and mediated by visual processing in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Vanessa Popa
- O'Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chea-Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - William K Stell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Department of Surgery, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Lee SSY, Mackey DA, Lingham G, Crewe JM, Richards MD, Chen FK, Charng J, Ng F, Flitcroft I, Loughman JJ, Azuara-Blanco A, Logan NS, Hammond CJ, Chia A, Truong TT, Clark A. Western Australia Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia (WA-ATOM) study: Rationale, methodology and participant baseline characteristics. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:569-579. [PMID: 32100917 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Atropine eyedrops are a promising treatment for slowing myopia progression in East Asian children. However, its effects on children in Australia, including those of non-Asian background, have not been well-studied. BACKGROUND The Western Australia Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia (WA-ATOM) study aims to determine the efficacy and long-term effects of low-dose atropine eyedrops in myopia control. This paper describes the study rationale, methodology and participant baseline characteristics. DESIGN Single-centre, double-masked, randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Children (6-16 years) with spherical equivalent ≤-1.50 D in each eye, astigmatism ≤1.50 D and myopia progression by ≥0.50 D/year. METHODS Enrolled children were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive 0.01% atropine or placebo eyedrops. Participants are examined every 6 months during first 3 years of the study (2-year treatment phase followed by a 1-year washout phase), and then at a 5-year follow-up (2 years after the end of the washout phase). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Annual progression rate of myopia and axial length, tolerability to eyedrops and incidence and severity of unwanted effects. RESULTS Out of 311 children who were referred, 242 were suitable for study participation, and 153 were subsequently enrolled. The baseline characteristics of enrolled participants are presented. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Outcomes of the WA-ATOM study will inform on the efficacy, tolerability, safety and long-term effects of low-dose atropine eyedrops in myopia control in Australian children. The impact of ocular sun exposure, iris colour and parental myopia on the efficacy of low-dose atropine will also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Y Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M Crewe
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael D Richards
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fletcher Ng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Flitcroft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James J Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Augusto Azuara-Blanco
- School of Medicine Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland
| | - Nicola S Logan
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tan Tai Truong
- Oxford Compounding, North Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antony Clark
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Lee SSY, Lingham G, Yazar S, Sanfilippo PG, Charng J, Chen FK, Hewitt AW, Ng F, Hammond C, Straker LM, Eastwood PR, MacGregor S, Rose KA, Lucas RM, Guggenheim JA, Saw SM, Coroneo MT, He M, Mackey DA. Rationale and protocol for the 7- and 8-year longitudinal assessments of eye health in a cohort of young adults in the Raine Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033440. [PMID: 32217560 PMCID: PMC7170556 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eye diseases and visual impairment more commonly affect elderly adults, thus, the majority of ophthalmic cohort studies have focused on older adults. Cohort studies on the ocular health of younger adults, on the other hand, have been few. The Raine Study is a longitudinal study that has been following a cohort since their birth in 1989-1991. As part of the 20-year follow-up of the Raine Study, participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination. As part of the 27- and 28-year follow-ups, eye assessments are being conducted and the data collected will be compared with those of the 20-year follow-up. This will provide an estimate of population incidence and updated prevalence of ocular conditions such as myopia and keratoconus, as well as longitudinal change in ocular parameters in young Australian adults. Additionally, the data will allow exploration of the environmental, health and genetic factors underlying inter-subject differential long-term ocular changes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants are being contacted via telephone, email and/or social media and invited to participate in the eye examination. At the 27-year follow-up, participants completed a follow-up eye screening, which assessed visual acuity, autorefraction, ocular biometry and ocular sun exposure. Currently, at the 28-year follow-up, a comprehensive eye examination is being conducted which, in addition to all the eye tests performed at the 27-year follow-up visit, includes tonometry, optical coherence tomography, funduscopy and anterior segment topography, among others. Outcome measures include the incidence of refractive error and pterygium, an updated prevalence of these conditions, and the 8-year change in ocular parameters. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Raine Study is registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. The Gen2 20-year, 27-year and 28-year follow-ups are approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia. Findings resulting from the study will be published in health or medical journals and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12617001599369; Active, not recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Single Cell and Computational Genomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fletcher Ng
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research - QIMR, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Australian National University, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Charng J, Sanfilippo PG, Lingham G, Stevenson LJ, Mackey DA, Yazar S. Estimation of heritability and familial correlation in myopia is not affected by past sun exposure. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:500-506. [PMID: 31810409 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1696376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To consider the effect of including past sun exposure in estimating heritability and familial correlation of myopia-related traits.Methods: We calculate familial correlation and heritability of anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), corneal curvature (CC), and spherical equivalent (SphE), with or without past sun exposure as a covariate, in a large number of unrelated nuclear families from the Raine Study (parents: Gen1, offspring: Gen2) residing in Perth, Australia, a city with a high amount of daily sunlight. Past sun exposure was objectively measured using conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) photography.Results: When sun exposure was not included in the analysis, both familial correlation (correlation±SE; ACD: 0.308 ± 0.065, AL: 0.374 ± 0.061, CC: 0.436 ± 0.063, SphE: 0.281 ± 0.070) and heritability (ACD: 0.606 ± 0.104, AL: 0.623 ± 0.098, CC: 0.793 ± 0.079, SphE: 0.591 ± 0.106) were significant for all traits (all P < .001). However, there was no significant change in both familial correlation and heritability estimates when sun exposure was included as an additional covariate.Conclusions: Past sun exposure does not affect the estimation of the additive genetic component in myopia-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Charng
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Louis J Stevenson
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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Landis EG, Yang V, Brown DM, Pardue MT, Read SA. Dim Light Exposure and Myopia in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4804-4811. [PMID: 30347074 PMCID: PMC6181186 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Experimental myopia in animal models suggests that bright light can influence refractive error and prevent myopia. Additionally, animal research indicates activation of rod pathways and circadian rhythms may influence eye growth. In children, objective measures of personal light exposure, recorded by wearable light sensors, have been used to examine the effects of bright light exposure on myopia. The effect of time spent in a broad range of light intensities on childhood refractive development is not known. This study aims to evaluate dim light exposure in myopia. Methods We reanalyzed previously published data to investigate differences in dim light exposure across myopic and nonmyopic children from the Role of Outdoor Activity in Myopia (ROAM) study in Queensland, Australia. The amount of time children spent in scotopic (<1-1 lux), mesopic (1-30 lux), indoor photopic (>30-1000 lux), and outdoor photopic (>1000 lux) light over both weekdays and weekends was measured with wearable light sensors. Results We found significant differences in average daily light exposure between myopic and nonmyopic children. On weekends, myopic children received significantly less scotopic light (P = 0.024) and less outdoor photopic light than nonmyopic children (P < 0.001). In myopic children, more myopic refractive errors were correlated with increased time in mesopic light (R = -0.46, P = 0.002). Conclusions These findings suggest that in addition to bright light exposure, rod pathways stimulated by dim light exposure could be important to human myopia development. Optimal strategies for preventing myopia with environmental light may include both dim and bright light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Landis
- Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Victoria Yang
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Dillon M Brown
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Scott A Read
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Straker L, Mountain J, Jacques A, White S, Smith A, Landau L, Stanley F, Newnham J, Pennell C, Eastwood P. Cohort Profile: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study-Generation 2. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 46:1384-1385j. [PMID: 28064197 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jenny Mountain
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Scott White
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Service, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anne Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louis Landau
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Peter Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Lagrèze WA, Schaeffel F. Preventing Myopia. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:575-580. [PMID: 28927495 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearsightedness (myopia) has become more common around the world recently, mainly because of changes in visual, educational, and recreational behavior. The question arises how the risk of myopia and its progression can be reduced. This would lessen the prevalence and severity of myopia and also lower the risk of secondary diseases that impair visual acuity. METHODS The PubMed/Medline database was selectively searched for pertinent literature. RESULTS The risk of myopia is lowered by exposure to daylight and increased by activities performed at short visual distances (close-up work). A person with little exposure to daylight has a fivefold risk of developing myopia, which can rise as high as a 16-fold risk if that person also performs close-up work. Two meta-analyses and a large randomized clinical trial from Asia have shown that the progression of myopia over two years of observation can be lessened by up to 0.71 diopters by the administration of atropine eye drops in a concentration that has practically no serious side effects. At higher doses, myopia progresses more severely than in the placebo group after the cessation of therapy. This is an off-label treatment. A weaker effect on progression has been shown for multifocal optical corrections that include both a distance correction and a correction for near vision. CONCLUSION Effective pharmacological and optical measures are now available to lessen the progression of myopia. The increasing prevalence of myopia should motivate pediatricians, parents, and schools to pay attention to risk factors such as close-up work and lack of daylight exposure, particularly in view of the increased use of digital media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf A Lagrèze
- Eye Center at the Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Freiburg; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Section for Neurobiology of the Eye, University of Tübingen
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Grupcheva CN, Grupchev DI, Radeva MN, Hristova EG. UV damage of the anterior ocular surface - microstructural evidence by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 41:482-488. [PMID: 30458934 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and describe the microstructural changes at the ocular surface in response to habitual ocular sun exposure, correlate them with the UV protection habits and follow their dynamics using in vivo confocal microscopy(ICM). METHODS For a period of minimum 4 months 200 subjects (400 eyes), aged 28 ± 7.3 years, were recruited with the agreement that they will spend their summer exclusively in the region of the Black Sea coast at 43 °N latitude and will be examined before and after the summer. All subjects filled in a questionnaire about habitual UV protection and were examined clinically and by ICM. RESULTS Questionnaire results demonstrated that 83.5% (167 participants) of the subjects considered the sun dangerous for their eyes, but 78% (156 subjects) believed that there is danger exclusively during the summer period. Although no clinical changes were detected, microstructural analysis of the cornea demonstrated statistically significant (p = 0.021) decrease of the basal epithelial density - from 6167 ± 151 cells/mm2 before to 5829 ± 168 cells/mm2 after the summer period. Microstructural assessment of the conjunctiva demonstrated characteristic cystic lesions with dark centres and bright borders encountered in only 25 eyes(6%) before, and affecting 118 eyes(29.5%) after the summer. The total area of the cysts after the summer increased fivefold. Spearman analysis proved negative correlation between sun protection habits and number of cysts. CONCLUSION Summer sun exposure for one season leads to clinically undetectable, microstructural changes affecting the cornea, bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva with transient, but possibly cumulative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Grupcheva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
| | - Dimitar I Grupchev
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
| | - Mladena N Radeva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
| | - Elitsa G Hristova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
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Lingham G, Burton A, Brown HA, Huynh E, Yazar S, Coroneo MT, Mackey DA. Repurposing blue laser autofluorescence to measure ocular sun exposure. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:445-452. [PMID: 30345715 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Excessive ocular sun exposure is linked to various eye pathologies. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is a method of detecting sun-related conjunctival damage; however, the custom-built camera system required is not readily available. BACKGROUND We investigated whether blue laser autofluorescence (BAF) on a commonly used confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) can be utilized to measure CUVAF area. DESIGN Cross-sectional evaluation of a diagnostic technology at a medical research institute. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-four participants recruited from three on-going observational eye studies in Western Australia. METHODS All participants had four images, two of each eye, captured using the CUVAF camera and BAF on the same day. Participants with pterygium or poor quality images were excluded from the analysis. Two graders measured CUVAF area in each image twice. CUVAF area measured by BAF was then compared to measurements determined with the conventional camera system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES CUVAF area. RESULTS After exclusions, 50 participants' images were analysed. Intra- and inter-observer repeatability were similar between the two systems. When comparing CUVAF area measured by BAF to the camera measurement, grader 1 had a mean difference of +1.00 mm2 , with 95% limits of agreement -5.75 to 7.77 mm2 . Grader 2 had a mean difference of +0.21mm2 , with 95% limits of agreement -7.22 to 7.64 mm2 . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE BAF on a commercially available cSLO is a valid method for measuring CUVAF area. This finding provides broader opportunity for identifying, monitoring and educating patients with sun-exposure-related ocular conditions and for researching the ocular impacts of sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Burton
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Holly A Brown
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Huynh
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Kearney S, O'Donoghue L, Pourshahidi LK, Richardson P, Laird E, Healy M, Saunders KJ. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area, but not intensity, is associated with myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2018; 102:43-50. [PMID: 30114725 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. Smaller CUVAF area is associated with myopia in southern hemisphere cohorts. Further research is required to determine if this association is replicated in northern latitudes and whether average CUVAF intensity is a valuable metric. This prospective study explored the association between myopia, CUVAF (area and intensity) and additional indicators of sun exposure (vitamin D3 and self-reported sun exposure preferences) across seasons at a location of 55° north. METHODS Young adults (age 18-20) provided blood samples biannually (March/April and September/October) over an 18-month period (four phases) for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3 ) concentrations (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). CUVAF (total area, average intensity) and self-reported sun exposure preferences were recorded at each phase. Axial length and corneal radius were measured. Refractive error was measured by autorefractor and spherical equivalent refraction used to classify participants into refractive groups: myopic (spherical equivalent refraction ≤ -0.50 DS) or non-myopic. RESULTS Fifty-four participants (24 myopes, 30 non-myopes) participated. CUVAF area was negatively associated with the presence of myopia (odds ratio = 0.94, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.90-0.98, p = 0.002). Myopes = 4.5 mm2 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.95-6.4 mm2 ), non-myopes = 7.0 mm2 (IQR = 2.0-10.7 mm2 ). No significant association was found between CUVAF intensity and refractive group (p = 0.17). There was no significant association between sun exposure preferences or serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and refractive status (all p ≥ 0.21). CUVAF measures were not associated with ocular biometry measures (all p ≥ 0.084). CUVAF area was unaffected by season (all p ≥ 0.45) and variations in CUVAF area over the study period did not exceed the repeatability of the measurement technique. CONCLUSION Myopia was associated with smaller areas of CUVAF indicative of less cumulative ultraviolet-B exposure. These findings suggest that CUVAF measures are a useful, non-invasive biomarker of the time spent outdoors in adults in northern hemisphere populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kearney
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Lisa O'Donoghue
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Laura K Pourshahidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Patrick Richardson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Eamon Laird
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Healy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Biochemistry, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Tang SM, Lau T, Rong SS, Yazar S, Chen LJ, Mackey DA, Lucas RM, Pang CP, Yam JC. Vitamin D and its pathway genes in myopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:8-17. [PMID: 30018147 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of blood vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D) concentration and vitamin D pathway genes with myopia. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies published up to 29 January 2018. Cross-sectional or cohort studies which evaluated the blood 25(OH)D concentration, blood 25(OH)D3 concentration or vitamin D pathway genes, in relation to risk of myopia or refractive errors were included. Standard mean difference (SMD) of blood 25(OH)D concentrations between the myopia and non-myopia groups was calculated. The associations of blood 25(OH)D concentrations and polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes with myopia using summary ORs were evaluated. RESULTS We summarised seven studies involving 25 008 individuals in the meta-analysis. The myopia group had lower 25(OH)D concentration than the non-myopia group (SMD=-0.27 nmol/L, p=0.001). In the full analysis, the risk of myopia was inversely associated with blood 25(OH)D concentration after adjusting for sunlight exposure or time spent outdoors (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.92 per 10 nmol/L, p<0.0001). However, the association was not statistically significant for the <18 years subgroup (AOR=0.91 per 10 nmol/L, p=0.13) and was significant only for 25(OH)D3 (likely to be mainly sunlight derived), but not total 25(OH)D (AOR=0.93 per 10 nmol/L, p=0.00007; AOR=0.91 per 10 nmol/L, p=0.15). We analysed four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene from two studies; there was no significant association with myopia. CONCLUSIONS Lower 25(OH)D is associated with increased risk of myopia; the lack of a genetic association suggests that 25(OH)D level may be acting as a proxy for time outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiffany Lau
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia and the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia and the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen M, Wu A, Zhang L, Wang W, Chen X, Yu X, Wang K. The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:159. [PMID: 29970057 PMCID: PMC6029024 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children and young adults. Multiple epidemiological studies have confirmed a high prevalence of myopia in Asian countries. However, fewer longitudinal studies have been performed to evaluate the secular changes in the prevalence of myopia, especially high myopia in China. In the present study, we investigated trends in the prevalence of myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China, from 2001 to 2015. METHODS This was a population-based, retrospective study. Data were collected among 43,858 third-year high school students. Noncycloplegic autorefraction was used to determine refractive error, which was defined as low myopia, moderate myopia, high myopia and very high myopia according to the spherical equivalent from the worse eye of each participant. The prevalence of myopia was calculated and the annual percentage change (APC) was used to quantify the time trends. All analyses were conducted using the SPSS, Stata and Graphpad Prism software. RESULTS From 2001 to 2015, the prevalence of overall myopia increased from 79.5% to 87.7% (APC =0.59%), with a significant increase of moderate myopia (38.8% to 45.7%, APC = 0.78%), high myopia (7.9% to 16.6%, APC = 5.48%) and very high myopia (0.08% to 0.92%, APC = 14.59%), while the prevalence of low myopia decreased from 32.7% to 24.4% (APC = - 1.73%). High myopia and very high myopia contributed the major part of the increasing trend of myopia prevalence (contribution rate 27.00% and 69.07%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS During the 15-year period, there was a remarkable increase in the prevalence of high and very high myopia among high school students, which might become a serious public health problem in China for the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.
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Lingham G, Milne E, Cross D, English DR, Johnston RS, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Mackey DA. Investigating the long-term impact of a childhood sun-exposure intervention, with a focus on eye health: protocol for the Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020868. [PMID: 29391375 PMCID: PMC5829843 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive and insufficient sun exposure during childhood have been linked to serious diseases in later life; for example, insufficient sun exposure during childhood may increase the risk of developing myopia. The Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study (K-YAMS) is a follow-up of participants in the Kidskin Study, a non-randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effect of a 4-year educational intervention on sun-protection behaviours among primary school children in the late 1990s. Children who received the Kidskin intervention had lower levels of sun exposure compared with peers in the control group after 2 and 4 years of the intervention, but this was not maintained 2 years after the intervention had ceased. Thus, a follow-up of Kidskin Study participants provides a novel opportunity to investigate the associations between a childhood sun-exposure intervention and potentially related conditions in adulthood. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The K-YAMS contacts Kidskin Study participants and invites them to participate using a variety of methods, such as prior contact details, the Australian Electoral Roll and social media. Self-reported and objective measures of sun-exposure and sun-protection behaviours are collected as well as a number of eye measurements including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. Data will be analysed to investigate a possible association between myopic refractive error and Kidskin intervention group or measured sun exposure. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The K-YAMS is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/6807). Findings will be disseminated via scientific journals and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616000812392; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna Cross
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn S Johnston
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Refractive Errors & Refractive Surgery Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:P1-P104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Our study found a good agreement between three autorefractors. Not only will readers benefit as they can now compare data measured with either device in different studies but the three devices can be used in the same study to generate one pool of data, which can be analyzed together. PURPOSE The present study aims to evaluate the agreement of three commonly used autorefractors in children and adolescents, and the potential for their interchangeable application in a large-scale study. METHODS Participants from seven schools were enrolled using cluster sampling. Refractive errors were measured using the following three autorefractors under cycloplegic conditions in random sequence: Topcon KR-8900, Nidek ARK-510A, and Huvitz HRK-7000A. Refractive errors were compared in terms of spherical equivalent refraction (SER), cylinder power, and the J0 and J45 by repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA). RESULTS A total of 2072 participants aged from 4 to 18 years were included. The mean ± SD and 95% LoA of the differences in SER between Topcon and Nidek, Topcon and Huvitz, and Nidek and Huvitz were 0.01 ± 0.24D (−0.46 to 0.48), −0.06 ± 0.31D (−0.66 to 0.54), and −0.07 ± 0.26D (−0.58 to 0.44), and those for the differences in cylinder power were −0.07 ± 0.26D (−0.57 to 0.44), 0.01 ± 0.32D (−0.63 to 0.64), and 0.07 ± 0.28D (−0.48 to 0.62), respectively (RM-ANOVA, P < .001). Further, the mean differences in J0 and J45 between each refractor pair ranged from −0.03 to 0.01, and the 95% LoA were −0.78 to 0.74, −0.79 to 0.74, and −0.73 to 0.72 for J0 and −0.86 to 0.87, −0.86 to 0.88, and −0.83 to 0.84 for J45, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study will allow for use of these three autorefractors interchangeably in large screening studies.
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Rey-Rodríguez DV, Álvarez-Peregrina C, Moreno-Montoya J. Prevalencia y factores asociados a miopía en jóvenes. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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45
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Crewe JM, Threlfall T, Clark A, Sanfilippo PG, Mackey DA. Pterygia are indicators of an increased risk of developing cutaneous melanomas. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:496-501. [PMID: 28844049 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether pterygium is an indicator of an increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM). METHODS A matched-cohort study, using linked health administrative data sets to identify all hospital-treated pterygium in Western Australia (WA) between 1979 and 2014. We identified pterygium cases from hospital diagnosis and/or procedure International Classification of Diseases 9th revision (ICD-9) and 10th revision (ICD-10) codes and matched cases by age, sex and residential postcode to WA Electoral Roll controls with no known history of pterygium. Both cohorts were linked to the WA Cancer Registry and the WA Deaths Registry. RESULTS 23 625 people had pterygium treatment (64% male) in WA hospitals. The median age for pterygium diagnosis and/or treatment was 49 years (range 14-96). There were significantly more CM cases in the pterygium cohort compared with the control cohort (1083 vs 874; p<0.001). In a logistic regression analysis, there was a 24% increase in the odds of developing a CM in the pterygium cohort, compared with controls, after controlling for other predictors (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4). The incident rate ratio (IRR) of a malignant CM diagnosis was 20% greater in people who had treatment for a pterygium compared with controls (IRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.4). CONCLUSION The presence of a pterygium indicates a significantly increased risk of developing a CM. Eye care providers who see patients with developing pterygia should advise these patients of this increased risk and recommend regular skin surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Crewe
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Tim Threlfall
- Department of Health, Western Australian Cancer Registry, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antony Clark
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Coroneo MT. Paradigm shifts, peregrinations and pixies in ophthalmology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 46:280-297. [PMID: 28715851 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human ingenuity is challenged by defending vision, our highest bandwidth sense. Special challenges are presented by the replacement or repair of highly specialized but scarce tissue within the constraints of transparency, tissue shape and alignment, tissue borders and pressure maintenance. Many, mostly destructive, surgical procedures were developed prior to an understanding of underlying pathophysiology. For a number of conditions, both reconstructive and destructive procedures co-exist, yet there are few guidelines as to the better approach. Because the consequences of these procedures may take many years to surface (consistent with a stem cell role in long-term tissue maintenance), guidance may be provided by the elucidation of underlying principles from these approaches. Illustrative examples from clinical, basic research and biotechnology, particularly relating to pterygium, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, dry-eye syndrome, corneal rehabilitation and replacement, cataract surgery, strabismus surgery and bionic eye research, are described. An unexpected consequence of bionic device development has been an appreciation of the sophistication of tissues being replaced, given the limitations of available biomaterials. Examples of how this has provided insights into ocular disease will be illustrated. Stem cell and biomaterial technologies are starting to impact at a time when cost-effectiveness is under scrutiny. Both efficacy and cost will need to be considered as these interventions are introduced. It appears that the paradigm shift rate is accelerating and there is evidence of this in ophthalmology. Lessons learned from the areas of destructive versus reconstructive surgery and the limitations of development of bionic replacements will be used to illustrate how new procedures and technologies can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales at Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Ophthalmic Surgeons, Sydney, Australia.,East Sydney Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Look for Life Foundation, Sydney, Australia
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Kearney S, O'Donoghue L, Pourshahidi LK, Richardson PM, Saunders KJ. The use of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 36:359-69. [PMID: 27350182 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) has been used in previous Southern Hemisphere myopia research as a marker for time spent outdoors. The validity of CUVAF as an indicator of time spent outdoors is yet to be explored in the Northern Hemisphere. It is unclear if CUVAF represents damage attributed to UV exposure or dry eye. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between CUVAF measures, self-reported time spent outdoors and measures of dry eye. METHODS Participants were recruited from University staff and students (n = 50, 19-64 years; mean 41). None were using topical ocular medications (with the exception of dry eye treatments). Sun exposure and dry eye questionnaires (Ocular Surface Disease Index and McMonnies) were completed by the participant. Dryness was also assessed using slit lamp biomicroscopy and invasive tear break up time. Images of the temporal and nasal conjunctiva from the right and left eye were captured using a bespoke photography system. The total CUVAF area, average CUVAF pixel intensity per mm(2) and total CUVAF pixel intensity were analysed using MATLAB R2013a (The MathWorks Inc). RESULTS Of the 50 participants, 42% were classified as having dry eye. Self-reported sunglasses use was negatively associated with all CUVAF measures (Kruskal Wallis total CUVAF area, p = 0.04, ptrend = 0.03, average CUVAF pixel intensity p = 0.02, ptrend = 0.02, total CUVAF pixel intensity: p = 0.04, ptrend = 0.02). Time spent outdoors was positively associated with all CUVAF measures (Spearman's correlation coefficients, total CUVAF area: r = 0.37, p = 0.01, average CUVAF pixel intensity: r = 0.36, p = 0.01, total CUVAF pixel intensity: r = 0.37, p = 0.01) and remained significant when sunglasses use was controlled for (partial correlation, total CUVAF area: r = 0.32, p = 0.03, average CUVAF pixel intensity: r = 0.39, p = 0.01, total CUVAF pixel intensity: r = 0.39, p = 0.03). Neither CUVAF area nor intensity measures were associated with any dry eye measure (Ocular Surface Disease Index: all p ≥ 0.41, corneal staining: all p ≥ 0.38, McMonnies: all r ≤ 0.09 all p ≥ 0.52, slit lamp biomicroscopy: all r ≤ 0.20 all p ≥ 0.17, invasive tear break up time: all r ≤ -0.07 all p ≥ 0.31). CONCLUSIONS CUVAF area and intensity were not associated with clinical measures of dry eye. Greater CUVAF area and intensity were associated with wearing sunglasses less frequently and spending more time outdoors. If sunglass wear is accounted for, CUVAF may be a useful biomarker of time spent outdoors in future myopia studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kearney
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Lisa O'Donoghue
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Patrick M Richardson
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Li Y, Liu J, Qi P. The increasing prevalence of myopia in junior high school students in the Haidian District of Beijing, China: a 10-year population-based survey. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28606071 PMCID: PMC5468969 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is a leading cause of preventable blindness. Although, multiple cross-sectional epidemiological studies have confirmed that there is a high prevalence of myopia in high school-aged students in China. However, few longitudinal studies have been performed to assess junior high school students. In the present study, we investigate changes in the prevalence of myopia in third year junior high school (grade 9) students in the Haidian District of Beijing, China, from 2006 to 2015. Methods A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study was performed over 10 years. A total of 37,424 third-year middle school (grade 9) students from 8 junior high schools in Haidian district, Beijing, were included. Participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination in which they were evaluated using autorefraction under cycloplegia and submitted to retinoscopy to assess accuracy. According to the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of the right eye, subjects were separated into the following groups: non-myopia, −0.5 ≤ SER diopters (D); low myopia, −3.0 ≤ SER < −0.5 D; moderate myopia, −6.0 ≤ SER < −3.0 D; and high myopia, SER > −6.0 D. The following characteristics were measured: refractive error; the proportion of subjects with non- myopia, low myopia, moderate myopia and high myopia; and the difference in the prevalence of myopia between male and female subjects. Results From 2006 to 2015, the prevalence of non-myopia (from 44.05% to 34.52%) and low myopia (from 32.27% to 20.73%) decreased, while the prevalence of moderate myopia (from 19.72% to 38.06%) and high myopia (from 3.96% to 6.69%) significantly increased. For refractive error, the worse eye was −2.23 ± 2.42 D (median, −1.75; range − 12.75 to +8.50) in 2006 and −3.13 ± 2.66 D (median, −2.75; range − 12.75 to +8.50) in 2015. When the entire population was considered, the overall prevalence of myopia increased from 55.95% in 2005 to 65.48% in 2015. There was a significant positive relationship between the year and the prevalence of myopia in both girls and boys. Girls were more likely than boys to have myopia (odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.14–1.96]), especially moderate myopia, and the prevalence of moderate and high myopia were higher in girls than in boys. Conclusions During the last 10 years, the prevalence of myopia significantly increased on an annual basis among third-year junior high school students in the Haidian District of Beijing, China. The total prevalence of myopia was significantly higher in girl than in boy participants. The refractive status of this age group deserves particular attention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0483-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center; Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center; Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street 11, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Pengcheng Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center; Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China
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Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Mackenbach JP, Klaver CC. Environmental factors explain socioeconomic prevalence differences in myopia in 6-year-old children. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:243-247. [PMID: 28607175 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High myopia (≤-6 D) usually has its onset before 10 years of age and can lead to blinding complications later in life. We examined whether differences in myopia prevalences in socioeconomic risk groups could be explained by differences in lifestyle factors. METHODS A total of 5711 six-year-old children participating in the prospective population-based birth cohort study Generation R underwent a stepwise ophthalmic examination, which included visual acuity and objective cycloplegic refraction to identify children with myopia (≤-0.5D). Daily activities, ethnicity, factors representing family socioeconomic status and housing were ascertained by questionnaire. Risk assessments of myopia and mediation analyses were performed using logistic regression; attenuation of risks was calculated by bootstrapping. RESULTS Prevalence of myopia was 2.4% (n=137). Myopic children spent more time indoors and less outdoors than non-myopic children (p<0.01), had lower vitamin D (p=0.01), had a higher body mass index and participated less in sports (p=0.03). Children of non-European descent (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.84 to 3.68), low maternal education (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.57 to 3.28) and low family income (OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.74) were more often myopic. Lifestyle factors explained the majority of the increased risk for ethnicity (82%; 95% CI 55 to 120), maternal education (69%; 95% CI 45 to 109) and family socioeconomic status (71%; 95% CI 46 to 104). CONCLUSION This study found environmental factors to be strong risk factors for myopia already at the age of 6 years. The myopia prevalence differences in socioeconomic groups were greatly determined by differences in distribution of these environmental risk factors, highlighting the importance of lifestyle adjustments in young children developing myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Optometry & Orthoptics, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cw Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hilkert SM, Parness-Yossifon R, Mets-Halgrimson R, Mets MB. Ocular biometry and determinants of refractive error in a founder population of European ancestry. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:11-16. [PMID: 28569566 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1326509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Previous studies have found a positive association between myopia, education, and near activities, while others have noted a negative association with outdoor exposure. This study reports refractive error and biometry in a founder population of European ancestry, the Hutterites, and discusses risk factors contributing to myopia. METHODS Cross-sectional study, including complete eye exams with retinoscopy and biometry. RESULTS 939 study participants, ages 6 to 89, were examined. Females were significantly more myopic than males (SE -0.87 ± 2.07 and -0.40 ± 1.49 in females and males, respectively, p < 0.0001). Males had significantly longer axial lengths. Females had steeper corneas. This is the first epidemiological report of refractive error among the Hutterites. DISCUSSION As a genetically isolated population with a communal lifestyle, the Hutterites present a unique opportunity to study risk factors for myopia. Hutterite females are more myopic than males, a finding which has only been reported in a few other populations. Hutterite children complete compulsory education through the 8th grade, after which women and men assume gender-specific occupational tasks. Men often work outside on the farm, while women engage in more domestic activities inside. These occupational differences likely contribute to the increased myopia comparing females to males, and their uniform lifestyle reduces the impact of potential confounding factors, such as education and income. CONCLUSIONS The Hutterites are more myopic than most other North American and European populations. Greater time spent doing near work and less time spent outdoors likely explain the increased myopia comparing females to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hilkert
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,c Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Reut Parness-Yossifon
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,d Division of Ophthalmology , Kaplan Medical Center , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Rebecca Mets-Halgrimson
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Marilyn B Mets
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
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