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Chen L, Liu C, Xiang X, Qiu W, Guo K. miR‑155 promotes an inflammatory response in HaCaT cells via the IRF2BP2/KLF2/NF‑κB pathway in psoriasis. Int J Mol Med 2024; 54:91. [PMID: 39219281 PMCID: PMC11374146 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with numerous causes, including genetic, immunological and infectious factors. The course of psoriasis is long and recurrence is common; pathogenesis is not completely understood. However, there is an association between advancement of psoriasis and aberrant microRNA (miR or miRNA)‑155 expression. Through bioinformatics, the present study aimed to analyze the differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in psoriasis and its biological mechanism and function psoriatic inflammation. First of all, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) in patients with psoriasis were identified using GEO2R interactive web application. A psoriasis inflammatory model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑treated HaCaT keratinocytes, which were transfected with miR‑155 mimic or inhibitor. Cell Counting Kit‑8 was used for the assessment of cell viability and proliferation, and changes in the cell cycle were examined using flow cytometry. ELISA and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) were used to detect the expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL‑1β and IL‑6. The dual‑luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting association between miR‑155‑5p and IFN regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2). To verify the targeting association of miR‑155 and the IRF2BP2/kruppel‑like factor 2 (KLF2)/NF‑κB signaling pathway, expression levels of IRF2BP2, KLF2 and p65 were identified by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. IRF2BP2 levels were also confirmed by immunofluorescence, in conjunction with bioinformatics database analysis. Overexpression of miR‑155 inhibited proliferation of HaCaT cells and increased the number of cells in S phase and decreasing number of cells in G1 and G2 phase. In the LPS‑induced inflammatory state, miR‑155 overexpression heightened the inflammatory response of HaCaT cells while inhibition of miR‑155 lessened it. Suppression of inflammatory cytokine expression by miR‑155‑5p inhibitor was reversed by knockdown of IRF2BP2. miR‑155 was shown to interact with IRF2BP2 to negatively regulate its expression, leading to decreased KLF2 expression and increased p65 expression and secretion of inflammatory factors, intensifying the inflammatory response of HaCaT cells. Therefore, miR‑155 may contribute to development of psoriasis by inducing tissue and cell damage by increasing the inflammatory response of HaCaT cells via the IRF2BP2/KLF2/NF‑κB pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study offer novel perspectives on the role of miR‑155 in the onset and progression of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Wenhong Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
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Santos AB, Carona A, Ettcheto M, Camins A, Falcão A, Fortuna A, Bicker J. Krüppel-like factors: potential roles in blood-brain barrier dysfunction and epileptogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1765-1776. [PMID: 38684799 PMCID: PMC11335766 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder, known for the occurrence of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Despite the availability of antiseizure drugs, 30% of people with epilepsy experience uncontrolled seizures and drug resistance, evidencing that new therapeutic options are required. The process of epileptogenesis involves the development and expansion of tissue capable of generating spontaneous recurrent seizures, during which numerous events take place, namely blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The consequent cerebrovascular dysfunction results in a lower seizure threshold, seizure recurrence, and chronic epilepsy. This suggests that improving cerebrovascular health may interrupt the pathological cycle responsible for disease development and progression. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors, encountered in brain endothelial cells, glial cells, and neurons. KLFs are known to regulate vascular function and changes in their expression are associated with neuroinflammation and human diseases, including epilepsy. Hence, KLFs have demonstrated various roles in cerebrovascular dysfunction and epileptogenesis. This review critically discusses the purpose of KLFs in epileptogenic mechanisms and BBB dysfunction, as well as the potential of their pharmacological modulation as therapeutic approach for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreia Carona
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lian Z, Chen R, Xian M, Huang P, Xu J, Xiao X, Ning X, Zhao J, Xie J, Duan J, Li B, Wang W, Shi X, Wang X, Jia N, Chen X, Li J, Yang Z. Targeted inhibition of m6A demethylase FTO by FB23 attenuates allergic inflammation in the airway epithelium. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23846. [PMID: 39093041 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400545r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells play a crucial role in asthma, contributing to chronic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. m6A modification, which involves key proteins such as the demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), is crucial in the regulation of various diseases, including asthma. However, the role of FTO in epithelial cells and the development of asthma remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the demethylase activity of FTO using a small-molecule inhibitor FB23 in epithelial cells and allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. We examined the FTO-regulated transcriptome-wide m6A profiling by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA-seq under FB23 treatment and allergic inflammation conditions. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess the tissue-specific expression of FTO in asthmatic bronchial mucosa. We demonstrated that FB23 alleviated allergic inflammation in IL-4/IL-13-treated epithelial cells and house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation mouse model. The demethylase activity of FTO contributed to the regulation of TNF-α signaling via NF-κB and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways under allergic inflammation conditions in epithelial cells. FTO was expressed in epithelial, submucosal gland, and smooth muscle cells in human bronchial mucosa. In conclusion, FB23-induced inhibition of FTO alleviates allergic inflammation in epithelial cells and HDM-induced mice, potentially through diverse cellular processes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways, suggesting that FTO is a potential therapeutic target in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ruchong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mo Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Peiying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jiahan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianlei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jielin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bizhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Min L, Zhong F, Gu L, Lee K, He JC. Krüppel-like factor 2 is an endoprotective transcription factor in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C477-C486. [PMID: 38981608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00222.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a microvascular complication of diabetes, and glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) dysfunction is a key driver of DKD pathogenesis. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a shear stress-induced transcription factor, is among the highly regulated genes in early DKD. In the kidney, KLF2 expression is mostly restricted to endothelial cells, but its expression is also found in immune cell subsets. KLF2 expression is upregulated in response to increased shear stress by the activation of mechanosensory receptors but suppressed by inflammatory cytokines, both of which characterize the early diabetic kidney milieu. KLF2 expression is reduced in progressive DKD and hypertensive nephropathy in humans and mice, likely due to high glucose and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. However, KLF2 expression is increased in glomerular hyperfiltration-induced shear stress without metabolic dysregulation, such as in settings of unilateral nephrectomy. Lower KLF2 expression is associated with CKD progression in patients with unilateral nephrectomy, consistent with its endoprotective role. KLF2 confers endoprotection by inhibition of inflammation, thrombotic activation, and angiogenesis, and thus KLF2 is considered a protective factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on similar mechanisms, KLF2 also exhibits renoprotection, and its reduced expression in endothelial cells worsens glomerular injury and albuminuria in settings of diabetes or unilateral nephrectomy. Thus KLF2 confers endoprotective effects in both CVD and DKD, and its activators could potentially be developed as a novel class of drugs for cardiorenal protection in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Min
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Leyi Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- Renal Section, James J. Peters Veterans Affair Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
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5
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Zhao H, Wu D, Gyamfi MA, Wang P, Luecht C, Pfefferkorn AM, Ashraf MI, Kamhieh-Milz J, Witowski J, Dragun D, Budde K, Schindler R, Zickler D, Moll G, Catar R. Expanded Hemodialysis ameliorates uremia-induced impairment of vasculoprotective KLF2 and concomitant proinflammatory priming of endothelial cells through an ERK/AP1/cFOS-dependent mechanism. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209464. [PMID: 37795100 PMCID: PMC10546407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) therapy with improved molecular cut-off dialyzers exerts beneficial effects on lowering uremia-associated chronic systemic microinflammation, a driver of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hemodialysis (HD) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms are still at an early stage. Here, we identify the (endothelial) transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and its associated molecular signalling pathways as key targets and regulators of uremia-induced endothelial micro-inflammation in the HD/ESRD setting, which is crucial for vascular homeostasis and controlling detrimental vascular inflammation. Methods and results First, we found that human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) and other typical endothelial and kidney model cell lines (e.g. HUVECs, HREC, and HEK) exposed to uremic serum from patients treated with two different hemodialysis regimens in the Permeability Enhancement to Reduce Chronic Inflammation II (PERCI-II) crossover clinical trial - comparing High-Flux (HF) and Medium Cut-Off (MCO) membranes - exhibited strongly reduced expression of vasculoprotective KLF2 with HF dialyzers, while dialysis with MCO dialyzers led to the maintenance and restoration of physiological KLF2 levels in HMECs. Mechanistic follow-up revealed that the strong downmodulation of KLF2 in HMECs exposed to uremic serum was mediated by a dominant engagement of detrimental ERK instead of beneficial AKT signalling, with subsequent AP1-/c-FOS binding in the KLF2 promoter region, followed by the detrimental triggering of pleiotropic inflammatory mediators, while the introduction of a KLF2 overexpression plasmid could restore physiological KLF2 levels and downmodulate the detrimental vascular inflammation in a mechanistic rescue approach. Conclusion Uremia downmodulates vasculoprotective KLF2 in endothelium, leading to detrimental vascular inflammation, while MCO dialysis with the novel improved HDx therapy approach can maintain physiological levels of vasculoprotective KLF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dashan Wu
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Adu Gyamfi
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pinchao Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Luecht
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Duska Dragun
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schindler
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Li ZY, Zhu YX, Chen JR, Chang X, Xie ZZ. The role of KLF transcription factor in the regulation of cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114661. [PMID: 37068333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc finger transcription factors that have been found to play an essential role in the development of various human tissues, including epithelial, teeth, and nerves. In addition to regulating normal physiological processes, KLFs have been implicated in promoting the onset of several cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. To inhibit cancer progression, various existing medicines have been used to modulate the expression of KLFs, and anti-microRNA treatments have also emerged as a potential strategy for many cancers. Investigating the possibility of targeting KLFs in cancer therapy is urgently needed, as the roles of KLFs in cancer have not received enough attention in recent years. This review summarizes the factors that regulate KLF expression and function at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which could aid in understanding the mechanisms of KLFs in cancer progression. We hope that this review will contribute to the development of more effective anti-cancer medicines targeting KLFs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Li
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhu
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Jian-Rui Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Xu Chang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Experimental teaching center of Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China.
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Participation of Krüppel-like Factors in Atherogenesis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030448. [PMID: 36984888 PMCID: PMC10052737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an important problem in modern medicine, the keys to understanding many aspects of which are still not available to clinicians. Atherosclerosis develops as a result of a complex chain of events in which many cells of the vascular wall and peripheral blood flow are involved. Endothelial cells, which line the vascular wall in a monolayer, play an important role in vascular biology. A growing body of evidence strengthens the understanding of the multifaceted functions of endothelial cells, which not only organize the barrier between blood flow and tissues but also act as regulators of hemodynamics and play an important role in regulating the function of other cells in the vascular wall. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) perform several biological functions in various cells of the vascular wall. The large family of KLFs in humans includes 18 members, among which KLF2 and KLF4 are at the crossroads between endothelial cell mechanobiology and immunometabolism, which play important roles in both the normal vascular wall and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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8
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Chrysanthopoulou A, Antoniadou C, Natsi AM, Gavriilidis E, Papadopoulos V, Xingi E, Didaskalou S, Mikroulis D, Tsironidou V, Kambas K, Koffa M, Skendros P, Ritis K. Down-regulation of KLF2 in lung fibroblasts is linked with COVID-19 immunofibrosis and restored by combined inhibition of NETs, JAK-1/2 and IL-6 signaling. Clin Immunol 2023; 247:109240. [PMID: 36693535 PMCID: PMC9862710 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been linked with fibrosis and neutrophil-associated thromboinflammation; however, its role in COVID-19 remains elusive. We investigated the effect of disease microenvironment on the fibrotic potential of human lung fibroblasts (LFs) and its association with KLF2 expression. LFs stimulated with plasma from severe COVID-19 patients down-regulated KLF2 expression at mRNA/protein and functional level acquiring a pre-fibrotic phenotype, as indicated by increased CCN2/collagen levels. Pre-incubation with the COMBI-treatment-agents (DNase I and JAKs/IL-6 inhibitors baricitinib/tocilizumab) restored KLF2 levels of LFs to normal abolishing their fibrotic activity. LFs stimulated with plasma from COMBI-treated patients at day-7 expressed lower CCN2 and higher KLF2 levels, compared to plasma prior-to-treatment, an effect not observed in standard-of-care treatment. In line with this, COMBI-treated patients had better outcome than standard-of-care group. These data link fibroblast KLF2 with NETosis and JAK/IL-6 signaling, suggesting the potential of combined therapeutic strategies in immunofibrotic diseases, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Antoniadou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anastasia-Maria Natsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Efstratios Gavriilidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papadopoulos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evangelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Didaskalou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Proteomics and Cell Cycle, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mikroulis
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Victoria Tsironidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Proteomics and Cell Cycle, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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9
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Subramani A, Hite MEL, Garcia S, Maxwell J, Kondee H, Millican GE, McClelland EE, Seipelt-Thiemann RL, Nelson DE. Regulation of macrophage IFNγ-stimulated gene expression by the transcriptional coregulator CITED1. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260529. [PMID: 36594555 PMCID: PMC10112972 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. Exposure to interferon-γ (IFNγ) increases interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in these cells, resulting in enhanced antimicrobial and proinflammatory activity. Although this response must be sufficiently vigorous to ensure the successful clearance of pathogens, it must also be carefully regulated to prevent tissue damage. This is controlled in part by CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxyl-terminal domain 2 (CITED2), a transcriptional coregulator that limits ISG expression by inhibiting STAT1 and IRF1. Here, we show that the closely related Cited1 is an ISG, which is expressed in a STAT1-dependent manner, and that IFNγ stimulates the nuclear accumulation of CITED1 protein. In contrast to CITED2, ectopic CITED1 enhanced the expression of a subset of ISGs, including Ccl2, Ifit3b, Isg15 and Oas2. This effect was reversed in a Cited1-null cell line produced by CRISPR-based genomic editing. Collectively, these data show that CITED1 maintains proinflammatory gene expression during periods of prolonged IFNγ exposure and suggest that there is an antagonistic relationship between CITED proteins in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory function. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Subramani
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Maria E. L. Hite
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Sarah Garcia
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jack Maxwell
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Hursha Kondee
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Grace E. Millican
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Erin E. McClelland
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | | | - David E. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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10
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Pernaa N, Keskitalo S, Chowdhury I, Nissinen A, Glumoff V, Keski-Filppula R, Junttila J, Eklund KK, Santaniemi W, Siitonen S, Seppänen MRJ, Vähäsalo P, Varjosalo M, Åström P, Hautala T. Heterozygous premature termination in zinc-finger domain of Krüppel-like factor 2 gene associates with dysregulated immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819929. [PMID: 36466816 PMCID: PMC9716311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor with significant roles in development, maturation, differentiation, and proliferation of several cell types. In immune cells, KLF2 regulates maturation and trafficking of lymphocytes and monocytes. KLF2 participates in regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. Although pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to KLF2 genetic variant has been suggested, genetic role of KLF2 associated with immune dysregulation has not been described. We identified a family whose members suffered from lymphopenia, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Whole exome sequencing revealed a KLF2 p.(Glu318Argfs*87) mutation disrupting the highly conserved zinc finger domain. We show a reduced amount of KLF2 protein, defective nuclear localization and altered protein-protein interactome. The phenotypically variable positive cases presented with B and T cell lymphopenia and abnormalities in B and T cell maturation including low naive T cell counts and low CD27+IgD-IgM- switched memory B cells. KLF2 target gene (CD62L) expression was affected. Although the percentage of (CD25+FOXP3+, CD25+CD127-) regulatory T cells (Treg) was high, the naive Treg cells (CD45RA+) were absent. Serum IgG1 levels were low and findings in one case were consistent with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Transcription of NF-κβ pathway genes and p65/RelA phosphorylation were not significantly affected. Inflammasome activity, transcription of genes related with JAK/STAT pathway and interferon signature were also comparable to controls. Evidence of PAH was not found. In conclusion, KLF2 variant may be associated with familial immune dysregulation. Although the KLF2 deficient family members in our study suffered from lymphopenia, autoimmunity or malignancy, additional study cohorts are required to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pernaa
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iftekhar Chowdhury
- Molecular Systems Biology Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Nissinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Glumoff
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Keski-Filppula
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari K. Eklund
- Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital and Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenny Santaniemi
- Oulun University Hospital and Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Siitonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko RJ. Seppänen
- Rare Disease Center and Pediatric Research Center, Children and Adolescents; Adult Immunodeficiency Unit, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Åström
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Hautala
- Infectious Diseases, Oulu University Hospital and Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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11
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Nayak L, Sweet DR, Thomas A, Lapping SD, Kalikasingh K, Madera A, Vinayachandran V, Padmanabhan R, Vasudevan NT, Myers JT, Huang AY, Schmaier A, Mackman N, Liao X, Maiseyeu A, Jain MK. A targetable pathway in neutrophils mitigates both arterial and venous thrombosis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj7465. [PMID: 36044595 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arterial and venous thrombosis constitutes a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long considered as distinct entities, accumulating evidence indicates that arterial and venous thrombosis can occur in the same populations, suggesting that common mechanisms are likely operative. Although hyperactivation of the immune system is a common forerunner to the genesis of thrombotic events in both vascular systems, the key molecular control points remain poorly understood. Consequently, antithrombotic therapies targeting the immune system for therapeutics gain are lacking. Here, we show that neutrophils are key effectors of both arterial and venous thrombosis and can be targeted through immunoregulatory nanoparticles. Using antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) as a model for arterial and venous thrombosis, we identified the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as a key regulator of neutrophil activation. Upon activation through genetic loss of KLF2 or administration of antiphospholipid antibodies, neutrophils clustered P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) by cortical actin remodeling, thereby increasing adhesion potential at sites of thrombosis. Targeting clustered PSGL-1 using nanoparticles attenuated neutrophil-mediated thrombosis in APS and KLF2 knockout models, illustrating the importance and feasibility of targeting activated neutrophils to prevent pathological thrombosis. Together, our results demonstrate a role for activated neutrophils in both arterial and venous thrombosis and identify key molecular events that serve as potential targets for therapeutics against diverse causes of immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Nayak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Asha Thomas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephanie D Lapping
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kenneth Kalikasingh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Annmarie Madera
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vinesh Vinayachandran
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Roshan Padmanabhan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Neelakantan T Vasudevan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jay T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alvin Schmaier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xudong Liao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R1 02903
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12
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Fraxinellone ameliorates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury by regulating Krüppel-like transcription factor 2 expression in rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:340-351. [PMID: 34717966 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important factor leading to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury (SBI). Krüppel-like transcription factor 2 (KLF2) plays an important role in the maintenance of the BBB. This study aims to detect the changes of KLF2 after ICH and evaluate the potential effects of fraxinellone on ICH-induced SBI and its correlation with KLF2. An ICH model was established by injecting autologous blood into the right basal ganglia of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. First, after ICH induction, the protein levels of KLF2 were reduced. Then, we found that the decrease of KLF2 protein levels induced by ICH could be effectively reversed with the treatment of fraxinellone in vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, fraxinellone treatment effectively alleviated brain edema, decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and improved neuronal cell degeneration induced by ICH. Meanwhile, fraxinellone ameliorated neurobehavioral disorders, motor and sensory impairments, and neurobehavioral disorders and memory loss caused by ICH. Collectively, these findings reveal that KLF2 may be a potential target for fraxinellone to exert neuroprotective effects after ICH, and fraxinellone could be a potential therapeutic agent for SBI after ICH.
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13
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14
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Sweet DR, Lam C, Jain MK. Evolutionary Protection of Krüppel-Like Factors 2 and 4 in the Development of the Mature Hemovascular System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:645719. [PMID: 34079826 PMCID: PMC8165158 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.645719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A properly functioning hemovascular system, consisting of circulating innate immune cells and endothelial cells (ECs), is essential in the distribution of nutrients to distant tissues while ensuring protection from invading pathogens. Professional phagocytes (e.g., macrophages) and ECs have co-evolved in vertebrates to adapt to increased physiological demands. Intercellular interactions between components of the hemovascular system facilitate numerous functions in physiology and disease in part through the utilization of shared signaling pathways and factors. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) 2 and 4 are two such transcription factors with critical roles in both cellular compartments. Decreased expression of either factor in myeloid or endothelial cells increases susceptibility to a multitude of inflammatory diseases, underscoring the essential role for their expression in maintaining cellular quiescence. Given the close evolutionary relationship between macrophages and ECs, along with their shared utilization of KLF2 and 4, we hypothesize that KLF genes evolved in such a way that protected their expression in myeloid and endothelial cells. Within this Perspective, we review the roles of KLF2 and 4 in the hemovascular system and explore evolutionary trends in their nucleotide composition that suggest a coordinated protection that corresponds with the development of mature myeloid and endothelial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cherry Lam
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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15
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Decitabine Inhibits Bone Resorption in Periodontitis by Upregulating Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Suppressing Osteoclastogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020199. [PMID: 33671221 PMCID: PMC7922804 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation controls several inflammatory genes affecting bone homeostasis. Hitherto, inhibition of DNA methylation in vivo in the context of periodontitis and osteoclastogenesis has not been attempted. Ligature-induced periodontitis in C57BL/6J mice was induced by placing ligature for five days with Decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) (1 mg/kg/day) or vehicle treatment. We evaluated bone resorption, osteoclast differentiation by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory molecules using cluster differentiation 14 positive (CD14+) monocytes from human peripheral blood. Our data showed that decitabine inhibited bone loss and osteoclast differentiation experimental periodontitis, and suppressed osteoclast CD14+ human monocytes; and conversely, that it increased bone mineralization in osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition to increasing IL10 (interleukin-10), TGFB (transforming growth factor beta-1) in CD14+ monocytes, decitabine upregulated KLF2 (Krüppel-like factor-2) expression. Overexpression of KLF2 protein enhanced the transcription of IL10 and TGFB. On the contrary, site-directed mutagenesis of KLF2 binding site in IL10 and TFGB abrogated luciferase activity in HEK293T cells. Decitabine reduces bone loss in a mouse model of periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis through the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines via KLF2 dependent mechanisms. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors merit further investigation as a possible novel therapy for periodontitis.
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16
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A pro-inflammatory mediator USP11 enhances the stability of p53 and inhibits KLF2 in intracerebral hemorrhage. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:681-692. [PMID: 34141823 PMCID: PMC8178085 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cell activation and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) lead to secondary brain damage. Ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11) has been correlated with ICH-induced neuron apoptosis. This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of USP11 regulating neuroinflammation in ICH. First, an ICH rat model was developed by intracranial administration of collagenase. Silencing USP11 was found to alleviate nerve injury in rats with ICH-like symptoms. Then, through loss- and gain-of-function assays, USP11 knockdown was revealed to alleviate ICH-induced symptoms, corresponding to reduced modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) value, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, neuron apoptosis, microglial cell activation, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammatory factor secretion. It was subsequently shown in microglial cells that USP11 stabilized p53 by deubiquitination and p53 targeted the Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) promoter to repress KLF2 transcription, thereby activating the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Further, rescue experiments were conducted in vivo to validate the function of the USP11/p53/KLF2/NF-κB axis in ICH-induced inflammation, which confirmed that USP11 silencing blocked the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines following ICH by downregulating p53, thus protecting against neurological impairment. Hence silencing USP11 may be a novel anti-inflammatory method for ICH treatment.
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17
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Sweet DR, Vasudevan NT, Fan L, Booth CE, Keerthy KS, Liao X, Vinayachandran V, Takami Y, Tugal D, Sharma N, Chan ER, Zhang L, Qing Y, Gerson SL, Fu C, Wynshaw-Boris A, Sangwung P, Nayak L, Holvoet P, Matoba K, Lu Y, Zhou G, Jain MK. Myeloid Krüppel-like factor 2 is a critical regulator of metabolic inflammation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5872. [PMID: 33208733 PMCID: PMC7674440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence implicates crosstalk between metabolic tissues and the immune system in the inception and progression of obesity. However, molecular regulators that orchestrate metaflammation both centrally and peripherally remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify myeloid Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as an essential regulator of obesity and its sequelae. In mice and humans, consumption of a fatty diet downregulates myeloid KLF2 levels. Under basal conditions, myeloid-specific KLF2 knockout mice (K2KO) exhibit increased feeding and weight gain. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding further exacerbates the K2KO metabolic disease phenotype. Mechanistically, loss of myeloid KLF2 increases metaflammation in peripheral and central tissues. A combination of pair-feeding, bone marrow-transplant, and microglial ablation implicate central and peripheral contributions to K2KO-induced metabolic dysfunction observed. Finally, overexpression of myeloid KLF2 protects mice from HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Together, these data establish myeloid KLF2 as a nodal regulator of central and peripheral metabolic inflammation in homeostasis and disease. Inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic disease through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here the authors report that deletion of the transcription factor KLF2 in myeloid cells leads to increased feeding and weight gain in mice with concomitant peripheral and central tissue inflammation, while overexpression protects against diet-induced metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neelakantan T Vasudevan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Liyan Fan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chloe E Booth
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Komal S Keerthy
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xudong Liao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vinesh Vinayachandran
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Derin Tugal
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikunj Sharma
- DBPAP/OVRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lilei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulan Qing
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chen Fu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Paul Holvoet
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keiichiro Matoba
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Guangjin Zhou
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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18
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Zhang J, Meng L, Jiang W, Zhang H, Zhou A, Zeng N. Identification of clinical molecular targets for childhood Burkitt lymphoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100855. [PMID: 32947237 PMCID: PMC7502376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a malignant tumor in children. Although BL is generally curable, early relapse and refractoriness may occur. Some molecular indicators have been recently suggested for BL diagnosis, but large heterogeneity still exists. This study aimed at providing clinical molecular targets and methods that may help improve diagnosis and treatment of childhood BL. Only children patients were included in the study, and targeted gene sequencing was conducted to identify tumor specific mutations. The mRNA and protein level expression of potential target genes were measured by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between BL specific gene mutation and differential expression with clinical features was analyzed. The results showed that i) detailed analysis of c-MYC/BCL2/BCL6 gene loci alteration and gene expression would help in accurate diagnosis and treatment determination of childhood BL; ii) loss-of-function mutations in SOCS1 or CIITA gene might be used as malignant markers for BL diagnosis and prognosis; iii) specific mutations of CD79A, MYD88, KLF2, DNMT3A and NFKBIE genes often concurrently existed in BL and showed association with benign clinical outcomes; iv) the high expression of MYC, TCF3 and loss-of-function ID3 genes in tumor may be potential therapeutic targets and could be used for treatment monitoring; and v) four MYC-translocation negative cases were re-defined as high-grade B-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (HGBL-NOS) but showed similar clinical outcomes and molecular features to other BL cases in the study, suggesting more studies needed to explore the molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of this provisional tumor entity. Detailed analysis of c-MYC/BCL2/BCL6 gene alteration and expression may help in accurate diagnosis and treatment; The MYC-translocation negative cases (HGBL-NOS) showed similar clinical outcomes and molecular features to other cases; Loss-of-function mutations of SOCS1 or CIITA gene could be used as malignant markers for diagnosis and prognosis; Concurrent mutations in CD79A, MYD88, KLF2, DNMT3A and NFKBIE genes associated with benign clinical outcomes; High expression of MYC, TCF3 and loss-of-function ID3 gene in tumor may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Leijun Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Weiyun Jiang
- Yu Kang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiaxing 314100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Naiyan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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19
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Ibrahim MA, Mohammed SA, Elhabak DM. Role of KLF2: New insight in inflammatory acne pathogenesis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:964-970. [PMID: 32623820 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is an inflammatory skin condition of pilosebaceous unit. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial with a central role of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines mediators. Downregulated Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) leads to rapid secretion of many cytokines that are involved in acne pathogenesis. AIMS This study aimed at evaluating the level of KLF2 mRNA, clarifying its role in acne pathogenesis and its relation to acne lesion type, degree of severity, and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The level of KLF2 mRNA was measured in 100 patients with acne and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The value of KLF2 mRNA was lower in acne patients than control group (P < .001), being lowest in inflammatory acne group (grades III, IV, and V) than noninflammatory acne group (grades I and II) and highest in the control group (P < .001). KLF2 mRNA was decreased significantly with increased acne severity grade (P < .001). KLF2 mRNA was lower in cases healed by scars than those healed by postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSIONS Decreased serum level of KLF2 is not only a claimed for AV pathogenesis but also a predictor for degree of acne severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menha A Ibrahim
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Shuzan Ali Mohammed
- Medical Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Elhabak
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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20
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Klf9 is a key feedforward regulator of the transcriptomic response to glucocorticoid receptor activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11415. [PMID: 32651405 PMCID: PMC7351738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has recently emerged as a model system for investigating the developmental roles of glucocorticoid signaling and the mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid-induced developmental programming. To assess the role of the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in such programming, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to produce a new frameshift mutation, GR369-, which eliminates all potential in-frame initiation codons upstream of the DNA binding domain. Using RNA-seq to ask how this mutation affects the larval transcriptome under both normal conditions and with chronic cortisol treatment, we find that GR mediates most of the effects of the treatment, and paradoxically, that the transcriptome of cortisol-treated larvae is more like that of larvae lacking a GR than that of larvae with a GR, suggesting that the cortisol-treated larvae develop GR resistance. The one transcriptional regulator that was both underexpressed in GR369- larvae and consistently overexpressed in cortisol-treated larvae was klf9. We therefore used CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutation of klf9 and RNA-seq to assess Klf9-dependent gene expression in both normal and cortisol-treated larvae. Our results indicate that Klf9 contributes significantly to the transcriptomic response to chronic cortisol exposure, mediating the upregulation of proinflammatory genes that we reported previously.
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21
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Rolph D, Das H. Transcriptional Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis: The Emerging Role of KLF2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:937. [PMID: 32477372 PMCID: PMC7237574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of osteoclastic differentiation and its activity is a hallmark of various musculoskeletal disease states. In this review, the complex molecular factors underlying osteoclastic differentiation and function are evaluated. The emerging role of KLF2 in regulation of osteoclastic differentiation is examined, specifically in the context of rheumatoid arthritis in which it has been most extensively studied among the musculoskeletal diseases. The therapies that exist to manage diseases associated with osteoclastogenesis are numerous and diverse. They are varied in their mechanisms of action and in the outcomes they produce. For this review, therapies targeting osteoclasts will be emphasized, though it should be noted that many therapies exist which bolster the action of osteoblasts. A new targeted molecular approach is under investigation for the future potential therapeutic development of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rolph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
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22
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Turpaev KT. Transcription Factor KLF2 and Its Role in the Regulation of Inflammatory Processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:54-67. [PMID: 32079517 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
KLF2 is a member of the Krüppel-like transcription factor family of proteins containing highly conserved DNA-binding zinc finger domains. KLF2 participates in the differentiation and regulation of the functional activity of monocytes, T lymphocytes, adipocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. The activity of KLF2 is controlled by several regulatory systems, including the MEKK2,3/MEK5/ERK5/MEF2 MAP kinase cascade, Rho family G-proteins, histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300, and histone deacetylases HDAC4 and HDAC5. Activation of KLF2 in endothelial cells induces eNOS expression and provides vasodilatory effect. Many KLF2-dependent genes participate in the suppression of blood coagulation and aggregation of T cells and macrophages with the vascular endothelium, thereby preventing atherosclerosis progression. KLF2 can have a dual effect on the gene transcription. Thus, it induces expression of multiple genes, but suppresses transcription of NF-κB-dependent genes. Transcription factors KLF2 and NF-κB are reciprocal antagonists. KLF2 inhibits induction of NF-κB-dependent genes, whereas NF-κB downregulates KLF2 expression. KLF2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB signaling leads to the suppression of cell response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα and results in the attenuation of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Turpaev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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23
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Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in a variety of cells. Recently, it has been reported that KLF2 regulates the p65-mediated transactivation of NF-κB. Although the NF-κB pathway plays an important role in the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the role of KLF2 in these bone cells has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that KLF2 regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. The overexpression of KLF2 in osteoclast precursor cells inhibited osteoclast differentiation by downregulating c-Fos, NFATc1, and TRAP expression, while KLF2 overexpression in osteoblasts enhanced osteoblast differentiation and function by upregulating Runx2, ALP, and BSP expression. Conversely, the downregulation of KLF2 with KLF2-specific siRNA increased osteoclast differentiation and inhibited osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, the overexpression of interferon regulatory protein 2-binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2), a regulator of KLF2, suppressed osteoclast differentiation and enhanced osteoblast differentiation and function. These effects were reversed by downregulating KLF2. Collectively, our data provide new insights and evidence to suggest that the IRF2BP2/KLF2 axis mediates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, thereby affecting bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Semun Seong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
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24
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Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of Alantolactone through the Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070739. [PMID: 31323885 PMCID: PMC6678480 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major cause of central nervous system (CNS) damage and can result in long-term disability and mortality. Therefore, the development of effective anti-neuroinflammatory agents for neuroprotection is vital. To our surprise, the naturally occurring molecule alantolactone (Ala) was reported to significantly inhibit tumor growth and metastasis as a result of its excellent anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, we proposed that it could also act as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent. Thus, in this study, a coculture system of BV2 cells and PC12 cells were used as an in vitro neuroinflammatory model to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism of Ala. The results indicated that Ala downregulated the expression of proinflammatory factors by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further evaluation using a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model supported the conclusion that Ala could (1) alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury; (2) reduce neurological deficits, cerebral infarct volume, and brain edema; and (3) attenuate the apoptosis and necrosis of neurons. In sum, Ala demonstrates anti-neuroinflammatory properties that contribute to the amelioration of CNS damage, and it could be a promising candidate for future applications in CNS injury treatment.
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25
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Wu W, Geng P, Zhu J, Li J, Zhang L, Chen W, Zhang D, Lu Y, Xu X. KLF2 regulates eNOS uncoupling via Nrf2/HO-1 in endothelial cells under hypoxia and reoxygenation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:105-111. [PMID: 30928399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates endothelial functions by modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and S-glutathionylation of eNOS play essential roles in eNOS uncoupling and activation. However, the influence of KLF2 on eNOS uncoupling and the mechanism of eNOS activation still remain unknown. A hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was utilized in this study. Cell viability and the eNOS uncoupling-related oxidative stress index were measured. The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 and HO-1 siRNA were used to elucidate the mechanism of activation. The results show that overexpression of KLF2 increased the cell viability, reduced the lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate, downregulated the generation of O2•- and ONOO-, and increased NO levels and eNOS activity. Overexpression of KLF2 also increased the BH4/BH2 ratio and the GSH/GSSG ratio, thus significantly improving eNOS uncoupling in the H/R model. KLF2 has no regulatory effect on the upstream-associated proteins in eNOS activation. However, when combined with the Nrf2 inhibitor or HO-1 siRNA, the regulatory effect of KLF2 on eNOS uncoupling was strongly reduced. These results suggest that KLF2 could improve eNOS uncoupling via Nrf2/HO-1 in H/R-induced endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiDang Wu
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - JianWei Li
- Xi'an No 4 Hospital, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - WenLu Chen
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | | | - Yan Lu
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - XiaoHui Xu
- Xidian Grp Hospital, Xi'an, 710077, China.
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26
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Wu H, Wang X, Gao S, Dai L, Tong H, Gao H, Lei Z, Han Y, Wang Z, Han L, Qi D. Yiqi-Huoxue Granule (YQHX) Downregulates Prothrombotic Factors by Modulating KLF2 and NF- κB in HUVECs following LPS Stimulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9425183. [PMID: 30881601 PMCID: PMC6381561 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9425183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Yiqi-Huoxue granule (YQHX) is a traditional Chinese medication widely used in the therapy of the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis "Qi deficiency" or "blood stasis" in China. Both these symptoms are related to inflammation, but the mechanisms of YQHX against inflammation are largely unknown. Thus, our present study investigated the effects of YQHX on regulating inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HUVECs. Our data found that YQHX remarkably inhibits the production of prothrombotic factors, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue factor (TF), while it upregulates the protein expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). The increase in PAI-1 and TF was significantly attenuated through a transgenic knockdown in KLF2 with a Lenti-shKLF2 vector. YQHX also decreases the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and IκB following LPS stimulation, and it effectively suppresses PAI-1 and TF via a NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our results suggest that YQHX provides a notable antithrombotic activity via regulating the KLF2 expression and NF-κB signaling pathway in HUVECs. The KLF2 and NF-κB may be potential therapeutic targets for interventions of inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinzhou Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuibo Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liping Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haixia Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongjun Han
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhentao Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lihua Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dake Qi
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
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27
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Sun H, Peng G, Ning X, Wang J, Yang H, Deng J. Emerging roles of long noncoding RNA in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and osteoarthritis. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:16-30. [PMID: 30787967 PMCID: PMC6357308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent age-related debilitating joint disease, and is characterized primarily by articular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone lesions. It is also the leading cause of chronic morbidity in older populations. The etiology of OA is multifactorial, with the underlying regulatory mechanisms remaining largely unknown. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a group of noncoding RNAs defined as being >200 nucleotides in length. Increasing evidence demonstrates that many lncRNAs serve as critical regulators of chondrogenesis and bone and cartilage homeostasis, thereby influencing OA development. In this review, we highlight the current understanding concerning lncRNAs, including their physical features, biological functions, and potential roles in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and OA. This information may shed new light on the epigenetic regulation of cartilage and substantiate lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
| | - Guoxuan Peng
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
| | - Xu Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, China
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28
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Zhong F, Lee K, He JC. Role of Krüppel-like factor-2 in kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 23 Suppl 4:53-56. [PMID: 30298668 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor-2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in the regulation of endothelial cell function. KLF2 protects against endothelial cell injury through its anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-angiogenic effects to maintain the normal vascular integrity. Our recent data indicate that KLF2 is down-regulated in glomerular endothelial cells of patients with diabetic kidney disease and that endothelial cell-specific reduction in KLF2 expression in experimental model of diabetic kidney disease exacerbates glomerular endothelial cell injury and accelerates the disease progression. KLF2 is a key transcriptional regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and its renoprotective function may be mediated through the increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. As KLF2 expression is stimulated by shear stress, we also investigated the role of KLF2 in the nephrectomy mouse model, in which the endothelial KLF2 expression would be increased through glomerular hyperfiltration in the remnant kidney. Reduction of endothelial KLF2 led to increased glomerular endothelial cell injury and progressive kidney disease in uninephrectomized mice. Interestingly, KLF2 expression is also reduced in nephrectomy patients with progressive kidney disease as compared to those with the non-progressive disease. Together, these studies indicate a critical role of KLF2 in maintaining normal glomerular endothelial cell function and that deficiency of KLF2 leads to more progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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29
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Shih CC, Liu PY, Chen JH, Liao MH, Hsieh CM, Ka SM, Wu CC, Lin HT, Wu TH, Chen YC. Macrophage expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase Grail protects mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperinflammation and organ injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208279. [PMID: 30571701 PMCID: PMC6301572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction caused by hyperinflammation remains the major cause of mortality during sepsis. Excessive M1-macrophage activation leads to systemic inflammatory responses. Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (Grail) is regarded as an important regulator of T cells that functions by diminishing cytokine production. However, its role in regulating macrophage activation and organ injury during sepsis remains unclear. Our aim was to examine the effects of Grail on macrophage reactivity and organ injury in endotoxemic animals. Wild-type and Grail knockout mice were injected with vehicle or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and observed for 24 h. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose, and biochemical variables were then examined. Moreover, levels of neutrophil infiltration, MMP-9, and caspase 3 were analyzed in the lungs of animals. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in J774A, RAW264.7, and primary peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS were also assessed in the presence or absence of Grail. Results indicated that loss of Grail expression enhances the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in J774A, RAW264.7, and primary peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS. Furthermore, LPS-induced macrophage hyperactivation was alleviated by ectopic Grail overexpression. In vivo studies showed that Grail deficiency exacerbates organ damage in endotoxemic animals. Levels of neutrophil infiltration, MMP-9, and caspase 3 were significantly increased in the lungs of Grail-deficient endotoxemic mice. Thus, these results suggest that Grail contributes to the attenuation of hyperinflammation caused by activated macrophages and prevents organ damage in endotoxemic mice. We suggest that Grail signaling could be a therapeutic target for endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Shih
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yao Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Jye-Hann Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Hsieh
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Force General Hospital, Taichung, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tsu Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Ti-Hui Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, R.O.C., Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Dore E, Boilard E. Roles of secreted phospholipase A 2 group IIA in inflammation and host defense. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:789-802. [PMID: 30905346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IIA sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIA) is possibly the most studied enzyme. Since its discovery, many names have been associated with sPLA2-IIA, such as "non-pancreatic", "synovial", "platelet-type", "inflammatory", and "bactericidal" sPLA2. Whereas the different designations indicate comprehensive functions or sources proposed for this enzyme, the identification of the precise roles of sPLA2-IIA has remained a challenge. This can be attributed to: the expression of the enzyme by various cells of different lineages, its limited activity towards the membranes of immune cells despite its expression following common inflammatory stimuli, its ability to interact with certain proteins independently of its catalytic activity, and its absence from multiple commonly used mouse models. Nevertheless, elevated levels of the enzyme during inflammatory processes and associated consistent release of arachidonic acid from the membrane of extracellular vesicles suggest that sPLA2-IIA may contribute to inflammation by using endogenous substrates in the extracellular milieu. Moreover, the remarkable potency of sPLA2-IIA towards bacterial membranes and its induced expression during the course of infections point to a role for this enzyme in the defense of the host against invading pathogens. In this review, we present current knowledge related to mammalian sPLA2-IIA and its roles in sterile inflammation and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Dore
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada; Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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31
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Maitre E, Bertrand P, Maingonnat C, Viailly PJ, Wiber M, Naguib D, Salaün V, Cornet E, Damaj G, Sola B, Jardin F, Troussard X. New generation sequencing of targeted genes in the classical and the variant form of hairy cell leukemia highlights mutations in epigenetic regulation genes. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28866-28876. [PMID: 29989027 PMCID: PMC6034755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical hairy cell leukemia (HCL-c) is a rare lymphoid neoplasm. BRAFV600E mutation, detected in more than 80% of the cases, is described as a driver mutation, but additional genetic abnormalities appear to be necessary for the disease progression. For cases of HCL-c harboring a wild-type BRAF gene, the differential diagnosis of the variant form of HCL (HCL-v) or splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL) is complex. We selected a panel of 21 relevant genes based on a literature review of whole exome sequencing studies (BRAF, MAP2K1, DUSP2, MAPK15, ARID1A, ARID1B, EZH2, KDM6A, CREBBP, TP53, CDKN1B, XPO1, KLF2, CXCR4, NOTH1, NOTCH2, MYD88, ANXA1, U2AF1, BCOR, and ABCA8). We analyzed 20 HCL-c and 4 HCL-v patients. The analysis of diagnostic samples mutations in BRAF (n = 18), KLF2 (n = 4), MAP2K1 (n = 3), KDM6A (n = 2), CDKN1B (n = 2), ARID1A (n = 2), CREBBP (n = 2) NOTCH1 (n = 1) and ARID1B (n = 1). BRAFV600E was found in 90% (18/20) of HCL-c patients. In HCL-c patients with BRAFV600E, other mutations were found in 33% (6/18) of cases. All 4 HCL-v patients had mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes: KDM6A (n = 2), CREBBP (n = 1) or ARID1A (n = 1). The analysis of sequential samples (at diagnosis and relapse) from 5 patients (2 HCL-c and 3 HCL-v), showed the presence of 2 new subclonal mutations (BCORE1430X and XPO1E571K) in one patient and variations of the mutated allele frequency in 2 other cases. In the HCL-v disease, we described new mutations targeting KDM6A that encode a lysine demethylase protein. This opens new perspectives for personalized medicine for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Maitre
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Caen, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Dina Naguib
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | | | - Edouard Cornet
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Caen, Caen, France.,Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gandhi Damaj
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Caen, Caen, France.,Institut d'Hématologie de Basse-Normandie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Sola
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabrice Jardin
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France.,Service d'hématologie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Normandie Univ, INSERM U1245, Université de Caen, Caen, France.,Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Caen, Caen, France.,Institut d'Hématologie de Basse-Normandie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
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32
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Sweet DR, Fan L, Hsieh PN, Jain MK. Krüppel-Like Factors in Vascular Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29459900 PMCID: PMC5807683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in vascular disease is well recognized, involving dysregulation of both circulating immune cells as well as the cells of the vessel wall itself. Unrestrained vascular inflammation leads to pathological remodeling that eventually contributes to atherothrombotic disease and its associated sequelae (e.g., myocardial/cerebral infarction, embolism, and critical limb ischemia). Signaling events during vascular inflammation orchestrate widespread transcriptional programs that affect the functions of vascular and circulating inflammatory cells. The Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factors central in regulating vascular biology in states of homeostasis and disease. Given their abundance and diversity of function in cells associated with vascular inflammation, understanding the transcriptional networks regulated by KLFs will further our understanding of the pathogenesis underlying several pervasive health concerns (e.g., atherosclerosis, stroke, etc.) and consequently inform the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Within this review, we will discuss the role of KLFs in coordinating protective and deleterious responses during vascular inflammation, while addressing the potential targeting of these critical transcription factors in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Liyan Fan
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paishiun N Hsieh
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Wu X, Zhang JZ, Yang PF, Huang QH, Liu JM. Regulation of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm induced by hemodynamics. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5452-5460. [PMID: 29312497 PMCID: PMC5752895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been found to regulate the reconstruction of vascular wall tissue and participate in the pathogenic mechanism of intracranial aneurysms. However, there is a paucity of research in this area. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of KLF2 on intracranial aneurysm (IA) and explore novel therapeutic strategies for treating IA. Experimental animal models were established with SPF New Zealand rabbits by bilateral carotid artery ligation (BCAL). Morphology of basilar artery bifurcation was detected using HE, EVG, Masson and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Vascular smooth muscle cells were harvested from basilar artery and cultured to establish KLF2 up-regulated and down-regulated cell models. The mRNA expression of KLF2, eNOS, ICAM-1 and MMP-9 were detected using real-time quantitate PCR (RT-qPCR). Protein expression of KLF2 and MAPKs pathway were measured using western blot. IA models were successfully established by bilateral carotid artery ligation. KLF2 expression was inconsistent with the variation of hemodynamics. In the KLF2 overexpression group, the mRNA expression of eNOS was increased, while that of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 was decreased. When KLF2 was up-regulated, the phosphorylation activity of p38 pathway was increased. In conclusion, results reveal that KLF2 is up-regulated in the vascular wall of basilar artery, and its overexpression regulates the pathogenesis of IA, which may be a self-protection mechanism of the arterial wall, providing a novel insight for therapy of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese People’s Liberation Army NO. 455 HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Qing-Hai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai HospitalShanghai, China
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34
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KLF2 in Regulation of NF-κB-Mediated Immune Cell Function and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112383. [PMID: 29125549 PMCID: PMC5713352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KLF2 (Kruppel-like factor 2) is a member of the zinc finger transcription factor family, which critically regulates embryonic lung development, function of endothelial cells and maintenance of quiescence in T-cells and monocytes. It is expressed in naïve T-cells and monocytes, however its level of expression decreases during activation and differentiation. KLF2 also plays critical regulatory role in various inflammatory diseases and their pathogenesis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is an important inducer of inflammation and the inflammation is mediated through the transcription of several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. So, both transcriptional factors KLF2 and NF-κB are being associated with the similar cellular functions and their maintenance. It was shown that KLF2 regulates most of the NF-κB-mediated activities. In this review, we focused on emphasizing the involvement of KLF2 in health and disease states and how they interact with transcriptional master regulator NF-κB.
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35
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Huang RT, Wu D, Meliton A, Oh MJ, Krause M, Lloyd JA, Nigdelioglu R, Hamanaka RB, Jain MK, Birukova A, Kress JP, Birukov KG, Mutlu GM, Fang Y. Experimental Lung Injury Reduces Krüppel-like Factor 2 to Increase Endothelial Permeability via Regulation of RAPGEF3-Rac1 Signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:639-651. [PMID: 27855271 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0668oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by widespread endothelial barrier disruption and uncontrolled cytokine storm. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked multiple genes to ARDS. Although mechanosensitive transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a major regulator of endothelial function, its role in regulating pulmonary vascular integrity in lung injury and ARDS-associated GWAS genes remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To examine KLF2 expression in multiple animal models of acute lung injury and further elucidate the KLF2-mediated pathways involved in endothelial barrier disruption and cytokine storm in experimental lung injury. METHODS Animal and in vitro models of acute lung injury were used to characterize KLF2 expression and its downstream effects responding to influenza A virus (A/WSN/33 [H1N1]), tumor necrosis factor-α, LPS, mechanical stretch/ventilation, or microvascular flow. KLF2 manipulation, permeability measurements, small GTPase activity, luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and network analyses were used to determine the mechanistic roles of KLF2 in regulating endothelial monolayer integrity, ARDS-associated GWAS genes, and lung pathophysiology. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS KLF2 is significantly reduced in several animal models of acute lung injury. Microvascular endothelial KLF2 is significantly induced by capillary flow but reduced by pathologic cyclic stretch and inflammatory stimuli. KLF2 is a novel activator of small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 by transcriptionally controlling Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3/exchange factor directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which maintains vascular integrity. KLF2 regulates multiple ARDS GWAS genes related to cytokine storm, oxidation, and coagulation in lung microvascular endothelium. KLF2 overexpression ameliorates LPS-induced lung injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of endothelial KLF2 results in dysregulation of lung microvascular homeostasis and contributes to lung pathology in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ting Huang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David Wu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo Meliton
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Myung-Jin Oh
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Krause
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce A Lloyd
- 2 Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Recep Nigdelioglu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert B Hamanaka
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- 3 Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anna Birukova
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John P Kress
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yun Fang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Kuebler WM. The Flow-Dependent Transcription Factor KLF2 Protects Lung Vascular Barrier Function in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:553-555. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1946ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of PhysiologyCharité–Universitaetsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael’sToronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgeryand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Lai JL, Liu YH, Liu C, Qi MP, Liu RN, Zhu XF, Zhou QG, Chen YY, Guo AZ, Hu CM. Indirubin Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation via TLR4 Abrogation Mediated by the NF-kB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2016; 40:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Kim GD, Das R, Goduni L, McClellan S, Hazlett LD, Mahabeleshwar GH. Kruppel-like Factor 6 Promotes Macrophage-mediated Inflammation by Suppressing B Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 6 Expression. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21271-21282. [PMID: 27539853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the predominant innate immune cells recruited to tissues following injury or infection. These early-responding, pro-inflammatory macrophages play an essential role in the amplification of inflammation. However, macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression should be tightly regulated to avert host tissue damage. In this study, we identify the Kruppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6)-B cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) signaling axis as a novel regulator of macrophage inflammatory gene expression and function. Utilizing complementary gain- and loss-of-function studies, we observed that KLF6 is essential for macrophage motility under ex vivo and in vivo conditions. Concordant with these observations, myeloid-specific deficiency of KLF6 significantly attenuates macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression, recruitment, and progression of inflammation. At the molecular level, KLF6 suppresses BCL6 mRNA and protein expression by elevating PR domain-containing 1 with ZNF domain (PRDM1) levels in macrophages. Interestingly, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of BCL6 in KLF6-deficient macrophages completely abrogated the attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression and cellular motility. Collectively, our observations reveal that KLF6 repress BCL6 to enhance macrophage inflammatory gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riku Das
- the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and
| | | | - Sharon McClellan
- the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Ganapati H Mahabeleshwar
- From the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
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Hartig EI, Zhu S, King BL, Coffman JA. Cortisol-treated zebrafish embryos develop into pro-inflammatory adults with aberrant immune gene regulation. Biol Open 2016; 5:1134-41. [PMID: 27444789 PMCID: PMC5004618 DOI: 10.1242/bio.020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic early-life stress increases adult susceptibility to numerous health problems linked to chronic inflammation. One way that this may occur is via glucocorticoid-induced developmental programming. To gain insight into such programming we treated zebrafish embryos with cortisol and examined the effects on both larvae and adults. Treated larvae had elevated whole-body cortisol and glucocorticoid signaling, and upregulated genes associated with defense response and immune system processes. In adulthood the treated fish maintained elevated basal cortisol levels in the absence of exogenous cortisol, and constitutively mis-expressed genes involved in defense response and its regulation. Adults derived from cortisol-treated embryos displayed defective tailfin regeneration, heightened basal expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and failure to appropriately regulate those genes following injury or immunological challenge. These results support the hypothesis that chronically elevated glucocorticoid signaling early in life directs development of a pro-inflammatory adult phenotype, at the expense of immunoregulation and somatic regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen I Hartig
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Shusen Zhu
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Benjamin L King
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - James A Coffman
- MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
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40
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Panigrahi S, Freeman ML, Funderburg NT, Mudd JC, Younes SA, Sieg SF, Zidar DA, Paiardini M, Villinger F, Calabrese LH, Ransohoff RM, Jain MK, Lederman MM. SIV/SHIV Infection Triggers Vascular Inflammation, Diminished Expression of Krüppel-like Factor 2 and Endothelial Dysfunction. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1419-27. [PMID: 26671887 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with increased risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular comorbid conditions. Although systemic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular risk, direct evidence of vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction is lacking. METHODS We examined by immunofluorescence microscopy thoracic aortas from 16 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected and 16 uninfected rhesus macaques. RESULTS Focal endothelial proliferation and subendothelial inflammatory cells were found in sections of all infected animals, compared with minimal changes in sections from the 16 uninfected controls. In the infected animals, we detected increased endothelial levels of bacterial 16s ribosomal DNA as well as increased subendothelial accumulation of CD68(+) monocytes/macrophages (P< .001) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes (P< .001). Endothelial dysfunction was manifested by decreased levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P< .005) and Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) (P< .005). KLF2 expression was decreased in primary human aortic endothelial cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vitro, and this could be prevented by simvastatin. CONCLUSIONS SIV and SHIV infection lead to endothelial inflammation, dysfunction, and decreased KLF2 expression reflecting early atherosclerotic changes. Translocated bacterial components and lipid oxidation products may induce endothelial dysfunction in HIV infection that could be prevented by statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Panigrahi
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | | | - Joseph C Mudd
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Souheil A Younes
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - David A Zidar
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leonard H Calabrese
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
| | | | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center
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41
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between Krüppel-like factors (KLF) 2 and 4, immune-activation, and subclinical vascular disease in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS We studied 74 HIV-infected adults on ART enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of statin therapy. KLF2 and KLF4 gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline and after 24 weeks of 10 mg daily rosuvastatin or placebo. At the same time points, T-cell and monocyte activation were assessed by flow cytometry and vascular health was assessed by cardiac computed tomography and carotid ultrasound. RESULTS KLF4 expression was negatively correlated with duration of ART (r = -0.351, P = 0.004) and positively correlated with measures of immune activation: proinflammatory monocytes [CD14CD16 (r = 0.343, P = 0.003)], patrolling monocytes [CD14CD16 (r = 0.276, P = 0.017)], and activated CD8 T-lymphocytes [CD8DRCD38 (r = 0.264, P = 0.023)]. KLF2 expression was negatively correlated with subclinical atherosclerosis: mean-mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (r = -0.231, P = 0.048), mean-max carotid artery intima-media thickness (r = -0.271, P = 0.020), and coronary artery calcium score (r = -0.254, P = 0.029). There were no statistically significant changes in KLF2/4 expression in PBMCs after 24 weeks of rosuvastatin. CONCLUSION Expression of KLF4 in PBMCs positively correlates with cellular markers of immune activation, whereas KLF2 expression negatively correlates with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in this HIV-infected population on ART. Additional studies are needed to determine if targeted interventions might alter KLF2/4 expression to reduce inflammation and vascular risk in humans.
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Jiang B, Deng Q, Huo Y, Li W, Shibuya M, Luo J. Endothelial Gab1 deficiency aggravates splenomegaly in portal hypertension independent of angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G416-26. [PMID: 25501549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00292.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Certain pathological changes, including angiogenesis, actively contribute to the pathogenesis of splenomegaly in portal hypertension (PH), although the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that endothelial Grb-2-associated binder 1 (Gab1) plays a negative role in PH-associated splenomegaly independent of angiogenesis. PH, which was induced by partial portal vein ligation, significantly enhanced Gab1 expression in endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Compared with controls, endothelium-specific Gab1 knockout (EGKO) mice exhibited a significant increase in spleen size while their PH levels remained similar. Pathological analysis indicated that EGKO mice developed more severe hyperactive white pulp and fibrosis in the enlarged spleen but less angiogenesis in both the spleen and mesenteric tissues. Mechanistic studies showed that the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in EGKO mice was significantly lower than in controls. In addition, the dysregulation of fibrosis and inflammation-related transcription factors [e.g., Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 2 and KLF5] and the upregulation of cytokine genes (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) were observed in EGKO mice. We thus propose that endothelial Gab1 mediates multiple pathways in inhibition of the pathogenesis of splenomegaly in PH via prevention of endothelial dysfunction and overproduction of proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jiang
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Deng
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqing Huo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Jincai Luo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China;
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KLF2 mutation is the most frequent somatic change in splenic marginal zone lymphoma and identifies a subset with distinct genotype. Leukemia 2014; 29:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Manoharan P, Basford JE, Pilcher-Roberts R, Neumann J, Hui DY, Lingrel JB. Reduced levels of microRNAs miR-124a and miR-150 are associated with increased proinflammatory mediator expression in Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)-deficient macrophages. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31638-46. [PMID: 25248747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the myeloid-specific deficiency of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) accelerates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr(-/-) mice due to the enhanced adhesion of myeloid cells to activated endothelial cells in the vessel wall. This study revealed elevated basal inflammation with elevated plasma levels of Ccl2, Ccl4, Ccl5, and Ccl11 in the myeloid-specific KLF2 knock-out (myeKlf2(-/-)) mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from myeKlf2(-/-) mice showed increased mRNA levels of several inflammatory mediators, including Ccl2, Ccl5, Ccl7, Cox-2, Cxcl1, and IL-6. In contrast, the levels of two microRNAs, miR-124a and miR-150, were lower in Klf2(-/-) macrophages compared with Klf2(+/+) macrophages. Additional studies showed a direct inverse relationship between miR-124a levels with Ccl2 expression, with anti-miR-124a increasing Ccl2 mRNA levels in Klf2(+/+) macrophages, whereas the restoration of miR-124a levels in Klf2(-/-) macrophages significantly reduced Ccl2 mRNA expression. Likewise, the inverse relationship was observed between miR-150 levels and Cxcl1 expression in Klf2(+/+) and Klf2(-/-) mice. Moreover, miR150 likely regulates the miR124a expression and thus augments expression of inflammatory mediators in myeKlf2(-/-) macrophages. This study documented that the transcription factor KLF2 modulates inflammatory chemokine production via regulation of microRNA expression levels in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua E Basford
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | | | - Jonathan Neumann
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and
| | - David Y Hui
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Jerry B Lingrel
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and
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Reduced Krüppel-like factor 2 expression may aggravate the endothelial injury of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2014; 87:382-95. [PMID: 25185079 PMCID: PMC4312548 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2), a shear-stress inducible transcription factor, has endoprotective effects. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, we found that glomerular Klf2 expression was reduced in comparison to non-diabetic rats. However, normalization of hyperglycemia by insulin treatment increased Klf2 expression to a level higher than that of non-diabetic rats. Consistent with this, we found that Klf2 expression was suppressed by high glucose but increased by insulin in cultured endothelial cells. To determine the role of KLF2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy, we used endothelial cell-specific Klf2 heterozygous knockout mice and found that diabetic knockout mice developed more kidney/glomerular hypertrophy and proteinuria than diabetic wide type mice. Glomerular expression of Vegfa, Flk1, and angiopoietin 2 increased but expression of Flt1, Tie2, and angiopoietin 1 decreased in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice. Glomerular expression of ZO-1, glycocalyx, and eNOS was also decreased in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice. These data suggest knockdown of Klf2 expression in the endothelial cells induced more endothelial cell injury. Interestingly, podocyte injury was also more prominent in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice, indicating a crosstalk between these two cell types. Thus, KLF2 may play a role in glomerular endothelial cell injury in early diabetic nephropathy.
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46
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The thromboprotective effect of bortezomib is dependent on the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Blood 2014; 123:3828-31. [PMID: 24771858 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-547448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma confers a high risk for vascular thrombosis, a risk that is increased by treatment with immunomodulatory agents. Strikingly, inclusion of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib reduces thrombotic risk, yet the molecular basis for this observation remains unknown. Here, we show that bortezomib prolongs thrombosis times in the carotid artery photochemical injury assay in normal mice. Cell-based studies show that bortezomib increases expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in multiple cell types. Global postnatal overexpression of KLF2 (GL-K2-TG) increased time to thrombosis, and global postnatal deletion of KLF2 (GL-K2-KO) conferred an antiparallel effect. Finally, studies in GL-K2-KO mice showed that the thromboprotective effect of bortezomib is KLF2 dependent. These findings identify a transcriptional basis for the antithrombotic effects of bortezomib.
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Date D, Das R, Narla G, Simon DI, Jain MK, Mahabeleshwar GH. Kruppel-like transcription factor 6 regulates inflammatory macrophage polarization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10318-10329. [PMID: 24385430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the importance of macrophage plasticity in a broad spectrum of biological processes operative in health and disease. A major locus of control regulating macrophage polarization is at the transcriptional level, and several major pathways have been elucidated in recent years. In this study, we identify the Kruppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) as a molecular toggle controlling macrophage speciation. KLF6 expression was robustly induced by pro-inflammatory M1 stimuli (e.g. LPS and IFN-γ) and strongly suppressed by M2 stimuli (e.g. IL4 and IL-13) in human and murine macrophages. Gain- and loss-of-function studies suggest that KLF6 is required for optimal LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression, acting cooperatively with NF-κB. Furthermore, KLF6 inhibits anti-inflammatory gene expression by negatively regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression in macrophages. Collectively, these observations identify KLF6 as a novel transcriptional regulator of macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Date
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Riku Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Goutham Narla
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Daniel I Simon
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ganapati H Mahabeleshwar
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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