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Zheng ZX, Feng X, Zhuang L. The Effect of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants Treatment on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Outcome: A Scoping Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01417-3. [PMID: 39003362 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosing a pregnant woman's glucose intolerance is referred to as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diabetes has been linked to enhanced oxidative stress. In this condition, oxidative stress may damage nucleic acids, fats, and proteins, which in turn affects cell and tissue functions. The present study highlights the relationship between oxidative stress and GDM, with a particular focus on the role of hyperglycemia-induced processes during reactive oxygen species (ROS) oversupply, followed by it discusses the oxidative stress biomarkers and assesses the effects of antioxidant supplements on glycemic control, inflammatory processes, and oxidative stress among individuals with GDM. Two reviewers conducted a comprehensive literature search utilizing the PubMed®, Web of Science™, and Scopus® databases. Only items published in the English language up until June 2024 were taken into account. We conducted a thorough search of research databases to identify articles that had the terms "oxidative stress" or "antioxidant" and "GDM". From this search, we selected 55 relevant papers to be included in this narrative review. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, postpartum bleeding, lower birth weight, a higher risk of hyperbilirubinemia in their neonates, fetal growth retardation, and birth asphyxia were revealed to be outcomes of women enduring major oxidative stress during pregnancy. Furthermore, tight glycemic control both before and throughout pregnancy as well as oxidative stress treatment may help women highly prone to GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xia Zheng
- Obstetrics Department, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Lijuan Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.
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Sáez T, Pageé A, Kirschenman R, Quon A, Spaans F, Davidge ST. A High Cholesterol Diet During Late Pregnancy Impairs Long-Term Maternal Vascular Function in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:120-132. [PMID: 36353990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational dyslipidemia is associated with pregnancy complications including preeclampsia. However, whether gestational dyslipidemia leads postpartum vascular dysfunction, which could increase the risk for cardiovascular complications later in life, is not known. Here, we aimed to determine whether a gestational dyslipidemia affects postpartum vascular health and induces early signs of atherosclerosis. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 mice received a high cholesterol diet or control diet from gestational day 13.5 until term. After delivery, all mice received the control diet for ≈3 months postpartum (PP). Age-matched nulliparous females were on the same diets for equal periods. After 3 months, all mice were euthanized, serum was collected, and aortas were isolated to assess vascular function (wire myography) and markers of oxidative stress and early atherosclerosis. RESULTS PP-high cholesterol diet females had increased circulating cholesterol levels compared with PP-control diet mice, without effect of the diet in nulliparous mice. Methacholine-induced vasodilation was impaired, and nitric oxide contribution reduced, by the high cholesterol diet in aortas of PP mice, but not in nulliparous mice. Exposure to oxidized low-density-protein cholesterol further impaired methylcholine-induced vasodilation in PP-high cholesterol diet aortas only. Compared with PP-control diet mice, aortic inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, reactive oxygen species and nitrotyrosine levels were increased in aortas from PP-high cholesterol diet mice. No differences in aortic lipid deposition and macrophage infiltration were found. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to a high cholesterol diet in pregnancy impairs vascular function postpartum. Our results support the hypothesis that gestational dyslipidemia impacts maternal vascular function after pregnancy, which could potentially predispose these women to future cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sáez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.)
| | - Abbey Pageé
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.P., S.T.D.)
| | - Raven Kirschenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.)
| | - Anita Quon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.)
| | - Floor Spaans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.)
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (T.S., R.K., A.Q., F.S., S.T.D.).,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.P., S.T.D.)
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Ali H, Hasmiwati, Rasyid R, Handayani D, Endrinaldi, Usman E, Basyir V, Yerizel E, Decroli E. Ocimum basilicum alleviates blood glucose, lipid profile and iNOS in diabetes gestational rat model. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 19:619-626. [PMID: 35470646 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gestational diabetes (GDM) complications affect maternal and fetus in utero. GDM's vascular dysfunction showed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) alteration and was linked to the higher production of nitrogen species, leading to diabetic embryopathy. Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) has been reported for its anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Thus, the present study investigates the anti-diabetic effect, lipid-lowering effect, and iNOS expression in GDM animal models treated with O. basilicum extract. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Four groups of pregnant rats consist of control and GDM groups. One GDM group was set for control positive. Two GDM groups were treated with O. basilicum extract in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) for 14 days. Blood glucose of all groups was observed at 72 h after STZ injection and 14 days after administration of O. basilicum extract. Lipid profile and iNOS expression using real-time PCR were measured afterward. RESULTS O. basilicum extract lowered blood glucose levels in both doses, from 262.60 mg/dL±6.89-136.80 mg/dL ± 15.6 mg/dL and 113.20 mg/dL±5.25 mg/dL. Total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride showed a reduction, especially in 200 mg/kg BW dose extract from 122.37 mg/dL ± 14.84 mg/dL, 69.75 mg/dL±3.78 mg/dL and 137.51 mg/dL ± 8.12-74.64 mg/dL±8.71 mg/dL, 40.26 mg/dL±3.31 mg/dL and 87.57 mg/dL±6.29 mg/dL, respectively. iNOS expression downregulated in both doses, from 2.17±0.39 to 0.94±0.3 and 0.41±0.08. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that O. basilicum extract has a potential therapeutic activity in lowering blood glucose, improved lipid profile, and downregulating iNOS in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirowati Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Hasmiwati
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Rosfita Rasyid
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Dian Handayani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Endrinaldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Elly Usman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Vauline Basyir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Eti Yerizel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Eva Decroli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
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Choudhury TZ, Majumdar U, Basu M, Garg V. Impact of maternal hyperglycemia on cardiac development: Insights from animal models. Genesis 2021; 59:e23449. [PMID: 34498806 PMCID: PMC8599640 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of birth defect-related death in infants and is a global pediatric health concern. While the genetic causes of CHD have become increasingly recognized with advances in genome sequencing technologies, the etiology for the majority of cases of CHD is unknown. The maternal environment during embryogenesis has a profound impact on cardiac development, and numerous environmental factors are associated with an elevated risk of CHD. Maternal diabetes mellitus (matDM) is associated with up to a fivefold increased risk of having an infant with CHD. The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus has led to a growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models to elucidate mechanisms underlying this associated risk for CHD. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of rodent models that are being used to investigate alterations in cardiac developmental pathways when exposed to a maternal diabetic setting and to summarize the key findings from these models. The majority of studies in the field have utilized the chemically induced model of matDM, but recent advances have also been made using diet based and genetic models. Each model provides an opportunity to investigate unique aspects of matDM and is invaluable for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying matDM-associated CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Z. Choudhury
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Madhumita Basu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Setyaningsih WAW, Arfian N, Fitriawan AS, Yuniartha R, Sari DCR. Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica Treatment in the Early Stage of Hyperglycemia Condition Inhibits Glomerular Injury and Vascular Remodeling in Diabetic Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6671130. [PMID: 34326888 PMCID: PMC8277496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is marked by oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction that caused diabetic nephropathy that resulted in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Vascular dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance in vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents which underlies the mechanism of vascular injury in DM. Additionally, diminished podocytes correlate with the severity of kidney injury. Podocyturia often precedes proteinuria in several kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease. Centella asiatica (CeA) is known as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and has neuroprotective effects. This research aimed to investigate the potential effect of CeA to inhibit glomerular injury and vascular remodeling in DM. METHODS The DM rat model was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg body weight (BW), and then rats were divided into 1-month DM (DM1, n = 5), 2-month DM (DM2, n = 5), early DM concurrent with CeA treatment for 2 months (DMC2, n = 5), and 1-month DM treated with CeA for 1-month (DM1C1, n = 5). The CeA (400 mg/kg BW) was given daily via oral gavage. The control group (Control, n = 5) was maintained for 2 months. Finally, rats were euthanized and kidneys were harvested to assess vascular remodeling using Sirius Red staining and the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase, podocytes marker, ACE2, eNOS, and ppET-1 using RT-PCR. RESULTS The DM groups demonstrated significant elevation of glucose level, glomerulosclerosis, and proteinuria. A significant reduction of SOD1 and SOD3 promotes the downregulation of nephrin and upregulation of TRPC6 mRNA expressions in rat glomerular kidney. Besides, this condition enhanced ppET-1 and inhibited eNOS and ACE2 mRNA expressions that lead to the development of vascular remodeling marked by an increase of wall thickness, and lumen wall area ratio (LWAR). Treatment of CeA, especially the DMC2 group, attenuated glomerular injury and showed the reversal of induced conditions. CONCLUSIONS Centella asiatica treatment at the early stage of diabetes mellitus ameliorates glomerulosclerosis and vascular injury via increasing antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwit A W Setyaningsih
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nur Arfian
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Akbar S Fitriawan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
| | - Ratih Yuniartha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dwi C R Sari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Cao S, Shen WB, Reece EA, Yang P. Deficiency of the oxidative stress-responsive kinase p70S6K1 restores autophagy and ameliorates neural tube defects in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:753.e1-753.e14. [PMID: 32416155 PMCID: PMC7609618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is highly active in neuroepithelial cells of the developing neuroepithelium, and impairment of autophagy leads to neural tube defects. In this study, we have found that maternal diabetes suppresses autophagy that leads to neural tube defects and consequent cellular imbalance in the endoplasmic reticulum where critical events occur, leading to the induction of diabetic embryopathy. Because the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway suppresses autophagy, we hypothesized that 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), a major downstream effector of mammalian target of rapamycin, mediates the inhibitory effect of maternal diabetes on autophagy in the developing neuroepithelium. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether p70S6K1 mediates the inhibitory effect of maternal diabetes on autophagy during neurulation. We also examined whether p70S6K1 deficiency restores autophagy and therefore relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits maternal diabetes-induced apoptosis, which leads to reduction in neural tube defect incidence in diabetic embryopathy. STUDY DESIGN Female p70S6K1 heterogeneous knockout (p70S6K1+/-) mice were bred with male p70S6K1 heterogeneous knockout (p70S6K1+/-) mice to generate wild-type (WT), p70S6K1+/- and p70S6K1 knockout (p70S6K1-/-) embryos. Embryos at embryonic day 8.5 were harvested for the assessment of indices of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Neural tube defect incidence in embryos was determined at embryonic day 10.5. For in vitro studies, small interfering RNA knockdown of p70S6K1 in C17.2 mouse neural stem cells was used to determine the effect of p70S6K1 deficiency on autophagy impairment and endoplasmic reticulum stress under high glucose conditions. RESULTS Knockout of the Rps6kb1 gene, which encodes for p70S6K1, ameliorated maternal diabetes-induced NTDs and restored autophagosome formation in neuroepithelial cells suppressed by maternal diabetes. Maternal diabetes-suppressed conversion of LC3-I (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) to LC3-II, an index of autophagic activity, in neurulation stage embryos was abrogated in the absence of p70S6K1. p70S6K1 knockdown in neural stem cells also restored autophagosome formation and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. The activation of the major unfolded protein response, indicated by phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha, and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and the increase of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, C/EBP homologous protein, were induced by maternal diabetes in vivo and high glucose in vitro. Unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by maternal diabetes or high glucose were reduced by Rps6kb1 deletion or p70S6K1 knockdown, respectively. Rps6kb1 knockout blocked maternal diabetes-induced caspase cleavage and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis. The superoxide dismutase mimetic Tempol abolished high glucose-induced p70S6K1 activation. CONCLUSION The study revealed the critical involvement of p70S6K1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Cao
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Placental Adaptive Changes to Protect Function and Decrease Oxidative Damage in Metabolically Healthy Maternal Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090794. [PMID: 32859037 PMCID: PMC7555720 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-related disorders, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, are characterized by the presence of an adverse intrauterine milieu that may ultimately result in oxidative and nitrosative stress. This scenario may trigger uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O●−) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as nitric oxide (NO), along with an inactivation of antioxidant systems, which are associated with the occurrence of relevant changes in placental function through recognized redox post-translational modifications in key proteins. The general objective of this study was to assess the impact of a maternal obesogenic enviroment on the regulation of the placental nitroso-redox balance at the end of pregnancy. We measured oxidative damage markers—thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) and carbonyl groups (C=O) levels; nitrosative stress markers—inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrosothiol groups, and nitrotyrosine residues levels; and the antioxidant biomarkers—catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), in full-term placental villous from both pre-pregnancy normal weight and obese women, and with absence of metabolic complications throughout gestation. The results showed a decrease in C=O and TBARS levels in obese pregnancies. Although total SOD and catalase concentrations were shown to be increased, both activities were significantly downregulated in obese pregnancies, along with total antioxidant capacity. Inducible nitric oxide sintase levels were increased in the obese group compared to the lean group, accompanied by an increase in nitrotyrosine residues levels and lower levels of nitrosothiol groups in proteins such as ERK1/2. These findings reveal a reduction in oxidative damage, accompanied by a decline in antioxidant response, and an increase via NO-mediated nitrative stress in placental tissue from metabolically healthy pregnancies with obesity. All this plausibly points to a placental adaptation of the affected antioxidant response towards a NO-induced alternative pathway, through changes in the ROS/RNS balance, in order to reduce oxidative damage and preserve placental function in pregnancy.
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Han L, Jiang Z, Zheng X, Qiu J, Hu Y, Li X. Progress in Development of Interventions to Prevent Birth Defects in Diabetic Pregnancies. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:648-653. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Yanbian University Hospital
- Yanbian University College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Jun Qiu
- Yanbian University Hospital
- Yanbian University College of Pharmacy
| | - Yawen Hu
- Yanbian University Hospital
- Yanbian University College of Pharmacy
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Yanbian University Hospital
- Yanbian University College of Pharmacy
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Xu C, Chen X, Reece EA, Lu W, Yang P. The increased activity of a transcription factor inhibits autophagy in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:108.e1-108.e12. [PMID: 30312583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes induces neural tube defects and stimulates the activity of the forkhead box O3 (Fox)O3a in the embryonic neuroepithelium. We previously demonstrated that deleting the FOXO3a gene ameliorates maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as "autophagy") is essential for neurulation. Rescuing autophagy suppressed by maternal diabetes in the developing neuroepithelium inhibits neural tube defect formation in diabetic pregnancy. This evidence suggests a possible link between FoxO3a and impaired autophagy in diabetic embryopathy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether maternal diabetes suppresses autophagy through FoxO3a, and if the transcriptional activity of FoxO3a is required for the induction of diabetic embryopathy. STUDY DESIGN We used a well-established type 1 diabetic embryopathy mouse model, in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, for our in vivo studies. To determine if FoxO3a mediates the inhibitory effect of maternal diabetes on autophagy in the developing neuroepithelium, we induced diabetic embryopathy in FOXO3a gene knockout mice and FoxO3a dominant negative transgenic mice. Embryos were harvested at embryonic day 8.5 to determine FoxO3a and autophagy activity and at embryonic day 10.5 for the presence of neural tube defects. We also examined the expression of autophagy-related genes. C17.2 neural stem cells were used for in vitro examination of the potential effects of FoxO3a on autophagy. RESULTS Deletion of the FOXO3a gene restored the autophagy markers, lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3I to light chain 3II, in neurulation stage embryos. Maternal diabetes decreased light chain 3I-positive puncta number in the neuroepithelium, which was restored by deleting FoxO3a. Maternal diabetes also decreased the expression of positive regulators of autophagy (Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, Coiled-coil myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein, and autophagy-related gene 5) and the negative regulator of autophagy, p62. FOXO3a gene deletion abrogated the dysregulation of autophagy genes. In vitro data showed that the constitutively active form of FoxO3a mimicked high glucose in repressing autophagy. In cells cultured under high-glucose conditions, overexpression of the dominant negative FoxO3a mutant blocked autophagy impairment. Dominant negative FoxO3a overexpression in the developing neuroepithelium restored autophagy and significantly reduced maternal diabetes-induced apoptosis and neural tube defects. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that diabetes-induced FoxO3a activation inhibited autophagy in the embryonic neuroepithelium. We also observed that FoxO3a transcriptional activity mediated the teratogenic effect of maternal diabetes because dominant negative FoxO3a prevents maternal diabetes-induced autophagy impairment and neural tube defect formation. Our findings suggest that autophagy activators could be therapeutically effective in treating maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects.
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Ornoy A, Koren G, Yanai J. Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 80:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhao Y, Dong D, Reece EA, Wang AR, Yang P. Oxidative stress-induced miR-27a targets the redox gene nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218:136.e1-136.e10. [PMID: 29100869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes induces neural tube defects, and oxidative stress is a causal factor for maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects. The redox gene nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is the master regulator of the cellular antioxidant system. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to determine whether maternal diabetes inhibits nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-controlled antioxidant genes through the redox-sensitive miR-27a. STUDY DESIGN We used a well-established type 1 diabetic embryopathy mouse model induced by streptozotocin for our in vivo studies. Embryos at embryonic day 8.5 were harvested for analysis of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-controlled antioxidant genes, and miR-27a expression. To determine if mitigating oxidative stress inhibits the increase of miR-27a and the decrease of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression, we induced diabetic embryopathy in superoxide dismutase 2 (mitochondrial-associated antioxidant gene)-overexpressing mice. This model exhibits reduced mitochondria reactive oxygen species even in the presence of hyperglycemia. To investigate the causal relationship between miR-27a and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in vitro, we examined C17.2 neural stem cells under normal and high-glucose conditions. RESULTS We observed that the messenger RNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 were significantly decreased in embryos on embryonic day 8.5 from diabetic dams compared to those from nondiabetic dams. High-glucose also significantly decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cultured neural stem cells. Our data revealed that miR-27a was up-regulated in embryos on embryonic day 8.5 exposed to diabetes, and that high glucose increased miR-27a levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cultured neural stem cells. In addition, we found that a miR-27a inhibitor abrogated the inhibitory effect of high glucose on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression, and a miR-27a mimic suppressed nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression in cultured neural stem cells. Furthermore, our data indicated that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-controlled antioxidant enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and glutathione S-transferase A1 were down-regulated by maternal diabetes in embryos on embryonic day 8.5 and high glucose in cultured neural stem cells. Inhibiting miR-27a restored expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and glutathione S-transferase A1. Overexpressing superoxide dismutase 2 reversed the maternal diabetes-induced increase of miR-27a and suppression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-controlled antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that maternal diabetes-induced oxidative stress increases miR-27a, which, in turn, suppresses nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its responsive antioxidant enzymes, resulting in diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashley R Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University-town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Zhong J, Wang S, Shen WB, Kaushal S, Yang P. The current status and future of cardiac stem/progenitor cell therapy for congenital heart defects from diabetic pregnancy. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:275-282. [PMID: 29016556 PMCID: PMC5876137 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregestational maternal diabetes induces congenital heart defects (CHDs). Cardiac dysfunction after palliative surgical procedures contributes to the high mortality of CHD patients. Autologous or allogeneic stem cell therapies are effective for improving cardiac function in animal models and clinical trials. c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), the most recognized CPCs, have the following basic properties of stem cells: self-renewal, multicellular clone formation, and differentiation into multiple cardiac lineages. However, there is ongoing debate regarding whether c-kit+ CPCs can give rise to sufficient cardiomyocytes. A new hypothesis to address the beneficial effect of c-kit+ CPCs is that these cells stimulate endogenous cardiac cells through a paracrine function in producing a robust secretome and exosomes. The values of other cardiac CPCs, including Sca1+ CPCs and cardiosphere-derived cells, are beginning to be revealed. These cells may be better choices than c-kit+ CPCs for generating cardiomyocytes. Adult mesenchymal stem cells are considered immune-incompetent and effective for improving cardiac function. Autologous CPC therapy may be limited by the observation that maternal diabetes adversely affects the biological function of embryonic stem cells and CPCs. Future studies should focus on determining the mechanistic action of these cells, identifying new CPC markers, selecting highly effective CPCs, and engineering cell-free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shengbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lin X, Yang P, Reece EA, Yang P. Pregestational type 2 diabetes mellitus induces cardiac hypertrophy in the murine embryo through cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:216.e1-216.e13. [PMID: 28412087 PMCID: PMC5787338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental evidence has implied that pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their children are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Our previous mouse model study revealed that maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus induces structural heart defects in their offspring. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus induces embryonic heart hypertrophy in a murine model of diabetic embryopathy. STUDY DESIGN The type 2 diabetes mellitus embryopathy model was established by feeding 4-week-old female C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet for 15 weeks. Cardiac hypertrophy in embryos at embryonic day 17.5 was characterized by measuring heart size and thickness of the right and left ventricle walls and the interventricular septum, as well as the expression of β-myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic peptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, desmin, and adrenomedullin. Cardiac remodeling was determined by collagen synthesis and fibronectin synthesis. Fibrosis was evaluated by Masson staining and determining the expression of connective tissue growth factor, osteopontin, and galectin-3 genes. Cell apoptosis also was measured in the developing heart. RESULTS The thicknesses of the left ventricle walls and the interventricular septum of embryonic hearts exposed to maternal diabetes were significantly thicker than those in the nondiabetic group. Maternal diabetes significantly increased β-myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic peptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, and desmin expression, but decreased expression of adrenomedullin. Moreover, collagen synthesis was significantly elevated, whereas fibronectin synthesis was suppressed, in embryonic hearts from diabetic dams, suggesting that cardiac remodeling is a contributing factor to cardiac hypertrophy. The cardiac fibrosis marker, galectin-3, was induced by maternal diabetes. Furthermore, maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus activated the proapoptotic c-Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 stress signaling and triggered cell apoptosis by increasing the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling-positive cells (10.4 ± 2.2% of the type 2 diabetes mellitus group vs 3.8 ± 0.7% of the nondiabetic group, P < .05). CONCLUSION Maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus induces cardiac hypertrophy in embryonic hearts. Adverse cardiac remodeling, including elevated collagen synthesis, suppressed fibronectin synthesis, profibrosis, and apoptosis, is implicated as the etiology of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Penghua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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He F, Peng Y, Yang Z, Ge Z, Tian Y, Ma T, Li H. Activated ClC-2 Inhibits p-Akt to Repress Myelination in GDM Newborn Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:179-188. [PMID: 28255270 PMCID: PMC5332872 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of type 2 voltage-gated chloride channel (ClC-2) on myelin development of newborn rats' cerebral white matter with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In this study, GDM model was induced in late pregnant rat model. The alteration of ClC-2 expression in various developmental stages of cerebral white matter with/without being exposed to high glucose was analyzed using RT-PCR, active oxygen detection, TUNEL staining, Western Blot as well as immuno-histochemical staining. Our results showed that ClC-2 mRNA and protein expressions in GDM group were significantly increased in white matter of fetal rats after E18 stage, and elevated the level of TNF-α and iNOS in white matter at P0 and P3 stage of newborn rats. Meanwhile, In GDM group, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of the white matter at E18, P0, and P3 stage were significantly higher than control group. Furthermore, the expression level of myelin transcription factor Olig2 at P0 stage and CNPase at P3 stage were strikingly lower than that of the control group. In GDM group, ClC-2 expression in the corpus callosum (CC) and cingulate gyrus (CG) regains, and TUNEL positive cell number were increased at P0 and P3 stage. However, PDGFα positive cell number at P0 stage and CNPase expression at P3 stage were significantly decreased. Caspase-3 was also increased in those white matter regions in GDM group, but p-Akt expression was inhibited. While DIDS (a chloride channel blocker) can reverse these changes. In conclusion, ClC-2 and caspase-3 were induced by GDM, which resulted in apoptosis and myelination inhibition. The effect was caused by repressing PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Application of ClC-2 inhibitor DIDS showed protective effects on cerebral white matter damage stimulated by high glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.; Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuchen Peng
- Battalion 4 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilu Ge
- Battalion 5 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Dong D, Zhang Y, Reece EA, Wang L, Harman CR, Yang P. microRNA expression profiling and functional annotation analysis of their targets modulated by oxidative stress during embryonic heart development in diabetic mice. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:365-374. [PMID: 27629361 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) induces congenital heart defects (CHDs). The molecular mechanism underlying PGDM-induced CHDs is unknown. microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, repress gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and play important roles in heart development. We performed a global miRNA profiling study to assist in revealing potential miRNAs modulated by PGDM and possible developmental pathways regulated by miRNAs during heart development. A total of 149 mapped miRNAs in the developing heart were significantly altered by PGDM. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the majority of the 2111 potential miRNA target genes were associated with cardiac development-related pathways including STAT3 and IGF-1 and transcription factors (Cited2, Zeb2, Mef2c, Smad4 and Ets1). Overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 1, reversed PGDM-altered miRNAs, suggesting that oxidative stress is responsible for dysregulation of miRNAs. Thus, our study provides the foundation for further investigation of a miRNA-dependent mechanism underlying PGDM-induced CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 ,United States
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Christopher R Harman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Zhong J, Xu C, Reece EA, Yang P. The green tea polyphenol EGCG alleviates maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects by inhibiting DNA hypermethylation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:368.e1-368.e10. [PMID: 26979632 PMCID: PMC5270539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes increases the risk of neural tube defects in offspring. Our previous study demonstrated that the green tea polyphenol, Epigallocatechin gallate, inhibits high glucose-induced neural tube defects in cultured embryos. However, the therapeutic effect of Epigallocatechin gallate on maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects is still unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine whether Epigallocatechin gallate treatment can reduce maternal diabetes-induced DNA methylation and neural tube defects. STUDY DESIGN Nondiabetic and diabetic pregnant mice at embryonic day 5.5 were given drinking water with or without 1 or 10 μM Epigallocatechin gallate. At embryonic day 8.75, embryos were dissected from the visceral yolk sac for the measurement of the levels and activity of DNA methyltransferases, the levels of global DNA methylation, and methylation in the CpG islands of neural tube closure essential gene promoters. embryonic day 10.5 embryos were examined for neural tube defect incidence. RESULTS Epigallocatechin gallate treatment did not affect embryonic development because embryos from nondiabetic dams treated with Epigallocatechin gallate did not exhibit any neural tube defects. Treatment with 1 μM Epigallocatechin gallate did not reduce maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects significantly. Embryos from diabetic dams treated with 10 μM Epigallocatechin gallate had a significantly lower neural tube defect incidence compared with that of embryos without Epigallocatechin gallate treatment. Epigallocatechin gallate reduced neural tube defect rates from 29.5% to 2%, an incidence that is comparable with that of embryos from nondiabetic dams. Ten micromoles of Epigallocatechin gallate treatment blocked maternal diabetes-increased DNA methyltransferases 3a and 3b expression and their activities, leading to the suppression of global DNA hypermethylation. Additionally, 10 μM Epigallocatechin gallate abrogated maternal diabetes-increased DNA methylation in the CpG islands of neural tube closure essential genes, including Grhl3, Pax3, and Tulp3. CONCLUSION Epigallocatechin gallate reduces maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects formation and blocks the enhanced expression and activity of DNA methyltransferases, leading to the suppression of DNA hypermethylation and the restoration of neural tube closure essential gene expression. These observations suggest that Epigallocatechin gallate supplements could mitigate the teratogenic effects of hyperglycemia on the developing embryo and prevent diabetes-induced neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus induces congenital heart defects in murine embryos by increasing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:366.e1-366.e10. [PMID: 27038779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are strongly associated with high rates of severe structural birth defects, including congenital heart defects. Studies in type 1 diabetic embryopathy animal models have demonstrated that cellular stress-induced apoptosis mediates the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes leading to congenital heart defect formation. However, the mechanisms underlying maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced congenital heart defects remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We aim to determine whether oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and excessive apoptosis are the intracellular molecular mechanisms underlying maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced congenital heart defects. STUDY DESIGN A mouse model of maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus was established by feeding female mice a high-fat diet (60% fat). After 15 weeks on the high-fat diet, the mice showed characteristics of maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus. Control dams were either fed a normal diet (10% fat) or the high-fat diet during pregnancy only. Female mice from the high-fat diet group and the 2 control groups were mated with male mice that were fed a normal diet. At E12.5, embryonic hearts were harvested to determine the levels of lipid peroxides and superoxide, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, cleaved caspase 3 and 8, and apoptosis. E17.5 embryonic hearts were harvested for the detection of congenital heart defect formation using India ink vessel patterning and histological examination. RESULTS Maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly induced ventricular septal defects and persistent truncus arteriosus in the developing heart, along with increasing oxidative stress markers, including superoxide and lipid peroxidation; endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, including protein levels of phosphorylated-protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, phosphorylated-IRE1α, phosphorylated-eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein, and binding immunoglobulin protein; endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gene expression; and XBP1 messenger RNA splicing, as well as increased cleaved caspase 3 and 8 in embryonic hearts. Furthermore, maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus triggered excessive apoptosis in ventricular myocardium, endocardial cushion, and outflow tract of the embryonic heart. CONCLUSION Similar to those observations in type 1 diabetic embryopathy, maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus causes heart defects in the developing embryo manifested with oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and excessive apoptosis in heart cells.
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Zhong J, Xu C, Gabbay-Benziv R, Lin X, Yang P. Superoxide dismutase 2 overexpression alleviates maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects, restores mitochondrial function and suppresses cellular stress in diabetic embryopathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:234-44. [PMID: 27130031 PMCID: PMC4912469 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregestational diabetes disrupts neurulation leading to neural tube defects (NTDs). Oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a central role in the induction of NTD formation in diabetic pregnancies. We aimed to determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction increases ROS production leading to oxidative stress and diabetic embryopathy. Overexpression of the mitochondrion-specific antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in a transgenic (Tg) mouse model significantly reduced maternal diabetes-induced NTDs. SOD2 overexpression abrogated maternal diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial translocation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, reducing the number of defective mitochondria in neuroepithelial cells, and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, SOD2 overexpression blocked maternal diabetes-increased ROS production by diminishing dihydroethidium staining signals in the developing neuroepithelium, and reducing the levels of nitrotyrosine-modified proteins and lipid hydroperoxide level in neurulation stage embryos. SOD2 overexpression also abolished maternal diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Finally, caspase-dependent neuroepithelial cell apoptosis enhanced by oxidative stress was significantly reduced by SOD2 overexpression. Thus, our findings support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction in the developing neuroepithelium enhances ROS production, which leads to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. SOD2 overexpression blocks maternal diabetes-induced oxidative stress and ER stress, and reduces the incidence of NTDs in embryos exposed to maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Rinat Gabbay-Benziv
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Abstract
Diabetic embryopathy is a theoretical enigma and a clinical challenge. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetic pregnancy carry a significant risk for fetal maldevelopment, and the precise reasons for the diabetes-induced teratogenicity are not clearly identified. The experimental work in this field has revealed a partial, however complex, answer to the teratological question, and we will review some of the latest suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J. Eriksson
- CONTACT Ulf J. Eriksson Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, PO Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Yu J, Wu Y, Yang P. High glucose-induced oxidative stress represses sirtuin deacetylase expression and increases histone acetylation leading to neural tube defects. J Neurochem 2016; 137:371-83. [PMID: 26896748 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic modifications are implicated in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). Because cellular stress plays a causal role in diabetic embryopathy, we investigated the possible role of the stress-resistant sirtuin (SIRT) family histone deacetylases. Among the seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7), pre-gestational maternal diabetes in vivo or high glucose in vitro significantly reduced the expression of SIRT 2 and SIRT6 in the embryo or neural stem cells, respectively. The down-regulation of SIRT2 and SIRT6 was reversed by superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) over-expression in the in vivo mouse model of diabetic embryopathy and the SOD mimetic, tempol and cell permeable SOD, PEGSOD in neural stem cell cultures. 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), a superoxide generating agent, mimicked high glucose-suppressed SIRT2 and SIRT6 expression. The acetylation of histone 3 at lysine residues 56 (H3K56), H3K14, H3K9, and H3K27, putative substrates of SIRT2 and SIRT6, was increased by maternal diabetes in vivo or high glucose in vitro, and these increases were blocked by SOD1 over-expression or tempol treatment. SIRT2 or SIRT6 over-expression abrogated high glucose-suppressed SIRT2 or SIRT6 expression, and prevented the increase in acetylation of their histone substrates. The potent sirtuin activator (SRT1720) blocked high glucose-increased histone acetylation and NTD formation, whereas the combination of a pharmacological SIRT2 inhibitor and a pan SIRT inhibitor mimicked the effect of high glucose on increased histone acetylation and NTD induction. Thus, diabetes in vivo or high glucose in vitro suppresses SIRT2 and SIRT6 expression through oxidative stress, and sirtuin down-regulation-induced histone acetylation may be involved in diabetes-induced NTDs. The mechanism underlying pre-gestational diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs) is still elusive. Our study unravels a new epigenetic mechanism in which maternal diabetes-induced oxidative stress represses sirtuin deacetylase 2 (SIRT2) and 6 (SIRT6) expression leading to histone acetylation and gene expression. SIRT down-regulation mediates the teratogenicity of diabetes leading to (NTD) formation. The study provides a mechanistic basis for the development of natural antioxidants and SIRT activators as therapeutics for diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dong D, Reece EA, Lin X, Wu Y, AriasVillela N, Yang P. New development of the yolk sac theory in diabetic embryopathy: molecular mechanism and link to structural birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:192-202. [PMID: 26432466 PMCID: PMC4744545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for structural birth defects, including congenital heart defects and neural tube defects. With the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in women of childbearing age, diabetes mellitus-induced birth defects have become an increasingly significant public health problem. Maternal diabetes mellitus in vivo and high glucose in vitro induce yolk sac injuries by damaging the morphologic condition of cells and altering the dynamics of organelles. The yolk sac vascular system is the first system to develop during embryogenesis; therefore, it is the most sensitive to hyperglycemia. The consequences of yolk sac injuries include impairment of nutrient transportation because of vasculopathy. Although the functional relationship between yolk sac vasculopathy and structural birth defects has not yet been established, a recent study reveals that the quality of yolk sac vasculature is related inversely to embryonic malformation rates. Studies in animal models have uncovered key molecular intermediates of diabetic yolk sac vasculopathy, which include hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, and its inhibitor thioredoxin-1, c-Jun-N-terminal kinases, nitric oxide, and nitric oxide synthase. Yolk sac vasculopathy is also associated with abnormalities in arachidonic acid and myo-inositol. Dietary supplementation with fatty acids that restore lipid levels in the yolk sac lead to a reduction in diabetes mellitus-induced malformations. Although the role of the human yolk in embryogenesis is less extensive than in rodents, nevertheless, human embryonic vasculogenesis is affected negatively by maternal diabetes mellitus. Mechanistic studies have identified potential therapeutic targets for future intervention against yolk sac vasculopathy, birth defects, and other complications associated with diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalia AriasVillela
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Dong D, Reece EA, Yang P. The Nrf2 Activator Vinylsulfone Reduces High Glucose-Induced Neural Tube Defects by Suppressing Cellular Stress and Apoptosis. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:993-1000. [PMID: 26802109 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115625846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is one of the primary pathways responsible for the cellular defense system against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis is a causal event in diabetic embryopathy. Thus, the Nrf2 pathway may play an important role in the induction of diabetic embryopathy. In the present study, we investigated the potentially protective effect of the Nrf2 activator, vinylsulfone, on high glucose-induced cellular stress, apoptosis, and neural tube defects (NTDs). Embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) whole mouse embryos were cultured in normal (5 mmol/L) or high (16.7 mmol/L) glucose conditions, with or without vinylsulfone. At a concentration of 10 μmol/L, vinylsulfone had an inhibitory effect on high glucose-induced NTD formation, but it was not significant. At a concentration of 20 μmol/L, vinylsulfone significantly reduced high glucose-induced NTDs. In addition, 20 μmol/L vinylsulfone abrogated the high glucose-induced oxidative stress markers lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. The high glucose-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress biomarkers were also suppressed by 20 μmol/L vinylsulfone through the inhibition of phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1a), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2a), upregulated C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) messenger RNA splicing. Furthermore, 20 μmol/L vinylsulfone abolished caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage, markers of apoptosis, in embryos cultured under high glucose conditions. The Nrf2 activator, vinylsulfone, is protective against high glucose-induced cellular stress, caspase activation, and subsequent NTD formation. Our data suggest that vinylsulfone supplementation is a potential therapy for diabetes-associated neurodevelopmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gu H, Yu J, Dong D, Zhou Q, Wang JY, Fang S, Yang P. High Glucose-Repressed CITED2 Expression Through miR-200b Triggers the Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Diabetes 2016; 65:149-63. [PMID: 26450995 PMCID: PMC4686950 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High glucose in vivo and in vitro induces neural tube defects (NTDs). CITED2 (CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2) is essential for neural tube closure. We explored the regulatory mechanism underlying CITED2 expression and its relationship with miRNA and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. miR-200b levels were increased by maternal diabetes or high glucose in vitro, and this increase was abrogated by transgenic overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) or an SOD1 mimetic. CITED2 was the target of miR-200b and was downregulated by high glucose. Two miR-200b binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region of the CITED2 mRNA were required for inhibiting CITED2 expression. The miR-200b mimic and a CITED2 knockdown mimicked the stimulative effect of high glucose on unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress, whereas the miR-200b inhibitor and CITED2 overexpression abolished high glucose-induced UPR signaling, ER stress, and apoptosis. The ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, blocked CITED2 knockdown-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the miR-200b inhibitor reversed high glucose-induced CITED2 downregulation, ER stress, and NTDs in cultured embryos. Thus, we showed a novel function of miR-200b and CITED2 in high glucose-induced UPR and ER stress, suggesting that miR-200b and CITED2 are critical for ER homeostasis and NTD formation in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shengyun Fang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Zhong J, Reece EA, Yang P. Punicalagin exerts protective effect against high glucose-induced cellular stress and neural tube defects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:179-84. [PMID: 26453010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes-induced birth defects remain a significant health problem. Studying the effect of natural compounds with antioxidant properties and minimal toxicities on diabetic embryopathy may lead to the development of new and safe dietary supplements. Punicalagin is a primary polyphenol found in pomegranate juice, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties, suggesting a protective effect of punicalagin on diabetic embryopathy. Here, we examined whether punicalagin could reduce high glucose-induced neural tube defects (NTDs), and if this rescue occurs through blockage of cellular stress and caspase activation. Embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) mouse embryos were cultured for 24 or 36 h with normal (5 mM) glucose or high glucose (16.7 mM), in presence or absence of 10 or 20 μM punicalagin. 10 μM punicalagin slightly reduced NTD formation under high glucose conditions; however, 20 μM punicalagin significantly inhibited high glucose-induced NTD formation. Punicalagin suppressed high glucose-induced lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal, nitrotyrosine-modified proteins, and lipid peroxides. Moreover, punicalagin abrogated endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting phosphorylated protein kinase ribonucleic acid (RNA)-like ER kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated inositol-requiring protein-1α (p-IRE1α), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA splicing. Additionally, punicalagin suppressed high glucose-induced caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage. Punicalagin reduces high glucose-induced NTD formation by blocking cellular stress and caspase activation. These observations suggest punicalagin supplements could mitigate the teratogenic effects of hyperglycemia in the developing embryo, and possibly prevent diabetes-induced NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Dong D, Yu J, Wu Y, Fu N, Villela NA, Yang P. Maternal diabetes triggers DNA damage and DNA damage response in neurulation stage embryos through oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:407-12. [PMID: 26427872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR) in neurulation stage embryos under maternal diabetes conditions are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and DDR in the developing embryo through oxidative stress. In vivo experiments were conducted by mating superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic male mice with wild-type (WT) female mice with or without diabetes. Embryonic day 8.75 (E8.75) embryos were tested for the DNA damage markers, phosphorylated histone H2A.X (p-H2A.X) and DDR signaling intermediates, including phosphorylated checkpoint 1 (p-Chk1), phosphorylated checkpoint 2 (p-Chk2), and p53. Levels of the same DNA damage markers and DDR signaling intermediates were also determined in the mouse C17.2 neural stem cell line. Maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro significantly increased the levels of p-H2A.X. Levels of p-Chk1, p-Chk2, and p53, were elevated under both maternal diabetic and high glucose conditions. SOD1 overexpression blocked maternal diabetes-induced DNA damage and DDR in vivo. Tempol, a SOD1 mimetic, diminished high glucose-induced DNA damage and DDR in vitro. In conclusion, maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and activates DDR through oxidative stress, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Noah Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Natalia Arias Villela
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Wang F, Reece EA, Yang P. Advances in revealing the molecular targets downstream of oxidative stress-induced proapoptotic kinase signaling in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:125-34. [PMID: 25595581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preexisting maternal diabetes is a high-risk factor of diabetic embryopathy, such as neural tube defects and congenital heart defects. Maternal diabetes significantly increases the production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and diabetic embryopathy. Multiple cellular and metabolic factors contribute to these processes. Forkhead box O (FoxO)-3a has been demonstrated as a key transcription factor in the signaling transduction pathways responsible for maternal diabetes-induced birth defects. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activated by oxidative stress stimulates nuclear translocation of FoxO3a, resulting in the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-associated death domain protein, which, in turn, leads to caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Maternal diabetes-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1/2, downstream effectors of ASK1, can be blocked by superoxide dismutase-1 overexpression, suggesting that oxidative stress is responsible for JNK1/2 signaling activation. Deletion of JNK1/2 significantly suppressed the activity of FoxO3a. These observations indicate that maternal diabetes-induced oxidative stress stimulates the activation of ASK1, JNK1/2, FoxO3a, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-associated death domain protein, caspase-8 cleavage, and finally, apoptosis and diabetic embryopathy.
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Wang F, Fisher SA, Zhong J, Wu Y, Yang P. Superoxide Dismutase 1 In Vivo Ameliorates Maternal Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Apoptosis and Heart Defects Through Restoration of Impaired Wnt Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:665-76. [PMID: 26232087 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is manifested in embryos exposed to maternal diabetes mellitus, yet specific mechanisms for diabetes mellitus-induced heart defects are not defined. Gene deletion of intermediates of Wingless-related integration (Wnt) signaling causes heart defects similar to those observed in embryos from diabetic pregnancies. We tested the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus-induced oxidative stress impairs Wnt signaling, thereby causing heart defects, and that these defects can be rescued by transgenic overexpression of the reactive oxygen species scavenger superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) and SOD1-overexpressing embryos from nondiabetic WT control dams and nondiabetic/diabetic WT female mice mated with SOD1 transgenic male mice were analyzed. No heart defects were observed in WT and SOD1 embryos under nondiabetic conditions. WT embryos of diabetic dams had a 26% incidence of cardiac outlet defects that were suppressed by SOD1 overexpression. Insulin treatment reduced blood glucose levels and heart defects. Diabetes mellitus increased superoxide production, canonical Wnt antagonist expression, caspase activation, and apoptosis and suppressed cell proliferation. Diabetes mellitus suppressed Wnt signaling intermediates and Wnt target gene expression in the embryonic heart, each of which were reversed by SOD1 overexpression. Hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite mimicked the inhibitory effect of high glucose on Wnt signaling, which was abolished by the SOD1 mimetic, tempol. CONCLUSIONS The oxidative stress of diabetes mellitus impairs Wnt signaling and causes cardiac outlet defects that are rescued by SOD1 overexpression. This suggests that targeting of components of the Wnt5a signaling pathway may be a viable strategy for suppression of congenital heart defects in fetuses of diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (F.W., J.Z., Y.W., P.Y.), Medicine (S.A.F.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.Y.), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Steven A Fisher
- From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (F.W., J.Z., Y.W., P.Y.), Medicine (S.A.F.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.Y.), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Jianxiang Zhong
- From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (F.W., J.Z., Y.W., P.Y.), Medicine (S.A.F.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.Y.), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Yanqing Wu
- From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (F.W., J.Z., Y.W., P.Y.), Medicine (S.A.F.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.Y.), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Peixin Yang
- From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (F.W., J.Z., Y.W., P.Y.), Medicine (S.A.F.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.Y.), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
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Wu Y, Wang F, Reece EA, Yang P. Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced neural tube defects by suppressing cellular stress and apoptosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:802.e1-8. [PMID: 25595578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenol present in the roots of the Curcuma longa plant (turmeric), which possesses antioxidant, antitumorigenic, and antiinflammatory properties. Here, we test whether curcumin treatment reduces high glucose-induced neural tube defects (NTDs), and if this occurs via blocking cellular stress and caspase activation. STUDY DESIGN Embryonic day 8.5 mouse embryos were collected for use in whole-embryo culture under normal (100 mg/dL) or high (300 mg/dL) glucose conditions, with or without curcumin treatment. After 24 hours in culture, protein levels of oxidative stress makers, nitrosative stress makers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress makers, cleaved caspase 3 and 8, and the level of lipid peroxides were determined in the embryos. After 36 hours in culture, embryos were examined for evidence of NTD formation. RESULTS Although 10 μmol/L of curcumin did not significantly reduce the rate of NTDs caused by high glucose, 20 μmol/L of curcumin significantly ameliorated high glucose-induced NTD formation. Curcumin suppressed oxidative stress in embryos cultured under high glucose conditions. Treatment reduced the levels of the lipid peroxidation marker, 4-hydroxynonenal, nitrotyrosine-modified protein, and lipid peroxides. Curcumin also blocked ER stress by inhibiting phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, phosphorylated inositol-requiring protein-1α (p-IRE1α), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), C/EBP-homologous protein, binding immunoglobulin protein, and x-box binding protein 1 messenger RNA splicing. Additionally, curcumin abolished caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage in embryos cultured under high glucose conditions. CONCLUSION Curcumin reduces high glucose-induced NTD formation by blocking cellular stress and caspase activation, suggesting that curcumin supplements could reduce the negative effects of diabetes on the embryo. Further investigation will be needed to determine if the experimental findings can translate into clinical settings.
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Wang F, Reece EA, Yang P. Oxidative stress is responsible for maternal diabetes-impaired transforming growth factor beta signaling in the developing mouse heart. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:650.e1-11. [PMID: 25595579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a causal role in diabetic embryopathy. Maternal diabetes induces heart defects and impaired transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling, which is essential for cardiogenesis. We hypothesize that mitigating oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) overexpression in transgenic (Tg) mice reverses maternal hyperglycemia-impaired TGFβ signaling and its downstream effectors. STUDY DESIGN Day 12.5 embryonic hearts from wild-type (WT) and SOD1 overexpressing embryos of nondiabetic (ND) and diabetic mellitus (DM) dams were used for the detection of oxidative stress markers: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondlaldehyde (MDA), and TGFβ1, 2, and 3, phosphor (p)-TGFβ receptor II (TβRII), p-phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)2, and p-Smad3. The expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes was also assessed. Day 11.5 embryonic hearts were explanted and cultured ex vivo, with or without treatments of a SOD1 mimetic (Tempol; Enzo Life Science, Farmingdale, NY) or a TGFβ recombinant protein for the detection of TGFβ signaling intermediates. RESULTS Levels of 4-HNE and MDA were significantly increased by maternal diabetes, and SOD1 overexpression blocked the increase of these 2 oxidative stress markers. Maternal diabetes suppresses the TGFβ signaling pathway by down-regulating TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 expression. Consequently, phosphorylation of TβRII, Smad2, and Smad3, downstream effectors of TGFβ, and expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes were reduced by maternal diabetes, and these reductions were prevented by SOD1 overexpression. Treatment with Tempol or TGFβ recombinant protein restored high-glucose-suppressed TGFβ signaling intermediates and responsive gene expression. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress mediates the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia in the developing heart. Antioxidants, TGFβ recombinant proteins, or TGFβ agonists may have potential therapeutic values in the prevention of heart defects in diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Yang P, Reece EA, Wang F, Gabbay-Benziv R. Decoding the oxidative stress hypothesis in diabetic embryopathy through proapoptotic kinase signaling. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:569-79. [PMID: 25434839 PMCID: PMC4417047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes-induced birth defects occur in 6-10% of babies born to mothers with pregestational diabetes, representing a significant maternal-fetal health problem. Currently, these congenital malformations represent a significant maternal-fetal medicine issue, but are likely to create an even greater public health threat as 3 million women of reproductive age (19-44 years) have diabetes in the United States alone, and this number is expected to double by 2030. Neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects are the most common types of birth defects associated with maternal diabetes. Animal studies have revealed that embryos under hyperglycemic conditions exhibit high levels of oxidative stress resulting from enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and impaired antioxidant capability. Oxidative stress activates a set of proapoptotic kinase signaling intermediates leading to abnormal cell death in the embryonic neural tube, which causes NTD formation. Work in animal models also has revealed that maternal diabetes triggers a series of signaling intermediates: protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, PKCα, βII and δ; apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2; caspase; and apoptosis. Specifically, maternal diabetes in rodent models activates the proapoptotic unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A reciprocal causation between JNK1/2 activation and ER stress exists in diabetic embryopathy. Molecular studies further demonstrate that deletion of the genes for Prkc, Ask1, Jnk1, or Jnk2 abolishes maternal diabetes-induced neural progenitor apoptosis and ameliorates NTD formation. Similar preventive effects are also observed when apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, JNK1/2, or ER stress is inhibited. Cell membrane stabilizers and antioxidant supplements are also effective in prevention of diabetes-induced birth defects. Mechanistic studies have revealed important insights into our understanding the cause of diabetic embryopathy and have provided a basis for future interventions against birth defects or other pregnancy complications associated with maternal diabetes. The knowledge of a molecular pathway map identified in animal studies has created unique opportunities to identify molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rinat Gabbay-Benziv
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Gabbay-Benziv R, Reece EA, Wang F, Yang P. Birth defects in pregestational diabetes: Defect range, glycemic threshold and pathogenesis. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:481-488. [PMID: 25897357 PMCID: PMC4398903 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, 60 million women of reproductive age (18-44 years old) worldwide, and approximately 3 million American women have diabetes mellitus, and it has been estimated that this number will double by 2030. Pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGD) is a significant public health problem that increases the risk for structural birth defects affecting both maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcome. The most common types of human structural birth defects associated with PGD are congenital heart defects and central nervous system defects. However, diabetes can induce birth defects in any other fetal organ. In general, the rate of birth defects increases linearly with the degree of maternal hyperglycemia, which is the major factor that mediates teratogenicity of PGD. Stringent prenatal care and glycemic control are effective means to reduce birth defects in PGD pregnancies, but cannot reduce the incidence of birth defects to the rate of that is seen in the nondiabetic population. Studies in animal models have revealed that PGD induces oxidative stress, which activates cellular stress signalling leading to dysregulation of gene expression and excess apoptosis in the target organs, including the neural tube and embryonic heart. Activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-forkhead transcription factor 3a (FoxO3a)-caspase 8 pathway causes apoptosis in the developing neural tube leading to neural tube defects (NTDs). ASK1 activates the c-Jun-N-Terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), which leads to activation of the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Deletion of the ASK1 gene, the JNK1 gene, or the JNK2 gene, or inhibition of ER stress by 4-Phenylbutyric acid abrogates diabetes-induced apoptosis and reduces the formation of NTDs. Antioxidants, such as thioredoxin, which inhibits the ASK1-FoxO3a-caspase 8 pathway or ER stress inhibitors, may prevent PGD-induced birth defects.
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Kupsco A, Schlenk D. Oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and apoptosis in developmental toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:1-66. [PMID: 26008783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of cellular and molecular processes. Disruption of these key events can generate developmental toxicity in the form of teratogenesis or mortality. The mechanism behind many developmental toxicants remains unknown. While recent work has focused on the unfolded protein response (UPR), oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of disease, few studies have addressed their relationship in developmental toxicity. Redox regulation, UPR, and apoptosis are essential for physiological development and can be disturbed by a variety of endogenous and exogenous toxicants to generate lethality and diverse malformations. This review examines the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress, UPR, and apoptosis in physiological development as well as in developmental toxicity, focusing on studies and advances in vertebrates model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Gu H, Yu J, Dong D, Zhou Q, Wang JY, Yang P. The miR-322-TRAF3 circuit mediates the pro-apoptotic effect of high glucose on neural stem cells. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:186-96. [PMID: 25516495 PMCID: PMC4349142 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes increases the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs), and caspase-dependent apoptosis and gene dysregulation are implicated in this disease process. This study investigates the role of miR-322 and its putative target gene, TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), in high glucose-induced apoptosis. miR-322 and TRAF3 expression were assessed in embryos of nondiabetic and diabetic dams, and in neural stem cells under high glucose conditions. Maternal diabetes in vivo and high glucose in vitro significantly down-regulated miR-322 and up-regulated TRAF3 protein expression. Overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), or treatment with the SOD1 mimetic Tempol, abolished the effect of maternal diabetes or high glucose on miR-322 and TRAF3 expression, respectively. A miRNA target prediction algorithm reveals 2 miR-322 binding sites the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of TRAF3 mRNA. A RNA pull-down assay using biotin-labeled miR-322 revealed that miR-322 interacted with the 3'-UTR of TRAF3 mRNA at one specific binding site. The miR-322 mimic or TRAF3 knockdown blocked high glucose-increased TRAF3 protein expression and apoptosis, whereas the miR-322 inhibitor mimicked the effect of high glucose leading to TRAF3 up-regulation and apoptosis. This study demonstrates that both maternal diabetes and high glucose negatively regulate miR-322 through oxidative stress. miR-322 interacts with the 3'-UTR of TRAF3 and represses its translation. The miR-322-TRAF3 pathway is implicated in high glucose-induced caspase activation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jingwen Yu
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Daoying Dong
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Qun Zhou
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Peixin Yang
- *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 *Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Wang F, Reece EA, Yang P. Superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression in mice abolishes maternal diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:345.e1-7. [PMID: 23791840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) are causal events in diabetic embryopathy. We tested whether oxidative stress causes ER stress. STUDY DESIGN Wild-type (WT) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-overexpressing day 8.75 embryos from nondiabetic WT control with SOD1 transgenic male and diabetic WT female with SOD1 transgenic male were analyzed for ER stress markers: C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), calnexin, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), protein kinase ribonucleic acid (RNA)-like ER kinase (PERK), binding immunoglobulin protein, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3, kinases inositol-requiring protein-1α (IRE1α), and the X-box binding protein (XBP1) messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. RESULTS Maternal diabetes significantly increased the levels of CHOP, calnexin, phosphorylated (p)-eIF2α, p-PERK, and p-IRE1α; triggered XBP1 mRNA splicing; and enhanced ER chaperone gene expression in WT embryos. SOD1 overexpression blocked these diabetes-induced ER stress markers. CONCLUSION Mitigating oxidative stress via SOD1 overexpression blocks maternal diabetes-induced ER stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Xu C, Li X, Wang F, Weng H, Yang P. Trehalose prevents neural tube defects by correcting maternal diabetes-suppressed autophagy and neurogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E667-78. [PMID: 23880312 PMCID: PMC3761168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Preexisting maternal diabetes increases the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). The mechanism underlying maternal diabetes-induced NTDs is not totally defined, and its prevention remains a challenge. Autophagy, an intracellular process to degrade dysfunction protein and damaged cellular organelles, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Because autophagy impairment causes NTDs reminiscent of those observed in diabetic pregnancies, we hypothesize that maternal diabetes-induced autophagy impairment causes NTD formation by disrupting cellular homeostasis, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, and that restoration of autophagy by trehalose, a natural disaccharide, prevents diabetes-induced NTDs. Embryos from nondiabetic and type 1 diabetic mice fed with or without 2 or 5% trehalose water were used to assess markers of autophagy, ER stress, and neurogenesis, numbers of autophagosomes, gene expression that regulates autophagy, NTD rates, indices of mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis. Maternal diabetes suppressed autophagy by significantly reducing LC3-II expression, autophagosome numbers, and GFP-LC3 punctate foci in neuroepithelial cells and by altering autophagy-related gene expression. Maternal diabetes delayed neurogenesis by blocking Sox1 neural progenitor differentiation. Trehalose treatment reversed autophagy impairment and prevented NTDs in diabetic pregnancies. Trehalose resolved homeostatic imbalance by correcting mitochondrial defects, dysfunctional proteins, ER stress, apoptosis, and delayed neurogenesis in the neural tubes exposed to hyperglycemia. Our study demonstrates for the first time that maternal diabetes suppresses autophagy in neuroepithelial cells of the developing neural tube, leading to NTD formation, and provides evidence for the potential efficacy of trehalose as an intervention against hyperglycemia-induced NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and
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Jaganjac M, Tirosh O, Cohen G, Sasson S, Zarkovic N. Reactive aldehydes--second messengers of free radicals in diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Res 2013; 47 Suppl 1:39-48. [PMID: 23521622 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.789136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of pro-oxidants and various markers of oxidative tissue damage were found in diabetic patients, indicating involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). On one side, physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in redox signaling of various cells, while on the other, excessive ROS production can jeopardize the integrity and physiological functions of cellular macromolecules, in particular proteins, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of DM. Reactive aldehydes, especially 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), are considered as second messengers of free radicals that act both as signaling molecules and as cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation causing long-lasting biological consequences, in particular by covalent modification of macromolecules. Accordingly, the HNE and related reactive aldehydes may play important roles in the pathophysiology of DM, both in the development of the disease and in its progression and complications due to the following: (i) exposure of cells to supraphysiological levels of 4-hydroxyalkenals, (ii) persistent and sustained generation of 4-hydroxyalkenals that progressively affect vulnerable cells that lack an efficient bioactive aldehyde neutralization system, (iii) altered redox signaling influenced by reactive aldehydes, in particular by HNE, and (iv) induction of extracellular generation of similar aldehydes under secondary pathological conditions, such as low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaganjac
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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