1
|
Li Z, Sun X. Epigenetic regulation in liver regeneration. Life Sci 2024; 353:122924. [PMID: 39038511 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The liver is considered unique in its enormous capacity for regeneration and self-repair. In contrast to other regenerative organs (i.e., skin, skeletal muscle, and intestine), whether the adult liver contains a defined department of stem cells is still controversial. In order to compensate for the massive loss of hepatocytes following liver injury, the liver processes a precisely controlled transcriptional reprogram that can trigger cell proliferation and cell-fate switch. Epigenetic events are thought to regulate the organization of chromatin architecture and gene transcription during the liver regenerative process. In this review, we will summarize how changes to the chromatin by epigenetic modifiers are translated into cell fate transitions to restore liver homeostasis during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117 Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng Y, Zhao Q, Sang Y, Liao J, Ye F, Qu S, Nie P, An L, Zhang W, Jiao S, Huang A, Zhou Z, Wei L. GPNMB + Gal-3 + hepatic parenchymal cells promote immunosuppression and hepatocellular carcinogenesis. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114060. [PMID: 38009297 PMCID: PMC10711661 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation is a multi-step pathological process that involves evolution of a heterogeneous immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, the specific cell populations involved and their origins and contribution to HCC development remain largely unknown. Here, comprehensive single-cell transcriptome sequencing was applied to profile rat models of toxin-induced liver tumorigenesis and HCC patients. Specifically, we identified three populations of hepatic parenchymal cells emerging during HCC progression, termed metabolic hepatocytes (HCMeta ), Epcam+ population with differentiation potential (EP+Diff ) and immunosuppressive malignant transformation subset (MTImmu ). These distinct subpopulations form an oncogenic trajectory depicting a dynamic landscape of hepatocarcinogenesis, with signature genes reflecting the transition from EP+Diff to MTImmu . Importantly, GPNMB+ Gal-3+ MTImmu cells exhibit both malignant and immunosuppressive properties. Moreover, SOX18 is required for the generation and malignant transformation of GPNMB+ Gal-3+ MTImmu cells. Enrichment of the GPNMB+ Gal-3+ MTImmu subset was found to be associated with poor prognosis and a higher rate of recurrence in patients. Collectively, we unraveled the single-cell HCC progression atlas and uncovered GPNMB+ Gal-3+ parenchymal cells as a major subset contributing to the immunosuppressive microenvironment thus malignance in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy CenterThird Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qiudong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy CenterThird Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Sang
- Nursing DepartmentAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jianping Liao
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fei Ye
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy CenterThird Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuping Qu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pingping Nie
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Liwei An
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Aimin Huang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy CenterThird Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nejak-Bowen K, Monga SP. Wnt-β-catenin in hepatobiliary homeostasis, injury, and repair. Hepatology 2023; 78:1907-1921. [PMID: 37246413 PMCID: PMC10687322 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-β-catenin signaling has emerged as an important regulatory pathway in the liver, playing key roles in zonation and mediating contextual hepatobiliary repair after injuries. In this review, we will address the major advances in understanding the role of Wnt signaling in hepatic zonation, regeneration, and cholestasis-induced injury. We will also touch on some important unanswered questions and discuss the relevance of modulating the pathway to provide therapies for complex liver pathologies that remain a continued unmet clinical need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lotto J, Stephan TL, Hoodless PA. Fetal liver development and implications for liver disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:561-581. [PMID: 37208503 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, digestive and homeostatic roles of the liver are dependent on proper crosstalk and organization of hepatic cell lineages. These hepatic cell lineages are derived from their respective progenitors early in organogenesis in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, contributing to the liver's specialized and diverse microarchitecture. Advances in genomics, lineage tracing and microscopy have led to seminal discoveries in the past decade that have elucidated liver cell lineage hierarchies. In particular, single-cell genomics has enabled researchers to explore diversity within the liver, especially early in development when the application of bulk genomics was previously constrained due to the organ's small scale, resulting in low cell numbers. These discoveries have substantially advanced our understanding of cell differentiation trajectories, cell fate decisions, cell lineage plasticity and the signalling microenvironment underlying the formation of the liver. In addition, they have provided insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease and cancer, in which developmental processes participate in disease emergence and regeneration. Future work will focus on the translation of this knowledge to optimize in vitro models of liver development and fine-tune regenerative medicine strategies to treat liver disease. In this Review, we discuss the emergence of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, advances that have been made in in vitro modelling of liver development and draw parallels between developmental and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tabea L Stephan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lan T, Tai Y, Zhao C, Xiao Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Gan C, Dai W, Tong H, Tang C, Huang Z, Gao J. Atypical cholangiocytes derived from hepatocyte-cholangiocyte transdifferentiation mediated by COX-2: a kind of misguided liver regeneration. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:37. [PMID: 37452426 PMCID: PMC10347763 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte-cholangiocyte transdifferentiation (HCT) is a potential origin of proliferating cholangiocytes in liver regeneration after chronic injury. This study aimed to determine HCT after chronic liver injury, verify the impacts of HCT on liver repair, and avoid harmful regeneration by understanding the mechanism. METHODS A thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury model was established in wild-type (WT-TAA group) and COX-2 panknockout (KO-TAA group) mice. HCT was identified by costaining of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers in vivo and in isolated mouse hepatocytes in vitro. The biliary tract was injected with ink and visualized by whole liver optical clearing. Serum and liver bile acid (BA) concentrations were measured. Either a COX-2 selective inhibitor or a β-catenin pathway inhibitor was administered in vitro. RESULTS Intrahepatic ductular reaction was associated with COX-2 upregulation in chronic liver injury. Immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing indicated that atypical cholangiocytes were characterized by an intermediate genetic phenotype between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes and might be derived from hepatocytes. The structure of the biliary system was impaired, and BA metabolism was dysregulated by HCT, which was mediated by the TGF-β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Genetic deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of COX-2 significantly reduced HCT in vivo. The COX-2 selective inhibitor etoricoxib suppressed HCT through the TGF-β-TGFBR1-β-catenin pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Atypical cholangiocytes can be derived from HCT, which forms a secondary strike by maldevelopment of the bile drainage system and BA homeostasis disequilibrium during chronic liver injury. Inhibition of COX-2 could ameliorate HCT through the COX-2-TGF-β-TGFBR1-β-catenin pathway and improve liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Tai
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Can Gan
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huan Tong
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiyin Huang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yildiz E, El Alam G, Perino A, Jalil A, Denechaud PD, Huber K, Fajas L, Auwerx J, Sorrentino G, Schoonjans K. Hepatic lipid overload triggers biliary epithelial cell activation via E2Fs. eLife 2023; 12:81926. [PMID: 36876915 PMCID: PMC10030116 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During severe or chronic hepatic injury, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) undergo rapid activation into proliferating progenitors, a crucial step required to establish a regenerative process known as ductular reaction (DR). While DR is a hallmark of chronic liver diseases, including advanced stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the early events underlying BEC activation are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that BECs readily accumulate lipids during high-fat diet feeding in mice and upon fatty acid treatment in BEC-derived organoids. Lipid overload induces metabolic rewiring to support the conversion of adult cholangiocytes into reactive BECs. Mechanistically, we found that lipid overload activates the E2F transcription factors in BECs, which drive cell cycle progression while promoting glycolytic metabolism. These findings demonstrate that fat overload is sufficient to reprogram BECs into progenitor cells in the early stages of NAFLD and provide new insights into the mechanistic basis of this process, revealing unexpected connections between lipid metabolism, stemness, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yildiz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaby El Alam
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Perino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Jalil
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Katharina Huber
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- INSERM, Occitanie, Montpellier, France
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Facile suspension culture protocol of the liver biliary organoids. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Deng J, Luo K, Xu P, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Yao Y, Chen X, Cheng F, Xie D, Deng H. High-efficiency c-Myc-mediated induction of functional hepatoblasts from the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:375. [PMID: 34215318 PMCID: PMC8254319 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells was proposed to generate large-scale functional hepatocytes demanded by liver tissue engineering. However, the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of human fibroblasts greatly restricted the extensive implementation of this approach. Meanwhile, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) are the preferred cell source for HLCs with the advantages of limited ethical concerns, easy accessibility, and propagation in vitro. However, no direct reprogramming protocol for converting HUMSCs to hepatoblast-like cells (HLCs) has been reported. Methods HLCs were successfully generated from HUMSCs by forced expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A (collectively as 3TFs) and c-Myc. In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were conducted to demonstrate the hepatic phenotype, characterization, and function of HUMSC-derived HLCs (HUMSC-iHeps). ChIP-seq and RNA-seq were integrated to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms underlying c-Myc-mediated reprogramming. Results We showed that c-Myc greatly improved the trans-differentiation efficiency for HLCs from HUMSCs, which remained highly efficient in reprogramming fibroblasts into HLCs, suggesting c-Myc could promote direct reprogramming and its potentially widespread applicability for generating large amounts of HLCs in vitro. Mice transplantation experiments further confirmed the therapeutic potential of HUMSC-iHeps by liver function restoration and survival prolongation. Besides, in vivo safety assessment demonstrated the low risk of the tumorigenic potential of HUMSC-iHeps. We found that c-Myc functioned predominantly at an early phase of reprogramming, and we further unraveled the regulatory network altered by c-Myc. Conclusions c-Myc enhanced reprogramming efficiency of HLCs from HUMSCs. A large scale of functional HLCs generated more conveniently from HUMSCs could benefit biomedical studies and applications of liver diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02419-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Kai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pengchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongxin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wooddell CI, Gehring AJ, Yuen MF, Given BD. RNA Interference Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Predicts the Importance of Addressing Viral Integration When Developing Novel Cure Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040581. [PMID: 33808298 PMCID: PMC8065501 DOI: 10.3390/v13040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a globally important cause of morbidity and mortality and has recently undergone a renaissance in therapeutic interest with increased pre-clinical and clinical testing of new drug classes. One of the first new classes in the clinic was RNA interference agents, which have the potential to impact the entire viral life cycle by reducing all virus-produced mRNA. Early clinical testing with the first of these agents in the clinic, ARC-520, demonstrated that rapid and deep reductions in viral proteins, RNA and DNA could be produced with this approach, but also the surprising insight that HBsAg production from incomplete HBV DNA integrated into the host genome appears to play a heretofore unappreciated and important role in maintaining circulating HBsAg, thought to play a fundamental role in preventing host clearance of the virus. Thus, accounting for viral DNA integration in novel HBV treatment approaches may prove to be essential to achieving successful finite therapies of this difficult to treat chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine I. Wooddell
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-316-3930
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Bruce D. Given
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aloia L, McKie MA, Vernaz G, Cordero-Espinoza L, Aleksieva N, van den Ameele J, Antonica F, Font-Cunill B, Raven A, Aiese Cigliano R, Belenguer G, Mort RL, Brand AH, Zernicka-Goetz M, Forbes SJ, Miska EA, Huch M. Epigenetic remodelling licences adult cholangiocytes for organoid formation and liver regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1321-1333. [PMID: 31685987 PMCID: PMC6940196 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following severe or chronic liver injury, adult ductal cells (cholangiocytes) contribute to regeneration by restoring both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. We recently showed that ductal cells clonally expand as self-renewing liver organoids that retain their differentiation capacity into both hepatocytes and ductal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which adult ductal-committed cells acquire cellular plasticity, initiate organoids and regenerate the damaged tissue remain largely unknown. Here, we describe that ductal cells undergo a transient, genome-wide, remodelling of their transcriptome and epigenome during organoid initiation and in vivo following tissue damage. TET1-mediated hydroxymethylation licences differentiated ductal cells to initiate organoids and activate the regenerative programme through the transcriptional regulation of stem-cell genes and regenerative pathways including the YAP-Hippo signalling. Our results argue in favour of the remodelling of genomic methylome/hydroxymethylome landscapes as a general mechanism by which differentiated cells exit a committed state in response to tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloia
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikel Alexander McKie
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grégoire Vernaz
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Antonica
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berta Font-Cunill
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Raven
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - German Belenguer
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric A Miska
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki J, Katsuda T, Saito Y, Saito H, Ochiya T. Generation of functional human hepatocytes in vitro: current status and future prospects. Inflamm Regen 2019; 39:13. [PMID: 31308858 PMCID: PMC6604181 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-019-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver and hepatocyte transplantation are the only effective therapies for late-stage liver diseases, in which the liver loses its regenerative capacity. However, there is a shortage of donors. As a potential alternative approach, functional hepatocytes were recently generated from various cell sources. Analysis of drug metabolism in the human liver is important for drug development. Consequently, cells that metabolize drugs similar to human primary hepatocytes are required. This review discusses the current challenges and future perspectives concerning hepatocytes and hepatic progenitor cells that have been reprogrammed from various cell types, focusing on their functions in transplantation models and their ability to metabolize drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamaguchi
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan.,2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Juntaro Matsuzaki
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan.,3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Saito
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Saito
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan.,4Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang K, Zhang L, Liu W, Ma X, Cen J, Sun Z, Wang C, Feng S, Zhang Z, Yue L, Sun L, Zhu Z, Chen X, Feng A, Wu J, Jiang Z, Li P, Cheng X, Gao D, Peng L, Hui L. In Vitro Expansion of Primary Human Hepatocytes with Efficient Liver Repopulation Capacity. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:806-819.e4. [PMID: 30416071 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of human hepatocytes (HHs) holds significant potential for treating liver diseases. However, the supply of transplantable HHs is severely constrained by limited donor availability and compromised capacity for in vitro expansion. In response to chronic injury, some HHs are reprogrammed into proliferative cells that express both hepatocyte and progenitor markers, suggesting exploitable strategies for expanding HHs in vitro. Here, we report defined medium conditions that allow 10,000-fold expansion of HHs. These proliferating HHs are bi-phenotypic, partially retaining hepatic features while gaining expression of progenitor-associated genes. Importantly, these cells engraft into injured mouse liver at a level comparable to primary HHs, and they undergo maturation following transplantation in vivo or differentiation in vitro. Thus, this study provides a protocol that enables large-scale expansion of transplantable HHs, which could be further developed for modeling and treating human liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Wenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sisi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhengtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaotao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Anqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Luying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Academy, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oliva-Vilarnau N, Hankeova S, Vorrink SU, Mkrtchian S, Andersson ER, Lauschke VM. Calcium Signaling in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:192. [PMID: 30023358 PMCID: PMC6039545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fulfills central roles in metabolic control and detoxification and, as such, is continuously exposed to a plethora of insults. Importantly, the liver has a unique ability to regenerate and can completely recoup from most acute, non-iterative insults. However, multiple conditions, including viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term alcohol abuse and chronic use of certain medications, can cause persistent injury in which the regenerative capacity eventually becomes dysfunctional, resulting in hepatic scaring and cirrhosis. Calcium is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates multiple hepatic functions, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile secretion and choleresis. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium signaling is a hallmark of both acute and chronic liver diseases. In addition, recent research implicates calcium transients as essential components of liver regeneration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of calcium signaling in liver health and disease and discuss the importance of calcium in the orchestration of the ensuing regenerative response. Furthermore, we highlight similarities and differences in spatiotemporal calcium regulation between liver insults of different etiologies. Finally, we discuss intracellular calcium control as an emerging therapeutic target for liver injury and summarize recent clinical findings of calcium modulation for the treatment of ischemic-reperfusion injury, cholestasis and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doffou M, Adams G, Bowen WC, Paranjpe S, Parihar HS, Nguyen H, Michalopoulos GK, Bhave VS. Oct4 Is Crucial for Transdifferentiation of Hepatocytes to Biliary Epithelial Cells in an In Vitro Organoid Culture Model. Gene Expr 2018; 18:51-62. [PMID: 29212575 PMCID: PMC5885146 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15124876321401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation has been documented in various models of bile duct injury. In this process, mature hepatocytes transform into mature biliary epithelial cells by acquiring biliary phenotypic markers. Several signaling pathways including PI3 kinase, Notch, Hes1, Sox9, and Hippo are shown to be involved in the process. However, whether Oct4 is involved in hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation is unknown. We investigated the role of Oct4 in hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation utilizing an in vitro organoid culture system as a model of transdifferentiation. Oct4 was inhibited using adenovirus containing Oct4 shRNA. Hepatocyte-specific HNF-4α and biliary-specific HNF-1β and CK19 expression were assessed to gauge the extent of transdifferentiation. Oct4 was induced during hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation. Oct4 inhibition significantly downregulated the appearance of biliary cells from hepatocytes. This was accompanied by a significant downregulation of signaling pathways including Notch, Sox9, and Hippo. Our findings suggest that Oct4 is crucial for hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation and maturation and that it acts upstream of Notch, Sox9, and Hippo signaling in this model. This finding identifies new signaling through Oct4 in plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, which can be potentially utilized to identify new strategies in chronic biliary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mboya Doffou
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - George Adams
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - William C. Bowen
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shirish Paranjpe
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harish S. Parihar
- ‡Department of Pharmacy Practice, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | | | - Vishakha S. Bhave
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Localized hepatic lobular regeneration by central-vein-associated lineage-restricted progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3654-3659. [PMID: 28330992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621361114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of organ morphology and function following tissue loss is critical to restore normal physiology, yet few cases are documented in mammalian postnatal life. Partial hepatectomy of the adult mammalian liver activates compensatory hepatocyte hypertrophy and cell division across remaining lobes, resulting in restitution of organ mass but with permanent alteration of architecture. Here, we identify a time window in early postnatal life wherein partial amputation culminates in a localized regeneration instead of global hypertrophy and proliferation. Quantifications of liver mass, enzymatic activity, and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that damaged lobes underwent multilineage regeneration, reforming a lobe often indistinguishable from undamaged ones. Clonal analysis during regeneration reveals local clonal expansions of hepatocyte stem/progenitors at injured sites that are lineage but not fate restricted. Tetrachimeric mice show clonal selection occurs during development with further selections following injury. Surviving progenitors associate mainly with central veins, in a pattern of selection different from that of normal development. These results illuminate a previously unknown program of liver regeneration after acute injury and allow for exploration of latent regenerative programs with potential applications to adult liver regeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ductular reaction-on-a-chip: Microfluidic co-cultures to study stem cell fate selection during liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36077. [PMID: 27796316 PMCID: PMC5086854 DOI: 10.1038/srep36077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury modulates local microenvironment, triggering production of signals that instruct stem cell fate choices. In this study, we employed a microfluidic co-culture system to recreate important interactions in the liver stem cell niche, those between adult hepatocytes and liver progenitor cells (LPCs). We demonstrate that pluripotent stem cell-derived LPCs choose hepatic fate when cultured next to healthy hepatocytes but begin biliary differentiation program when co-cultured with injured hepatocytes. We connect this fate selection to skewing in production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 caused by injury. Significantly, biliary fate selection of LPCs was not observed in the absence of hepatocytes nor did it happen in the presence of TGF-β inhibitors. Our study demonstrates that microfluidic culture systems may offer an interesting new tool for dissecting cellular interactions leading to aberrant stem cell differentiation during injury.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kamimoto K, Kaneko K, Kok CYY, Okada H, Miyajima A, Itoh T. Heterogeneity and stochastic growth regulation of biliary epithelial cells dictate dynamic epithelial tissue remodeling. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27431614 PMCID: PMC4951195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic remodeling of the intrahepatic biliary epithelial tissue plays key roles in liver regeneration, yet the cellular basis for this process remains unclear. We took an unbiased approach based on in vivo clonal labeling and tracking of biliary epithelial cells in the three-dimensional landscape, in combination with mathematical simulation, to understand their mode of proliferation in a mouse liver injury model where the nascent biliary structure formed in a tissue-intrinsic manner. An apparent heterogeneity among biliary epithelial cells was observed: whereas most of the responders that entered the cell cycle upon injury exhibited a limited and tapering growth potential, a select population continued to proliferate, making a major contribution in sustaining the biliary expansion. Our study has highlighted a unique mode of epithelial tissue dynamics, which depends not on a hierarchical system driven by fixated stem cells, but rather, on a stochastically maintained progenitor population with persistent proliferative activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15034.001 Cell proliferation – the process by which cells multiply – plays an important role in many biological processes, including tissue growth, maintenance and remodeling. In these processes, the way cells proliferate is reportedly related to their roles in the tissue and the structures that they form. The biliary tree, a piping system that exists to drain the bile produced in the liver, forms a complex, tree-like, tubular structure. The biliary tree is essential for healthy livers to work well, and has been known to grow and change its structure quite dynamically during an injury or while the liver regenerates. However, it was not clear how biliary tree cells behave as the biliary tree grows and remodels itself. Does each cell behave in the same way? And how does cell growth relate to changes in the structure of the biliary tree? Kamimoto et al. have now developed new methods to observe detailed three-dimensional tissue structures and to trace the behavior of single cells. Using these techniques to study a mouse model whose liver was injured by toxic chemicals revealed the behavior of biliary cells as they responded to the injury. None of the biliary cells proliferated uniformly, and there were some peculiar cells that proliferated quite vigorously compared to the others. Kamimoto et al. then made a mathematical model that could explain cell behavior and tissue remodeling at different scales. This showed that the activity of those peculiar, rapidly proliferating cells was maintained by chance as the biliary tree expanded. These findings help us understand how the biliary tissue grows and the liver regenerates. They may also provide us with a clue to understanding the nature of the behavior of living things, which is sometimes seemingly ordered and robust, and sometimes unpredictable and mysterious. It remains to be seen whether the new model can be applied to other types of tissues or in other species. Further work is also needed to investigate which genes and proteins are involved in controlling the behavior of cells in the growing biliary tissue. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15034.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kamimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Kaneko
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cindy Yuet-Yin Kok
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Okada
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lugli N, Kamileri I, Keogh A, Malinka T, Sarris ME, Talianidis I, Schaad O, Candinas D, Stroka D, Halazonetis TD. R-spondin 1 and noggin facilitate expansion of resident stem cells from non-damaged gallbladders. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:769-79. [PMID: 26993089 PMCID: PMC5341509 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioneering studies within the last few years have allowed the in vitro expansion of tissue‐specific adult stem cells from a variety of endoderm‐derived organs, including the stomach, small intestine, and colon. Expansion of these cells requires activation of the receptor Lgr5 by its ligand R‐spondin 1 and is likely facilitated by the fact that in healthy adults the stem cells in these organs are highly proliferative. In many other adult organs, such as the liver, proliferating cells are normally not abundant in adulthood. However, upon injury, the liver has a strong regenerative potential that is accompanied by the emergence of Lgr5‐positive stem cells; these cells can be isolated and expanded in vitro as organoids. In an effort to isolate stem cells from non‐regenerating mouse livers, we discovered that healthy gallbladders are a rich source of stem/progenitor cells that can be propagated in culture as organoids for more than a year. Growth of these organoids was stimulated by R‐spondin 1 and noggin, whereas in the absence of these growth factors, the organoids differentiated partially toward the hepatocyte fate. When transplanted under the liver capsule, gallbladder‐derived organoids maintained their architecture for 2 weeks. Furthermore, single cells prepared from dissociated organoids and injected into the mesenteric vein populated the liver parenchyma of carbon tetrachloride‐treated mice. Human gallbladders were also a source of organoid‐forming stem cells. Thus, under specific growth conditions, stem cells can be isolated from healthy gallbladders, expanded almost indefinitely in vitro, and induced to differentiate toward the hepatocyte lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lugli
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland National Centre of Competence in Research "Frontiers in Genetics", Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Kamileri
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Malinka
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivier Schaad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Generation and characterization of rat liver stem cell lines and their engraftment in a rat model of liver failure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22154. [PMID: 26915950 PMCID: PMC4768167 DOI: 10.1038/srep22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important model for liver regeneration. However, there is no in vitro culture system that can capture the massive proliferation that can be observed after partial hepatectomy in rats. We here describe the generation of rat liver stem cell lines. Rat liver stem cells, which grow as cystic organoids, were characterized by high expression of the stem cell marker Lgr5, by the expression of liver progenitor and duct markers, and by low expression of hepatocyte markers, oval cell markers, and stellate cell markers. Prolonged cultures of rat liver organoids depended on high levels of WNT-signalling and the inhibition of BMP-signaling. Upon transplantation of clonal lines to a Fah(-/-) Il2rg(-/-) rat model of liver failure, the rat liver stem cells engrafted into the host liver where they differentiated into areas with FAH and Albumin positive hepatocytes. Rat liver stem cell lines hold potential as consistent reliable cell sources for pharmacological, toxicological or metabolic studies. In addition, rat liver stem cell lines may contribute to the development of regenerative medicine in liver disease. To our knowledge, the here described liver stem cell lines represent the first organoid culture system in the rat.
Collapse
|
20
|
Peng ZW, Ikenaga N, Liu SB, Sverdlov DY, Vaid KA, Dixit R, Weinreb PH, Violette S, Sheppard D, Schuppan D, Popov Y. Integrin αvβ6 critically regulates hepatic progenitor cell function and promotes ductular reaction, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. Hepatology 2016; 63:217-32. [PMID: 26448099 PMCID: PMC5312042 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Integrin αvβ6 is rapidly up-regulated on cells of epithelial lineage during tissue injury, where one of its primary functions is activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). In human liver cirrhosis, αvβ6 is overexpressed by cells comprising the ductular reaction, and its inhibition suppresses experimental biliary fibrosis in rodents. Here, we show that αvβ6 is expressed on the actively proliferating subset of hepatic progenitor cells and is required for their progenitor function in vivo and in vitro through integrin αvβ6-dependent TGFβ1 activation. Freshly isolated αvβ6(+) liver cells demonstrate clonogenic potential and differentiate into cholangiocytes and functional hepatocytes in vitro, whereas colony formation by epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive progenitor cells is blocked by αvβ6-neutralizing antibody and in integrin beta 6-deficient cells. Inhibition of progenitors by anti-αvβ6 antibody is recapitulated by TGFβ1 neutralization and rescued by addition of bioactive TGFβ1. Genetic disruption or selective targeting of αvβ6 with 3G9 antibody potently inhibits progenitor cell responses in mouse models of chronic biliary injury and protects from liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, two conditions clinically associated with exacerbated ductular reaction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that αvβ6 is a promising target for chronic fibrotic liver diseases and associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Naoki Ikenaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan B. Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deanna Y. Sverdlov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kahini A. Vaid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richa Dixit
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yury Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Advances in Liver Regeneration: Revisiting Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Origin. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7920897. [PMID: 26798363 PMCID: PMC4699025 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7920897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has evolved to become a highly plastic organ with extraordinary regenerative capabilities. What drives liver regeneration is still being debated. Adult liver stem/progenitor cells have been characterized and used to produce functional hepatocytes and biliary cells in vitro. However, in vivo, numerous studies have questioned whether hepatic progenitor cells have a significant role in liver regeneration. Mature hepatocytes have recently been shown to be more plastic than previously believed and give rise to new hepatocytes after acute and chronic injury. In this review, we discuss current knowledge in the field of liver regeneration and the importance of the serotonin pathway as a clinical target for patients with liver dysfunction.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The mammalian liver is one of the most regenerative tissues in the body, capable of fully recovering mass and function after a variety of injuries. This factor alone makes the liver unusual among mammalian tissues, but even more atypical is the widely held notion that the method of repair depends on the manner of injury. Specifically, the liver is believed to regenerate via replication of existing cells under certain conditions and via differentiation from specialized cells--so-called facultative stem cells--under others. Nevertheless, despite the liver's dramatic and unique regenerative response, the cellular and molecular features of liver homeostasis and regeneration are only now starting to come into relief. This review provides an overview of normal liver function and development and focuses on the evidence for and against various models of liver homeostasis and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Z Stanger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In vitro three-dimensional (3D) cultures are emerging as novel systems with which to study tissue development, organogenesis and stem cell behavior ex vivo. When grown in a 3D environment, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) self-organize into organoids and acquire the right tissue patterning to develop into several endoderm- and ectoderm-derived tissues, mimicking their in vivo counterparts. Tissue-resident adult stem cells (AdSCs) also form organoids when grown in 3D and can be propagated in vitro for long periods of time. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the generation of pluripotent stem cell- and AdSC-derived organoids, highlighting their potential for enhancing our understanding of human development. We will also explore how this new culture system allows disease modeling and gene repair for a personalized regenerative medicine approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen YH, Chen HL, Chien CS, Wu SH, Ho YT, Yu CH, Chang MH. Contribution of Mature Hepatocytes to Biliary Regeneration in Rats with Acute and Chronic Biliary Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134327. [PMID: 26308208 PMCID: PMC4550468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hepatocytes can convert into biliary epithelial cells (BECs) during biliary injury is much debated. To test this concept, we traced the fate of genetically labeled [dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-positive] hepatocytes in hepatocyte transplantation model following acute hepato-biliary injury induced by 4,4’-methylene-dianiline (DAPM) and D-galactosamine (DAPM+D-gal) and in DPPIV-chimeric liver model subjected to acute (DAPM+D-gal) or chronic biliary injury caused by DAPM and bile duct ligation (DAPM+BDL). In both models before biliary injury, BECs are uniformly DPPIV-deficient and proliferation of DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes is restricted by retrorsine. We found that mature hepatocytes underwent a stepwise conversion into BECs after biliary injury. In the hepatocyte transplantation model, DPPIV-positive hepatocytes entrapped periportally proliferated, and formed two-layered plates along portal veins. Within the two-layered plates, the hepatocytes gradually lost their hepatocytic identity, proceeded through an intermediate state, acquired a biliary phenotype, and subsequently formed bile ducts along the hilum-to-periphery axis. In DPPIV-chimeric liver model, periportal hepatocytes expressing hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) were exclusively DPPIV-positive and were in continuity to DPPIV-positives bile ducts. Inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation by additional doses of retrorsine in DPPIV-chimeric livers prevented the appearance of DPPIV-positive BECs after biliary injury. Moreover, enriched DPPIV-positive BEC/hepatic oval cell transplantation produced DPPIV-positive BECs or bile ducts in unexpectedly low frequency and in mid-lobular regions. These results together suggest that mature hepatocytes but not contaminating BECs/hepatic oval cells are the sources of periportal DPPIV-positive BECs. We conclude that mature hepatocytes contribute to biliary regeneration in the environment of acute and chronic biliary injury through a ductal plate configuration without the need of exogenously genetic or epigenetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tian Ho
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University College of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHC); (CHY)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaneko K, Kamimoto K, Miyajima A, Itoh T. Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis. Hepatology 2015; 61:2056-66. [PMID: 25572923 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Serving as the center for metabolism and detoxification, the liver is inherently susceptible to a wide variety of damage imposed by toxins or chemicals. Induction of cell populations with biliary epithelial phenotypes, which include progenitor-like cells and are referred to as liver progenitor cells, is often observed in histopathological examination of various liver diseases in both human patients and animal models and has been implicated in regeneration. However, the tissue dynamics underlying this phenomenon remains largely unclear. We have developed a simple imaging technique to reveal the global and fine-scale architecture of the biliary tract spreading in the mouse liver. Using this novel method, we show that the emergence and expansion of liver progenitor cells actually reflect structural transformation of the intrahepatic biliary tree in mouse liver injury models. The biliary branches expanded their area gradually and contiguously along with the course of chronic injury. Relevant regulatory signals known to be involved in liver progenitor cell regulation, including fibroblast growth factor 7 and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis, can modulate the dynamics of the biliary epithelium in different ways. Importantly, the structural transformations of the biliary tree were diverse and corresponded well with the parenchymal injury patterns. That is, when chronic hepatocyte damage was induced in the pericentral area, the biliary branches exhibited an extended structure from the periportal area with apparent tropism toward the distant injured area. CONCLUSION The hepatobiliary system possesses a unique and unprecedented structural flexibility and can remodel dynamically and adaptively in response to various injury conditions; this type of tissue plasticity should constitute an essential component to maintain liver homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kaneko
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MMA, Ellis E, van Wenum M, Fuchs SA, de Ligt J, van de Wetering M, Sasaki N, Boers SJ, Kemperman H, de Jonge J, Ijzermans JNM, Nieuwenhuis EES, Hoekstra R, Strom S, Vries RRG, van der Laan LJW, Cuppen E, Clevers H. Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver. Cell 2015; 160:299-312. [PMID: 25533785 PMCID: PMC4313365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1017] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous replication potential of the human liver, there are currently no culture systems available that sustain hepatocyte replication and/or function in vitro. We have shown previously that single mouse Lgr5+ liver stem cells can be expanded as epithelial organoids in vitro and can be differentiated into functional hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. We now describe conditions allowing long-term expansion of adult bile duct-derived bipotent progenitor cells from human liver. The expanded cells are highly stable at the chromosome and structural level, while single base changes occur at very low rates. The cells can readily be converted into functional hepatocytes in vitro and upon transplantation in vivo. Organoids from α1-antitrypsin deficiency and Alagille syndrome patients mirror the in vivo pathology. Clonal long-term expansion of primary adult liver stem cells opens up experimental avenues for disease modeling, toxicology studies, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karien Hamer
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francis Blokzijl
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Hälsovägen, Flemingsberg, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martien van Wenum
- Surgical Laboratory, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine A Fuchs
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne J Boers
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kemperman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Surgical Laboratory, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen Strom
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels Alle 8, F 56 141-86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert R G Vries
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Verhulst S, Best J, van Grunsven LA, Dollé L. Advances in hepatic stem/progenitor cell biology. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:33-47. [PMID: 26600740 PMCID: PMC4650945 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is famous for its strong regenerative capacity, employing different modes of regeneration according to type and extent of injury. Mature liver cells are able to proliferate in order to replace the damaged tissue allowing the recovery of the parenchymal function. In more severe scenarios hepatocytes are believed to arise also from a facultative liver progenitor cell compartment. In human, severe acute liver failure and liver cirrhosis are also both important clinical targets in which regeneration is impaired, where the role of this stem cell compartment seems more convincing. In animal models, the current state of ambiguity regarding the identity and role of liver progenitor cells in liver physiology dampens the enthusiasm for the potential use of these cells in regenerative medicine. The aim of this review is to give the basics of liver progenitor cell biology and discuss recent results vis-à-vis their identity and contribution to liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Best
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hindley CJ, Mastrogiovanni G, Huch M. The plastic liver: differentiated cells, stem cells, every cell? J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5099-102. [PMID: 25401467 DOI: 10.1172/jci78372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is capable of full regeneration following several types and rounds of injury, ranging from hepatectomy to toxin-mediated damage. The source of this regenerative capacity has long been a hotly debated topic. The damage response that occurs when hepatocyte proliferation is impaired is thought to be mediated by oval/dedifferentiated progenitor cells, which replenish the hepatocyte and ductal compartments of the liver. Recently, reports have questioned whether these oval/progenitor cells truly serve as the facultative stem cell of the liver following toxin-mediated damage. In this issue of the JCI, Kordes and colleagues use lineage tracing to follow transplanted rat hepatic stellate cells, a resident liver mesenchymal cell population, in hosts that have suffered liver damage. Transplanted stellate cells repopulated the damaged rat liver by contributing to the oval cell response. These data establish yet another cell type of mesenchymal origin as the progenitor for the oval/ductular response in the rat. The lack of uniformity between different damage models, the extent of the injury to the liver parenchyma, and potential species-specific differences might be at the core of the discrepancy between different studies. Taken together, these data imply a considerable degree of plasticity in the liver, whereby several cell types can contribute to regeneration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Falix FA, Weeda VB, Labruyere WT, Poncy A, de Waart DR, Hakvoort TBM, Lemaigre F, Gaemers IC, Aronson DC, Lamers WH. Hepatic Notch2 deficiency leads to bile duct agenesis perinatally and secondary bile duct formation after weaning. Dev Biol 2014; 396:201-13. [PMID: 25446530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Notch signaling plays an acknowledged role in bile-duct development, but its involvement in cholangiocyte-fate determination remains incompletely understood. We investigated the effects of early Notch2 deletion in Notch2(fl/fl)/Alfp-Cre(tg/-) ("Notch2-cKO") and Notch2(fl/fl)/Alfp-Cre(-/-) ("control") mice. Fetal and neonatal Notch2-cKO livers were devoid of cytokeratin19 (CK19)-, Dolichos-biflorus agglutinin (DBA)-, and SOX9-positive ductal structures, demonstrating absence of prenatal cholangiocyte differentiation. Despite extensive cholestatic hepatocyte necrosis and growth retardation, mortality was only ~15%. Unexpectedly, a slow process of secondary cholangiocyte differentiation and bile-duct formation was initiated around weaning that histologically resembled the ductular reaction. Newly formed ducts varied from rare and non-connected, to multiple, disorganized tubular structures that connected to the extrahepatic bile ducts. Jaundice had disappeared in ~30% of Notch2-cKO mice by 6 months. The absence of NOTCH2 protein in postnatally differentiating cholangiocyte nuclei of Notch2-cKO mice showed that these cells had not originated from non-recombined precursor cells. Notch2 and Hnf6 mRNA levels were permanently decreased in Notch2-cKO livers. Perinatally, Foxa1, Foxa2, Hhex, Hnf1β, Cebpα and Sox9 mRNA levels were all significantly lower in Notch2-cKO than control mice, but all except Foxa2 returned to normal or increased levels after weaning, coincident with the observed secondary bile-duct formation. Interestingly, Hhex and Sox9 mRNA levels remained elevated in icteric 6 months old Notch2-cKOs, but decreased to control levels in non-icteric Notch2-cKOs, implying a key role in secondary bile-duct formation. CONCLUSION Cholangiocyte differentiation becomes progressively less dependent on NOTCH2 signaling with age, suggesting that ductal-plate formation is dependent on NOTCH2, but subsequent cholangiocyte differentiation is not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah A Falix
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital AMC and Pediatric Surgical Center of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Víola B Weeda
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital AMC and Pediatric Surgical Center of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina T Labruyere
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Poncy
- Université Catholique de Louvain and the Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B M Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lemaigre
- Université Catholique de Louvain and the Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid C Gaemers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël C Aronson
- Emma Children's Hospital AMC and Pediatric Surgical Center of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tarlow BD, Pelz C, Naugler WE, Wakefield L, Wilson EM, Finegold MJ, Grompe M. Bipotential adult liver progenitors are derived from chronically injured mature hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:605-18. [PMID: 25312494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult liver progenitor cells are biliary-like epithelial cells that emerge only under injury conditions in the periportal region of the liver. They exhibit phenotypes of both hepatocytes and bile ducts. However, their origin and their significance to injury repair remain unclear. Here, we used a chimeric lineage tracing system to demonstrate that hepatocytes contribute to the progenitor pool. RNA-sequencing, ultrastructural analysis, and in vitro progenitor assays revealed that hepatocyte-derived progenitors were distinct from their biliary-derived counterparts. In vivo lineage tracing and serial transplantation assays showed that hepatocyte-derived proliferative ducts retained a memory of their origin and differentiated back into hepatocytes upon cessation of injury. Similarly, human hepatocytes in chimeric mice also gave rise to biliary progenitors in vivo. We conclude that human and mouse hepatocytes can undergo reversible ductal metaplasia in response to injury, expand as ducts, and subsequently contribute to restoration of the hepatocyte mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branden D Tarlow
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schaub JR, Malato Y, Gormond C, Willenbring H. Evidence against a stem cell origin of new hepatocytes in a common mouse model of chronic liver injury. Cell Rep 2014; 8:933-9. [PMID: 25131204 PMCID: PMC4376310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes provide most liver functions, but they can also proliferate and regenerate the liver after injury. However, under some liver injury conditions, particularly chronic liver injury where hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, liver stem cells (LSCs) are thought to replenish lost hepatocytes. Conflicting results have been reported about the identity of LSCs and their contribution to liver regeneration. To address this uncertainty, we followed candidate LSC populations by genetic fate tracing in adult mice with chronic liver injury due to a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet. In contrast to previous studies, we failed to detect hepatocytes derived from biliary epithelial cells or mesenchymal liver cells beyond a negligible frequency. In fact, we failed to detect hepatocytes that were not derived from pre-existing hepatocytes. In conclusion, our findings argue against LSCs, or other nonhepatocyte cell types, providing a backup system for hepatocyte regeneration in this common mouse model of chronic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Schaub
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yann Malato
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Coralie Gormond
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|