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Yaseen F, Taj M, Ravindran R, Zaffar F, Luciw PA, Ikram A, Zafar SI, Gill T, Hogarth M, Khan IH. An exploratory deep learning approach to investigate tuberculosis pathogenesis in nonhuman primate model: Combining automated radiological analysis with clinical and biomarkers data. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12722. [PMID: 38949157 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) kills approximately 1.6 million people yearly despite the fact anti-TB drugs are generally curative. Therefore, TB-case detection and monitoring of therapy, need a comprehensive approach. Automated radiological analysis, combined with clinical, microbiological, and immunological data, by machine learning (ML), can help achieve it. METHODS Six rhesus macaques were experimentally inoculated with pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung. Data, including Computed Tomography (CT), were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. RESULTS Our ML-based CT analysis (TB-Net) efficiently and accurately analyzed disease progression, performing better than standard deep learning model (LLM OpenAI's CLIP Vi4). TB-Net based results were more consistent than, and confirmed independently by, blinded manual disease scoring by two radiologists and exhibited strong correlations with blood biomarkers, TB-lesion volumes, and disease-signs during disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSION The proposed approach is valuable in early disease detection, monitoring efficacy of therapy, and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Yaseen
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Murtaza Taj
- Department of Computer Science, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fareed Zaffar
- Department of Computer Science, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Paul A Luciw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saerah Iffat Zafar
- Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging (AFIRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Gill
- Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael Hogarth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Imran H Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
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2
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Cohen SB, Urdahl KB. Weaponizing the bystander T cell army to fight tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407559121. [PMID: 38814874 PMCID: PMC11161741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407559121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA98109
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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Wang J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Bibliometric analysis of evolutionary trajectory and prospective directions of LAG-3 in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1329775. [PMID: 38390331 PMCID: PMC10881671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Perform a bibliometric analysis on the role of LAG-3 in the domain of cancer, elucidate the prevailing areas of research, and visually depict the evolutionary trajectory and prospective directions of LAG-3 research over the past twenty-three decades. Materials and methods Between 2000 and 2023, a comprehensive review of scholarly articles pertaining to LAG-3 research in the context of cancer was carried out using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric analysis can be conducted by taking advantage of VOSviewer (version 1.6.16) and CiteSpace (version 6.2.R4). Create a network diagram to visually represent various authors, countries, and organizations while assessing the publishing years, journals, references, and keywords. Results In conclusion, 1841 records were identified and published in 587 publications. These records were authored by 12,849 individuals affiliated with 2491 institutes across 74 countries. There has been a substantial surge in publications subsequent to 2013. The USA, China, and Germany gave the majority of records, amounting to 69.69%. American institutions actively engage in collaboration with institutions located in other countries. Triebel, F., Vignali, Dario A. A., Workman, Creg J. Drake, Charles G., and Elkord, Eyad are highly regarded authors in their respective fields. However, it is worth noting that Triebel exhibits limited collaboration with other writers. The examination of the role of LAG-3 in cancer and its potential for use in clinical settings is a discernible trend, as seen by keyword analysis. Conclusion The scientific interest in and attention towards LAG-3 has experienced a significant rise since 2013. The United States is leading the way, with China following closely behind. Promoting collaboration among writers, nations, and institutions with varied backgrounds is imperative. The discipline of immunotherapy is currently seeing ongoing progress. A thorough investigation of the distinctive cis ligand TCR-CD3 complex of LAG-3 and its signal transduction mechanism is necessary. Additionally, it is worthwhile to explore novel combinations of LAG-3 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Zhuang L, Yang L, Li L, Ye Z, Gong W. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e419. [PMID: 38188605 PMCID: PMC10771061 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, the progression of the disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is closely associated with the host's immune response. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment was conducted from an immunological perspective. First, we delved into the host's immune response mechanisms against MTB infection as well as the immune evasion mechanisms of the bacteria. Addressing the challenges currently faced in TB diagnosis and treatment, we also emphasized the importance of protein, genetic, and immunological biomarkers, aiming to provide new insights for early and personalized diagnosis and treatment of TB. Building upon this foundation, we further discussed intervention strategies involving chemical and immunological treatments for the increasingly critical issue of drug-resistant TB and other forms of TB. Finally, we summarized TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment challenges and put forward future perspectives. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the immunological aspects of TB and offer new directions toward achieving the WHO's goal of eradicating TB by 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Linsheng Li
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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5
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Manfredi GF, Celsa C, John C, Jones C, Acuti N, Scheiner B, Fulgenzi CAM, Korolewicz J, Pinter M, Gennari A, Mauri FA, Pirisi M, Minisini R, Vincenzi F, Burlone M, Rigamonti C, Donadon M, Cabibbo G, D’Alessio A, Pinato DJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1955-1971. [PMID: 37941812 PMCID: PMC10629523 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s291553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been revolutionized over the last few years following the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Despite the promising survival extension seen with ICI combination regimens, responses are not universally seen and the optimal partner for programmed cell death 1 pathway inhibitors remains to be identified. Even fewer encouraging results have been demonstrated with ICI used for monotherapy. Several mechanisms of resistance have been described so far, involving characteristics of cancer cells (intrinsic mechanisms) and of the surrounding tumor microenvironment (extrinsic mechanisms). Factors related to therapy may also contribute to the development of resistance. Increasing research efforts are being dedicated to the discovery of novel approaches and targets to overcome resistance, some of which may be introduced into clinic in the future. Herein we describe a selection of resistance mechanisms that have been involved in impairing response to ICI and propose potential therapeutic approaches to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Francesca Manfredi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Celsa
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Di.chir.on.s.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chloe John
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Jones
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicole Acuti
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bernhard Scheiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Angela Maria Fulgenzi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - James Korolewicz
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Gennari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco A Mauri
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Burlone
- Division of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Rigamonti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Health Science, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Surgery, University Maggiore Hospital della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cabibbo
- Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio D’Alessio
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - David James Pinato
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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6
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Zhang X, Chen H, Han J, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhou Z, Luo R, Dai M, Ou W, Chen L, Shao L. ATM-AMPKα mediated LAG-3 expression suppresses T cell function in prostate cancer. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104773. [PMID: 37857190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa) faces serious challenges. Therefore, the co-inhibitory receptors that regulate T cell function of PCa must be elucidated. Here we identified that the inhibitory receptor LAG3 was significantly induced in T cells from PCa patients. Gene array analysis revealed that insufficient ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene expression in PCa T cells was responsible for the elevated LAG3 expression. Mechanistically, insufficient ATM expression impaired its ability to activate AMPKα signaling and CD4+ T cell functions, which further enhances the binding of the transcription factors XBP1 and EGR2 to LAG3 promoter. Reconstitution of ATM and inhibition of XBP1 or EGR2 in PCa T cells suppressed LAG3 expression and restored the effector function of CD4+ T cells from PCa. Our study revealed the mechanism of LAG3 upregulation in CD4+ T lymphocytes of PCa patients and may provide insights for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Zhang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Haiqi Chen
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jiawen Han
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zongren Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhongyang Zhou
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Rong Luo
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Meiqin Dai
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Wei Ou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Lingwu Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Lan Shao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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7
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Qin Y, Chen L, Fei Q, Shao X, Lv W, Yang J, Xu F, Shi J. Upregulation of CD226 on subsets of T cells and NK cells is associated with upregulated adhesion molecules and cytotoxic factors in patients with tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110360. [PMID: 37244120 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are major effector cells of innate immunity exerting potential immune surveillance against tuberculosis infection. CD226 is an activating receptor playing vital roles in the functions of T cells and NK cells during HIV infection and tumorigenesis. However, CD226 is a less-studied activating receptor during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this study, we used peripheral blood from tuberculosis patients and healthy donors to evaluate CD226 immunoregulation functions from two independent cohorts using Flow cytometry. Here, we found that a subset of T cells and NK cells that constitutively express CD226 exhibit a distinct phenotype in TB patients. In fact, the proportions of CD226+ and CD226- cell subsets differ between healthy people and tuberculosis patients, and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules (TIGIT, NKG2A) and adhesion molecules (CD2, CD11a) in CD226+ and CD226- subsets of T cells and NK cells exhibits special regulatory roles. Furthermore, CD226+ subsets produced more IFN-γ and CD107a than CD226- subsets in tuberculosis patients. Our results imply that CD226 may be a potential predictor of disease progression and clinical efficacy in tuberculosis by mediating the cytotoxic capacity of T cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liangqiong Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Haian 226600, China
| | - Qiuwen Fei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Wenxuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Nantong Clinical Medical Research Center of Cardiothoracic Disease, and Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feifan Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Nantong Clinical Medical Research Center of Cardiothoracic Disease, and Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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8
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Qin Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Immune checkpoint modulating T cells and NK cells response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127393. [PMID: 37182283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many subversive mechanisms promote the occurrence and development of chronic infectious diseases and cancer, among which the down-regulated expression of immune-activating receptors and the enhanced expression of immune-inhibitory receptors accelerate the occurrence and progression of the disease. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors in multiple organs. However, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on natural killer (NK) cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and its impact on NK cell effector functions have been poorly studied. In this review, we focus on what is currently known about the expression of various immune checkpoints in NK cells following Mtb infection and how it alters NK cell-mediated host cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Unraveling the function of NK cells after the infection of host cells by Mtb is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the innate immune mechanism of NK cells involved in tuberculosis and the evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat tuberculosis. In view of some similarities in the immune characteristics of T cells and NK cells, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of the interaction between T cells and Mtb, which can help us to further understand and explore the specific interaction mechanism between NK cells and Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
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9
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Chen J, Xu J, Niu Y, Yao L, Liu X, Chen H, Chen S, Wu M, Yu X, Xu P. The elevated expression of LAG-3 on CD8+T cells correlates with disease severity of pulmonary TB. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106089. [PMID: 37004963 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) plays an important role in regulating T-cell responses and inducing peripheral tolerance. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between LAG-3 and active tuberculosis (ATB) and the impact of LAG-3 blockade on CD8+T cells. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of LAG-3 on CD4+T and CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from ATB patients and to explore the relationship between LAG-3 and ATB. RESULTS The expression of LAG-3 on CD4+T and CD8+T cells in ATB patients was increased (P < 0.001), and CD8+T cells with high expression of LAG-3 were associated with sputum culture results (P < 0.05). We further analyzed the relationship between the expression of LAG-3 in CD8+T cells and the severity of tuberculosis and found that the expression of LAG-3 on CD8+T cells in smear-positive tuberculosis patients was significantly higher than that in sputum smear-negative tuberculosis patients (P < 0.05). LAG-3 expression on CD8+T cells was negatively correlated with the presence of lung lesions (P < 0.05). After stimulation with a tuberculosis-specific antigen, the expression of LAG-3 on tuberculosis-specific CD8+T cells was also upregulated, and LAG-3-expressing CD8+T cells showed reduced production of IFN-γ, decreased activation, and lower proliferation, while the function of CD8+T cells was restored when LAG-3 signaling was blocked. CONCLUSIONS This study further explored the relationship between immune exhaustion caused by LAG-3 and immune escape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and revealed that the elevated expression of LAG-3 on CD8+T cells correlates with functional defects of CD8+T cells and the severity of pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- The Affiliation Infections Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Junchi Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yayan Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuanmiao Liu
- The Affiliation Infections Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Meiying Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- The Affiliation Infections Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, SuZhou, China.
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Kozłowski M, Borzyszkowska D, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. The Role of TIM-3 and LAG-3 in the Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2826. [PMID: 36359346 PMCID: PMC9687228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic malignancies. The main treatment options are surgical removal of the tumor and chemotherapy. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized by immunotherapy, which has developed explosively over the past two decades. Clinical anticancer strategies used in immunotherapy include therapies based on the inhibition of PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4. Despite encouraging results, a large proportion of cancer patients are resistant to these therapies or eventually develop resistance. It is important to perform research that will focus on immunotherapy based on other immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of the review was to analyze studies considering the expression of TIM-3 and LAG-3 in the ovarian cancer microenvironment and considering immunotherapy for ovarian cancer that includes antibodies directed against TIM-3 and LAG-3. As the data showed, the expression of the described immune checkpoints was shown in different ways. Higher TIM-3 expression was associated with a more advanced tumor stage. Both TIM-3 and LAG-3 were co-expressed with PD-1 in a large proportion of studies. The effect of LAG-3 expression on progression-free survival and/or overall survival is inconclusive and certainly requires further study. Co-expression of immune checkpoints prompts combination therapies using anti-LAG-3 or anti-TIM-3. Research on immune checkpoints, especially TIM-3 and LAG-3, should be further developed.
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11
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Dandu H, Kumar M, Malhotra HS, Kumar N, Kumar N, Gupta P, Puri B, Yadav G. T-cell dysfunction as a potential contributing factor in post-COVID-19 mucormycosis. Mycoses 2022; 66:202-210. [PMID: 36305225 PMCID: PMC9874625 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second wave of COVID-19 in India was followed by large number of mucormycosis cases. Indiscriminate use of immunosuppressive drugs, underlying diseases such as diabetes, cancers, or autoimmune diseases was thought to be the cause. However, the mortality was not as high as that seen in non-COVID mucormycosis. OBJECTIVE To study the detailed characteristics of T-cells for evaluating the underlying differences in the T-cell immune dysfunction in post-COVID and non-COVID mucor patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study included histopathologically confirmed cases of mucor (13 post-COVID, 13 non-COVID) and 15 healthy individuals (HI). Expression of T-cell activation (CD44, HLADR, CD69, CD38) and exhaustion (CTLA, PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3) markers was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS All cases showed significant depletion of T-cells compared to HI. Both post-COVID and non-COVID groups showed increased activation and exhaustion as compared to HI. Non-COVID mucor group showed significant activation of CD4+ T cells for HLADR and CD38 (p = .025, p = .054) and marked T-cell exhaustion in form of expression of LAG-3 on both CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in comparison with post-COVID patients (p = .011, p = .036). Additionally, co-expression of PD-1 & LAG-3 and LAG-3 & TIM-3 on CD8+ T cells was statistically significant in non-COVID mucor patients (p = .016, p = .027). CONCLUSION Immunosuppression in non-COVID mucor showed pronounced exhaustion of T-cells in comparison to post-COVID mucor cases implicating T-cell immune dysfunction is much more severe in non-COVID mucor which are in a state of continuous activation followed by extreme exhaustion leading to poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Dandu
- Department of Internal MedicineKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of PathologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | | | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Internal MedicineKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of NeurologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of MicrobiologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Bipin Puri
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Geeta Yadav
- Department of PathologyKing George's Medical UniversityLucknowIndia
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12
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Nisa A, Kipper FC, Panigrahy D, Tiwari S, Kupz A, Subbian S. Different modalities of host cell death and their impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1444-C1474. [PMID: 36189975 PMCID: PMC9662802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00246.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB is the formation of granulomas comprised of elaborately organized aggregates of immune cells containing the pathogen. Dissemination of Mtb from infected cells in the granulomas due to host and mycobacterial factors induces multiple cell death modalities in infected cells. Based on molecular mechanism, morphological characteristics, and signal dependency, there are two main categories of cell death: programmed and nonprogrammed. Programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy, is associated with a protective response to Mtb by keeping the bacteria encased within dead macrophages that can be readily phagocytosed by arriving in uninfected or neighboring cells. In contrast, non-PCD necrotic cell death favors the pathogen, resulting in bacterial release into the extracellular environment. Multiple types of cell death in the PCD category, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, ETosis, parthanatos, and PANoptosis, may be involved in Mtb infection. Since PCD pathways are essential for host immunity to Mtb, therapeutic compounds targeting cell death signaling pathways have been experimentally tested for TB treatment. This review summarizes different modalities of Mtb-mediated host cell deaths, the molecular mechanisms underpinning host cell death during Mtb infection, and its potential implications for host immunity. In addition, targeting host cell death pathways as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches against Mtb infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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13
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Gough M, Singh DK, Singh B, Kaushal D, Mehra S. System-wide identification of myeloid markers of TB disease and HIV-induced reactivation in the macaque model of Mtb infection and Mtb/SIV co-infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:777733. [PMID: 36275677 PMCID: PMC9583676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.777733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed specialized mechanisms to parasitize its host cell, the macrophage. These mechanisms allow it to overcome killing by oxidative burst and persist in the wake of an inflammatory response. Mtb infection in the majority of those exposed is controlled in an asymptomatic form referred to as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). HIV is a well-known catalyst of reactivation of LTBI to active TB infection (ATB). Through the use of nonhuman primates (NHPs) co-infected with Mtb and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (Mtb/SIV), we are able to simulate human progression of TB/AIDS comorbidity. The advantage of NHP models is that they recapitulate the breadth of human TB outcomes, including immune control of infection, and loss of this control due to SIV co-infection. Identifying correlates of immune control of infection is important for both vaccine and therapeutics development. Using macaques infected with Mtb or Mtb/SIV and with different clinical outcomes we attempted to identify signatures between those that progress to active infection after SIV challenge (reactivators) and those that control the infection (non-reactivators). We particularly focused on pathways relevant to myeloid origin cells such as macrophages, as these innate immunocytes have an important contribution to the initial control or the lack thereof, following Mtb infection. Using bacterial burden, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other clinical indicators of disease severity as a guide, we were able to establish gene signatures of host disease state and progression. In addition to gene signatures, clustering algorithms were used to differentiate between host disease states and identify relationships between genes. This allowed us to identify clusters of genes which exhibited differential expression profiles between the three groups of macaques: ATB, LTBI and Mtb/SIV. The gene signatures were associated with pathways relevant to apoptosis, ATP production, phagocytosis, cell migration, and Type I interferon (IFN), which are related to macrophage function. Our results suggest novel macrophage functions that may play roles in the control of Mtb infection with and without co-infection with SIV. These results particularly point towards an interplay between Type I IFN signaling and IFN-γ signaling, and the resulting impact on lung macrophages as an important determinant of progression to TB.
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14
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Chocarro L, Bocanegra A, Blanco E, Fernández-Rubio L, Arasanz H, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Vera R, Escors D, Kochan G. Cutting-Edge: Preclinical and Clinical Development of the First Approved Lag-3 Inhibitor. Cells 2022; 11:2351. [PMID: 35954196 PMCID: PMC9367598 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized medical practice in oncology since the FDA approval of the first ICI 11 years ago. In light of this, Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) is one of the most important next-generation immune checkpoint molecules, playing a similar role as Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4). 19 LAG-3 targeting molecules are being evaluated at 108 clinical trials which are demonstrating positive results, including promising bispecific molecules targeting LAG-3 simultaneously with other ICIs. Recently, a new dual anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) and anti-LAG-3 (Relatimab) treatment developed by Bristol Myers Squibb (Opdualag), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first LAG-3 blocking antibody combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. This novel immunotherapy combination more than doubled median progression-free survival (PFS) when compared to nivolumab monotherapy (10.1 months versus 4.6 months). Here, we analyze the large clinical trial responsible for this historical approval (RELATIVITY-047), and discuss the preclinical and clinical developments that led to its jump into clinical practice. We will also summarize results achieved by other LAG-3 targeting molecules with promising anti-tumor activities currently under clinical development in phases I, I/II, II, and III. Opdualag will boost the entry of more LAG-3 targeting molecules into clinical practice, supporting the accumulating evidence highlighting the pivotal role of LAG-3 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
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15
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Bucşan AN, Veatch A, Singh DK, Akter S, Golden NA, Kirkpatrick M, Threeton B, Moodley C, Ahmed M, Doyle LA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Norton EB, Didier PJ, Roy CJ, Abramovitch RB, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Response to Hypoxia and the Ensuing Dysregulation of Inflammation Impacts Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenicity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:94-104. [PMID: 35412961 PMCID: PMC9718519 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2747oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains exhibit variable degrees of virulence in humans and animal models. Differing stress response strategies used by different strains of Mtb could influence virulence. Objectives: We compared the virulence of two strains of Mtb with use in animal model research: CDC1551 and Erdman. Methods: Rhesus macaques, which develop human-like tuberculosis attributes and pathology, were infected with a high dose of either strain via aerosol, and virulence was compared by bacterial burden and pathology. Measurements and Main Results: Infection with Erdman resulted in significantly shorter times to euthanasia and higher bacterial burdens and greater systemic inflammation and lung pathology relative to those infected with CDC1551. Macaques infected with Erdman also exhibited significantly higher early inflammatory myeloid cell influx to the lung, greater macrophage and T cell activity, and higher expression of lung remodeling (extracellular matrix) genes, consistent with greater pathology. Expression of NOTCH4 (neurogenic locus notch homolog 4) signaling, which is induced in response to hypoxia and promotes undifferentiated cellular state, was also higher in Erdman-infected lungs. The granulomas generated by Erdman, and not CDC1551, infection appeared to have larger regions of necrosis, which is strongly associated with hypoxia. To better understand the mechanisms of differential hypoxia induction by these strains, we subjected both to hypoxia in vitro. Erdman induced higher concentrations of DosR regulon relative to CDC1551. The DosR regulon is the global regulator of response to hypoxia in Mtb and critical for its persistence in granulomas. Conclusions: Our results show that the response to hypoxia is a critical mediator of virulence determination in Mtb, with potential impacts on bacillary persistence, reactivation, and efficiency of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Ashley Veatch
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sadia Akter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadia A. Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Melanie Kirkpatrick
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Breanna Threeton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chivonne Moodley
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lara A. Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Elizabeth B. Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana;,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana;,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana;,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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16
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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17
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Chen H, Zhou J, Zhao X, Liu Q, Shao L, Zhu Y, Ou Q. Characterization of multiple soluble immune checkpoints in individuals with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status and dynamic changes during anti-tuberculosis treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:543. [PMID: 35701741 PMCID: PMC9192932 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoints are crucial for the maintenance of subtle balance between self-tolerance and effector immune responses, but the role of soluble immune checkpoints (sICs) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection remains unknown. We assessed the levels of multiple sICs in individuals with distinct M. tb infection status, and their dynamic changes during anti-tuberculosis treatment. METHODS We enrolled 24 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, among which 10 patients were diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP), 10 individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and 10 healthy volunteers from Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital and Huashan Hospital between February 2019 and May 2021. Plasma concentrations of thirteen sICs were measured at enrollment and during anti-tuberculosis treatment using luminex-based multiplex assay. sICs levels in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and their relations to laboratory test markers of TPE were also assessed in TBP patients. RESULTS The circulating levels of sPD-1, sPD-L1, sCTLA-4, sBTLA, sGITR, sIDO, sCD28, sCD27 and s4-1BB were upregulated in tuberculosis patients than in healthy controls. A lower sPD-L1 level was found in LTBI individuals than in tuberculosis patients. In TBP patients, the levels of sPD-1, sPD-L2, sCD28, sCD80, sCD27, sTIM-3, sLAG-3, sBTLA, s4-1BB and sIDO increased significantly in TPE than in plasma. In TPE, sBTLA and sLAG-3 correlated positively with the adenosine deaminase level. sIDO and sCD80 correlated positively with the lactate dehydrogenase level and the percentage of lymphocytes in TPE, respectively. Meanwhile, sCD27 correlated negatively with the specific gravity and protein level in TPE. In tuberculosis patients, the circulating levels of sBTLA and sPD-L1 gradually declined during anti-tuberculosis treatment. CONCLUSIONS We characterized the changing balance of sICs in M. tb infection. And our results revealed the relations of sICs to laboratory test markers and treatment responses in tuberculosis patients, indicating that certain sICs may serve as potential biomarkers for disease surveillance and prognosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, 1215 Guangrui Road, Wuxi, 214005, China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xinguo Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, 1215 Guangrui Road, Wuxi, 214005, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yehan Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Qinfang Ou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, 1215 Guangrui Road, Wuxi, 214005, China.
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18
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Gough M, Singh DK, Moodley C, Niu T, Golden NA, Kaushal D, Mehra S. Peripheral Blood Markers Correlate with the Progression of Active Tuberculosis Relative to Latent Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Macaques. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050544. [PMID: 35631065 PMCID: PMC9146669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a century of research into tuberculosis (TB), there is a dearth of reproducible, easily quantifiable, biomarkers that can predict disease onset and differentiate between host disease states. Due to the challenges associated with human sampling, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are utilized for recapitulating the closest possible modelling of human TB. To establish a predictive peripheral biomarker profile based on a larger cohort of rhesus macaques (RM), we analyzed results pertaining to peripheral blood serum chemistry and cell counts from RMs that were experimentally exposed to Mtb in our prior studies and characterized as having either developed active TB (ATB) disease or latent TB infection (LTBI). We compared lung CFU burdens and quantitative pathologies with a number of measurables in the peripheral blood. Based on our results, the investigations were then extended to the study of specific molecules and cells in the lung compartments of a subset of these animals and their immune responses. In addition to the elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, frequently used to discern the level of Mtb infection in model systems, reduced serum albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratios were also predictive of active TB disease. Furthermore, higher peripheral myeloid cell levels, particularly those of neutrophils, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, an indicator of induced expression of the immunosuppressive molecule indoleamine dioxygenase, and an influx of myeloid cell populations could also efficiently discriminate between ATB and LTBI in experimentally infected macaques. These quantifiable correlates of disease were then used in conjunction with a regression-based analysis to predict bacterial load. Our results suggest a potential biomarker profile of TB disease in rhesus macaques, that could inform future NHP–TB research. Our results thus suggest that specific biomarkers may be developed from the myeloid subset of peripheral blood or plasma with the ability to discriminate between active and latent Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Gough
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (M.G.); (D.K.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (M.G.); (D.K.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chivonne Moodley
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (M.G.); (D.K.S.); (C.M.)
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Nadia A. Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (M.G.); (D.K.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.K); (S.M.); Tel.: +210-258-9209 (D.K.); +210-258-9508 (S.M.)
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (M.G.); (D.K.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.K); (S.M.); Tel.: +210-258-9209 (D.K.); +210-258-9508 (S.M.)
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19
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Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal studies have revealed factors that either promote or restrict TB immunity within granulomas. These models, however, typically ignore the impact of preexisting immunity on cellular organization and function, an important consideration because most TB probably occurs through reinfection of previously exposed individuals. Human postmortem research from the pre-antibiotic era showed that infections in Mtb-naïve individuals (primary TB) versus those with prior Mtb exposure (postprimary TB) have distinct pathologic features. We review recent animal findings in TB granuloma biology, which largely reflect primary TB. We also discuss our current understanding of postprimary TB lesions, about which much less is known. Many knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding how preexisting immunity shapes granuloma structure and local immune responses at Mtb infection sites. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Transcriptomic Characterization of Tuberculous Sputum Reveals a Host Warburg Effect and Microbial Cholesterol Catabolism. mBio 2021; 12:e0176621. [PMID: 34872348 PMCID: PMC8649757 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01766-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial transmission phase of tuberculosis (TB) relies on infectious sputum and yet cannot easily be modeled. We applied one-step RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to sputum from infectious TB patients to investigate the host and microbial environments underlying transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In such TB sputa, compared to non-TB controls, transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory responses, including an interferon-driven proinflammatory response and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, was observed in the host. Among all bacterial sequences in the sputum, approximately 1.5% originated from M. tuberculosis, and its transcript abundance was lower in HIV-1-coinfected patients. Commensal bacterial abundance was reduced in the presence of M. tuberculosis infection. Direct alignment to the genomes of the predominant microbiota species also reveals differential adaptation, whereby firmicutes (e.g., streptococci) displayed a nonreplicating phenotype with reduced transcription of ribosomal proteins and reduced activities of ATP synthases, while Neisseria and Prevotella spp. were less affected. The transcriptome of sputum M. tuberculosis more closely resembled aerobic replication and shared similarity in carbon metabolism to in vitro and in vivo models with significant upregulation of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism and downstream propionate detoxification pathways. In addition, and counter to previous reports on intracellular M. tuberculosis infection in vitro, M. tuberculosis in sputum was zinc, but not iron, deprived, and the phoP loci were also significantly downregulated, suggesting that the pathogen is likely extracellular in location.
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent an innate immune cell population comprised of immature myeloid cells and myeloid progenitors with very potent immunosuppressive potential. MDSCs are reported to be abundant in the lungs of active tuberculosis (TB) patients. We sought to perform an in-depth study of MDSCs during latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB (ATB) using the nonhuman primate (NHP) model of pulmonary TB. We found a higher proportion of granulocytic, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) in the lungs of ATB animals compared to those with LTBI or naive control animals. Active disease in the lung, but not LTBI, was furthermore associated with higher proliferation, expansion, and immunosuppressive capabilities of PMN-MDSCs, as shown by enhanced expression of Ki67, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs specifically localized to the lymphocytic cuff at the periphery of the granulomas in animals with ATB. Conversely, these cells were scarcely distributed in interstitial lung tissue and the inner core of granulomas. This spatial regulation suggests an important immunomodulatory role of PMN-MDSCs by restricting T cell access to the TB granuloma core and can potentially explain dysfunctional anti-TB responses in active granuloma. Our results raise the possibility that the presence of MDSCs can serve as a biomarker for ATB, while their disappearance can indicate successful therapy. Furthermore, MDSCs may serve as a potential target cell for adjunctive TB therapy.
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Burnell SEA, Capitani L, MacLachlan BJ, Mason GH, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. Seven mysteries of LAG-3: a multi-faceted immune receptor of increasing complexity. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 2:ltab025. [PMID: 35265944 PMCID: PMC8895726 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite three decades of research to its name and increasing interest in immunotherapies that target it, LAG-3 remains an elusive co-inhibitory receptor in comparison to the well-established PD-1 and CTLA-4. As such, LAG-3 targeting therapies have yet to achieve the clinical success of therapies targeting other checkpoints. This could, in part, be attributed to the many unanswered questions that remain regarding LAG-3 biology. Of these, we address: (i) the function of the many LAG-3-ligand interactions, (ii) the hurdles that remain to acquire a high-resolution structure of LAG-3, (iii) the under-studied LAG-3 signal transduction mechanism, (iv) the elusive soluble form of LAG-3, (v) the implications of the lack of (significant) phenotype of LAG-3 knockout mice, (vi) the reports of LAG-3 expression on the epithelium, and (vii) the conflicting reports of LAG-3 expression (and potential contributions to pathology) in the brain. These mysteries which surround LAG-3 highlight how the ever-evolving study of its biology continues to reveal ever-increasing complexity in its role as an immune receptor. Importantly, answering the questions which shroud LAG-3 in mystery will allow the maximum therapeutic benefit of LAG-3 targeting immunotherapies in cancer, autoimmunity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Lombardi A, Villa S, Castelli V, Bandera A, Gori A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122460. [PMID: 34946062 PMCID: PMC8704935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been described in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and cases of tuberculosis reactivation have been reported in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, drugs able to re-establish T-cells’ function. Exhausted T CD8+ cells’ profile has also been described in patients with infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the mechanisms leading to immune exhaustion in patients infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. We then dissect the therapeutic perspectives related to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-4767
| | - Simone Villa
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valeria Castelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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24
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Liu Q, Qi Y, Zhai J, Kong X, Wang X, Wang Z, Fang Y, Wang J. Molecular and Clinical Characterization of LAG3 in Breast Cancer Through 2994 Samples. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599207. [PMID: 34267742 PMCID: PMC8276078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising impact of cancer immunotherapy targeting CTLA4 and PD1/PDL1, numerous cancer patients fail to respond. LAG3 (Lymphocyte Activating 3), also named CD233, serves as an alternative inhibitory receptor to be targeted in the clinic. The impacts of LAG3 on immune cell populations and coregulation of immune responses in breast cancer remain largely unknown. To characterize the role of LAG3 in breast cancer, we investigated transcriptome data and associated clinical information derived from 2,994 breast cancer patients. We estimated the landscape of the relationship between LAG3 and 10 types of cell populations of breast cancer. We investigated the correlation pattern between LAG3 and immune modulators in pancancer, particularly the synergistic role of LAG3 with other immune checkpoint members in breast cancer. LAG3 expression was closely related to the malignancy of breast cancer and may serve as a potential biomarker. LAG3 may play an important role in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment of T cells and other immune cells. More important, LAG3 may synergize with CTLA4, PD1/PDL1, and other immune checkpoints, thereby contributing more evidence to improve combination cancer immunotherapy by simultaneously targeting LAG3, PD1/PDL1, and CTLA4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhongzhao Wang
- *Correspondence: Jing Wang, ; Yi Fang, ; Zhongzhao Wang,
| | - Yi Fang
- *Correspondence: Jing Wang, ; Yi Fang, ; Zhongzhao Wang,
| | - Jing Wang
- *Correspondence: Jing Wang, ; Yi Fang, ; Zhongzhao Wang,
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25
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Chocarro L, Blanco E, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Fernández-Rubio L, Morente P, Fernández-Hinojal G, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Understanding LAG-3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105282. [PMID: 34067904 PMCID: PMC8156499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor with multiple biological activities over T cell activation and effector functions. LAG-3 plays a regulatory role in immunity and emerged some time ago as an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule comparable to PD-1 and CTLA-4 and a potential target for enhancing anti-cancer immune responses. LAG-3 is the third inhibitory receptor to be exploited in human anti-cancer immunotherapies, and it is considered a potential next-generation cancer immunotherapy target in human therapy, right next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. Unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, the exact mechanisms of action of LAG-3 and its relationship with other immune checkpoint molecules remain poorly understood. This is partly caused by the presence of non-conventional signaling motifs in its intracellular domain that are different from other conventional immunoregulatory signaling motifs but with similar inhibitory activities. Here we summarize the current understanding of LAG-3 signaling and its role in LAG-3 functions, from its mechanisms of action to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Morente
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Gonzalo Fernández-Hinojal
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
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26
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Maruhashi T, Sugiura D, Okazaki IM, Okazaki T. LAG-3: from molecular functions to clinical applications. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001014. [PMID: 32929051 PMCID: PMC7488795 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the destruction of tissues owing to excessive and/or inappropriate immune responses, immune cells are under strict check by various regulatory mechanisms at multiple points. Inhibitory coreceptors, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), serve as critical checkpoints in restricting immune responses against self-tissues and tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that block PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways significantly improved the outcomes of patients with diverse cancer types and have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, response rates to such therapies are rather limited, and immune-related adverse events are also observed in a substantial patient population, leading to the urgent need for novel therapeutics with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. In addition to PD-1 and CTLA-4, a variety of stimulatory and inhibitory coreceptors are involved in the regulation of T cell activation. Such coreceptors are listed as potential drug targets, and the competition to develop novel immunotherapies targeting these coreceptors has been very fierce. Among such coreceptors, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is expected as the foremost target next to PD-1 in the development of cancer therapy, and multiple clinical trials testing the efficacy of LAG-3-targeted therapy are underway. LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein with structural similarities to CD4. Accumulating evidence indicates that LAG-3 is an inhibitory coreceptor and plays pivotal roles in autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and anti-infection immunity. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of LAG-3, ranging from its discovery to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Maruhashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Il-Mi Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Ahmed A, Vyakarnam A. Emerging patterns of regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:273-287. [PMID: 32639588 PMCID: PMC7670141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide from a single infectious agent and has significant implications for global health. A major hurdle in the development of effective TB vaccines and therapies is the absence of defined immune‐correlates of protection. In this context, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg), which are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, is even less understood. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the emerging patterns of Treg function in TB. Increasing evidence from studies, both in animal models of infection and TB patients, points to the fact the role of Tregs in TB is dependent on disease stage. While Tregs might expand and delay the appearance of protective responses in the early stages of infection, their role in the chronic phase perhaps is to counter‐regulate excessive inflammation. New data highlight that this important homeostatic role of Tregs in the chronic phase of TB may be compromised by the expansion of activated human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR)+CD4+ suppression‐resistant effector T cells. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the key features of Treg cells in TB; highlights the importance of a balanced immune response as being important in TB and discusses the importance of probing not just Treg frequency but also qualitative aspects of Treg function as part of a comprehensive search for novel TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - A Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
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28
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Chen ZY, Wang L, Gu L, Qu R, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Sha W, Fan XY. Decreased Expression of CD69 on T Cells in Tuberculosis Infection Resisters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1901. [PMID: 32849474 PMCID: PMC7426741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD69 is a biomarker of T-cell activation status, but its activation status in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. METHODS A set of cohorts of patients with different tuberculosis (TB) infection status including active TB patients (ATB), latent tuberculous infection patients (LTBI) and close contacts (CCs) of ATB was designed, and the expression profiles of CD69 and several T-cell markers were determined on Mtb antigen-stimulated T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both comparable among Mtb-infected individuals including ATB and LTBI, which guaranteed the consistency of the background level. A t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) analysis on a panel of six phenotypic markers showed a unique color map axis gated on T cells in the CCs group compared with ATB and LTBI populations. By further gating on cells positive for each individual marker and then overlaying those events on top of the tSNE plots, their distribution suggested that some markers were expressed differently in the CCs group. Further analysis showed that the expression levels of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the CCs group, especially in interferon-γ-responding T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the T-cell activation status of CD69 is associated with Mtb infection and may have the potential to distinguish LTBI from those populations who have been exposed continuously to Mtb but have not become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Qu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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29
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Sharan R, Bucşan AN, Ganatra S, Paiardini M, Mohan M, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:619-632. [PMID: 32417227 PMCID: PMC7390597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). While CD4+ T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, recent work in macaques co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) suggests that cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation and dysregulation of T cell homeostasis correlate with reactivation of LTBI. This review builds on compelling data that the reactivation of LTBI during HIV co-infection is likely to be driven by the events of HIV replication and therefore highlights the need to have optimum translational interventions directed at reactivation due to co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Allison N Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shashank Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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30
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Puccetti M, Xiroudaki S, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S. Postbiotic-Enabled Targeting of the Host-Microbiota-Pathogen Interface: Hints of Antibiotic Decline? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E624. [PMID: 32635461 PMCID: PMC7408102 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismanagement of bacterial infection therapies has undermined the reliability and efficacy of antibiotic treatments, producing a profound crisis of the antibiotic drug market. It is by now clear that tackling deadly infections demands novel strategies not only based on the mere toxicity of anti-infective compounds. Host-directed therapies have been the first example as novel treatments with alternate success. Nevertheless, recent advances in the human microbiome research have provided evidence that compounds produced by the microbial metabolism, namely postbiotics, can have significant impact on human health. Such compounds target the host-microbe-pathogen interface rescuing biotic and immune unbalances as well as inflammation, thus providing novel therapeutic opportunities. This work discusses critically, through literature review and personal contributions, these novel nonantibiotic treatment strategies for infectious disease management and resistance prevention, which could represent a paradigm change rocking the foundation of current antibiotic therapy tenets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, via del Liceo 1, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (S.X.); (M.R.)
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Hu S, Liu X, Li T, Li Z, Hu F. LAG3 (CD223) and autoimmunity: Emerging evidence. J Autoimmun 2020; 112:102504. [PMID: 32576412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules play pivotal roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis. Targeting these molecules, such as the classical Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD1), achieves great success in treating cancers. However, not all the patients respond well. This urges the immunologists to identify novel immune checkpoint molecules. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3; CD223) is a newly identified inhibitory receptor. It is expressed on a variety of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Tregs, B cells, and NK cells. Its unique intracellular domains, signaling patterns as well as the striking synergy observed in its targeted therapy with anti-PD1 indicate the important role of LAG3 in maintaining immune tolerance. Currently, a variety of agents targeting LAG3 are in clinical trials, revealing great perspectives in the future immunotherapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the studies on LAG3, including its structure, isoforms, ligands, signaling, function, roles in multiple diseases, as well as the latest targeted therapeutic advances, with particular concern on the potential association of LAG3 with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiyuan Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Tianding Li
- Software Center, Bank of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Ruffo E, Wu RC, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3): The next immune checkpoint receptor. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101305. [PMID: 31604537 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by blocking inhibitory pathways in T cells that limits the an effective anti-tumor immune response. Therapeutics targeting CTLA-4 and PD1/PDL1 have progressed to first line therapy in multiple tumor types with some patients exhibiting tumor regression or remission. However, the majority of patients do not benefit from checkpoint therapy emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic options. Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) or CD223 is expressed on multiple cell types including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Tregs, and is required for optimal T cell regulation and homeostasis. Persistent antigen-stimulation in cancer or chronic infection leads to chronic LAG3 expression, promoting T cell exhaustion. Targeting LAG3 along with PD1 facilitates T cell reinvigoration. A substantial amount of pre-clinical data and mechanistic analysis has led to LAG3 being the third checkpoint to be targeted in the clinic with nearly a dozen therapeutics under investigation. In this review, we will discuss the structure, function and role of LAG3 in murine and human models of disease, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, chronic viral and parasitic infections, and cancer, emphasizing new advances in the development of LAG3-targeting immunotherapies for cancer that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Richard C Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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33
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Bucsan AN, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. The current state of animal models and genomic approaches towards identifying and validating molecular determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5543892. [PMID: 31381766 PMCID: PMC6687098 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are important in understanding both the pathogenesis of and immunity to tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, we are beginning to understand that no animal model perfectly recapitulates the human TB syndrome, which encompasses numerous different stages. Furthermore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a very heterogeneous event at both the levels of pathogenesis and immunity. This review seeks to establish the current understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity, as validated in the animal models of TB in active use today. We especially focus on the use of modern genomic approaches in these models to determine the mechanism and the role of specific molecular pathways. Animal models have significantly enhanced our understanding of TB. Incorporation of contemporary technologies such as single cell transcriptomics, high-parameter flow cytometric immune profiling, proteomics, proteomic flow cytometry and immunocytometry into the animal models in use will further enhance our understanding of TB and facilitate the development of treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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34
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Tsenova L, Singhal A. Effects of host-directed therapies on the pathology of tuberculosis. J Pathol 2020; 250:636-646. [PMID: 32108337 DOI: 10.1002/path.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has co-evolved with the human immune system and utilizes multiple strategies to persist within infected cells, to hijack several immune mechanisms, and to cause severe pathology and tissue damage in the host. This delays the efficacy of current antibiotic therapy and contributes to the evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains. These challenges led to the development of the novel approach in TB treatment that involves therapeutic targeting of host immune response to control disease pathogenesis and pathogen growth, namely, host-directed therapies (HDTs). Such HDT approaches can (1) enhance the effect of antibiotics, (2) shorten treatment duration for any clinical form of TB, (3) promote development of immunological memory that could protect against relapse, and (4) ameliorate the immunopathology including matrix destruction and fibrosis associated with TB. In this review we discuss TB-HDT candidates shown to be of clinical relevance that thus could be developed to reduce pathology, tissue damage, and subsequent impairment of pulmonary function. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
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35
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Potential role of adjuvant drugs on efficacy of first line oral antitubercular therapy: Drug repurposing. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 120:101902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Du H, Yi Z, Wang L, Li Z, Niu B, Ren G. The co-expression characteristics of LAG3 and PD-1 on the T cells of patients with breast cancer reveal a new therapeutic strategy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106113. [PMID: 31841754 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown a special interaction between LAG3 and PD-1 in T cell inhibition, while the co-expression and effect of LAG3 and PD-1 on T cells in breast cancer patients are still not very clear. Here, with strict exclusion criteria, 88 patients with breast cancer and 18 healthy controls were enrolled. The percentages of LAG3+PD-1+ T cells in their peripheral blood (PBL) and tumor infiltrating T cells (TIL) were analyzed by flow cytometry, which showed an increase in TILs but no difference in PBLs and presented differences in TILs in different molecular subtypes (P < 0.05). In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the highest percentages were observed, while in ER+/PR+ breast cancer, the lowest percentages were observed; however, these percentages were not different in different clinical stages (P > 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of their ligands, PD-L1, MHC class II molecular and FGL1, was inconsistent in different molecular subtypes and clinical stages. Analysis of the functions of T cells with different phenotypes showed that the proliferation and secretion capacity of LAG3+PD-1+ T cells was obviously exhausted, with more than a two-fold of decrease compared with the groups of single positive LAG3 or PD-1 (P < 0.05). Finally, in a mouse model of TNBC, the dual blockade of LAG3 and PD-1 was indicated to achieve a better anti-tumour effect than either one alone (P < 0.05), which may provide a new strategy for the immunoregulatory treatment of patients with TNBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziying Yi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bailin Niu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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37
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Müller J, Tanner R, Matsumiya M, Snowden MA, Landry B, Satti I, Harris SA, O’Shea MK, Stockdale L, Marsay L, Chomka A, Harrington-Kandt R, Thomas ZRM, Naranbhai V, Stylianou E, Mbandi SK, Hatherill M, Hussey G, Mahomed H, Tameris M, McClain JB, Evans TG, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, McShane H, Fletcher HA. Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for tuberculosis disease in infants. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130090. [PMID: 31697647 PMCID: PMC6962026 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is associated with increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease in infants. We performed a case-control analysis to identify drivers of immune activation and disease risk. Among 49 infants who developed TB disease over the first 2 years of life, and 129 healthy matched controls, we found the cytomegalovirus-stimulated (CMV-stimulated) IFN-γ response to be associated with CD8+ T cell activation (Spearman's rho, P = 6 × 10-8). A CMV-specific IFN-γ response was also associated with increased risk of developing TB disease (conditional logistic regression; P = 0.043; OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.02-4.83) and shorter time to TB diagnosis (Log Rank Mantel-Cox, P = 0.037). CMV+ infants who developed TB disease had lower expression of NK cell-associated gene signatures and a lower frequency of CD3-CD4-CD8- lymphocytes. We identified transcriptional signatures predictive of TB disease risk among CMV ELISpot-positive (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC], 0.98, accuracy, 92.57%) and -negative (AUROC, 0.9; accuracy, 79.3%) infants; the CMV- signature was validated in an independent infant study (AUROC, 0.71; accuracy, 63.9%). A 16-gene signature that previously identified adolescents at risk of developing TB disease did not accurately classify case and control infants in this study. Understanding the microbial drivers of T cell activation, such as CMV, could guide new strategies for prevention of TB disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Müller
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Matsumiya
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Marsay
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Chomka
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Kennedy Institute and
| | - Rachel Harrington-Kandt
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zita-Rose Manjaly Thomas
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gregory Hussey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Bucsan AN, Rout N, Foreman TW, Khader SA, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Mucosal-activated invariant T cells do not exhibit significant lung recruitment and proliferation profiles in macaques in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S11-S18. [PMID: 31072689 PMCID: PMC7050191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TB is a catastrophic infectious disease, affecting roughly one third of the world's population. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites produced by bacteria, possess effector memory phenotype, and express tissue-homing markers driving migration to sites of infection. Previous research in both Mtb and HIV infections has shown that MAIT cells are depleted in the human periphery, possibly migrating to the tissue sites of infection. We investigated this hypothesis using rhesus macaques (RMs) with active TB, latent TB (LTBI), and SIV-coinfection to explore the effects of different disease states on the MAIT cell populations in vivo. Early in infection, we observed that MAIT cells increased in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of all infected RMs, irrespective of clinical outcome. However, the frequency of MAIT cells rapidly normalized such that they had returned to baseline levels prior to endpoint. Furthermore, following infection, the chemokines expressed on MAIT cells reflected a strong shift towards a Th1 phenotype from a shared Th1/Th17 phenotype. In conclusion, MAIT cells with enhanced Th1 functions migrating to the site of Mtb-infection. The anti-mycobacterial effector functions of MAIT cells, particularly during the early stages of Mtb infection, had been of interest in promoting protective long-term TB immunity. Our research shows, however, that they have relatively short-acting responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namita Rout
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Li N, Jilisihan B, Wang W, Tang Y, Keyoumu S. Soluble LAG3 acts as a potential prognostic marker of gastric cancer and its positive correlation with CD8+T cell frequency and secretion of IL-12 and INF-γ in peripheral blood. Cancer Biomark 2019; 23:341-351. [PMID: 30223387 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common lethal cancer worldwide and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) as a therapeutic target for cancers has been investigated. Herein, our study is to clarify the value of peripheral blood (PB) soluble LAG-3 (sLAG3) in GC. METHODS Peripheral serum samples of GC patients and healthy people were collected for the measurement of serum levels of sLAG3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), IL-12 and IFN-γ. Additionally, ROC and Kaplan-Meier curves were adopted to identify the diagnostic and prognostic values of sLAG-3 in patients with GC. Then, GC-bearing mice were treated with recombinant sLAG3. The tumor volume was measured, and CD8+T cell frequency was detected in PB and tumor-ininfiltrating area. Additionally, the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ in T cells was assayed and the overall survival of mice was analyzed. RESULTS sLAG3 in PB was poorly expressed and its expression was positively correlated with IL-12 and IFN-γ expression in GC patients. sLAG3 was proved to have a higher diagnostic value than CEA in GC. Moreover, high sLAG-3 expression is found in relation to a better prognosis in GC. The in vivo experiments indicated that sLAG-3 might inhibit the tumor growth, and promote the secretion of CD8+T cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, sLAG-3 was able to prolong overall survival and increase survival rate of GC-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we conclude that sLAG3 positively regulates CD8+T cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and function as a prognostic marker for GC, which might be a potential target in the treatment of GC.
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Abstract
HIV causes several forms of immune dysfunction that need to be addressed in a functional cure for HIV. Immune exhaustion describes a dysfunctional phenotype caused by chronic cellular activation. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) is one of several negative coreceptors known as immune checkpoints that contribute to this exhaustion phenotype. Antibodies targeting immune checkpoints are now used clinically to restore immunity against cancer and hold promise in restoring immunity during HIV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge surrounding LAG3 and discuss its relevance during HIV infection and the potential for LAG3-targeting antibodies in a functional HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Graydon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Allison L. Balasko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
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41
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Satti I, McShane H. Current approaches toward identifying a correlate of immune protection from tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:43-59. [PMID: 30466332 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1552140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycobacterium tuberculosis kills more people than any other pathogen. Vaccination is the most cost-effective control measure for any infectious disease. Development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis is hindered by the uncertain predictive value of preclinical animal models, incomplete understanding of protective immunity and lack of validated immune correlates of protection (COP). AREAS COVERED Here we review what is known about protective immunity against M.tb, the preclinical and clinical cohorts that can be utilized to identify COP, and COP that have been identified to date. EXPERT COMMENTARY The identification of COP would allow the rational design and development of vaccine candidates which can then be optimized and prioritized based on the induction of these immune responses. Once validated in field efficacy trials, such COP could potentially facilitate the development and licensure of vaccines, in combination with human efficacy data. The identification and validation of COP would represent a very significant advance in TB vaccine development. Every opportunity to collect samples and cohorts on which to cross-validate pre-existing COP and identify novel COP should be exploited. Furthermore, global cooperation and collaboration on such samples will ensure that the utility of such precious samples is fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Satti
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Helen McShane
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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42
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Foreman TW, Mehra S, Lackner AA, Kaushal D. Translational Research in the Nonhuman Primate Model of Tuberculosis. ILAR J 2018; 58:151-159. [PMID: 28575319 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis predominantly establishes subclinical latent infection over the lifetime of an individual, with a fraction of infected individuals rapidly progressing to active disease. The immune control in latent infection can be perturbed by comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and coinfection with helminthes or HIV. Modeling the varying aspects of natural infection remains incomplete when using zebrafish and mice. However, the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis offers a unique and accurate model to investigate host responses to infection, test novel therapeutics, and thoroughly assess preclinical vaccine candidates. Rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques manifest the full gamut of clinical and pathological findings in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including the ability to co-infect macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus to model HIV co-infection. Here we discuss advanced techniques to assay various clinical outcomes of the natural progression of infection as well as therapeutics in development and novel preclinical vaccines. Finally, we survey the translational aspects of nonhuman primate research and argue the urgent need to thoroughly examine preclinical therapeutics and vaccines using this model prior to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Louisiana State University School, Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Tulane National Primate Research Center in Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology and Pathology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
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43
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Mohareer K, Asalla S, Banerjee S. Cell death at the cross roads of host-pathogen interaction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:99-121. [PMID: 30514519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of death by any single infectious agent, accounting for around 1.7 million annual deaths globally, despite several interventions and support programs by national and international agencies. With the development of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), there has been a paradigm shift in TB research towards host-directed therapy. The potential targets include the interactions between host and bacterial proteins that are crucial for pathogenesis. Hence, collective efforts are being made to understand the molecular details of host-pathogen interaction for possible translation into host-directed therapy. The present review focuses on 'host cell death modalities' of host-pathogen interaction, which play a crucial role in determining the outcome of TB disease progression. Several cell death modalities that occur in response to mycobacterial infection have been identified in human macrophages either as host defences for bacterial clearance or as pathogen strategies for multiplication and dissemination. These cell death modalities include apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, pyronecrosis, NETosis, and autophagy. These processes are highly overlapping with several mycobacterial proteins participating in more than one cell death pathway. Until now, reviews in M. tb and host cell death have discussed either focusing on host evasion strategies, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis or describing all these forms with limited discussions of their role in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various mycobacterial factors modulating host cell death pathways and the cross-talk between them. Besides this, we have discussed the networking of host cell death pathways including the interference of host miRNA during M. tb infection with their respective targets. Through this review, we present the host targets that overlap across several cell death modalities and the technical limitations of methodology in cell death research. Given the compelling need to discover alternative drug target(s), this review identifies these overlapping cell death factors as potential targets for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046.
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44
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Low Levels of T Cell Exhaustion in Tuberculous Lung Granulomas. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00426-18. [PMID: 29891540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00426-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are lung granulomas. These organized structures are composed of host immune cells whose purpose is to contain or clear infection, creating a complex hub of immune and bacterial cell activity, as well as limiting pathology in the lungs. Yet, given cellular activity and the potential for frequent interactions between host immune cells and M. tuberculosis-infected cells, we observed a surprisingly low quantity of cytokine-producing T cells (<10% of granuloma T cells) in our recent study of M. tuberculosis infection within nonhuman primate (NHP) granulomas. Various mechanisms could limit T cell function, and one hypothesis is T cell exhaustion. T cell exhaustion is proposed to result from continual antigen stimulation, inducing them to enter a state characterized by low cytokine production, low proliferation, and expression of a series of inhibitory receptors, the most common being PD-1, LAG-3, and CTLA-4. In this work, we characterized the expression of inhibitory receptors on T cells and the functionality of these cells in tuberculosis (TB) lung granulomas. We then used these experimental data to calibrate and inform an agent-based computational model that captures environmental, cellular, and bacterial dynamics within granulomas in lungs during M. tuberculosis infection. Together, the results of the modeling and the experimental work suggest that T cell exhaustion alone is not responsible for the low quantity of M. tuberculosis-responsive T cells observed within TB granulomas and that the lack of exhaustion is likely an intrinsic property of granuloma structure.
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45
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Moguche AO, Musvosvi M, Penn-Nicholson A, Plumlee CR, Mearns H, Geldenhuys H, Smit E, Abrahams D, Rozot V, Dintwe O, Hoff ST, Kromann I, Ruhwald M, Bang P, Larson RP, Shafiani S, Ma S, Sherman DR, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, McKinney DM, Maecker H, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Andersen P, Scriba TJ, Urdahl KB. Antigen Availability Shapes T Cell Differentiation and Function during Tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 21:695-706.e5. [PMID: 28618268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the cause of tuberculosis (TB). Yet to date, TB vaccine candidates that boost antigen-specific CD4 T cells have conferred little or no protection. Here we examined CD4 T cell responses to two leading TB vaccine antigens, ESAT-6 and Ag85B, in Mtb-infected mice and in vaccinated humans with and without underlying Mtb infection. In both species, Mtb infection drove ESAT-6-specific T cells to be more differentiated than Ag85B-specific T cells. The ability of each T cell population to control Mtb in the lungs of mice was restricted for opposite reasons: Ag85B-specific T cells were limited by reduced antigen expression during persistent infection, whereas ESAT-6-specific T cells became functionally exhausted due to chronic antigenic stimulation. Our findings suggest that different vaccination strategies will be required to optimize protection mediated by T cells recognizing antigens expressed at distinct stages of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albanus O Moguche
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Helen Mearns
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erica Smit
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Deborah Abrahams
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Virginie Rozot
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - One Dintwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Søren T Hoff
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Bang
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan P Larson
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shahin Shafiani
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David R Sherman
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla 92037, USA
| | | | - Denise M McKinney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla 92037, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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46
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In vivo inhibition of tryptophan catabolism reorganizes the tuberculoma and augments immune-mediated control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E62-E71. [PMID: 29255022 PMCID: PMC5776797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711373114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to cause devastating levels of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB). The failure to control TB stems from an incomplete understanding of the highly specialized strategies that M. tuberculosis utilizes to modulate host immunity and thereby persist in host lungs. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis induced the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism, in macrophages and in the lungs of animals (mice and macaque) with active disease. In a macaque model of inhalation TB, suppression of IDO activity reduced bacterial burden, pathology, and clinical signs of TB disease, leading to increased host survival. This increased protection was accompanied by increased lung T cell proliferation, induction of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and correlates of bacterial killing, reduced checkpoint signaling, and the relocation of effector T cells to the center of the granulomata. The enhanced killing of M. tuberculosis in macrophages in vivo by CD4+ T cells was also replicated in vitro, in cocultures of macaque macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that there exists a potential for using IDO inhibition as an effective and clinically relevant host-directed therapy for TB.
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47
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Kolloli A, Subbian S. Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategies for Tuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:171. [PMID: 29094039 PMCID: PMC5651239 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Currently, the standard treatment for TB involves multiple antibiotics administered for at least 6 months. Although multiple antibiotics therapy is necessary to prevent the development of drug resistance, the prolonged duration of treatment, combined with toxicity of drugs, contributes to patient non-compliance that can leads to the development of drug-resistant Mtb (MDR and XDR) strains. The existence of comorbid conditions, including HIV infection, not only complicates TB treatment but also elevates the mortality rate of patients. These facts underscore the need for the development of new and/or improved TB treatment strategies. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept in the treatment of TB, where host response is modulated by treatment with small molecules, with or without adjunct antibiotics, to achieve better control of TB. Unlike antibiotics, HDT drugs act by directly modulating host cell functions; therefore, development of drug resistance by infecting Mtb is avoided. Thus, HDT is a promising treatment strategy for the management of MDR- and XDR-TB cases as well as for patients with existing chronic, comorbid conditions such as HIV infection or diabetes. Functionally, HDT drugs fine-tune the antimicrobial activities of host immune cells and limit inflammation and tissue damage associated with TB. However, current knowledge and clinical evidence is insufficient to implement HDT molecules as a stand-alone, without adjunct antibiotics, therapeutic modality to treat any form of TB in humans. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on small molecule HDT agents that target autophagy, vitamin D pathway, and anti-inflammatory response as adjunctive agents along with standard antibiotics for TB therapy. Data from recent publications show that this approach has the potential to improve clinical outcome and can help to reduce treatment duration. Thus, HDT can contribute to global TB control programs by potentially increasing the efficiency of anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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48
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Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R. Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:35-56. [PMID: 28935918 PMCID: PMC7097079 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a novel approach in the field of anti-infectives for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. HDT aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. HDTs encompassing the 'shock and kill' strategy or the delivery of recombinant interferons are possible approaches to treat HIV infections. HDTs that suppress the cytokine storm that is induced by some acute viral infections represent a promising concept. In tuberculosis, HDT aims to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes through phagosomal maturation, autophagy and antimicrobial peptides. HDTs also curtail inflammation through interference with soluble (such as eicosanoids or cytokines) or cellular (co-stimulatory molecules) factors and modulate granulomas to allow the access of antimicrobials or to restrict tissue damage. Numerous parallels between the immunological abnormalities that occur in sepsis and cancer indicate that the HDTs that are effective in oncology may also hold promise in sepsis. Advances in immune phenotyping, genetic screening and biosignatures will help to guide drug therapy to optimize the host response. Combinations of canonical pathogen-directed drugs and novel HDTs will become indispensable in treating emerging infections and diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens.
Host-directed therapy (HDT) aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence. In this Review, Kaufmannet al. describe recent progress in the development of HDTs for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections and the challenges in bringing these approaches to the clinic. Despite the recent increase in the development of antivirals and antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum virus-targeting drugs are still important issues and additional alternative approaches to treat infectious diseases are urgently needed. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach in the field of anti-infectives. The strategy behind HDT is to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. Although HDTs encompassing interferons are well established for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, novel strategies aimed at the functional cure of persistent viral infections and the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses seem to be crucial. In chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, HDT strategies aim to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes and to curtail inflammation through interference with soluble factors (such as eicosanoids and cytokines) or cellular factors (such as co-stimulatory molecules). This Review describes current progress in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, including sepsis, and the challenges in bringing these new approaches to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Foreman TW, Veatch AV, LoBato DN, Didier PJ, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Lackner AA, Kousoulas KG, Khader SA, Kaushal D, Mehra S. Nonpathologic Infection of Macaques by an Attenuated Mycobacterial Vaccine Is Not Reactivated in the Setting of HIV Co-Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2811-2820. [PMID: 28935575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Failure to replace Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccines with efficacious anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have prompted outside-the-box thinking, including pulmonary vaccination to elicit local immunity. Inhalational MtbΔsigH, a stress-response-attenuated strain, protected against lethal TB in macaques. While live mycobacterial vaccines show promising efficacy, HIV co-infection and the resulting immunodeficiency prompts safety concerns about their use. We assessed the persistence and safety of MtbΔsigH, delivered directly to the lungs, in the setting of HIV co-infection. Macaques were aerosol-vaccinated with ΔsigH and subsequently challenged with SIVmac239. Bronchoalveolar lavage and tissues were sampled for mycobacterial persistence, pathology, and immune correlates. Only 35% and 3.5% of lung samples were positive for live bacilli and granulomas, respectively. Our results therefore suggest that the nonpathologic infection of macaque lungs by ΔsigH was not reactivated by simian immunodeficiency virus, despite high viral levels and massive ablation of pulmonary CD4+ T cells. Protective pulmonary responses were retained, including vaccine-induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and CD8+ effector memory T cells. Despite acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection, all animals remained asymptomatic of pulmonary TB. These findings highlight the efficacy of mucosal vaccination via this attenuated strain and will guide its further development to potentially combat TB in HIV-endemic areas. Our results also suggest that a lack of pulmonary pathology is a key correlate of the safety of live mycobacterial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ashley V Veatch
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Denae N LoBato
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Peter J Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
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50
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Phillips BL, Gautam US, Bucsan AN, Foreman TW, Golden NA, Niu T, Kaushal D, Mehra S. LAG-3 potentiates the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in host phagocytes by modulating mitochondrial signaling in an in-vitro granuloma model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180413. [PMID: 28880895 PMCID: PMC5589099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell mediated Th1 immune responses are critical for immunity to TB. The immunomodulatory protein, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) decreases Th1-type immune responses in T-cells. LAG-3 expression is significantly induced in the lungs of macaques with active TB and correlates with increased bacterial burden. Overproduction of LAG-3 can greatly diminish responses and could lead to uncontrolled Mtb replication. To assess the effect of LAG-3 on the progression of Mtb infection, we developed a co-culture system wherein blood-derived macrophages are infected with Mtb and supplemented with macaque blood or lung derived CD4+ T-cells. Silencing LAG-3 signaling in macaque lung CD4+ T-cells enhanced killing of Mtb in co-cultures, accompanied by reduced mitochondrial electron transport and increased IFN-γ expression. Thus, LAG-3 may modulate adaptive immunity to Mtb infection by interfering with the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Better understanding this pathway could allow us to circumvent immune features that promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Phillips
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Uma S Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia A Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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