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Dudek I, Czerkies M, Kwiatek A. Differential expression of cytokines and elevated levels of MALAT1 - Long non-coding RNA in response to non-structural proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 2024; 597:110127. [PMID: 38850893 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV), a prevalent respiratory pathogen affecting various age groups, can trigger prolonged and intense inflammation in humans. The severity and outcome of hRSV infection correlate with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory agents, yet the underlying reasons for this immune system overstimulation remain elusive. We focused on the impact of hRSV non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, on immune response within epithelial cells. Available data indicates that these proteins impair the interferon pathway. We reinforce that NS1 and NS2 induce heightened secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL8. We also indicate that hRSV non-structural proteins provoke differential gene expression of human host FosB and long non-coding RNAs (MALAT1, RP11-510N19.5). It suggests an impact of NS molecules beyond IFN pathways. Thus, new light is shed on the interplay between hRSV and host cells, uncovering unexplored avenues of viral interference, especially the NS2 role in cytokine expression and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Dudek
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Czerkies
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kwiatek
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Brasil CL, Gonçalves VS, Santos FDS, Rodrigues PRC, Leite FPL, Pereira DIB. Immunomodulatory effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 supplementation in calves vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110726. [PMID: 38341929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, confer health benefits to the host when supplemented in adequate amounts. They can promote immunomodulation by inducing phagocyte activity, leukocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine expression. Lactic acid bacteria (BAL) are important probiotic specimens with properties that can improves ruminant nutrition, productivity and immunity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 in calve vaccinated against bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR). Calve were vaccinated with a commercial IBR vaccine, on day 0 and received a booster dose on day 21. L. casei CB054 was orally administered (4 ×109 UFC) for 35 days, while a non-supplemented control group received Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). Stimulation of bovine splenocytes with L. casei CB054 markedly enhanced mRNA transcription levels of cytokines IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes. Calves supplemented with L. casei CB054 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific anti-BoHV-1 IgG levels, higher serum neutralization, as well as higher mRNA transcription for IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) comparing with control calves. Supplemented calve had an average weight gain of ∼14 kg more than non-supplemented during the experimental period. These results suggest that L. casei CB054 supplementation increase immunogenicity of a commercial IBR vaccine in cattle and improve weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves
- Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Ricardo Centeno Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Malinczak CA, Fonseca W, Mire MM, Parolia A, Chinnaiyan A, Rasky AJ, Morris S, Yagi K, Bermick JR, Lukacs NW. Sex-associated early-life viral innate immune response is transcriptionally associated with chromatin remodeling of type-I IFN-inducible genes. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:578-592. [PMID: 37302711 PMCID: PMC10646734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates sex-associated systemic innate immune differences by examining bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). BMDC grown from 7-day-old mice show enhanced type-I interferon (IFN) signaling in female compared to male BMDC. Upon respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of 7-day-old mice, a significantly altered phenotype of BMDC at 4 weeks post-infection is observed in a sex-dependent manner. The alterations include heightened Ifnb/ interleukin (Il12a) and enhanced IFNAR1+ expression in BMDC from early-life RSV-infected female mice that leads to increased IFN-γ production by T cells. Phenotypic differences were verified upon pulmonary sensitization whereby EL-RSV male-derived BMDC promoted enhanced T helper 2/17 responses and exacerbated disease upon RSV infection while EL-RSV/F BMDC sensitization was relatively protective. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis (ATAC-seq) demonstrated that EL-RSV/F BMDC had enhanced chromatin accessibility near type-I immune genes with JUN, STAT1/2, and IRF1/8 transcription factors predicted to have binding sites in accessible regions. Importantly, ATAC-seq of human cord blood-derived monocytes displayed a similar sex-associated chromatin landscape with female-derived monocytes having more accessibility in type-I immune genes. These studies enhance our understanding of sex-associated differences in innate immunity by epigenetically controlled transcriptional programs amplified by early-life infection in females via type-I immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mohamed M Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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4
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Cerato JA, da Silva EF, Porto BN. Breaking Bad: Inflammasome Activation by Respiratory Viruses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:943. [PMID: 37508374 PMCID: PMC10376673 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family is a group of intracellular sensors activated in response to harmful stimuli, such as invading pathogens. Some NLR family members form large multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes, acting as a platform for activating the caspase-1-induced canonical inflammatory pathway. The canonical inflammasome pathway triggers the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 by the rapid rupture of the plasma cell membrane, subsequently causing an inflammatory cell death program known as pyroptosis, thereby halting viral replication and removing infected cells. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inflammasome activation in the response against respiratory viral infections, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While inflammasome activity can contribute to the resolution of respiratory virus infections, dysregulated inflammasome activity can also exacerbate immunopathology, leading to tissue damage and hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize how different respiratory viruses trigger inflammasome pathways and what harmful effects the inflammasome exerts along with its antiviral immune response during viral infection in the lungs. By understanding the crosstalk between invading pathogens and inflammasome regulation, new therapeutic strategies can be exploited to improve the outcomes of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Cerato
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Emanuelle F. da Silva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Barbara N. Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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5
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Long X, Xie J, Ren L, Yu G, Liu E, Deng Y, Long X. IL-17A plays a critical role in RSV infection in children and mice. Virol J 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 36793128 PMCID: PMC9930016 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-17A is a pleiotropic cytokine and intimately associated with asthma, but its role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is conflicting in the literature. METHODS Children hospitalized in the respiratory department with RSV infection during RSV pandemic season of 2018-2020 were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected for pathogen and cytokines determination. In the murine model, RSV intranasal administrations were performed in wild-type and IL-17A-/- mice. Leukocytes and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histopathology, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were measured. RORγt mRNA and IL-23R mRNA were semi-quantified by qPCR. RESULTS IL-17A increased significantly in RSV-infected children and was positively associated with pneumonia severity. In the murine model, IL-17A significantly increased in BALF of mice with RSV infection. Airway inflammation, lung tissue damage and AHR were significantly alleviated in wild-type mice following IL-17A neutralization and in the IL-17A-/- mice. IL-17A decreased by removing CD4+ T cells but increased by depleting CD8+ T cells. IL-6, IL-21, RORγt mRNA and IL-23R mRNA dramatically increased in parallel with the rise of IL-17A. CONCLUSIONS IL-17A contributes to the airway dysfunctions induced by RSV in children and murine. CD3+CD4+T cells are its major cellular sources and the IL-6/IL-21-IL-23R-RORγt signaling pathway might participate in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Long
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoru Long
- Department of Infection, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Waldstein KA, Varga SM. Respiratory viruses and the inflammasome: The double-edged sword of inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011014. [PMID: 36580480 PMCID: PMC9799286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kody A. Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United Stated of America
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United Stated of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United Stated of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United Stated of America
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7
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Pieren DKJ, Boer MC, de Wit J. The adaptive immune system in early life: The shift makes it count. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031924. [PMID: 36466865 PMCID: PMC9712958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases encountered early in life may result in life-threatening disease in neonates, which is primarily explained by the relatively naive neonatal immune system. Whereas vaccines are not readily available for all infectious diseases, vaccinations have greatly reduced childhood mortality. However, repeated vaccinations are required to reach protective immunity in infants and not all vaccinations are effective at young age. Moreover, protective adaptive immunity elicited by vaccination wanes more rapidly at young age compared to adulthood. The infant adaptive immune system has previously been considered immature but this paradigm has changed during the past years. Recent evidence shows that the early life adaptive immune system is equipped with a strong innate-like effector function to eliminate acute pathogenic threats. These strong innate-like effector capacities are in turn kept in check by a tolerogenic counterpart of the adaptive system that may have evolved to maintain balance and to reduce collateral damage. In this review, we provide insight into these aspects of the early life's adaptive immune system by addressing recent literature. Moreover, we speculate that this shift from innate-like and tolerogenic adaptive immune features towards formation of immune memory may underlie different efficacy of infant vaccination in these different phases of immune development. Therefore, presence of innate-like and tolerogenic features of the adaptive immune system may be used as a biomarker to improve vaccination strategies against respiratory and other infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelle de Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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8
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Dhital R, Anand S, Graber B, Zeng Q, Velazquez VM, Boddeda SR, Fitch JR, Minz RW, Minz M, Sharma A, Cianciolo R, Shimamura M. Murine cytomegalovirus promotes renal allograft inflammation via Th1/17 cells and IL-17A. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2306-2322. [PMID: 35671112 PMCID: PMC9547825 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with renal allograft failure. Allograft damage in animal models is accelerated by CMV-induced T helper 17 (Th17) cell infiltrates. However, the mechanisms whereby CMV promotes Th17 cell-mediated pathological organ inflammation are uncharacterized. Here we demonstrate that murine CMV (MCMV)-induced intragraft Th17 cells have a Th1/17 phenotype co-expressing IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, but only a minority of these cells are MCMV specific. Instead, MCMV promotes intragraft expression of CCL20 and CXCL10, which are associated with recruitment of CCR6+ CXCR3+ Th17 cells. MCMV also enhances Th17 cell infiltrates after ischemia-reperfusion injury, independent of allogeneic responses. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Th17 cell signature cytokine, IL-17A, ameliorates MCMV-associated allograft damage without increasing intragraft viral loads or reducing MCMV-specific Th1 cell infiltrates. Clinically, HCMV DNAemia is associated with higher serum IL-17A among renal transplant patients with acute rejection, linking HCMV reactivation with Th17 cell cytokine expression. In summary, CMV promotes allograft damage via cytokine-mediated Th1/17 cell recruitment, which may be pharmacologically targeted to mitigate graft injury while preserving antiviral T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Dhital
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of ImmunopathologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Brianna Graber
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Center for Regenerative MedicineThe Abigail Research Institute, Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Victoria M. Velazquez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Srinivasa R. Boddeda
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - James R. Fitch
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic MedicineNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ranjana W. Minz
- Department of ImmunopathologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Mukut Minz
- Department of Renal Transplant SurgeryPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Renal Transplant SurgeryPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Masako Shimamura
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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9
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Long-Term Infection and Pathogenesis in a Novel Mouse Model of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081740. [PMID: 36016362 PMCID: PMC9415064 DOI: 10.3390/v14081740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive efforts have been made to develop models of hRSV infection or disease using various animals. However, the limitations such as semi-permissiveness and short duration of infection have impeded their applications in both the pathogenesis of hRSV and therapeutics development. Here, we present a mouse model based on a Rag2 gene knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Rag2−/− mice sustained high viral loads upon intranasal inoculation with hRSV. The average peak titer rapidly reached 1 × 109.8 copies/g and 1c106 TCID50 in nasal cavity, as well as 1 × 108 copies/g and 1 × 105 TCID50 in the lungs up to 5 weeks. Mild interstitial pneumonia, severe bronchopneumonia, elevated cytokines and NK cells were seen in Rag2−/− mice. A humanized monoclonal antibody showed strong antiviral activity in this animal model, implying that Rag2−/− mice that support long-term stable infection are a useful tool for studying the transmission and pathogenesis of human RSV, as well as evaluating therapeutics.
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10
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Diniz LFA, Matsuba BK, Souza PSS, Lopes BRP, Kubo LH, Oliveira J, Toledo KA. Effects of neutrophil extracellular traps during human respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e248717. [PMID: 34669797 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases in young children worldwide, leading to a high number of hospitalizations and significant expenditures for health systems. Neutrophils are massively recruited to the lung tissue of patients with acute respiratory diseases. At the infection site, they release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that can capture and/or inactivate different types of microorganisms, including viruses. Evidence has shown that the accumulation of NETs results in direct cytotoxic effects on endothelial and epithelial cells. Neutrophils stimulated by the hRSV-F protein generate NETs that are able to capture hRSV particles, thus reducing their transmission. However, the massive production of NETs obstructs the airways and increases disease severity. Therefore, further knowledge about the effects of NETs during hRSV infections is essential for the development of new specific and effective treatments. This study evaluated the effects of NETs on the previous or posterior contact with hRSV-infected Hep-2 cells. Hep-2 cells were infected with different hRSV multiplicity of infection (MOI 0.5 or 1.0), either before or after incubation with NETs (0.5-16 μg/mL). Infected and untreated cells showed decreased cellular viability and intense staining with trypan blue, which was accompanied by the formation of many large syncytia. Previous contact between NETs and cells did not result in a protective effect. Cells in monolayers showed a reduced number and area of syncytia, but cell death was similar in infected and non-treated cells. The addition of NETs to infected tissues maintained a similar virus-induced cell death rate and an increased syncytial area, indicating cytotoxic and deleterious damages. Our results corroborate previously reported findings that NETs contribute to the immunopathology developed by patients infected with hRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F A Diniz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B K Matsuba
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - P S S Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B R P Lopes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L H Kubo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - J Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista de Londrina - UEL, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática Aplicada e Computacional - PGMAC, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - K A Toledo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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11
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Cui Z, Feng R, Liu Z, Gong Y, Zhang Y. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor (Nf)-kb Ligand Promotes T Helper 17 Cell Differentiation through Fas. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1385-1397. [PMID: 34238108 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1948050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play important role in the defense against pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Many cytokines can induce Th17 cell differentiation. However, the mechanism of Th17 cell differentiation is not well clarified. RankL, a member of the TNF superfamily, binds with Rank and then participates in the proliferation and differentiation of many kinds of cells. Recent studies showed that RankL-Rank signaling is closely related to Th17 differentiation and function. The detail of the Rank-RankL pathway in Th17 cell differentiation is still unclear. To illustrate the role of Rank-RankL in Th17 differentiation, naive CD4 + T cells were differentiated into Th17 cells with or without RankL stimulation. During Th17 differentiation, the expression of Rank obviously increased. The RankL stimulation significantly increased Th17 cell differentiation indicated by increased IL-17-positive cell number, highly expressed IL-17 and IL-22 and elevated IL-17 secretion. These effects were canceled by Rank-Fc addition. In further study, RankL treatment during Th17 differentiation up-regulated Fas expression. Fas knockdown inhibited the Th17 differentiation promoted by RankL. In this study, it was confirmed that Rank-RankL signaling could promote Th17 cell differentiation through Fas induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zirong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yehong Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xincheng Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Annamalay AA, Abbott S, Khoo SK, Hibbert J, Bizzintino J, Zhang G, Laing I, Currie A, Le Souëf PN, Green RJ. The impact of cytokine levels in young South African children with and without HIV-associated acute lower respiratory infections. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3647-3655. [PMID: 33314189 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Altered host immune responses are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The existing literature on cytokine responses in ALRI is largely focussed on adults from developed countries and there are few reports describing the role of cytokines in childhood ALRI, particularly in African or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations. To measure systemic cytokine levels in blood plasma from young South African children with and without ALRI and with and without HIV to determine associations between cytokine responses and disease status and respiratory viral identification. Blood plasma samples were collected from 106 hospitalized ALRI cases and 54 non-ALRI controls less than 2 years of age. HIV status was determined. Blood plasma concentrations of 19 cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 4 growth factors (epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial) were measured using The Human Cytokine 30-Plex Panel. Common respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Mean cytokine concentrations for G-CSF, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, and MCP-1 were significantly higher in ALRI cases than in nonrespiratory controls. Within the ALRI cases, several cytokines were higher in children with a virus compared with children without a virus. Mean cytokine concentrations for IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor-α, and MIP-1α were significantly lower in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases, while IP-10 and monokine induced by interferon-γ were significantly higher in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases. Certain cytokines are likely to play an important role in the host immune response to ALRI. HIV-infected children have impaired inflammatory responses to respiratory infections compared with HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Annamalay
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Salome Abbott
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Hibbert
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ingrid Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robin J Green
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Shi T, Li N, He Y, Feng J, Mei Z, Du Y, Jie Z. Th17/Treg cell imbalance plays an important role in respiratory syncytial virus infection compromising asthma tolerance in mice. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104867. [PMID: 33957244 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tolerance is induced early in life and is an important mechanism of protection from diseases, such as asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a main cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. Clinical studies have found that there is a strong association between RSV infection in infancy and later development of asthma, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. A mouse model of immune tolerance induced by oral feeding of ovalbumin(OVA) was successfully established in our previous studies. We found that RSV infection could break the oral immune tolerance state.RSV infection increased the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IL-17A/Foxp3(the transcription factor forkhead box P3) in OT mice, but the mRNA expression of IL-4 and other T helper(Th)2 cytokines did not change significantly. As detected by flow cytometry analysis, RSV infection elevated Th17 cell levels and correspondingly decreased Regulatory T(Treg) cell levels in the hilar lymph nodes (HLNs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), but there were no significant differences in the spleen or peripheral blood.We hypothesized that an imbalance in Th cells played an important role in RSV infection compromising asthma tolerance.RSV infection disrupted asthma tolerance by increasing the Th17/Treg ratio rather than the Th1/Th2 ratio'.Therefore, altering the Th17/Treg ratio has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in asthma caused by RSV or another virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhoufang Mei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, China.
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14
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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15
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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17
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Schuler CF, Malinczak C, Best SKK, Morris SB, Rasky AJ, Ptaschinski C, Lukacs NW, Fonseca W. Inhibition of uric acid or IL-1β ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus immunopathology and development of asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:2279-2293. [PMID: 32277487 DOI: 10.1111/all.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) affects most infants early in life and is associated with increased asthma risk. The specific mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of uric acid (UA) and IL-1β in RSV immunopathology and asthma predisposition. METHODS Tracheal aspirates from human infants with and without RSV were collected and analyzed for pro-IL-1β mRNA and protein to establish a correlation in human disease. Neonatal mouse models of RSV were employed, wherein mice infected at 6-7 days of life were analyzed at 8 days postinfection, 5 weeks postinfection, or after a chronic cockroach allergen asthma model. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor or IL-1 receptor antagonist was administered during RSV infection. RESULTS Human tracheal aspirates from RSV-infected infants showed elevated pro-IL-1β mRNA and protein. Inhibition of UA or IL-1β during neonatal murine RSV infection decreased mucus production, reduced cellular infiltrates to the lung (especially ILC2s), and decreased type 2 immune responses. Inhibition of either UA or IL-1β during RSV infection led to chronic reductions in pulmonary immune cell composition and reduced type 2 immune responses and reduced similar responses after challenge with cockroach antigen. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting UA and IL-1β during RSV infection ameliorates RSV immunopathology, reduces the consequences of allergen-induced asthma, and presents new therapeutic targets to reduce early-life viral-induced asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Schuler
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | | | - Susan B. Morris
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Andrew J. Rasky
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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18
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Wan Z, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Lai Y, Luo Y, Peng X, Zou W. Regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in viral infection. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12873. [PMID: 32090360 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the central element of the adaptive immune responses and protect the body from a variety of pathogens. Starting from naive cells, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into various effector cell subsets with specialized functions including T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T (Treg) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Among them, Tregs and Th17 cells show a strong plasticity allowing the functional adaptation to various physiological and pathological environments during immune responses. Although they are derived from the same precursor cells and their differentiation pathways are interrelated, the terminally differentiated cells have totally opposite functions. Studies have shown that Tregs and Th17 cells have rather complex interplays in viral infection: Th17 cells may contribute to immune activation and disease progression while Tregs may inhibit this process and play a key role in the maintenance of immune homoeostasis, possibly at the cost of compromised viral control. In this review, we take respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections as examples to discuss these interplays and their impacts on disease progression in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Wan
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhan Lai
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Antalis E, Spathis A, Kottaridi C, Kossyvakis A, Pastellas K, Tsakalos K, Mentis A, Kroupis C, Tsiodras S. Th17 serum cytokines in relation to laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infection: A pilot study. J Med Virol 2019; 91:963-971. [PMID: 30715745 PMCID: PMC7166444 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cytokines are associated with modulation of inflammation and may be beneficial in clearing influenza infection in experimental models. The Th17 cytokine profile was evaluated in a pilot study of respiratory virus infections. METHODS Consecutive patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infection visiting the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital during the winter influenza season of 2014 to 2015 were evaluated. CLART PneumoVir kit, (GENOMICA, Madrid, Spain) was used for viral detection of all known respiratory viruses. Th17 cytokine profile was evaluated with the MILLIPLEX MAP Human TH17 Magnetic Bead Panel (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA). Correlation of the TH17 profile with viral detection was performed with univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Seventy-six patients were evaluated (median age 56 years, 51.3% female); a respiratory virus was identified in 60 (78.9%) patients; 45% had confirmed influenza. Influenza A (H3N2) correlated with higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 (P < 0.05 by analysis of variance [ANOVA]) compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Parainfluenza virus (PIV) similarly had higher levels of GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-17A, IL-22 compared with those detected in RSV, influenza B and any other virus infection ( P < 0.05; ANOVA). Increasing age (β-coefficient = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.04-1.2, P < 0.01) as well as IL-17A levels (β-coefficient = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.001-1.05, P = 0.04) predicted hospital admission. CONCLUSION Main Th17 cell effector cytokines were upregulated in laboratory-confirmed A(H3N2) influenza and PIV. Excessive amounts of Th17 cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis and immune control of acute influenza and PIV infection in humans and may predict the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Antalis
- 4th Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | - Aris Spathis
- 2nd Department of PathologyUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | | | - Athanasios Kossyvakis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
| | - Kalliopi Pastellas
- 4th Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | | | - Andreas Mentis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
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21
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McGill JL, Guerra-Maupome M, Schneider S. Prophylactic digoxin treatment reduces IL-17 production in vivo in the neonatal calf and moderates RSV-associated disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214407. [PMID: 30908540 PMCID: PMC6433258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in human infants. Bovine RSV infection of neonatal calves is pathologically and immunologically similar to RSV infection in infants, and is therefore a useful preclinical model for testing novel therapeutics. Treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis relies on supportive care and may include use of bronchodilators and inhaled or systemic corticosteroids. Interleukin-17A (IL-17) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment and activation. IL-17 is increased in children and rodents with severe RSV infection; and in calves with severe BRSV infection. It is currently unclear if IL-17 and Th17 immunity is beneficial or detrimental to the host during RSV infection. Digoxin was recently identified to selectively inhibit IL-17 production by antagonizing its transcription factor, retinoid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt). Digoxin inhibits RORγt binding to IL-17 and Th17 associated genes, and suppresses IL-17 production in vitro in human and murine leukocytes and in vivo in rodent models of autoimmune disease. We demonstrate here that in vitro and in vivo digoxin treatment also inhibits IL-17 production by bovine leukocytes. To determine the role of IL-17 in primary RSV infection, calves were treated prophylactically with digoxin and infected with BRSV. Digoxin treated calves demonstrated reduced signs of clinical illness after BRSV infection, and reduced lung pathology compared to untreated control calves. Digoxin treatment did not adversely affect virus shedding or lung viral burden, but had a significant impact on pulmonary inflammatory cytokine expression on day 10 post infection. Together, our results suggest that exacerbated expression of IL-17 has a negative impact on RSV disease, and that development of specific therapies targeting Th17 immunity may be a promising strategy to improve disease outcome during severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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22
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Lambert EE, Buisman AM, van Els CACM. Superior B. pertussis Specific CD4+ T-Cell Immunity Imprinted by Natural Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:81-98. [PMID: 31321753 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis remains endemic in vaccinated populations due to waning of vaccine-induced immunity and insufficient interruption of transmission. Correlates of long-term protection against whooping cough remain elusive but increasing evidence from experimental models indicates that the priming of particular lineages of B. pertussis (Bp) specific CD4+ T cells is essential to control bacterial load. Critical hallmarks of these protective CD4+ T cell lineages in animals are suggested to be their differentiation profile as Th1 and Th17 cells and their tissue residency. These features seem optimally primed by previous infection but insufficiently or only partially by current vaccines. In this review, evidence is sought indicating whether infection also drives such superior Bp specific CD4+ T cell lineages in humans. We highlight key features of effector immunity downstream of Th1 and Th17 cell cytokines that explain clearing of primary Bp infections in naïve hosts, and effective prevention of infection in convalescent hosts during secondary challenge. Outstanding questions are put forward that need answers before correlates of human Bp infection-primed CD4+ T cell immunity can be used as benchmark for the development of improved pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora E Lambert
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Sex-associated TSLP-induced immune alterations following early-life RSV infection leads to enhanced allergic disease. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:969-979. [PMID: 31076663 PMCID: PMC6599479 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have linked severe RSV infection during early-life with an enhanced likelihood of developing childhood asthma, showing a greater susceptibility in boys. Our studies show that early-life RSV infection leads to differential long-term effects based upon the sex of the neonate; leaving male mice prone to exacerbation upon secondary allergen exposure while overall protecting female mice. During initial viral infection, we observed better viral control in the female mice with correlative expression of interferon-β that was not observed in male mice. Additionally, we observed persistent immune alterations in male mice at 4 weeks post infection. These alterations include Th2 and Th17-skewing, innate cytokine expression (Tslp and Il33), and infiltration of innate immune cells (DC and ILC2). Upon exposure to allergen, beginning at 4 weeks following early-life RSV-infection, male mice show severe allergic exacerbation while female mice appear to be protected. Due to persistent expression of TSLP following early-life RSV infection in male mice, genetically modified TSLPR-/- mice were evaluated and demonstrated an abrogation of allergen exacerbation in male mice. These data indicate that TSLP is involved in the altered immune environment following neonatal RSV-infection that leads to more severe responses in males during allergy exposure, later in life. Thus, TSLP may be a clinically relevant therapeutic target early in life.
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Hägglund S, Blodörn K, Näslund K, Vargmar K, Lind SB, Mi J, Araínga M, Riffault S, Taylor G, Pringle J, Valarcher JF. Proteome analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage from calves infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus-Insights in pathogenesis and perspectives for new treatments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186594. [PMID: 29036182 PMCID: PMC5643112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSV/BRSV) are major causes of severe lower respiratory tract infections in children and calves, respectively. Shared epidemiological, clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of these viruses make comparative research highly relevant. To characterise the host response against BRSV infection, bronchoalveolar lavage supernatant (BAL) from i) non-vaccinated, BRSV-infected ii) vaccinated, BRSV-infected and iii) non-infected calves was analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were semi-quantified and protein expression was validated by immunoblotting. Correlations between selected proteins and pathology, clinical signs and virus shedding were investigated. Calves with BRSV-induced disease had increased total protein concentrations and a decreased number of proteins identified in BAL. The protein profile was characterised by neutrophil activation and a reduction in identified antioxidant enzymes. The presence of neutrophils in alveolar septa, the expression level of neutrophil-related or antioxidant proteins and LZTFL1 correlated significantly with disease. Citrullinated histone 3, an indicator of extracellular traps (ETs), was only detected in non-vaccinated, BRSV-infected animals. By bringing disequilibrium in the release and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, generating ETs and causing elastine degradation, exaggerated neutrophil responses might exacerbate RSV-induced disease. Neutrophil-mitigating or antioxidant treatments should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Krister Blodörn
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Vargmar
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jia Mi
- Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
- Binzhou Medical University, Medicine and Pharmarcy Research Center, Yantai, China
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sabine Riffault
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John Pringle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Role of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in asthma exacerbations: where are we now? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1713-1721. [PMID: 28667069 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clinical evidence suggests that hMPV is associated with acute exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, and may play a role in initiating asthma development in children. Animal models have demonstrated that airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation are triggered following hMPV infection, and hMPV is able to persist in vivo by inhibiting innate immune responses and causing aberrant adaptive responses. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of hMPV infection in pediatric and adult populations and its potential role in asthma exacerbation. We also review recent advances made in animal models to determine immune responses following hMPV infection, and compare to what is known about RSV.
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Connors TJ, Ravindranath TM, Bickham KL, Gordon CL, Zhang F, Levin B, Baird JS, Farber DL. Airway CD8(+) T Cells Are Associated with Lung Injury during Infant Viral Respiratory Tract Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:822-30. [PMID: 26618559 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0297oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children are disproportionately susceptible to severe complications from respiratory viruses, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recent studies show that the T cell response in the lung is important for protective responses to respiratory infections, although details on the infant/pediatric respiratory immune response remain sparse. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the local versus systemic immune response in infants and young children with respiratory failure from viral respiratory tract infections and its association to disease severity. Daily airway secretions were sampled from infants and children 4 years of age and younger receiving mechanical ventilation owing to respiratory failure from viral infection or noninfectious causes. Samples were examined for immune cell composition and markers of T cell activation. These parameters were then correlated with clinical disease severity. Innate immune cells and total CD3(+) T cells were present in similar proportions in airway aspirates derived from infected and uninfected groups; however, the CD8:CD4 T cell ratio was markedly increased in the airways of patients with viral infection compared with uninfected patients, and specifically in infected infants with acute lung injury. T cells in the airways were phenotypically and functionally distinct from those in blood with activated/memory phenotypes and increased cytotoxic capacity. We identified a significant increase in airway cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in infants with lung injury from viral respiratory tract infection that was distinct from the T cell profile in circulation and associated with increasing disease severity. Airway sampling could therefore be diagnostically informative for assessing immune responses and lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Connors
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and.,2 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Kara L Bickham
- 2 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Claire L Gordon
- 2 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Feifan Zhang
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; and Departments of
| | - Bruce Levin
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; and Departments of
| | | | - Donna L Farber
- 2 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,4 Surgery and.,5 Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Rossi GA, Colin AA. Respiratory syncytial virus-Host interaction in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and its impact on respiratory morbidity in later life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:320-331. [PMID: 28339145 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common agent of severe airway disease in infants and young children. Large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between RSV infection and subsequent recurrent wheezing and asthma into childhood, thought to be predominantly related to long-term changes in neuroimmune control of airway tone rather than to allergic sensitization. These changes appear to be governed by the severity of the first RSV infection in infancy which in term depends on viral characteristics and load, but perhaps as importantly, on the genetic susceptibility and on the constitutional characteristic of the host. A variety of viral and host factors and their interplay modify the efficiency of the response to infection, including viral replication and the magnitude of structural and functional damage to the respiratory structures, and ultimately the extent, severity, and duration of subsequent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Rossi
- Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Pediatric Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrew A Colin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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28
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Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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29
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Taylor G. Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2017; 35:469-480. [PMID: 27908639 PMCID: PMC5244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalisation of infants, worldwide, and is also responsible for significant morbidity in adults and excess deaths in the elderly. There is no licensed hRSV vaccine or effective therapeutic agent. However, there are a growing number of hRSV vaccine candidates that have been developed targeting different populations at risk of hRSV infection. Animal models of hRSV play an important role in the preclinical testing of hRSV vaccine candidates and although many have shown efficacy in preclinical studies, few have progressed to clinical trials or they have had only limited success. This is, at least in part, due to the lack of animal models that fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of hRSV infection in humans. This review summarises the strengths and limitations of animal models of hRSV, which include those in which hRSV is used to infect non-human mammalian hosts, and those in which non-human pneumoviruses, such as bovine (b)RSV and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) are studied in their natural host. Apart from chimpanzees, other non-human primates (NHP) are only semi-permissive for hRSV replication and experimental infection with large doses of virus result in little or no clinical signs of disease, and generally only mild pulmonary pathology. Other animal models such as cotton rats, mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, chinchillas, and neonatal lambs are also only semi-permissive for hRSV. Nevertheless, mice and cotton rats have been of value in the development of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants at high risk of severe hRSV infection and have provided insights into mechanisms of immunity to and pathogenesis of hRSV. However, the extent to which they predict hRSV vaccine efficacy and safety is unclear and several hRSV vaccine candidates that are completely protective in rodent models are poorly effective in chimpanzees and other NHP, such as African Green monkeys. Furthermore, interpretation of findings from many rodent and NHP models of vaccine-enhanced hRSV disease has been confounded by sensitisation to non-viral antigens present in the vaccine and challenge virus. Studies of non-human pneumoviruses in their native hosts are more likely to reflect the pathogenesis of natural hRSV infection, and experimental infection of calves with bRSV and of mice with PVM result in clinical disease and extensive pulmonary pathology. These animal models have not only been of value in studies on mechanisms of immunity to and the pathogenesis of pneumovirus infections but have also been used to evaluate hRSV vaccine concepts. Furthermore, the similarities between the epidemiology of bRSV in calves and hRSV in infants and the high level of genetic and antigenic similarity between bRSV and hRSV, make the calf model of bRSV infection a relevant model for preclinical evaluation of hRSV vaccine candidates which contain proteins that are conserved between hRSV and bRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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30
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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31
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Composed of the Postfusion and Prefusion Conformations of the F Glycoprotein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:451-9. [PMID: 27030590 PMCID: PMC4895010 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00720-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children and represents an important global health burden for the elderly and the immunocompromised. Despite decades of research efforts, no licensed vaccine for RSV is available. We have developed virus-like particle (VLP)-based RSV vaccines assembled with the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) matrix protein (M) as the structural scaffold and the RSV fusion glycoprotein (F) in either the postfusion or prefusion conformation as its prime surface immunogen. Vaccines were composed of postfusion F, prefusion F, or a combination of the two conformations and formulated with a squalene-based oil emulsion as adjuvant. Immunization with these VLP vaccines afforded full protection against RSV infection and prevented detectable viral replication in the mouse lung after challenge. Analyses of lung cytokines and chemokines showed that VLP vaccination mostly induced the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a marker of the Th1-mediated immune response, which is predominantly required for viral protection. Conversely, immunization with a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine induced high levels of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines of the Th2- and Th17-mediated types of immune responses, as well as severe lung inflammation and histopathology. The VLP vaccines showed restricted production of these immune mediators and did not induce severe bronchiolitis or perivascular infiltration as seen with the FI-RSV vaccine. Remarkably, analysis of the serum from immunized mice showed that the VLP vaccine formulated using a combination of postfusion and prefusion F elicited the highest level of neutralizing antibody and enhanced the Th1-mediated immune response.
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33
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Ugonna K, Douros K, Bingle CD, Everard ML. Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:946-50. [PMID: 26882371 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are characterized by high levels of IL-8 and an intense neutrophilia. Little is known about the cytokine responses in secondary infections. Preschool children experiencing RSV secondary infections were recruited from the siblings of infants admitted to hospital with RSV acute bronchiolitis. METHODS Fifty-one infants with acute bronchiolitis (39 RSV positive, 12 RSV negative) and 20 age-matched control infants were recruited. In addition, seven older siblings of infants from the RSV-positive cohort and confirmed RSV infection were recruited. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained using a flocked swab, and secretions extracted using centrifugation. Cytokine bead array was used to obtain levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, IL-6, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS Levels of IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the RSV-positive siblings compared with the RSV-positive infants. There were no significant differences between levels of the other cytokines in the primary and secondary infections. CONCLUSION The very high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 response characteristic of the primary RSV infection was not observed in secondary RSV-positive infections and this did not appear to be due to a global reduction in cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Ugonna
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Konstantinos Douros
- Third Department of Paediatrics, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark L Everard
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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34
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Rathore JS, Wang Y. Protective role of Th17 cells in pulmonary infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:1504-1514. [PMID: 26878294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are characterized as preferential producer of interleukins including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. Corresponding receptors of these cytokines are expressed on number of cell types found in the mucosa, including epithelial cells and fibroblasts which constitute the prime targets of the Th17-associated cytokines. Binding of IL-17 family members to their corresponding receptors lead to modulation of antimicrobial functions of target cells including alveolar epithelial cells. Stimulated alveolar epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides and are involved in granulepoesis, neutrophil recruitment and tissue repair. Mucosal immunity mediated by Th17 cells is protective against numerous pulmonary pathogens including extracellular bacterial and fungal pathogens. This review focuses on the protective role of Th17 cells during pulmonary infection, highlighting subset differentiation, effector cytokines production, followed by study of the binding of these cytokines to their corresponding receptors, the subsequent signaling pathway they engender and their effector role in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Rathore
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Gautam Buddha University, School of Biotechnology, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Yan Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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35
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Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Determinants of early life immune responses to RSV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:151-157. [PMID: 26986236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus causes significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, and a vaccine that adequately protects from severe disease remains an important unmet need. RSV disease has an inordinate impact on the very young, and the physical and immunological immaturity of early life complicates vaccine design. Defining and targeting the functional capacities of early life immune responses and controlling responses during primary antigen exposure with selected vaccine delivery approaches will be important for protecting infants by active immunization. Alternatively, vaccination of older children and pregnant mothers may ameliorate disease burden indirectly until infants reach about six months of age, when they can generate more effective anti-RSV immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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McGill JL, Rusk RA, Guerra-Maupome M, Briggs RE, Sacco RE. Bovine Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to Exacerbated IL-17 Production in Response to Co-Infection with Bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151083. [PMID: 26942409 PMCID: PMC4778910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. IL-17 and Th17 responses are increased in children infected with HRSV and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is genetically closely related to HRSV and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. While BRSV infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection with HRSV, IL-17 and Th17 responses have not been studied in the bovine. Here we demonstrate that calves infected with BRSV express significant levels of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22; and both CD4 T cells and γδ T cells contribute to this response. In addition to causing significant morbidity from uncomplicated infections, BRSV infection also contributes to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a leading cause of morbidity in both beef and dairy cattle. BRDC is caused by a primary viral infection, followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia by pathogens such as Mannheimia haemolytica. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo infection with M. haemolytica results in increased expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. We have also developed an in vitro model of BRDC and show that co-infection of PBMC with BRSV followed by M. haemolytica leads to significantly exacerbated IL-17 production, which is primarily mediated by IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that calves, like humans, mount a robust IL-17 response during RSV infection; and suggest a previously unrecognized role for IL-17 and γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of BRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel A. Rusk
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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37
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Cortjens B, de Boer OJ, de Jong R, Antonis AF, Sabogal Piñeros YS, Lutter R, van Woensel JB, Bem RA. Neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease. J Pathol 2015; 238:401-11. [PMID: 26468056 DOI: 10.1002/path.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in young children worldwide. Extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by DNA-rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe RSV-LRTD. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), extracellular networks of DNA covered with antimicrobial proteins, as part of the first-line defence against pathogens. NETs can trap and eliminate microbes; however, abundant NET formation may also contribute to airway occlusion. In this study, we investigated whether NETs are induced by RSV and explored their potential anti-viral effect in vitro. Second, we studied NET formation in vivo during severe RSV-LRTD in infants and bovine RSV-LRTD in calves, by examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue sections, respectively. NETs were visualized in lung cytology and tissue samples by DNA and immunostaining, using antibodies against citrullinated histone H3, elastase and myeloperoxidase. RSV was able to induce NET formation by human neutrophils in vitro. Furthermore, NETs were able to capture RSV, thereby precluding binding of viral particles to target cells and preventing infection. Evidence for the formation of NETs in the airways and lungs was confirmed in children with severe RSV-LRTD. Detailed histopathological examination of calves with RSV-LRTD showed extensive NET formation in dense plugs occluding the airways, either with or without captured viral antigen. Together, these results suggest that, although NETs trap viral particles, their exaggerated formation during severe RSV-LRTD contributes to airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cortjens
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rineke de Jong
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Fg Antonis
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Yanaika S Sabogal Piñeros
- Experimental Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Experimental Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job Bm van Woensel
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout A Bem
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Academic Medical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Mangodt TC, Van Herck MA, Nullens S, Ramet J, De Dooy JJ, Jorens PG, De Winter BY. The role of Th17 and Treg responses in the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:483-91. [PMID: 26267154 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children worldwide and is associated with high morbidity, hospitalization rate, and significant mortality rates. The immune response elicited by RSV is one of the main factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Two subsets of the cellular immune response, the T helper 17 cell (Th17) and the regulatory T-cell (Treg), and more particularly the balance between these two subsets, might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the RSV infection. The developmental pathways of Th17 and Treg cells are closely and reciprocally interconnected and plasticity has been demonstrated from Treg toward Th17. During an RSV infection, the functions of both subsets are opposed to one another regarding viral clearance and clinical severity. Th17 and Treg cells offer a promising new view on the pathogenesis of an RSV infection and deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mangodt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Nullens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - José Ramet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jozef J De Dooy
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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39
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Geerdink RJ, Pillay J, Meyaard L, Bont L. Neutrophils in respiratory syncytial virus infection: A target for asthma prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:838-47. [PMID: 26277597 PMCID: PMC7112351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the foremost cause of infant hospitalization and are implicated in lasting pulmonary impairment and the development of asthma. Neutrophils infiltrate the airways of pediatric patients with RSV-induced bronchiolitis in vast numbers: approximately 80% of infiltrated cells are neutrophils. However, why neutrophils are recruited to the site of viral respiratory tract infection is not clear. In this review we discuss the beneficial and pathologic contributions of neutrophils to the immune response against RSV infection. Neutrophils can limit viral replication and spread, as well as stimulate an effective antiviral adaptive immune response. However, low specificity of neutrophil antimicrobial armaments allows for collateral tissue damage. Neutrophil-induced injury to the airways during the delicate period of infant lung development has lasting adverse consequences for pulmonary architecture and might promote the onset of asthma in susceptible subjects. We suggest that pharmacologic modulation of neutrophils should be explored as a viable future therapy for severe RSV-induced bronchiolitis and thereby prevent the inception of subsequent asthma. The antiviral functions of neutrophils suggest that targeting of neutrophils in patients with RSV-induced bronchiolitis is best performed under the umbrella of antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Geerdink
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janesh Pillay
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Christiaansen A, Varga SM, Spencer JV. Viral manipulation of the host immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:54-60. [PMID: 26177523 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host for essential machinery to replicate and ultimately be transmitted to new susceptible hosts. At the same time, the immune system has evolved to protect the human body from invasion by viruses and other pathogens. To counter this, viruses have developed an arsenal of strategies to not only avoid immune detection but to actively manipulate host immune responses to create an environment more favorable for infection. Here, we describe recent advances uncovering novel mechanisms by which viruses skew host immune responses through modulation of cytokine and chemokine signaling networks, interference with antigen presentation and T cell responses, and preventing antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Christiaansen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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42
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Becerra D, Rivera K, Lay MK, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Inflammatory damage on respiratory and nervous systems due to hRSV infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:14-21. [PMID: 26026788 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The exacerbated inflammatory response elicited by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) in the lungs of infected patients causes a major health burden in the pediatric and elderly population. Since the discovery of hRSV, the exacerbated host immune-inflammatory response triggered by this virus has been extensively studied. In this article, we review the effects on the airways caused by immune cells and cytokines/chemokines secreted during hRSV infection. While molecules such as interferons contribute at controlling viral infection, IL-17 and others produce damage to the hRSV-infected lung. In addition to affecting the airways, hRSV infection can cause significant neurologic abnormalities in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origin of these symptoms remains unclear, studies from patients suffering neurological alteration suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Becerra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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43
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Perez GF, Pancham K, Huseni S, Jain A, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Preciado D, Rose MC, Nino G. Rhinovirus-induced airway cytokines and respiratory morbidity in severely premature children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:145-52. [PMID: 25640734 PMCID: PMC5542573 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (RV) has been linked to the pathogenesis of asthma. Prematurity is a risk factor for severe RV infection in early life, but is unknown if RV elicits enhanced pro-asthmatic airway cytokine responses in premature infants. This study investigated whether young children born severely premature (<32 wks gestation) exhibit airway secretion of Th2 and Th17 cytokines during natural RV infections and whether RV-induced Th2-Th17 responses are linked to more respiratory morbidity in premature children during the first 2 yrs of life. METHODS We measured Th2 and Th17 nasal airway cytokines in a retrospective cohort of young children aged 0-2 yrs with PCR-confirmed RV infection or non-detectable virus. Protein levels of IL-4, IL-13, TSLP, and IL-17 were determined with multiplex immunoassays. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained by electronic medical record (EMR) review. RESULTS The study comprised 214 children born full term (n = 108), preterm (n = 44) or severely premature (n = 62). Natural RV infection in severely premature children was associated with elevated airway secretion of Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines, particularly in subjects with history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Severely premature children with high RV-induced airway IL-4 had recurrent respiratory hospitalizations (median 3.65 hosp/yr; IQR 2.8-4.8) and were more likely to have at least one pediatric intensive care unit admission during the first 2 yrs of life (OR 8.72; 95% CI 1.3-58.7; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Severely premature children have increased airway secretion of Th2 and Th17 cytokines during RV infections, which is associated with more respiratory morbidity in the first 2 yrs of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny F Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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44
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Brugman S, Perdijk O, van Neerven RJJ, Savelkoul HFJ. Mucosal Immune Development in Early Life: Setting the Stage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:251-68. [PMID: 25666708 PMCID: PMC4499104 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our environment poses a constant threat to our health. To survive, all organisms must be able to discriminate between good (food ingredients and microbes that help digest our food) and bad (pathogenic microbes, viruses and toxins). In vertebrates, discrimination between beneficial and harmful antigens mainly occurs at the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tract. Here, an extensive network of cells and organs form the basis of what we have come to know as the mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system is composed of a single epithelial cell layer protected by a mucus layer. Different immune cells monitor the baso-lateral side of the epithelial cells and dispersed secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles are equipped with immune cells able to mount appropriate and specific responses. This review will focus on the current knowledge on host, dietary and bacterial-derived factors that shape the mucosal immune system before and after birth. We will discuss current knowledge on fetal immunity (both responsiveness and lymphoid organ development) as well as the impact of diet and microbial colonization on neonatal immunity and disease susceptibility. Lastly, inflammatory bowel disease will be discussed as an example of how the composition of the microbiota might predispose to disease later in life. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in mucosal immune development and tolerance will aid nutritional intervention strategies to improve health in neonatal and adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, de Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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45
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Lambert L, Sagfors AM, Openshaw PJM, Culley FJ. Immunity to RSV in Early-Life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:466. [PMID: 25324843 PMCID: PMC4179512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants, leading to over 3 million hospitalizations and around 66,000 deaths worldwide each year. RSV bronchiolitis predominantly strikes apparently healthy infants, with age as the principal risk factor for severe disease. The differences in the immune response to RSV in the very young are likely to be key to determining the clinical outcome of this common infection. Remarkable age-related differences in innate cytokine responses follow recognition of RSV by numerous pattern recognition receptors, and the importance of this early response is supported by polymorphisms in many early innate genes, which associate with bronchiolitis. In the absence of strong, Th1 polarizing signals, infants develop T cell responses that can be biased away from protective Th1 and cytotoxic T cell immunity toward dysregulated, Th2 and Th17 polarization. This may contribute not only to the initial inflammation in bronchiolitis, but also to the long-term increased risk of developing wheeze and asthma later in life. An early-life vaccine for RSV will need to overcome the difficulties of generating a protective response in infants, and the proven risks associated with generating an inappropriate response. Infantile T follicular helper and B cell responses are immature, but maternal antibodies can afford some protection. Thus, maternal vaccination is a promising alternative approach. However, even in adults adaptive immunity following natural infection is poorly protective, allowing re-infection even with the same strain of RSV. This gives us few clues as to how effective vaccination could be achieved. Challenges remain in understanding how respiratory immunity matures with age, and the external factors influencing its development. Determining why some infants develop bronchiolitis should lead to new therapies to lessen the clinical impact of RSV and aid the rational design of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lambert
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agnes M. Sagfors
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona J. Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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46
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De Kleer I, Willems F, Lambrecht B, Goriely S. Ontogeny of myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:423. [PMID: 25232355 PMCID: PMC4153297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) represent a subgroup of leukocytes, collectively called myeloid cells. During the embryonic development of mammalians, myelopoiesis occurs in a stepwise fashion that begins in the yolk sac and ends up in the bone marrow (BM). During this process, these early monocyte progenitors colonize various organs such as the brain, liver, skin, and lungs and differentiate into resident macrophages that will self-maintain throughout life. DCs are constantly replenished from BM precursors but can also arise from monocytes in inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize the different types of myeloid cells and discuss new insights into their early origin and development in mice and humans from fetal to adult life. We specifically focus on the function of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs at these different developmental stages and on the intrinsic and environmental influences that may drive these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismé De Kleer
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Willems
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Bart Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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