1
|
Wang Y, Shen T, Wang Y. Association between dietary zinc intake and olfactory dysfunction: a study based on the NHANES database. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:2441-2450. [PMID: 38180607 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to find the association between dietary zinc intake and the prevalence of olfactory disorders using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2013-2014 NHANES data. A linear regression model was constructed with dietary zinc intake as the independent variable and olfactory dysfunction as the dependent variable. Initially, in the unadjusted model, weighted logistic regression analysis was carried out for continuous variables, and stratified analysis was conducted for categorical variables. Subsequently, three models were created to perform subgroup analysis by adjusting for different confounding factors, further investigating the relationship between dietary zinc intake and olfactory dysfunction. Finally, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models adjusting for all confounding factors were utilized to study the nonlinear associations of age and dietary zinc intake with olfactory dysfunction and their relevant thresholds. RESULTS A total of 2958 samples were analyzed in this study. Weighted logistic regression analysis displayed a negative relationship between dietary zinc intake and the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the population of non-Hispanic whites and other Hispanics, as well as in individuals with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (OR < 1, P < 0.05). The P values for the multiplicative interaction terms adjusting for all confounding factors were not significant (P for interaction > 0.05). In the three regression models adjusting for different confounding factors, dietary zinc intake was significantly negatively related to olfactory dysfunction in all populations (Crude: OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.91; Model I: OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.90; Model II: OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35-1.00). Subgroup analysis based on BMI showed a remarkable negative relationship between dietary zinc intake and olfactory dysfunction in the group with BMI of 25-30 kg/m2 (Crude: OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.90, P = 0.012; Model I: OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-1.00, P = 0.021) and the group with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (Crude: OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.92, P = 0.013; Model I: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.88, P = 0.005; Model II: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.91, P = 0.004). RCS analysis revealed a remarkable nonlinear association of age and dietary zinc intake with olfactory dysfunction (P-non-linear < 0.05). The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was considerably higher in individuals aged 60 and above compared to those under 60 years old. Daily dietary zinc intake within the range of 9.60-17.45 mg was a protective factor for olfactory dysfunction, while intake outside this range increased the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction. CONCLUSION Daily dietary zinc intake within the range of 9.60-17.45 mg has a protective effect against olfactory dysfunction. Intake outside this range increases the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction. The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction is significantly higher in individuals aged 60 and above compared to those under 60 years old. For individuals with a BMI of 25-30 kg/m2 and a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, dietary zinc intake is negatively correlated with olfactory dysfunction. Therefore, it is recommended that these populations increase their dietary zinc intake to develop healthier lifestyles and maintain olfactory health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Panan People's Hospital, No. 1 Luoshan Road, Anwen Street, Panan County, Jinhua City, 322300, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Tianping Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Panan People's Hospital, No. 1 Luoshan Road, Anwen Street, Panan County, Jinhua City, 322300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Panan People's Hospital, No. 1 Luoshan Road, Anwen Street, Panan County, Jinhua City, 322300, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zayeri ZD, Torabizadeh M, Kargar M, Kazemi H. The molecular fingerprint of neuroinflammation in COVID-19: A comprehensive discussion on molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation due to SARS-COV2 antigens. Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114868. [PMID: 38246395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 attacks the neural system directly and indirectly via various systems, such as the nasal cavity, olfactory system, and facial nerves. Considering the high energy requirement, lack of antioxidant defenses, and high amounts of metal ions in the brain, oxidative damage is very harmful to the brain. Various neuropathic pain conditions, neurological disorders, and neuropsychiatric complications were reported in Coronavirus disease 2019, prolonged Coronavirus disease 2019, and after Coronavirus disease 2019 immunization. This manuscript offers a distinctive outlook on the interconnectedness between neurology and neuropsychiatry through its meticulous analysis of complications. DISCUSSION After recovering from Coronavirus disease 2019, approximately half of the patients reported developing Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Long Coronavirus disease 2019 imaging reports illustrated the hypometabolism in various parts of the brain, such as olfactory bulbs, limbic/paralimbic domains, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. Ninety imaging and neuropathological studies of Coronavirus disease 2019 have shown evidence of white matter, brainstem, frontotemporal, and oculofrontal lesions. Emotional functions, such as pleasant, long/short-term memory, movement, cognition and cognition in decision-making are controlled by these regions. The neuroinflammation and the mechanisms of defense are well presented in the discussion. The role of microglia activation, Inducible NO synthase, Cyclooxygenases ½, Reactive oxygen species, neurotoxic toxins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha are highlighted in neuronal dysfunction and death. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Activator Protein 1, and Interferon regulatory factors are the main pathways involved in microglia activation in Coronavirus disease 2019 neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The neurological aspect of Coronavirus disease 2019 should be highlighted. Neurological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019, prolonged Coronavirus disease 2019, and Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines can be the upcoming issues. We need a global awareness where this aspect of the disease should be more considered in health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Torabizadeh
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Kargar
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hashem Kazemi
- Department of Biology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imène K, Mohamed K, Amal G, Mohamed A, Asma C, Asma A, Wael K, Kalboussi H, Olfa EM, Walid N, Maher M, Nejib M. Olfactory Dysfunction in Healthcare Workers with COVID-19: Prevalence and Associated Factors. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 18:67-77. [PMID: 37867280 DOI: 10.2174/0127722708249126231006061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is a real global health crisis. Its clinical presentation has evolved over time with an increasing number of symptoms. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has recently been recognized as a frequent symptom relevant to screening for COVID-19, especially in pauci-asymptomatic forms. However, the underlying mechanisms of OD are not yet fully understood. AIM To determine the prevalence of OD in healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 and to identify its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, analytical study, carried out during a period of six months and including all healthcare workers at Farhat Hached Academic Hospital (Tunisia) who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, RAT, or chest CT scan. RESULTS A total of 474 healthcare workers were included, representing a participation rate of 85.4%. The mean age was 41.02±10.67 years with a sex ratio of 0.2. The distribution of this population by department noted that it was mainly maternity (13.9%). The most presented workstation was nursing (31.4%). OD represented 39.2% of the reasons for consultation. Hospitalization was indicated in 16 patients (3.4%). The average duration of hospitalization was 8.87 ± 7.8 days. The average time off work was 17.04 ± 11.6 days. OD persisted for more than 90 days in 35 patients (7.4%). After multiple binary logistic regression, OD was statistically associated with female gender (p =0.001; OR 95% CI: 2.46 [1.4-4.2]) and blue-collar occupational category (p =0.002; OR IC95%:3.1 [1.5-6.5]). A significant association was also noted between OD and professional seniority and absence from work duration (p =0.019; OR 95% CI: 0.97 [0.95-0.99] and p =0.03; OR 95% CI: 0.97 [0.95-0.99]) respectively. CONCLUSION OD is common in COVID-19 patients. The identification of its associated factors may contribute to enhancing the understanding of its mechanism and drive therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kacem Imène
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Kahloul Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ghenim Amal
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ajmi Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chouchane Asma
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Aloui Asma
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khalefa Wael
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - H Kalboussi
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - El Maalel Olfa
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Naija Walid
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Maoua Maher
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mrizak Nejib
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Invitto S, Spinato G, Tomasoni M, Emanuelli E, Tofanelli M, Cavicchia A, Grill V, Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Borsetto D, Polesel J, Dibattista M, Menini A, Hopkins C, Tirelli G. Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post-mild COVID-19 patients: A matched case-control study with 2-year follow-up. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1864-1875. [PMID: 36852674 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to psychophysically evaluate the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction 2 years after mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection compared to that observed at 1-year follow-up and while considering the background of chemosensory dysfunction in the no-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) population. METHOD This is a prospective case-control study on 93 patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection and 93 matched controls. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was assessed by 22-item Sino-Nasal-Outcome Test (SNOT-22), item "Sense of smell or taste." Psychophysical orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function and gustatory performance were estimated using the extended Sniffin' Sticks test battery, 20 powdered tasteless aromas, and taste strips test, respectively. Nasal trigeminal sensitivity was assessed by sniffing a 70% solution of acetic acid. RESULTS The two psychophysical assessments of chemosensory function took place after a median of 409 days (range, 366-461 days) and 765 days (range, 739-800 days) from the first SARS-CoV-2-positive swab, respectively. At 2-year follow-up, cases exhibited a decrease in the prevalence of olfactory (27.9% vs. 42.0%; absolute difference, -14.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -21.8% to -2.6%; p = 0.016) and gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 25.8%; absolute difference, -11.8%; 95% CI, -24.2% to 0.6%; p = 0.098). Subjects with prior COVID-19 were more likely than controls to have an olfactory dysfunction (27.9% vs. 10.8 %; absolute difference, 17.2%; 95% CI, 5.2% to 28.8%) but not gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 9.7%; absolute difference, 4.3%; 95% CI, -5.8% to 14.4% p = 0.496) still 2 years after the infection. Overall, 3.2% of cases were still anosmic 2 years after the infection. CONCLUSIONS Although a proportion of subjects recovered from long-lasting smell/taste dysfunction more than 1 year after COVID-19, cases still exhibited a significant excess of olfactory dysfunction 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to matched controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Spinato
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria 2-Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Emanuelli
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria 2-Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Margherita Tofanelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Angelo Cavicchia
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vittorio Grill
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS. Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Daniele Borsetto
- Department of ENT, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sipione R, Liaudet N, Rousset F, Landis BN, Hsieh JW, Senn P. Axonal Regrowth of Olfactory Sensory Neurons In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12863. [PMID: 37629041 PMCID: PMC10454582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent causes of olfactory loss includes traumatic brain injury with subsequent shearing of olfactory axons at the level of the cribriform plate (anterior skull base). Scar tissue at this level may prevent axonal regrowth toward the olfactory bulb. Currently, there is no cure for this debilitating and often permanent condition. One promising therapeutic concept is to implant a synthetic scaffold with growth factors through the cribriform plate/scar tissue to induce neuroregeneration. The first step toward this goal is to investigate the optimum conditions (growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins) to boost this regeneration. However, the lack of a specifically tailored in vitro model and an automated procedure for quantifying axonal length limits our ability to address this issue. The aim of this study is to create an automated quantification tool to measure axonal length and to determine the ideal growth factors and extracellular proteins to enhance axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons in a mouse organotypic 2D model. We harvested olfactory epithelium (OE) of C57BL/6 mice and cultured them during 15 days on coverslips coated with various extracellular matrix proteins (Fibronectin, Collagen IV, Laminin, none) and different growth factors: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), retinoic acid (RA), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and none. We measured the attachment rate on coverslips, the presence of cellular and axonal outgrowth, and finally, the total axonal length with a newly developed automated high-throughput quantification tool. Whereas the coatings did not influence attachment and neuronal outgrowth rates, the total axonal length was enhanced on fibronectin and collagen IV (p = 0.001). The optimum growth factor supplementation media to culture OE compared to the control condition were as follows: FGF2 alone and FGF2 from day 0 to 7 followed by FGF2 in combination with NGF from day 7 to 15 (p < 0.0001). The automated quantification tool to measure axonal length outperformed the standard Neuron J application by reducing the average analysis time from 22 to 3 min per specimen. In conclusion, robust regeneration of murine olfactory neurons in vitro can be induced, controlled, and efficiently measured using an automated quantification tool. These results will help advance the therapeutic concept closer toward preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sipione
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francis Rousset
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Basile N. Landis
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Wen Hsieh
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Senn
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hummel T, T. Liu D, A. Müller C, A. Stuck B, Welge-Lüssen A, Hähner A. Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:146-154. [PMID: 36647581 PMCID: PMC10198165 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of the sense of smell have received greater attention because of the frequency with which they occur as a symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory dysfunction can lead to profound reduction in quality of life and may arise from many different causes. METHODS A selective literature review was conducted with consideration of the current version of the guideline issued by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. RESULTS The cornerstones of diagnosis are the relevant medical history and psychophysical testing of olfactory function using standardized validated tests. Modern treatment strategies are oriented on the cause of the dysfunction. While treatment of the underlying inflammation takes precedence in patients with sinunasal dysosmia, olfactory training is the primary treatment option for other forms of the disorder. The prognosis is determined not only by the cause of the olfactory dysfunction and the patient's age, but also by the olfactory performance as measured at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION Options for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction are available but limited, depending on the cause. It is therefore important to carry out a detailed diagnostic work-up and keep the patient informed of the expected course and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - David T. Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Christian A. Müller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Giessen and Marburg University Hospital Ltd., Marburg
| | - Antje Welge-Lüssen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Antje Hähner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basel University Hospital, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sorting of Odor Dilutions Is a Meaningful Addition to Assessments of Olfactory Function as Suggested by Machine-Learning-Based Analyses. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144012. [PMID: 35887775 PMCID: PMC9317381 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The categorization of individuals as normosmic, hyposmic, or anosmic from test results of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification may provide a limited view of the sense of smell. The purpose of this study was to expand the clinical diagnostic repertoire by including additional tests. Methods: A random cohort of n = 135 individuals (83 women and 52 men, aged 21 to 94 years) was tested for odor threshold, discrimination, and identification, plus a distance test, in which the odor of peanut butter is perceived, a sorting task of odor dilutions for phenylethyl alcohol and eugenol, a discrimination test for odorant enantiomers, a lateralization test with eucalyptol, a threshold assessment after 10 min of exposure to phenylethyl alcohol, and a questionnaire on the importance of olfaction. Unsupervised methods were used to detect structure in the olfaction-related data, followed by supervised feature selection methods from statistics and machine learning to identify relevant variables. Results: The structure in the olfaction-related data divided the cohort into two distinct clusters with n = 80 and 55 subjects. Odor threshold, discrimination, and identification did not play a relevant role for cluster assignment, which, on the other hand, depended on performance in the two odor dilution sorting tasks, from which cluster assignment was possible with a median 100-fold cross-validated balanced accuracy of 77–88%. Conclusions: The addition of an odor sorting task with the two proposed odor dilutions to the odor test battery expands the phenotype of olfaction and fits seamlessly into the sensory focus of standard test batteries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohebbi A, Yarahmadi A. Association Between Satisfaction with Nasal Appearance and Olfactory Function in Patients Undergoing Septorhinoplasty Surgery. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2022; 25:314-318. [PMID: 35943007 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Any surgery has some complications, and septorhinoplasty is not an exception. The aim of this study was to highlight the relationship between satisfaction with nasal appearance and olfactory function in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. METHODS This is a cohort study. In this study, 384 patients aged 18 to 45 years who referred to the Ear, Nose and Throat department at Rasoul Akram hospital and private clinics in 2019 underwent septorhinoplasty. All patients were tested by the Persian Smell Identification Test (PSIT) or Rapid Smell Test (RST) before surgery. They were also reassessed one and three months after surgery. Those patients with dissatisfaction with olfactory function after surgery were also followed up for three months and assessed by PSIT or RST to determine their olfactory dysfunction. RESULTS One month after surgery, 73.5% of patients who were not satisfied with their nasal appearance also complained about the olfactory sense. In addition, 1.5% of patients who were satisfied with their nasal appearance also complained about the olfactory sense. There was a significant difference regarding complaints of the olfactory sense between patients satisfied with their nasal appearance and those not satisfied with their appearance (P<0.05). Three months after surgery, 78.9% patients who were not pleased with their nasal appearance also had an olfactory complaint. Besides, 0.9% of patients who were pleased with their nasal shape also had an olfactory complaint. There was a significant difference regarding olfactory complaints between patients who were pleased with their nasal shape and those who were not (P<0.05). CONCLUSION One and three months after septorhinoplasty, most patients who are satisfied with their nasal appearance have no complaints about their olfactory sense, and most patients who are not satisfied with their nasal appearance complain about the olfactory sense. An appropriate outcome of septorhinoplasty with regard to improving olfactory functional status is accompanied by patients' satisfaction level of achieving good nasal appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohebbi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Yarahmadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riech- und Schmeckstörungen. DGNEUROLOGIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9007254 DOI: 10.1007/s42451-022-00434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist es, einen Überblick über die Ätiologie und Diagnostik von Riech- und Schmeckstörungen zu geben. Da etwa 5 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen sind, ist es ein häufiges Krankheitsbild. Riechen und Schmecken erhielten v. a. zuletzt Aufmerksamkeit während des Aufkommens der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, wobei eine plötzlich aufgetretene Riech- und/oder Schmeckstörung zu den typischen Symptomen zählt. Daneben sind Riechstörungen in der Frühdiagnostik neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen von Bedeutung. Häufig zeigen Patienten mit Riechstörungen Zeichen einer Depression. Die Auswirkungen von Riech‑/Schmeckstörungen sind also umfangreich, die Therapiemöglichkeiten aktuell begrenzt. Nach einem Einblick in die Ätiologie werden Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten auf dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur erörtert. Auch zukunftsweisende Behandlungsvorstellungen, wie z. B. autologe Schleimhauttransplantationen oder olfaktorische Implantate, werden angesprochen.
Collapse
|
10
|
Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients Who Do Not Report Olfactory Symptoms: A Pilot Study with Some Suggestions for Dentists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031036. [PMID: 35162061 PMCID: PMC8834295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smell and taste dysfunction are frequently reported by SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The degree of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction varies from a very mild reduction to their complete loss. Several studies have been performed to determine their prevalence in COVID-19 patients, mostly using subjective measurement methods. The literature lacks long-term studies regarding duration and recovery. METHODS We assessed olfactory performance, using the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test, in a group of patients who had not reported olfactory dysfunction, around 131 days after their COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS 11 out of 20 subjects showed no olfactory reduction (65%), while 9 subjects showed reduced TDI score (45%). A total of 13 subjects (65%) scored above the cutoff point for Threshold, 16 subjects (80%) scored above the cutoff point for discrimination and 13 subjects (65%) scored above the cutoff point for identification. CONCLUSION Objective measurement methods of olfactory performance show a higher prevalence of olfactory reduction compared to patients' self-reported questionnaires. Olfactory dysfunction can last even months after its onset and because of its high prevalence, it could be a screening symptom for suspect COVID-19 cases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist es, einen Überblick über die Ätiologie und Diagnostik von Riech- und Schmeckstörungen zu geben. Da etwa 5 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen sind, ist es ein häufiges Krankheitsbild. Riechen und Schmecken erhielten v. a. zuletzt Aufmerksamkeit während des Aufkommens der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, wobei eine plötzlich aufgetretene Riech- und/oder Schmeckstörung zu den typischen Symptomen zählt. Daneben sind Riechstörungen in der Frühdiagnostik neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen von Bedeutung. Häufig zeigen Patienten mit Riechstörungen Zeichen einer Depression. Die Auswirkungen von Riech‑/Schmeckstörungen sind also umfangreich, die Therapiemöglichkeiten aktuell begrenzt. Nach einem Einblick in die Ätiologie werden Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten auf dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur erörtert. Auch zukunftsweisende Behandlungsvorstellungen, wie z. B. autologe Schleimhauttransplantationen oder olfaktorische Implantate, werden angesprochen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Speth
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenkrankheiten, Hals- und Gesichtschirurgie, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Schweiz.
| | - U S Speth
- Klinik für Mund‑, Kiefer-, und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - A R Sedaghat
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - T Hummel
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fokkens WJ, Landis BN, Hopkins C, Reitsma S, Sedaghat AR. Rhinology in review: from COVID-19 to biologicals. Rhinology 2021; 59:490-500. [PMID: 34812433 DOI: 10.4193/rhin21.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We look back at the end of what soon will be seen as an historic year, from COVID-19 to real-world introduction of biologicals influencing the life of our patients. This review describes the important findings in Rhinology over the past year. A large body of evidence now demonstrates loss of sense of smell to be one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection; a meta-analysis of 3563 patients found the mean prevalence of self-reported loss to be 47%. A number of studies have now shown long-term reduced loss of smell and parosmia. Given the high numbers of people affected by COVID-19, even with the best reported recovery rates, a significant number worldwide will be left with severe olfactory dysfunction. The most prevalent causes for olfactory dysfunction, besides COVID-19 and upper respiratory tract infections in general, are trauma and CRSwNP. For these CRSwNP patients a bright future seems to be starting with the development of treatment with biologics. This year the Nobel prize in Medicine 2021 was awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch which has greatly enhanced our understanding of nasal hyperreactivity and understanding of intranasal trigeminal function. Finally, a new definition of chronic rhinitis has been proposed in the last year and we have seen many papers emphasizing the importance of endotyping patients in chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis in order to optimise treatment effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B N Landis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Hopkins
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Reitsma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A R Sedaghat
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang CC, Yang MH, Chang SM, Hsieh YJ, Lee CH, Chen YMA, Yuan CH, Chen YL, Ho SY, Tyan YC. Clinical significance of olfactory dysfunction in patients of COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:682-689. [PMID: 34074933 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic, rapidly obtaining accurate information of patient symptoms and their progression is crucial and vital. Although the early studies in China have illustrated that the representative symptoms of COVID-19 include (dry) cough, fever, headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort, dyspnea, and muscle pain, there is increasing evidence to suggest that olfactory and taste disorder are related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we conduct this study to review the present literature about the correlation between anosmia or dysgeusia and COVID-19. METHODS A comprehensive literature search in 2020 of the electronic journal databases, mainly PubMed or Web of Science, was performed using the keywords COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with hyposmia, anosmia, dysgeusia, olfactory disorder, or olfactory dysfunction. The country, study period, case number, inpatient or outpatient medical visit, evaluation method (subjective complaints of dysfunction or objective evaluation), and occurrence rate of olfactory or gustatory function were reviewed. RESULTS Many studies reported that the recoverable olfactory or gustatory dysfunction may play an important role as the early clinical symptom of COVID-19. It is associated with better prognosis, although further investigation and validation should be carried out. CONCLUSION Studies have shown that smell and taste disturbances may represent an early symptom of COVID-19 and healthcare professionals must be very vigilant when managing patients with these symptoms. In the pandemic era, this implies testing for COVID-19 by healthcare workers with full personal protective equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Center of General Education, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Min Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Yow Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Menegaldo A, Fabbris C, Spinato G, Borsetto D, Vaira LA, Calvanese L, Pettorelli A, Sonego M, Frezza D, Bertolin A, Cestaro W, Rigoli R, D'Alessandro A, Tirelli G, Da Mosto MC, Menini A, Polesel J, Hopkins C. Six-Month Psychophysical Evaluation of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6133714. [PMID: 33575808 PMCID: PMC7929204 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study prospectively assessed the six-month prevalence of self-reported and psychophysically measured olfactory dysfunction in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Self-reported smell or taste impairment was prospectively evaluated by SNOT-22 at diagnosis, 4-week, 8-week, and 6-month. At 6 months from the diagnosis, psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function was also performed using the 34-item culturally adapted University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (CA-UPSIT). 145 completed both the 6-month subjective and psychophysical olfactory evaluation. According to CA-UPSIT, 87 subjects (60.0%) exhibited some smell dysfunction, with 10 patients being anosmic (6.9%) and 7 being severely microsmic (4.8%). At the time CA-UPSIT was administered, a weak correlation was observed between the self-reported alteration of sense of smell or taste and olfactory test scores (Spearman’s r=-0.26). Among 112 patients who self-reported normal sense of smell at last follow-up, CA-UPSIT revealed normal smell in 46 (41.1%), mild microsmia in 46 (41.1%), moderate microsmia in 11 (9.8%), severe microsmia in 3 (2.3%), and anosmia in 6 (5.4%) patients; however, of those patients self-reporting normal smell but who were found to have hypofunction on testing, 62 out of 66 had self-reported reduction in sense of smell or taste at an earlier time point. Despite most patients report a subjectively normal sense of smell, we observed a high percentage of persistent smell dysfunction at 6 months from the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 11.7% of patients being anosmic or severely microsmic. These data highlight a significant long-term rate of smell alteration in patients with previous SARS-COV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menegaldo
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Spinato
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Daniele Borsetto
- Department of ENT, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Sassari University Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Sonego
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Daniele Frezza
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andy Bertolin
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Vittorio Veneto, Italy
| | - Walter Cestaro
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Montebelluna, Italy
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Alessandro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Radiological Markers of the Olfactory Cleft: Relations to Unilateral Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfactory Function. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110989. [PMID: 33238552 PMCID: PMC7700302 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The opacification of the olfactory cleft (OC) has been associated with birhinal orthonasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to determine the associations between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfaction with radiological markers of the OC in a cohort of patients with CRS. Results were analyzed in a CRS-cohort including 13 patients with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 12 patients with non-eosinophilic CRS (non-eCRS). Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfactory function, and OC-air volume were higher in non-eCRS compared CRSwNP. OC-opacification was also higher in CRSwNP compared to non-eCRS. In the entire CRS-cohort, those with higher OC-opacification showed significantly lower orthonasal and retronasal olfactory test results compared to those with lower OC-opacification across all three coronal planes. Similarly, higher unilateral OC-opacification was also associated with lower ipsilateral orthonasal olfactory function. Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfaction with ipsilateral and overall OC-air volume. Likewise, birhinal and monorhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory test results correlated negatively with the overall and ipsilateral Lund-Mackay scores. Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory function were lower in CRS patients with higher ipsilateral and overall OC-opacification compared to those with lower OC-opacification.
Collapse
|
16
|
Marinosci A, Landis BN, Calmy A. Possible link between anosmia and COVID-19: sniffing out the truth. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2149-2150. [PMID: 32303881 PMCID: PMC7164410 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marinosci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Basile N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Omori K, Okutani F. Impaired Olfactory Identification of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease Can Be Revealed by Dual Testing. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Sorokowska A, Oleszkiewicz A, Minovi A, Konnerth CG, Hummel T. Fast Screening of Olfactory Function Using the Q-Sticks Test. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2019; 81:245-251. [PMID: 31256162 DOI: 10.1159/000500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Classical, longer olfactory tests are associated with difficulties in everyday practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of the Q-Sticks test within the context of a multicenter study. METHODS A total of 333 subjects, aged between 12 and 88 years, completed a 3-item Q-Sticks test and a longer Sniffin' Sticks identification test. We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the test results for different cutoffs for anosmia and hyposmia. RESULTS Our study showed that the test can be used on subjects aged 12 years and older, regardless of their sex. The data indicated a test sensitivity and specificity of 91.8 and 92%, respectively, with a score of 2 taken as a cutoff for olfactory dysfunction. Conversely, normal olfactory function can be declared with high probability with a score of 3 in the Q-Sticks test. CONCLUSION We reconfirmed that the Q-Sticks test is a good screening tool for everyday medical practice and in laboratory settings, although it has to be kept in mind that the test can produce false-negative results at a score of 3. The test was relatively sensitive to anosmia and differences between normosmic and hyposmic/anosmic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany, .,Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland,
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Amir Minovi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claus Günther Konnerth
- Karl-Hansen Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bad Lippspringe, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jung YD, Kim DS, Kang BJ, Shin SH, Ye MK. The Effects of Olfactory Training with Intranasal Corticosteroid Spray in Korean Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2019.26.2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Do Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Deok Su Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Jun Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Heon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yazla S, Özmen S, Kıyıcı S, Yıldız D, Haksever M, Gencay S. Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34. [PMID: 29232497 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Olfaction and gustation in patients with diabetes mellitus have great significance on quality of life, and their impairment may result in possible hazards. A limited number of studies have been performed to determine the alteration of both gustatory and olfactory function in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The aim of this study was to determine whether type 2 diabetic patients, with and without DPN, exhibit major olfactory and gustatory dysfunction using validated and dependable techniques. METHODS An observational-analytical case-control study was conducted. Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 30 healthy control subjects with a mean age of 57.1 ± 8.4 were included in the study. Patients with T2DM were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient clinic. After clinical evaluation and electromyography examination, patients with T2DM were divided into the 2 groups, with and without DPN. After a 10-hour fasting period, blood samples were taken for the measurement of serum creatinine, lipids, and HbA1c. For the quantitative assessment of olfactory function, all participants underwent butanol threshold test and odour identification test. Gustatory function was tested administering a whole-mouth above-threshold test using sucrose solutions. RESULTS The control subjects showed significantly higher Sniffin' sticks and butanol threshold scores than the diabetic patients without DPN (P = .001 and P = .009). No significant difference was found in the gustatory function test between these 2 groups (P = .116). Diabetic patients with DPN had lower Sniffin' sticks scores, butanol threshold scores, and higher sucrose thresholds compared to the controls (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .002). There were no significant differences between diabetic patients with or without DPN regarding Sniffin' sticks scores, butanol threshold, and sucrose thresholds (P = .302, P = .181, and P = .118). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrates that T2DM is associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The fact that there was no difference between the diabetic patients with and without DPN elicits the idea of central neuropathy. This novel finding might facilitate the addition of olfactory and gustatory tests to the methodological spectrum of afferent pathway investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semih Yazla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Şırnak Public Hospital, Şırnak, Turkey
| | - Süay Özmen
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinem Kıyıcı
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Demet Yıldız
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Haksever
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sündüz Gencay
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Landis BN, Hsieh JW, Coppin G. Circadian anosmia: A rare clinical presentation. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:1537-1539. [PMID: 29399795 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 27-year-old female who presented with a peculiar story of anosmia fluctuating in a circadian manner. Olfactory function appeared an hour after breakfast, was normal during daytime, and disappeared in the early evening. Imaging confirmed chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Initial systemic, followed by topical steroid treatment, rapidly and sustainably reversed this condition. The olfactory fluctuation paralleled the endogenous steroid production. This suggests that slight congestion changes in a chronically inflamed nasal mucosa may have been sufficient to induce this circadian anosmia. The importance of identifying fluctuation of olfactory function as a sign of CRS is emphasized and discussed. Laryngoscope, 128:1537-1539, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien W Hsieh
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Coppin
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences and Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Y, Choi HR, Cho JH, Hong SC, Kim JK. Clinical Feasibility of Scent Survey for Screening Test for Olfactory Function. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2018.25.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Yang
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surger, School of medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Rang Choi
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surger, School of medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cho
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surger, School of medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Hong
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surger, School of medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kook Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surger, School of medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oleszkiewicz A, Hanf S, Whitcroft KL, Haehner A, Hummel T. Examination of olfactory training effectiveness in relation to its complexity and the cause of olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:1518-1522. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Dresden Medical School; Dresden Germany
- Institute of Psychology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Sandra Hanf
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Dresden Medical School; Dresden Germany
| | - Katie L. Whitcroft
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Dresden Medical School; Dresden Germany
- UCL Ear Institute; London United Kingdom
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Studies; University of London; London United Kingdom
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Dresden Medical School; Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Dresden Medical School; Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Olfactory loss is frequent. However, in public not many people complain of that, or they are even not (fully) aware of it. This indicates that it is possible to live a life without a sense of smell, albeit it is more dangerous, less pleasant, and food tastes much less interesting. Most common causes for smell loss are sinunasal disease (chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps), acute infections of the upper airways, head trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders. In many people smell loss seems to be due to the aging process. Before treatment olfactory disorders are diagnosed according to cause with the medical history being a big portion of the diagnostic process. Olfactory disorders are in principle reversible, with a relatively high degree of spontaneous improvement in olfactory loss following infections of the upper respiratory tract. Medical treatment is according to cause. It also involves surgical approaches as well as conservative treatments including the use of corticosteroids, antibiotics, or smell training. Because today olfactory dysfunction seems to receive more attention than in previous years it can be expected that tomorrow we will have more specific and effective treatment options available.
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu G, Zong G, Doty RL, Sun Q. Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013246. [PMID: 28157672 PMCID: PMC5129069 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of, and explore potential risk factors for, taste and smell dysfunction in the general population of the USA. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING A cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013-2014). PARTICIPANTS A total of 3519 men and women aged 40 years and older who participated in NHANES 2013-2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Using the NHANES Pocket Smell Test, smell impairment was defined as failing to correctly identify 6 or more of the 8 odours. Taste impairment was defined as failing to correctly identify quinine or sodium chloride. RESULTS The estimated prevalence was 13.5% for smell impairment, 17.3% for taste impairment and 2.2% for taste and smell impairment. For smell, but not taste, prevalence estimates increased with age and were higher in men and ethnic minorities. In backward stepwise logistic regression, low educational attainment, low family income and a history of asthma or cancer were independently associated with a higher prevalence of smell impairment, whereas light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (1-3 drinks/day) was associated with a lower prevalence of this condition. After multivariate adjustment, being non-Hispanic Black Americans, consuming ≥4 drinks of alcohol per day and having a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of taste impairment. CONCLUSIONS Based on a nationally representative multistage probability survey among the US population aged 40 years and older, smell and taste dysfunction affected ∼20.5 million (13.5%) and 26.3 million (17.3%) individuals, respectively. Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, family income, light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and history of asthma or cancer were significant risk factors for smell dysfunction, whereas only ethnicity, heavy alcohol consumption and CVD history were associated with a higher prevalence of taste dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geng Zong
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Longer latency of sensory response to intravenous odor injection predicts olfactory neural disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35361. [PMID: 27734933 PMCID: PMC5062120 DOI: 10.1038/srep35361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A near loss of smell may result from conductive and/or neural olfactory disorders. However, an olfactory test to selectively detect neural disorders has not been established. We investigated whether onset latency of sensory response to intravenous odor injection can detect neural disorders in humans and mice. We showed that longer preoperative onset latency of odor recognition to intravenous odor in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis predicted worse recovery of olfactory symptoms following sinus surgery. The onset latency of the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) response to intravenous odor using synaptopHluorin signals from OSN axon terminals was delayed in mice with reduced numbers of OSNs (neural disorder) but not with increased mucus or blocked orthonasal pathways (conductive disorders). Moreover, the increase in onset latency correlated with the decrease in mature OSN numbers. Longer onset latency to intravenous odor injection is a useful biomarker for presence and severity of olfactory disorders with neural etiology.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kilicaslan A, Acar GO, Tekin M, Ozdamar OI. Assessment the long-term effects of septoplasty surgery on olfactory function. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136:1079-84. [PMID: 27228388 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1183168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research aimed to evaluate pre-operatively and post-operatively the olfactory function of patients who had undergone surgery in our clinic for chronic nasal blockage via the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) smell test. METHOD Thirty-seven patients (24 females, 13 males) were enrolled in this study. All had undergone surgery in our clinic due to chronic nasal blockage (not for smell dysfunction), having been diagnosed with septal deviation in conjunction with concha bullosa and/or inferior turbinate hypertrophy. This is a prospective study without a control group. The mean age was 33.74 ± 8.98 (range =19-54). All of the operations were performed under general anesthesia. CCCRC smell tests were performed on every patient before the operation and at post-operative 1st week, 6th week, 6th month, and 1st year. RESULTS In this study, we found that septoplasty, in conjunction with middle concha surgery and/or inferior concha radiofrequency, did not affect the olfactory function negatively. CONCLUSION Although nasal surgery has the potential to affect the smell function negatively, it was found that olfactory function was not affected after the surgery during a considerably long follow-up period. Moreover, an improvement in smell function was detected at post-operative 6th month and 1st year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adem Kilicaslan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Ozbilen Acar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Tekin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Ilkay Ozdamar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kayabaşoglu G, Altundag A, Kotan D, Dizdar D, Kaymaz R. Osmophobia and olfactory functions in patients with migraine. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:817-821. [PMID: 27577041 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction and migraine has been associated for a long time. In this study, we planned to compare olfactory functions in patients with migraine and osmophobia with patients having migraine but no osmophobia, in addition with a normal control group using "Sniffin' Sticks" test. The main distinction of this study is that all qualitative and quantitative properties of olfactory functions; threshold, discrimination and identification, are evaluated separately and jointly. Thirty healthy person aged between 16 and 56 (18 women, 12 men) and 60 migraine patients aged between 15 and 54 (39 women, 21 man) were included in the study. All patients have been inquired about osmophobia and have been assessed with Hedonic tone assessment. Osmophobia has been tested for perfume, cigarette smoke, leather, stale food, soy sauce, fish, spices and coffee smells. Olfactory functions has been assessed with "Sniffin' Sticks" smell test. Thresholds, discrimination and identification have been determined for each patient. In migraine patients with osmophobia, threshold was 7.75 ± 2.3, in migraine patients without osmophobia threshold was 8.25 ± 1.5 and threshold was 10.75 ± 1.3 for the control group. Discrimination score was 6 ± 1.2 in migraine patients with osmophobia, 9 ± 0.8 in patients without osmophobia and was 12 ± 1.4 in the control group. In migraine patient with or without osmophobia Threshold/Discrimination/Identification (TDI) scores were lower than the control group. The most important parameter in our study is that discrimination scores were especially lower in patients with osmophobia. We believe that this decrease in discrimination in migraine patients with osmophobia; who claim that they smell everything and they are sensitive to all smells, is significant. Further studies about smell discrimination will help better understand some conditions; especially anosmia and hyposmia after upper respiratory tract infections and parosmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilcan Kotan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Denizhan Dizdar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Recep Kaymaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Özmen S, Dülger S, Çoban S, Özmen ÖA, Güzelsoy M, Dikiş ÖŞ, Akdeniz Ö. Olfactory and erectile dysfunction association in smoking and non-smoking men. Physiol Behav 2016; 160:1-5. [PMID: 27037193 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The studies evaluating the effect of smoking on olfaction reveals opposite results. In vitro and animal studies and epidemiological evidence from volunteers and patients, demonstrated the association between olfaction and erectile functions. In smoking man the reduction of olfactory acuity could adversely affect sexuality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between erectile dysfunction (ED) and olfactory dysfunction (OD) by comparing a group of healthy adult men with a group of smoking adult men. This prospective study involved 62 volunteers, who were recruited and divided into two groups; one consisted of 35 smoking adult men, and the other included 27 healthy non-smoking men. All participants in both groups were examined in detail for any condition with the potential to cause OD. They all had a normal genitourinary system suffered from no circulatory diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease nor hyperlipidemia; they had no history of medication affecting genitourinary system. Butanol threshold test and sniffin' stick® (Burghart, Wedel; Germany) screening test was used to asses olfactory functions in both groups. Participants' sexual desire was assessed using an International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) scale. The means of sniffin' sticks scores, butanol threshold scores and IIEF-5 scores were statistically higher in non-smoking group. Butanol threshold scores and sniffin' sticks scores are correlated statistically with IIEF-5 in non-smoking and smoking groups. This study found an association between olfaction and erectile function in smoking and non-smoking men. As far as we know this study is the third published study to show the relationship olfactory and erectile function. In the future studies electrophysiological olfactory methods could be used to confirm in large cohorts the results obtained by the psychophysical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Süay Özmen
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Seyhan Dülger
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Chest Diseases Clinic, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Soner Çoban
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ömer Afşın Özmen
- Uludağ University Medical Faculty, Department Of Otorhinolaryngology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Güzelsoy
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Özlem Şengören Dikiş
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Chest Diseases Clinic, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Önder Akdeniz
- Esentepe Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Altundag A, Cayonu M, Kayabasoglu G, Salihoglu M, Tekeli H, Saglam O, Hummel T. Modified olfactory training in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:1763-6. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Altundag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngoglogy (ORL); Istanbul Surgery Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Melih Cayonu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL); Amasya University S.S. Training and Research Hospital; Amasya
| | - Gurkan Kayabasoglu
- Department of ORL; Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital; Adapazari
| | - Murat Salihoglu
- Department of ORL; Gulhane Military Medical Academy Training Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hakan Tekeli
- Department of Neurology; GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Omer Saglam
- Department of ORL; Kasımpasa Military Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic; Department of ORL; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Altundag A, Tekeli H, Salihoglu M, Cayonu M, Kendirli MT, Yasar H, Ozturk A. A Study on Olfactory Dysfunction in Turkish Population with using Survey Method and Validated Olfactory Testing. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 67:7-12. [PMID: 25621224 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-014-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life (QOL), and to investigate olfactory dysfunction related self-reported clinical features in Turkish population. The participants were questioned about the presence of any olfactory dysfunction. Participants with a complaint of olfactory dysfunction were asked to fill out a survey and then a validated olfactory test was performed. We asked 2,824 volunteers whether they had olfactory dysfunctions or not. A total of 199 (6.7 %) people mentioned that they had, and filled out the questions in our survey. The mean age of the surveyed population was 44 ± 15 years. The current investigation produced four major findings (1) the feeling of inadequacy due to olfactory dysfunction was more common among females than males (2) there was a significant correlation between subjective olfactory complaints and objective olfactory testing (3) problems in QOL issues are typically reported primarily in the areas of safety and nutrition (4) the possible reasons for the olfactory dysfunction according to the volunteers were upper respiratory infections including rhinosinusitis (46 %), allergic rhinitis (27 %), severe face and head trauma (6.5 %). The effect of subjective olfactory dysfunctions on QOL among the Turkish population was investigated for the first time. Problems in daily life issues are typically reported primarily in the areas of safety and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Altundag
- Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 34365 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tekeli
- Department of Neurology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Salihoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Cayonu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amasya University Training and Research Hospital, 05100 Amasya, Turkey
| | | | - Halit Yasar
- Department of Neurology, GATA Ankara Mevki Hospital, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, GATA Ankara Mevki Hospital, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Salihoglu M, Altundag A, Cayonu M, Tekeli H. An investigation of retronasal testing of olfactory function in a Turkish population. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:569-76. [PMID: 24704823 PMCID: PMC3989943 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was: (1) to perform a preliminary study for the validation of “retronasal olfactory testing” in the Turkish population to find the best way to evaluate smell and taste disorders in Turkey; (2) to determine if cultural differences make application of the test more difficult; and (3) to determine the flavors that participants had not yet tasted by using the survey method. Material/Methods The study included 330 volunteers. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed psycho-physically using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test. Retronasal olfaction was assessed using a collection of 20 available food powders applied to the oral cavity. Also, all participants filled in a questionnaire of 50 items about the flavors they had not tasted before. Results The mean age of the participants was 26±7.3 years. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test results: anosmia, hyposmia, and normosmia groups. Differences in retronasal olfaction scores were significant among the 3 groups. Conclusions The retronasal olfactory test appeared to perform well, but modifications of odorized powders or granules and distracters used in the retronasal olfactory test, taking into account Turkish cultural differences, is likely to improve its performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Salihoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Cayonu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amasya University Training and Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tekeli
- Department of Neurology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Grade 4 tonsillar hypertrophy associated with decreased retronasal olfactory function: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:2311-6. [PMID: 24609735 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-2978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tonsillar hypertrophy is common in children, but it can also be present in adults. Enlarged tonsils, a significant anatomical barrier, may affect the flow of odor molecules from the oral cavity to the nasal passages, which has not yet been studied. Thus, we aimed to investigate the mass effect of palatine tonsillar hypertrophy on retronasal olfaction. This study was carried out in 146 subjects, with a mean age of 22.1 ± 2.2 years, ranging 20-29 years. An oropharyngeal examination of the participants was completed, and tonsillar hypertrophy was graded according to the subjective tonsil size scale. The participants were divided into four groups according to their tonsil size grading; then, each subject's orthonasal olfactory and retronasal olfactory functions were assessed using "Sniffin' Sticks" and retronasal olfactory testing. There were no differences observed between the groups in terms of age, gender, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption. In addition, there was no difference between the groups in terms of "Sniffin' Sticks" subtests and TDI scores. It was determined that the retronasal olfactory scores of the participants with grade 4 tonsil size were significantly lower than the retronasal olfactory scores of the participants with grade 1 tonsil size. The current investigation demonstrates that grade 4 tonsillar hypertrophy has significant negative effects on the retronasal route of olfactory sensing, when compared with grade 1 tonsillar hypertrophy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Altundag A, Salihoglu M, Cayonu M, Tekeli H, Kayabasoglu G. The Effect of Anatomic Clearance Between Tongue and Soft Palate on Retronasal Olfactory Function. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-014-9162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
Tekeli H, Altundağ A, Salihoğlu M, Cayönü M, Kendirli MT. The applicability of the "Sniffin' Sticks" olfactory test in a Turkish population. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:1221-6. [PMID: 24382345 PMCID: PMC3891317 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory assessment is often neglected in clinical practice, although olfactory loss can assist in diagnosis and may lead to significant morbidity. “Sniffin’ Sticks” is a modern test of nasal chemosensory performance that was developed in Germany and validated in many countries. Our aim was to validate the applicability of “Sniffin’ Sticks” in a Turkish population. Material/Methods The study included 123 healthy volunteers with a reported normal sense of smell and 51 patients complaining of a reduction in their olfactory function presenting either at rhinology or neurology clinics. The mean age of the subjects tested was 30.2±12.5 years in 126 males and 48 females. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to subjective olfactory function – healthy or abnormal. Each subject’s olfactory function was assessed using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Results We found significant differences in “Sniffin’ Sticks” test results between the abnormal and healthy groups. In healthy subjects, the 10th percentiles of odor threshold score, odor discrimination score, odor identification score, and TDI score were 7.25, 12, 11, and 32, respectively. Considering the 2 groups together, apple and turpentine were the least well-recognized odors from the 16 odors presented. Conclusions Our study provides an update of normative values for routine clinical use of “Sniffin’ Sticks” in a Turkish population. Also, the present study validates that “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test was applicable for clinical usage in a Turkish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Tekeli
- Department of Neurology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytuğ Altundağ
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Salihoğlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Cayönü
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amasya University Training and Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Frasnelli J, Collignon O, Voss P, Lepore F. Crossmodal plasticity in sensory loss. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 191:233-49. [PMID: 21741555 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53752-2.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe crossmodal plasticity following sensory loss in three parts, with each section focusing on one sensory system. We summarize a wide range of studies showing that sensory loss may lead, depending of the affected sensory system, to functional changes in other, primarily not affected senses, which range from heightened to lowered abilities. In the first part, the effects of blindness on mainly audition and touch are described. The latest findings on brain reorganization in blindness are reported, with a particular emphasis on imaging studies illustrating how nonvisual inputs recruit the visually deafferented occipital cortex. The second part covers crossmodal processing in deafness, with a special focus on the effects of deafness on visual processing. In the last portion of this review, we present the effects that the loss of a chemical sense have on the sensitivity of the other chemical senses, that is, smell, taste, and trigeminal chemosensation. We outline how the convergence of the chemical senses to the same central processing areas may lead to the observed reduction in sensitivity of the primarily not affected senses. Altogether, the studies reviewed herein illustrate the fascinating plasticity of the brain when coping with sensory deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Frasnelli
- Département de Psychologie, Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Taste disorders in cancer patients: Pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
Croy I, Buschhüter D, Seo HS, Negoias S, Hummel T. Individual significance of olfaction: development of a questionnaire. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 267:67-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
40
|
Schumm LP, McClintock M, Williams S, Leitsch S, Lundstrom J, Hummel T, Lindau ST. Assessment of sensory function in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009; 64 Suppl 1:i76-85. [PMID: 19549923 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project assessed functioning of all 5 senses using both self-report and objective measures. We evaluate the performance of the objective measures and model differences in sensory function by gender and age. In the process, we demonstrate how to use and interpret these measures. METHODS Distance vision was assessed using a standard Sloan eye chart, and touch was measured using a stationary 2-point discrimination test applied to the index fingertip of the dominant hand. Olfactory function (both intensity detection and odor identification) was assessed using odorants administered via felt-tip pens. Gustatory function was measured via identification of four taste strips. RESULTS The performance of the objective measures was similar to that reported for previous studies, as was the relationship between sensory function and both gender and age. DISCUSSION Sensory function is important in studies of aging and health both because it is an important health outcome and also because a decline in functioning can be symptomatic of or predict other health conditions. Although the objective measures provide considerably more precision than the self-report items, the latter can be valuable for imputation of missing data and for understanding differences in how older adults perceive their own sensory ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Philip Schumm
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, 4841 South Maryland Avenue MC2007, Chicago, IL 40437, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight two often forgotten nasal functions, olfaction and nasal nitric oxide production, which have both received more attention over the last two decades with consequent findings that are now entering the routine clinical setting. RECENT FINDINGS Olfactory measurements have been optimized and normative data are available, giving clinicians the possibility of testing olfactory function quickly within a patient's workup. The results can lead to more thorough investigations if necessary. Olfactory disorders concern more than just a few people, and these disorders can be a very early sign of Parkinson's disease. Nasal nitric oxide is hypothesized to play a role as an airborne messenger and as an antiinfectious agent in the nose and sinuses and to contribute to the mucociliary clearance. Evidence is growing that the nasal nitric oxide level is a good parameter for diagnosis of ciliary beat impairments and a suitable parameter to monitor treatment success in chronic rhinosinusitis. SUMMARY Both nasal nitric oxide and olfactory function are worth testing routinely in any rhinology workup. Valuable clinical information for diagnostic and follow-up purposes can be gained.
Collapse
|
42
|
Vennemann MM, Hummel T, Berger K. The association between smoking and smell and taste impairment in the general population. J Neurol 2008; 255:1121-6. [PMID: 18677645 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on taste and smell impairment in a large population- based study. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey in Dortmund, Germany. METHODS The population sample was randomly drawn from the city's central registration office. Following a standardized interview, validated taste and smell tests were performed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression was used in the analysis. RESULTS Among the 1312 study participants, 3.6 % were functionally anosmic, and 18 % had olfactory dysfunction. Approximately 20 % recognized only three or less of the four tastes when presented at suprathreshold concentrations, indicating signs of taste impairment. Current smoking in general increased the risk for impairment of olfactory function (odds ratio 1.71, 95 % CI 1.19-2.47), but not the risk for taste impairment. Heavy smokers of 20 or more cigarettes/day had significant increased risks for impairment in both senses. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that both olfactory and gustatory function are compromised in a significant proportion of the general population. Smoking increases significantly the risk of impairment of olfactory function. Our findings add an important detail to the large body of evidence that describes adverse health effects of smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechtild M Vennemann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|