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Wongchitrat P, Chanmee T, Govitrapong P. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2881-2903. [PMID: 37946006 PMCID: PMC11043213 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) cause variable outcomes from acute to severe neurological sequelae with increased morbidity and mortality. Viral neuroinvasion directly or indirectly induces encephalitis via dysregulation of the immune response and contributes to the alteration of neuronal function and the degeneration of neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus-induced neurodegeneration. Neurotropic viral infections influence many aspects of neuronal dysfunction, including promoting chronic inflammation, inducing cellular oxidative stress, impairing mitophagy, encountering mitochondrial dynamics, enhancing metabolic rewiring, altering neurotransmitter systems, and inducing misfolded and aggregated pathological proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These pathogenetic mechanisms create a multidimensional injury of the brain that leads to specific neuronal and brain dysfunction. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurophathogenesis associated with neurodegeneration of viral infection may emphasize the strategies for prevention, protection, and treatment of virus infection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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2
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Chen Q, Li N, Zeng S, Wu S, Luo X, Zhang S, Zhu L, Wu J, Xie T, Bai S, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Lin S, Wu N, Jiang Y, Fang S, Wang X, Shu Y, Luo H. ZIKV infection differentially affects the transcriptional profiles in HTR8 and U251 cells. Virus Res 2023; 334:199166. [PMID: 37390859 PMCID: PMC10410584 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which Zika virus (ZIKV) causes severe birth defects in pregnant women remains unclear. Cell tropisms in placenta and brain play a crucial role in ZIKV pathogenesis, leading to congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). To identify the host factors involved in ZIKV infection, we compared the transcriptional profiles of ZIKV-infected human first-trimester placental trophoblast cells HTR8/SVneo and a human glioblastoma astrocytoma cell line U251. Our results demonstrated that ZIKV exhibited lower rates of mRNA replication and protein expression in HTR8 than in U251 cells, while showing a higher release of infectious viral particles. However, a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in ZIKV-infected U251 cells than in ZIKV-infected HTR8 cells. Several of these DEGs were enriched in distinct biological processes related to the characteristics of each cell type that may contribute to foetal damage. Both cell types exhibited activation of common interferons, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokine production upon ZIKV infection. Moreover, the neutralization of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) promoted ZIKV infection in both trophoblasts and glioblastoma astrocytoma cells. Overall, we identified multiple DEGs associated with ZIKV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Nina Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shike Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou 516001, PR China
| | - Shu Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen 518172, PR China
| | - Xin Luo
- The Emergency Department, Eighth People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Nanyang 473000, PR China
| | - Shengze Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jiani Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing 312075, PR China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shaohui Bai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shaoli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Nan Wu
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518054, PR China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518054, PR China
| | - Shisong Fang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518073, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518073, PR China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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3
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Bernardo-Menezes LC, Agrelli A, Oliveira ASLED, Azevedo EDAN, Morais CNLD. Zika virus: Critical crosstalk between pathogenesis, cytopathic effects, and macroautophagy. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37334850 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging positive-sense RNA arbovirus. Its genome encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved by proteases into three structural proteins (Envelope, pre-Membrane, and Capsid) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). These proteins have essential functions in viral replication cycle, cytopathic effects, and host cellular response. When infected by ZIKV, host cells promote macroautophagy, which is believed to favor virus entry. Although several authors have attempted to understand this link between macroautophagy and viral infection, little is known. Herein, we performed a narrative review of the molecular connection between macroautophagy and ZIKV infection while focusing on the roles of the structural and nonstructural proteins. We concluded that ZIKV proteins are major virulence factors that modulate host-cell machinery to its advantage by disrupting and/or blocking specific cellular systems and organelles' function, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Coêlho Bernardo-Menezes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Materials (LMNANO), Strategic Technologies Center of Northeast (CETENE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa de Almeida Neves Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Clarice Neuenschwander Lins de Morais
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Takada K, Ushijima H, Komine-Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076489. [PMID: 37047462 PMCID: PMC10095195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duy Trinh
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Fonseca ABDL, Bispo AJB, Porto RLS, Alves JC, Dos Santos CA, de Carvalho JV, da Silva AM, Teixeira MM, de Almeida RP, Dos Santos PL, de Jesus AR. Association between genetic variants in TREM1, CXCL10, IL4, CXCL8 and TLR7 genes with the occurrence of congenital Zika syndrome and severe microcephaly. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3466. [PMID: 36859461 PMCID: PMC9975867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a cluster of malformations induced by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and the underline mechanisms involved in its occurrence are yet not fully understood. Along with epidemiological and environmental factors, the genetic host factors are suggested as important to the CZS occurrence and development, however, few studies have evaluated this. This study enrolled a total of 245 individuals in a case-control association study compound a cohort of high specific interest constituted by 75 mothers who had delivered CZS infants, their 76 infants, and 47 mothers that had delivered healthy infants, and their 47 infants. Sixteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms on TREM1, CXCL10, IL4, CXCL8, TLR3, TLR7, IFNR1, CXCR1, IL10, CCR2 and CCR5 genes were genotyped to investigate their association as risk factors to CZS. The results show an association between C allele at TREM1 rs2234246 and C allele at IL4 rs224325 in mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy, with the increased susceptibility to CZS occurrence in their infants and the SNP CXCL8 rs4073 and the G allele at CXCL10 rs4508917 with presence of CZS microcephaly in the infants. Furthermore, the T allele at CXCL8 rs4073 and TRL7 rs179008 SNPs were associated with the severity of microcephaly in children with CZS. These results suggest that these polymorphisms in genes of innate immune responses addressed here are associated to increased risk of occurrence and severity of CZS in pregnant mothers infected with ZIKV and their CZS infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Sector of Parasitology and Pathology, Biological and Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Cardoso Alves
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angela Maria da Silva
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lima Dos Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University Hospital of Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine of University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
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Gurung S, Reuter D, Norris A, Dubois M, Maxted M, Singleton K, Castillo-Castrejon M, Papin JF, Myers DA. Early and mid-gestation Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) leads to fetal CNS pathology by term gestation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010386. [PMID: 35969617 PMCID: PMC9410558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy can produce catastrophic teratogenic damage to the developing fetus including microcephaly and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). We previously described fetal CNS pathology occurring by three weeks post-ZIKV inoculation in Olive baboons at mid-gestation, including neuroinflammation, loss of radial glia (RG), RG fibers, neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) resulting in disrupted NPC migration. In the present study, we explored fetal brain pathologies at term gestation resulting from ZIKV exposure during either first or second trimester in the Olive baboon. In all dams, vRNA in whole blood resolved after 7 days post inoculation (dpi). One first trimester infected dam aborted at 5 dpi. All dams developed IgM and IgG response to ZIKV with ZIKV IgG detected in fetal serum. Placental pathology and inflammation were observed including disruption of syncytiotrophoblast layers, delayed villous maturation, partially or fully thrombosed vessels, calcium mineralization and fibrin deposits. In the uterus, ZIKV was detected in ¾ first trimester but not in second trimester infected dams. While ZIKV was not detected in any fetal tissue at term, all fetuses exhibited varying degrees of neuropathology. Fetal brains from ZIKV inoculated dams exhibited a range of gross brain pathologies including irregularities of the major gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar pathology. Frontal cortices of ZIKV fetuses showed a general disorganization of the six-layered cortex with degree of disorganization varying among the fetuses from the two groups. Frontal cortices from ZIKV inoculation in the first but not second trimester exhibited increased microglia, and in both trimester ZIKV inoculation, increased astrocyte numbers (white matter). In the cerebellum, increased microglia were observed in fetuses from both first and second trimester inoculation. In first trimester ZIKV inoculation, decreased oligodendrocyte precursor cell populations were observed in fetal cerebellar white matter. In general, our observations are in accordance with those described in human ZIKV infected fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunam Gurung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Darlene Reuter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Abby Norris
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Molly Dubois
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Marta Maxted
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Krista Singleton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Marisol Castillo-Castrejon
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - James F. Papin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Immunological imbalance in microcephalic children with congenital Zika virus syndrome. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:219-235. [PMID: 35857104 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcephalic children due congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) present neurological symptoms already well described. However, several other alterations can also be observed. Here, we aimed to evaluate the immune system of microcephaly CZS children. We showed that these patients have enlarged thymus, spleen and cervical lymph nodes, analysed by ultrasound and compared to the reference values for healthy children. In the periphery, they have an increase in eosinophil count and morphological alterations as hypersegmented neutrophils and atypical lymphocytes, even in the absence of urinary tract infections, parasitological infections or other current symptomatic infections. Microcephalic children due CZS also have high levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and type I IFNs, compared to healthy controls. In addition, this population showed a deficient cellular immune memory as demonstrated by the low reactivity to the tuberculin skin test even though they had been vaccinated with BCG less than 2 years before the challenge with the PPD. Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that CZS can cause alterations in primary and secondary lymphoid organs and also alters the morphology and functionality of the immune system cells, which broadens the spectrum of CZS symptoms. This knowledge may assist the development of specific therapeutic and more efficient vaccination schemes for this population of patients.
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Hasan R, Humphrey J, Bettencourt C, Newcombe J, Lashley T, Fratta P, Raj T. Transcriptomic analysis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology reveals cellular alterations across multiple brain regions. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:383-401. [PMID: 34961893 PMCID: PMC10725322 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders affecting the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Nuclear loss and cytoplasmic aggregation of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 represents the major FTLD pathology, known as FTLD-TDP. To date, there is no effective treatment for FTLD-TDP due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development. Here we compared postmortem tissue RNA-seq transcriptomes from the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and cerebellum between 28 controls and 30 FTLD-TDP patients to profile changes in cell-type composition, gene expression and transcript usage. We observed downregulation of neuronal markers in all three regions of the brain, accompanied by upregulation of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, as well as endothelial cells and pericytes, suggesting shifts in both immune activation and within the vasculature. We validate our estimates of neuronal loss using neuropathological atrophy scores and show that neuronal loss in the cortex can be mainly attributed to excitatory neurons, and that increases in microglial and endothelial cell expression are highly correlated with neuronal loss. All our analyses identified a strong involvement of the cerebellum in the neurodegenerative process of FTLD-TDP. Altogether, our data provides a detailed landscape of gene expression alterations to help unravel relevant disease mechanisms in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Hasan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jack Humphrey
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Apoptosis during ZIKA Virus Infection: Too Soon or Too Late? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031287. [PMID: 35163212 PMCID: PMC8835863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis is a major cellular response in the control of tissue homeostasis and as a defense mechanism in the case of cellular aggression such as an infection. Cell self-destruction is part of antiviral responses, aimed at limiting the spread of a virus. Although it may contribute to the deleterious effects in infectious pathology, apoptosis remains a key mechanism for viral clearance and the resolution of infection. The control mechanisms of cell death processes by viruses have been extensively studied. Apoptosis can be triggered by different viral determinants through different pathways as a result of virally induced cell stresses and innate immune responses. Zika virus (ZIKV) induces Zika disease in humans, which has caused severe neurological forms, birth defects, and microcephaly in newborns during the last epidemics. ZIKV also surprised by revealing an ability to persist in the genital tract and in semen, thus being sexually transmitted. Mechanisms of diverting antiviral responses such as the interferon response, the role of cytopathic effects and apoptosis in the etiology of the disease have been widely studied and debated. In this review, we examined the interplay between ZIKV infection of different cell types and apoptosis and how the virus deals with this cellular response. We illustrate a duality in the effects of ZIKV-controlled apoptosis, depending on whether it occurs too early or too late, respectively, in neuropathogenesis, or in long-term viral persistence. We further discuss a prospective role for apoptosis in ZIKV-related therapies, and the use of ZIKV as an oncolytic agent.
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Yau C, Low JZH, Gan ES, Kwek SS, Cui L, Tan HC, Mok DZL, Chan CYY, Sessions OM, Watanabe S, Vasudevan SG, Lee YH, Chan KR, Ooi EE. Dysregulated metabolism underpins Zika-virus-infection-associated impairment in fetal development. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110118. [PMID: 34910902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an Aedes-mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes debilitating congenital and developmental disorders. Improved understanding of ZIKV pathogenesis could assist efforts to fill the therapeutic and vaccine gap. We use several ZIKV strains, including a pair differing by a single phenylalanine-to-leucine substitution (M-F37L) in the membrane (M) protein, coupled with unbiased genomics to demarcate the border between attenuated and pathogenic infection. We identify infection-induced metabolic dysregulation as a minimal set of host alterations that differentiates attenuated from pathogenic ZIKV strains. Glycolytic rewiring results in impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction that trigger inflammation and apoptosis in pathogenic but not attenuated ZIKV strains. Critically, pyruvate supplementation prevents cell death, in vitro, and rescues fetal development in ZIKV-infected dams. Our findings thus demonstrate dysregulated metabolism as an underpinning of ZIKV pathogenicity and raise the potential of pyruvate supplementation in expectant women as a prophylaxis against congenital Zika syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Yau
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - John Z H Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Esther S Gan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Swee Sen Kwek
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Liang Cui
- Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Darren Z L Mok
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Candice Y Y Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169854, Singapore
| | - October M Sessions
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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11
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Non-Structural Protein 5 of Zika Virus Interacts with p53 in Human Neural Progenitor Cells and Induces p53-Mediated Apoptosis. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1411-1420. [PMID: 34224111 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection could disrupt neurogenesis and cause microcephaly in neonates by targeting neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The tumor suppressor p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death have been suggested to be activated upon ZIKV infection, yet the detailed mechanism is not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ZIKV-encoded proteins in the activation of p53 signaling pathway and found that, among the ten viral proteins, the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) of ZIKV most significantly activated the transcription of p53 target genes. Using the immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry approach, we identified that ZIKV-NS5 interacted with p53 protein. The NS5-p53 interaction was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. In addition, the MTase domain of NS5 and the C-terminal domain of p53 were mapped to be responsible for the interaction between these two proteins. We further showed that ZIKV-NS5 was colocalized with p53 and increased its protein level in the nuclei and able to prolong the half-life of p53. Furthermore, lentivirus-mediated expression of ZIKV-NS5 in hNPCs led to an apparent cell death phenotype. ZIKV-NS5 promoted the cleavage of PARP1 and significantly increased the cell apoptosis of hNPCs. Taken together, these findings revealed that ZIKV-NS5 is a previously undiscovered regulator of p53-mediated apoptosis in hNPCs, which may contribute to the ZIKV-caused abnormal neurodevelopment.
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12
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Sun Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Wen L, You W, Wei S, Mao L, Wang H, Chen Z, Yang X. Therapeutic Opportunities of Interleukin-33 in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654626. [PMID: 34079543 PMCID: PMC8165230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is involved in various diseases. IL-33 exerts its effects via its heterodimeric receptor complex, which comprises suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that IL-33/ST2 signaling plays diverse but crucial roles in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, infection, trauma, and ischemic stroke. In the current review, we focus on the functional roles and cellular signaling mechanisms of IL-33 in the CNS and evaluate the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yankai Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wendong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Pan Y, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Jia R. The Dual Regulation of Apoptosis by Flavivirus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654494. [PMID: 33841381 PMCID: PMC8024479 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, which maintains cellular homeostasis by eliminating pathogen-infected cells. It contains three signaling pathways: death receptor pathway, mitochondria-mediated pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum pathway. Its importance in host defenses is highlighted by the observation that many viruses evade, hinder or destroy apoptosis, thereby weakening the host’s immune response. Flaviviruses such as Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus utilize various strategies to activate or inhibit cell apoptosis. This article reviews the research progress of apoptosis mechanism during flaviviruses infection, including flaviviruses proteins and subgenomic flaviviral RNA to regulate apoptosis by interacting with host proteins, as well as various signaling pathways involved in flaviviruses-induced apoptosis, which provides a scientific basis for understanding the pathogenesis of flaviviruses and helps in developing an effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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14
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de Alcantara BN, Imbeloni AA, de Brito Simith Durans D, de Araújo MTF, do Rosário Moutinho da Cruz E, de Carvalho CAM, de Mendonça MHR, de Sousa JR, Moraes AF, Filho AJM, de Lourdes Gomes Lima M, Neto OPA, Chiang JO, de Azevedo Scalercio SRR, Carneiro LA, Quaresma JAS, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, de Almeida Medeiros DB. Histopathological lesions of congenital Zika syndrome in newborn squirrel monkeys. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6099. [PMID: 33731800 PMCID: PMC7971060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of an adequate animal model for studies has limited the understanding of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in humans during the outbreak in America. In this study, we used squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi), a neotropical primate (which mimics the stages of human pregnancy), as a model of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Seven pregnant female squirrel monkeys were experimentally infected at three different gestational stages, and we were able reproduce a broad range of clinical manifestations of ZIKV lesions observed in newborn humans. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of early-infected newborns (2/4) revealed damage to various areas of the brain and ZIKV antigens in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells, indicative of CZS. The changes caused by ZIKV infection were intrauterine developmental delay, ventriculomegaly, simplified brain gyri, vascular impairment and neuroprogenitor cell dysfunction. Our data show that the ZIKV infection outcome in squirrel monkeys is similar to that in humans, indicating that this model can be used to help answer questions about the effect of ZIKV infection on neuroembryonic development and the morphological changes induced by CZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nascimento de Alcantara
- Post-Graduate Programme in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Amaral Imbeloni
- National Primate Centre, Evandro Chagas Institute, Highway BR-316, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Darlene de Brito Simith Durans
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Alberto Marques de Carvalho
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.,Pará State University, 2623 Perebebuí Lane, Belém, Pará, 66095-662, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Freitas Moraes
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Jorge Martins Filho
- Department of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Gomes Lima
- Department of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Orlando Pereira Amador Neto
- Department of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Jannifer Oliveira Chiang
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | | | - Liliane Almeida Carneiro
- National Primate Centre, Evandro Chagas Institute, Highway BR-316, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Department of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.,Pará State University, 2623 Perebebuí Lane, Belém, Pará, 66095-662, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Post-Graduate Programme in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.,Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.,Pará State University, 2623 Perebebuí Lane, Belém, Pará, 66095-662, Brazil
| | - Daniele Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros
- Post-Graduate Programme in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil. .,Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, km 7, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.
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15
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Wen C, Yu Y, Gao C, Qi X, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. RIPK3-Dependent Necroptosis Is Induced and Restricts Viral Replication in Human Astrocytes Infected With Zika Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:637710. [PMID: 33796483 PMCID: PMC8007970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.637710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis are regulated processes of cell death which can be crucial for viral disease outcomes in hosts because of their effects on viral pathogenicity and host resistance. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, which infects humans and can cause neurological disorders. Neural developmental disorders and microcephaly could occur in infected fetuses. Several types of nervous cells have been reported to be susceptible to ZIKV infection. Human astrocytes play important roles in the nutritional support and defense of neurons. In this study, we show that human astrocytes are susceptible to ZIKV infection and undergo progressive cell death after infection. In infected astrocytes we detected no cleavage or activation of pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-1. Apoptotic substrates and increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β or IL-18 were not detected, either. These ruled out the occurrence of apoptosis or pyroptosis in ZIKV-infected astrocytes. We detected, however, an increase of phosphorylated receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK)1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein, indicating that programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, was induced in infected astrocytes. The phosphorylation and cell death were inhibited in cells pre-treated with GSK’872, an inhibitor of RIPK3, while inhibition of RIPK1 with an inhibitor, Necrostatin-1, had no effect, suggesting that ZIKV-induced necroptosis was RIPK1-independent in astrocytes. Consistent with this finding, the inhibition of RIPK1 had no effect on the phosphorylation of MLKL. We showed evidence that MLKL phosphorylation was RIPK3-dependent and ZBP-1, which could stimulate RIPK3, was upregulated in ZIKV-infected astrocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that in GSK’872-pre-treated astrocytes, viral replication increased significantly, which indicates that necroptosis may be protective against viral replication in astrocytes. Our finding that astrocytes uniquely underwent necroptosis in response to ZIKV infection provides insight and helps us better understand the viral pathogenesis in the ZIKV-infected central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wen
- Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Yu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengfeng Gao
- Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Carol J Cardona
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Zheng Xing
- Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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16
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Muthuraj PG, Sahoo PK, Kraus M, Bruett T, Annamalai AS, Pattnaik A, Pattnaik AK, Byrareddy SN, Natarajan SK. Zika virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33500388 PMCID: PMC7838309 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection to a pregnant woman can be vertically transmitted to the fetus via the placenta leading to Congenital Zika syndrome. This is characterized by microcephaly, retinal defects, and intrauterine growth retardation. ZIKV induces placental trophoblast apoptosis leading to severe abnormalities in the growth and development of the fetus. However, the molecular mechanism behind ZIKV-induced apoptosis in placental trophoblasts remains unclear. We hypothesize that ZIKV infection induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trophoblasts, and sustained ER stress results in apoptosis. HTR-8 (HTR-8/SVneo), a human normal immortalized trophoblast cell and human choriocarcinoma-derived cell lines (JEG-3 and JAR) were infected with ZIKV. Biochemical and structural markers of apoptosis like caspase 3/7 activity and percent apoptotic nuclear morphological changes, respectively were assessed. ZIKV infection in placental trophoblasts showed an increase in the levels of CHOP mRNA and protein expression, which is an inducer of apoptosis. Next, we also observed increased levels of ER stress markers such as phosphorylated forms of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (P-IRE1α), and its downstream target, the spliced form of XBP1 mRNA, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (P-eIF2α), and activation of cJun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) after 16-24 h of ZIKV infection in trophoblasts. Inhibition of JNK or pan-caspases using small molecule inhibitors significantly prevented ZIKV-induced apoptosis in trophoblasts. Further, JNK inhibition also reduced XBP1 mRNA splicing and viral E protein staining in ZIKV infected cells. In conclusion, the mechanism of ZIKV-induced placental trophoblast apoptosis involves the activation of ER stress and JNK activation, and the inhibition of JNK dramatically prevents ZIKV-induced trophoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philma Glora Muthuraj
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Prakash K Sahoo
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madison Kraus
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Taylor Bruett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Arun S Annamalai
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Asit K Pattnaik
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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17
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Cavalcante BRR, Aragão-França LS, Sampaio GLA, Nonaka CKV, Oliveira MS, Campos GS, Sardi SI, Dias BRS, Menezes JPB, Rocha VPC, Rossi EA, Paredes BD, Martins GLS, Allahdadi KJ, Peixoto LR, Barbosa-Filho JM, Souza BSF, Soares MBP. Betulinic Acid Exerts Cytoprotective Activity on Zika Virus-Infected Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:558324. [PMID: 33251156 PMCID: PMC7674920 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.558324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, was brought into the spotlight due to its widespread and increased pathogenicity, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into the major neural phenotypes, are very susceptible to ZIKV infection. Given the complications of ZIKV infection and potential harm to public health, effective treatment options are urgently needed. Betulinic acid (BA), an abundant terpenoid of the lupane group, displays several biological activities, including neuroprotective effects. Here we demonstrate that Sox2+ NPCs, which are highly susceptible to ZIKV when compared to their neuronal counterparts, are protected against ZIKV-induced cell death when treated with BA. Similarly, the population of Sox2+ and Casp3+ NPCs found in ZIKV-infected cerebral organoids was significantly higher in the presence of BA than in untreated controls. Moreover, well-preserved structures were found in BA-treated organoids in contrast to ZIKV-infected controls. Bioinformatics analysis indicated Akt pathway activation by BA treatment. This was confirmed by phosphorylated Akt analysis, both in BA-treated NPCs and brain organoids, as shown by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest a neuroprotective role of BA in ZIKV-infected NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R R Cavalcante
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Aragão-França
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L A Sampaio
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carolina K V Nonaka
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Moisés S Oliveira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gúbio S Campos
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Silvia I Sardi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R S Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana P B Menezes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vinícius P C Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erik A Rossi
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno D Paredes
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kyan J Allahdadi
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laisla R Peixoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno S F Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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18
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Rodrigues de Sousa J, Azevedo RDSDS, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFDC. The innate immune response in Zika virus infection. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2166. [PMID: 32926478 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) was discovered in 1947 in Uganda, Africa, from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, which encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into 10 individual proteins. In 2015, the Zika-epidemic in Brazil was marked mainly by the exponential growth of microcephaly cases and other congenital defects. With regard to host-pathogen relationships, understanding the role of the immune response in the pathogenesis ZIKV infection is challenging. The innate immune response is the first-line immunological defence, in which pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors that trigger macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and endothelial cells to produce several mediators, which modulate viral replication and immune evasion. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge on the innate immune response against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Schilling M, Bridgeman A, Gray N, Hertzog J, Hublitz P, Kohl A, Rehwinkel J. RIG-I Plays a Dominant Role in the Induction of Transcriptional Changes in Zika Virus-Infected Cells, which Protect from Virus-Induced Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:E1476. [PMID: 32560274 PMCID: PMC7349056 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) has received much attention due to an alarming increase in cases of neurological disorders including congenital Zika syndrome associated with infection. To date, there is no effective treatment available. An immediate response by the innate immune system is crucial for effective control of the virus. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts in A549 cells, we investigated the individual contributions of the RIG-I-like receptors MDA5 and RIG-I to ZIKV sensing and control of this virus by using a Brazilian ZIKV strain. We show that RIG-I is the main sensor for ZIKV in A549 cells. Surprisingly, we observed that loss of RIG-I and consecutive type I interferon (IFN) production led to virus-induced apoptosis. ZIKV non-structural protein NS5 was reported to interfere with type I IFN receptor signaling. Additionally, we show that ZIKV NS5 inhibits type I IFN induction. Overall, our study highlights the importance of RIG-I-dependent ZIKV sensing for the prevention of virus-induced cell death and shows that NS5 inhibits the production of type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schilling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Nicki Gray
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Jonny Hertzog
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Facility, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
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20
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Leis AA, Grill MF, Goodman BP, Sadiq SB, Sinclair DJ, Vig PJS, Bai F. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Signaling May Contribute to Chronic West Nile Virus Post-infectious Proinflammatory State. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:164. [PMID: 32426358 PMCID: PMC7203783 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: West Nile virus (WNV) causes a spectrum of human disease ranging from a febrile illness (WNV fever) to severe neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis). Since WNV gained entry into North America in 1999, clinicians caring for WNV survivors have observed persistent neurological symptoms occurring long-after the production of neutralizing antibodies and clearance of the virus. Accordingly, alternative pathogeneses other than direct viral invasion have been hypothesized to explain these post-infectious symptoms. The dominant hypothesis is that antiviral inflammatory responses triggered initially to clear WNV may persist to promote a post-infectious proinflammatory state. Methods: In 4 serologically-confirmed WNV patients with persistent post-infectious symptoms (3 WNV fever, 1 neuroinvasive disease), we ordered a comprehensive cytokine panel at weeks 8, 10, 12, and 36 months post-onset of illness, respectively, to better understand the pathophysiology of the protracted symptoms. Results: All patients had abnormally elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a major molecule triggering antiviral cytokines and chronic inflammation in many human autoimmune diseases, but heretofore not reported to be upregulated in human WNV infection. Three patients also had elevations of other proinflammatory proteins. Major symptoms included fatigue, arthralgias, myalgias, generalized or multifocal pain or weakness, imbalance, headaches, cognitive problems, and symptoms of dysautonomia. Conclusion: The findings provide support for an extended post-infectious proinflammatory state that may contribute to chronic inflammation and long-term morbidity in some WNV survivors and further suggest that TNF-α may play a pathogenic role in initiating this inflammatory environment. Clinical trials may be warranted to determine if TNF-α inhibitors or other immunosuppressive agents can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arturo Leis
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Marie F Grill
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Brent P Goodman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Syed B Sadiq
- Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Parminder J S Vig
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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21
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. It is an arbovirus that can cause congenital abnormalities and is sexually transmissible. A series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpected severe clinical complications have captured medical attention to further characterize the clinical features of congenital ZIKV syndrome and its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER-related proteins are essential in ZIKV genome replication. This review highlights the subcellular localization of ZIKV to the ER and ZIKV modulation on the architecture of the ER. This review also discusses ZIKV interaction with ER proteins such as signal peptidase complex subunit 1 (SPCS1), ER membrane complex (EMC) subunits, and ER translocon for viral replication. Furthermore, the review covers several important resulting effects of ZIKV infection to the ER and cellular processes including ER stress, reticulophagy, and paraptosis-like death. Pharmacological targeting of ZIKV-affected ER-resident proteins and ER-associated components demonstrate promising signs of combating ZIKV infection and rescuing host organisms from severe neurologic sequelae.
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22
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Luo Z, Su R, Wang W, Liang Y, Zeng X, Shereen MA, Bashir N, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Wu K, Liu Y, Wu J. EV71 infection induces neurodegeneration via activating TLR7 signaling and IL-6 production. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008142. [PMID: 31730654 PMCID: PMC6932824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As a neurotropic virus, human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and may develop severe neurological disorders in infants. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) acts as an innate immune receptor and is also a death receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of TLR7-mediated brain pathogenesis upon EV71 infection remain largely elusive. Here we reveal a novel mechanism by which EV71 infects astrocytes in the brain and induces neural pathogenesis via TLR7 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in C57BL/6 mice and in human astroglioma U251 cells. Upon EV71 infection, wild-type (WT) mice displayed more significant body weight loss, higher clinical scores, and lower survival rates as compared with TLR7-/- mice. In the cerebral cortex of EV71-infected mice, neurofilament integrity was disrupted, and inflammatory cell infiltration and neurodegeneration were induced in WT mice, whereas these were largely absent in TLR7-/- mice. Similarly, IL-6 production, Caspase-3 cleavage, and cell apoptosis were significantly higher in EV71-infected WT mice as compared with TLR7-/- mice. Moreover, EV71 preferentially infected and induced IL-6 in astrocytes of mice brain. In U251 cells, EV71-induced IL-6 production and cell apoptosis were suppressed by shRNA-mediated knockdown of TLR7 (shTLR7). Moreover, in the cerebral cortex of EV71-infected mice, the blockade of IL-6 with anti-IL-6 antibody (IL-6-Ab) restored the body weight loss, attenuated clinical scores, improved survival rates, reduced the disruption of neurofilament integrity, decreased cell apoptotic induction, and lowered levels of Caspase-3 cleavage. Similarly, in EV71-infected U251 cells, IL-6-Ab blocked EV71-induced IL-6 production and cell apoptosis in response to viral infection. Collectively, it’s exhibited TLR7 upregulation, IL-6 induction and astrocytic cell apoptosis in EV71-infected human brain. Taken together, we propose that EV71 infects astrocytes of the cerebral cortex in mice and human and triggers TLR7 signaling and IL-6 release, subsequently inducing neural pathogenesis in the brain. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis in infants. Besides an immune receptor, toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) serves as a death receptor in central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of TLR7 in EV71-induced neural pathogenesis remains ambiguous. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which EV71 induces neurodegeneration via TLR7 and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Upon EV71 infection, TLR7-/- mice displayed less body weight loss, lower clinical score, and higher survival rate as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Meanwhile, a severer histopathologic neurofilaments disruption, neurodegeneration and cell apoptosis were observed in brain of EV71-infected WT mice. IL-6 release, cell apoptosis, and Caspase-3 cleavage were attenuated by shRNA targeting TLR7 (shTLR7) in EV71-infected U251 cells. Moreover, anti-IL-6 antibody (IL-6-Ab) suppressed EV71-induced body weight loss, clinical score increase, and survival rate decrease as well as neurofilaments disruption and neurodegeneration in mice, and it also attenuated EV71-induced cell apoptosis and Caspase-3 cleavage in U251 cells. It’s retrospectively observed that TLR7 upregulation, IL-6 induction and astrocytic cell apoptosis in EV71-infected human brain. Therefore, TLR7 is required for neural pathogenesis by IL-6 induction upon EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadia Bashir
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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de Sousa JR, Azevedo RDSDS, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFDC. Cell Death And Zika Virus: An Integrated Network Of The Mechanisms Of Cell Injury. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2917-2921. [PMID: 31571944 PMCID: PMC6750865 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s209213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that is transmitted by Aedes mosquitos. Its prototype was isolated in 1947 from serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in the Zika forest of Uganda. As a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, ZIKV is enveloped and icosahedral and possesses a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 10.7 kb. Epidemiologically, infection by ZIKV has become a global health concern in recent years because of the occurrence of epidemics, its speed of dissemination, routes of transmission, and the sequelae it can cause especially in newborns. At the neural level, there are still many gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms that induce ZIKV infection-associated microcephaly. However, some studies already demonstrated that underlying cell death is determinant to induce the congenital malformation. In this report, we reviewed the various mechanisms of cell injury involved in the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV infection and discussed its relationship with the death of neuronal and glial cells development and microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical Belém, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical Belém, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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24
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Xu D, Li C, Qin CF, Xu Z. Update on the Animal Models and Underlying Mechanisms for ZIKV-Induced Microcephaly. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 6:459-479. [PMID: 31206355 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in nearly 80 countries and territories poses a significant global threat to public health. ZIKV is causally linked to severe developmental defects in the brain, recognized as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), which includes microcephaly and other serious congenital neurological complications. Since the World Health Organization declared the ZIKV outbreak a public health emergency of international concern, remarkable progress has been made in the generation of different ZIKV infection animal models to gain insight into cellular targets and pathogenesis and to explore the associated underlying mechanisms. Here we focus on summarizing our current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on mammalian brain development in different developmental stages and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms of ZIKV-induced CZS, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China;
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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25
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Manickam C, Shah SV, Lucar O, Ram DR, Reeves RK. Cytokine-Mediated Tissue Injury in Non-human Primate Models of Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30568659 PMCID: PMC6290327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger robust secretion of interferons and other antiviral cytokines by infected and bystander cells, which in turn can tune the immune response and may lead to viral clearance or immune suppression. However, aberrant or unrestricted cytokine responses can damage host tissues, leading to organ dysfunction, and even death. To understand the cytokine milieu and immune responses in infected host tissues, non-human primate (NHP) models have emerged as important tools. NHP have been used for decades to study human infections and have played significant roles in the development of vaccines, drug therapies and other immune treatment modalities, aided by an ability to control disease parameters, and unrestricted tissue access. In addition to the genetic and physiological similarities with humans, NHP have conserved immunologic properties with over 90% amino acid similarity for most cytokines. For example, human-like symptomology and acute respiratory syndrome is found in cynomolgus macaques infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, antibody enhanced dengue disease is common in neotropical primates, and in NHP models of viral hepatitis cytokine-induced inflammation induces severe liver damage, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma recapitulates human disease. To regulate inflammation, anti-cytokine therapy studies in NHP are underway and will provide important insights for future human interventions. This review will provide a comprehensive outline of the cytokine-mediated exacerbation of disease and tissue damage in NHP models of viral infections and therapeutic strategies that can aid in prevention/treatment of the disease syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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26
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Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil. II. Post-Mortem Analyses of Neonates with Microcephaly, Stillbirths, and Miscarriage. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120496. [PMID: 30487475 PMCID: PMC6306831 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The recent Zika virus(ZIKV) epidemic in Brazil was characterized by a range of different clinical presentations, particularly microcephaly, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and death. In this context, we determined the causal relationship between fatal microcephaly cases and ZIKV infection. Methods: Twelve fatal cases of neonates, whose mothers were infected with ZIKV during pregnancy, were examined; cases included nine neonatal deaths due to microcephaly, one miscarriage, and two stillbirths. Tissue samples were obtained from all cases at necropsy and were submitted for virological investigation (RT-qPCR and virus isolation) and/or histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin staining) and immunohistochemical assay for the detection of ZIKV antigens. Results: ZIKV antigens and/or ZIKV RNA were detected in tissue samples of all 12 cases examined. ZIKV was recovered in one case. Results of the virological and immunohistochemical analyses, as well as the anatomic abnormalities and histopathologic changes observed at necropsy on the 12 fatal cases, are presented. Conclusions: Data from these 12 cases provide strong evidence of the causal relationship between ZIKV and congenital disease in fetuses of women who were infected with the virus during pregnancy.
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