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Nisa A, Kumar R, Ramasamy S, Kolloli A, Olejnik J, Jalloh S, Gummuluru S, Subbian S, Bushkin Y. Modulations of Homeostatic ACE2, CD147, GRP78 Pathways Correlate with Vascular and Endothelial Performance Markers during Pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells 2024; 13:432. [PMID: 38474396 PMCID: PMC10930588 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathologic consequences of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) include elevated inflammation and dysregulated vascular functions associated with thrombosis. In general, disruption of vascular homeostasis and ensuing prothrombotic events are driven by activated platelets, monocytes, and macrophages, which form aggregates (thrombi) attached to the endothelium lining of vessel walls. However, molecular pathways underpinning the pathological interactions between myeloid cells and endothelium during COVID-19 remain undefined. Here, we tested the hypothesis that modulations in the expression of cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), CD147, and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which are involved in homeostasis and endothelial performance, are the hallmark responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cultured macrophages and lungs of hamster model systems were used to test this hypothesis. The results indicate that while macrophages and endothelial cells are less likely to support SARS-CoV-2 proliferation, these cells may readily respond to inflammatory stimuli generated by the infected lung epithelium. SARS-CoV-2 induced modulations of tested cellular receptors correlated with corresponding changes in the mRNA expression of coagulation cascade regulators and endothelial integrity components in infected hamster lungs. Among these markers, tissue factor (TF) had the best correlation for prothrombotic events during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) method alone was sufficient to determine the peak and resolution phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and enabled screening for cellular markers co-expressed with the virus. These findings suggest possible molecular pathways for exploration of novel drugs capable of blocking the prothrombotic shift events that exacerbate COVID-19 pathophysiology and control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA; (J.O.); (S.J.); (S.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Sallieu Jalloh
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA; (J.O.); (S.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA; (J.O.); (S.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.N.); (R.K.); (S.R.); (A.K.)
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Kolloli A, Ramasamy S, Kumar R, Nisa A, Kaplan G, Subbian S. A phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor reduces lung inflammation and fibrosis in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270414. [PMID: 37854602 PMCID: PMC10580809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involves pulmonary inflammation that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, a primary cause of lung damage/fibrosis in patients with Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Currently, there is no efficacious therapy available to alleviate lung fibrosis in COVID-19 cases. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the effect of CC-11050, a small molecule phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in dampening lung inflammation and fibrosis in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Following intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2/WA- 1/2000 strain, hamsters were treated with CC-11050 or placebo by gavage from day-1 until day-16 post-infection (dpi). Animals were monitored for body weight changes, virus titers, histopathology, fibrotic remodeling, cellular composition in the lungs between 2 and 16 dpi. Results We observed significant reduction in lung viral titer with concomitant reduction in inflammation and fibrotic remodeling in CC-11050 treated hamsters compared to untreated animals. The reductions in immunopathologic manifestations were associated with significant downregulation of inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling gene expression, reduced infiltration of activated monocytes, granulocytes, and reticular fibroblasts in CC-11050 treated animals. Cellular studies indicate a link between TNF-α and fibrotic remodeling during CC-11050 therapy. Discussion These findings suggest that CC-11050 may be a potential host-directed therapy to dampen inflammation and fibrosis in COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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Nisa A, Kipper FC, Panigrahy D, Tiwari S, Kupz A, Subbian S. Different modalities of host cell death and their impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1444-C1474. [PMID: 36189975 PMCID: PMC9662802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00246.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB is the formation of granulomas comprised of elaborately organized aggregates of immune cells containing the pathogen. Dissemination of Mtb from infected cells in the granulomas due to host and mycobacterial factors induces multiple cell death modalities in infected cells. Based on molecular mechanism, morphological characteristics, and signal dependency, there are two main categories of cell death: programmed and nonprogrammed. Programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis and autophagy, is associated with a protective response to Mtb by keeping the bacteria encased within dead macrophages that can be readily phagocytosed by arriving in uninfected or neighboring cells. In contrast, non-PCD necrotic cell death favors the pathogen, resulting in bacterial release into the extracellular environment. Multiple types of cell death in the PCD category, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, ETosis, parthanatos, and PANoptosis, may be involved in Mtb infection. Since PCD pathways are essential for host immunity to Mtb, therapeutic compounds targeting cell death signaling pathways have been experimentally tested for TB treatment. This review summarizes different modalities of Mtb-mediated host cell deaths, the molecular mechanisms underpinning host cell death during Mtb infection, and its potential implications for host immunity. In addition, targeting host cell death pathways as potential therapeutic and preventive approaches against Mtb infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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Jalloh S, Olejnik J, Berrigan J, Nisa A, Suder EL, Akiyama H, Lei M, Ramaswamy S, Tyagi S, Bushkin Y, Mühlberger E, Gummuluru S. CD169-mediated restrictive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010479. [PMID: 36279285 PMCID: PMC9632919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbated and persistent innate immune response marked by pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is thought to be a major driver of chronic COVID-19 pathology. Although macrophages are not the primary target cells of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, viral RNA and antigens in activated monocytes and macrophages have been detected in post-mortem samples, and dysfunctional monocytes and macrophages have been hypothesized to contribute to a protracted hyper-inflammatory state in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we demonstrate that CD169, a myeloid cell specific I-type lectin, facilitated ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry in macrophages. CD169-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in macrophages resulted in expression of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs with minimal viral protein expression and no infectious viral particle release, suggesting a post-entry restriction of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. Intriguingly this post-entry replication block was alleviated by exogenous ACE2 expression in macrophages. Restricted expression of viral genomic and subgenomic RNA in CD169+ macrophages elicited a pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β) in a RIG-I, MDA-5 and MAVS-dependent manner, which was suppressed by remdesivir treatment. These findings suggest that de novo expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in macrophages contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature and that blocking CD169-mediated ACE2 independent infection and subsequent activation of macrophages by viral RNA might alleviate COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallieu Jalloh
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ellen L. Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maohua Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sita Ramaswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a novel human CD147 knock-in NSG mouse model to test SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 35690792 PMCID: PMC9187929 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: (1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; (2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and (3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. RESULTS Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show (1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; (2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; (3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiaditya Badeti
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Qingkui Jiang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alireza Naghizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Salvatore A E Marras
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Peter Romanienko
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Deborah Evans
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Moises Lopez-Gonzalez
- Regional Bio-Containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CCRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - David Alland
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - William Gause
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a Novel Human CD147 Knock-in NSG Mouse Model to Test SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1431484. [PMID: 35475172 PMCID: PMC9040682 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431484/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: 1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; 2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and 3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. Results: Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD- scid IL2Rgamma null (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show 1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; 2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; 3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. Conclusions: hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Chen
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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Jalloh S, Olejnik J, Berrigan J, Nisa A, Suder EL, Akiyama H, Lei M, Tyagi S, Bushkin Y, Mühlberger E, Gummuluru S. CD169-mediated restrictive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses. bioRxiv 2022:2022.03.29.486190. [PMID: 35378756 PMCID: PMC8978933 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.29.486190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbated and persistent innate immune response marked by pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is thought to be a major driver of chronic COVID-19 pathology. Although macrophages are not the primary target cells of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, viral RNA and antigens in activated monocytes and macrophages have been detected in post-mortem samples, and dysfunctional monocytes and macrophages have been hypothesized to contribute to a protracted hyper-inflammatory state in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we demonstrate that CD169, a myeloid cell specific I-type lectin, facilitated ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry in macrophages. CD169- mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in macrophages resulted in expression of viral genomic and sub-genomic (sg) RNAs with minimal viral protein expression and no infectious viral particle release, suggesting a post-entry restriction of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. Intriguingly this post-entry replication block was alleviated by exogenous ACE2 expression in macrophages. Restricted expression of viral gRNA and sgRNA in CD169 + macrophages elicited a pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β) in a RIG-I, MDA-5 and MAVS-dependent manner, which was suppressed by remdesivir pre- treatment. These findings suggest that de novo expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in macrophages contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature and that blocking CD169-mediated ACE2 independent infection and subsequent activation of macrophages by viral RNA might alleviate COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response. Author Summary Over-exuberant production of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages has been hypothesized to contribute to severity of COVID-19 disease. Molecular mechanisms that contribute to macrophage-intrinsic immune activation during SARS- CoV-2 infection are not fully understood. Here we show that CD169, a macrophage- specific sialic-acid binding lectin, facilitates abortive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages that results in innate immune sensing of viral replication intermediates and production of proinflammatory responses. We identify an ACE2-independent, CD169- mediated endosomal viral entry mechanism that results in cytoplasmic delivery of viral capsids and initiation of virus replication, but absence of infectious viral production. Restricted viral replication in CD169 + macrophages and detection of viral genomic and sub-genomic RNAs by cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptor family members, RIG-I and MDA5, and initiation of downstream signaling via the adaptor protein MAVS, was required for innate immune activation. These studies uncover mechanisms important for initiation of innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macrophages, persistent activation of which might contribute to severe COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallieu Jalloh
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ellen L Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maohua Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Naseer S, Afzal M, Nisa A, Hussain S, Ahmad M, Parveen S, Anjum F, Riaz M. Extraction of brown dye from Eucalyptusbark and its applications in food storage. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2019.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Naseer
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M.S. Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - A. Nisa
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - S. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M.A. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S. Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F. Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M. Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
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Abstract
Results of single sweep
triangular wave cyclic voltammetric studies on some substituted anilines in
acetonitrile are reported. It has been found that, while the first reduction
steps of nitroanilines are reversible that of chloroaniline is irreversible. The
second reduction steps were found to be irreversible and the overall picture
emerged of a multistep process involving reversible
charge-transfer steps followed by an irreversible chemical reaction.
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