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El Bilali H, Ben Hassen T. Regional Agriculture and Food Systems Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Near East and North Africa Region. Foods 2024; 13:297. [PMID: 38254598 PMCID: PMC10815245 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected agri-food systems worldwide. However, while the impacts differed from one country/region to another, the scholarly literature seems to focus on developed countries in the Global North. Consequently, this review scrutinizes the literature on the pandemic's impacts in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. A search on the Web of Science in March 2023 generated 334 documents, of which 151 were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. According to the bibliometric analysis, the most active nations are Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, and Lebanon. In general, the coverage of studies is better in the Gulf region than in the less developed countries of North Africa and those suffering from wars (cf. Libya, Syria, and Yemen). Studies generally focus on crop production and the downstream food chain (cf. distribution and consumption). While the pandemic influenced every pillar of food security, this research concentrates on access and utilization. Meanwhile, the lion's share of the literature deals with the pandemic's socio-economic effects, especially those linked to food (in)security and health. The pandemic, which laid bare the agri-food system vulnerabilities, should be seized to foster the transition towards more resilient agri-food systems in the NENA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid El Bilali
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM-Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy;
| | - Tarek Ben Hassen
- Program of Policy, Planning, and Development, Department of International Affairs, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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2
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Wolińska IA, Kraik K, Poręba R, Gać P, Poręba M. Environmental factors of obesity before and after COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1213033. [PMID: 38186688 PMCID: PMC10766782 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1213033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In past decades the prevalence of overweight and obesity had grown rapidly. There are numerous factors contributing to this unfavorable change in people's health. This review article investigates the environmental factors which may play a role in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and additionally the novel factors which appeared after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused the increase in BMI during the lockdown period. Most of the studies reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown contributed to the growth of BMI in numerous countries and, eventually the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased. Studies suggest that the physical activity was decreased while sleep time and screen time were increased and the amount of food consumed increased, additionally more processed food with long shelf life was consumed. The diverse environmental factors may have an impact on obesity and overweight development taking into account policy and local school policy issues, socioeconomic status, lifestyle including physical activity, diet habits, and amongst others, more trivial causes such as uninteresting neighborhoods, lack of sense of security outside the place of residence or a long distance from shops. Still, this is the object of debate if air pollution is an environmental risk factor influencing the unfavorable trends towards increasing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Anna Wolińska
- Divison of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kraik
- Students’ Scientific Association of Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poręba
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Fragala MS, Matsushita F, Chen Z, Bare LA. Cardiometabolic Risk Increased in Working-Aged Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:426-434. [PMID: 37615613 PMCID: PMC10615087 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Public health measures necessary to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impacted lifestyles and health practices. This multiyear cohort analysis of U.S. working-aged adults aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on metabolic syndrome and explores contributing factors. Methods: This longitudinal study (n = 19,543) evaluated year-to-year changes in metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors through employer-sponsored annual health assessment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using logistic mixed-effects model. Results: From prepandemic to pandemic (2019 to 2020), prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased by 3.5% for men and 3.0% for women, across all ethnic groups. This change was mainly driven by increased fasting glucose (7.3%) and blood pressure (5.2%). The increased risk of metabolic syndrome was more likely to occur in individuals with an elevated body mass index (BMI) combined with insufficient sleep or physical activity. Conclusions: Cardiometabolic risk increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic in a working-aged adult population, more so for those with a high BMI, unhealthy sleep, and low physical activity practices. Given this observation, identification of risk and intervention (including lifestyle and medical) is increasingly necessary to reduce the cardiovascular and metabolic risk, and improve working-aged population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhen Chen
- Quest Diagnostics, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA
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Ahmed J, AlSaleh A, Almarabheh AJ, Ismail LC, Almuqahwi AAM, AlOmer HWA, AlAlhareth IM, Albader SJM, Alhajeri SS, Al Dhaheri AS. Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bahrain: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112543. [PMID: 37299508 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors such as dietary habits, perceived weight, sleep, and physical activity worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through this study, we aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on these lifestyle factors in Bahrain. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1005 adult Bahrainis. Data were collected online using a structured and validated questionnaire for the assessment of eating habits, physical activity, and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were snowballed through those who agreed to answer the online questionnaire. There was a higher consumption of fast food, and a higher dependence on takeaways during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 63.5% of the participants consumed >4 meals per day, compared to 36.5% before the COVID-19. About 30% reported consumption of sugar sweetened beverages from two to three times a day. Weight loss was predominantly observed in persons exercising 1-3 times a week. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was also high, with about 19% reporting drinking sweet beverages once every day, 10.6% from two to three times a day, and 40.4% from one to four times a week. A higher proportion of the participants reported poor sleep quality during the pandemic (31.2%) compared to before (12.2%), and 39.7% of the participants reported feeling lazy. Screen time use also doubled during the pandemic, with participants spending more than five hours per day on screens for entertainment, which went from 22.4% before to 51.9% during the pandemic. The lifestyle and dietary habits changed drastically for our study participants during the pandemic. The increased reliance on processed fast food instead of healthier options is a challenge to be tackled in any future pandemic situation. Future research needs to focus on strategies to promote healthier lifestyle modifications during situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Ahmed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Aseel AlSaleh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Amer J Almarabheh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Aysha A M Almuqahwi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Hussa W A AlOmer
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Ibrahim M AlAlhareth
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Sabiha J M Albader
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Saad S Alhajeri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
| | - Ayesha S Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Fear of COVID-19 and social distancing on the health behavior of coronary heart disease patients. Appl Nurs Res 2023; 69:151664. [PMID: 36635018 PMCID: PMC9747228 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to provide basic data to improve the health behavior of patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease during pandemics such as that caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by identifying the fear of COVID-19 and the degree of social distancing behavior of coronary patients. METHODS In this study, 162 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease who received follow-up care at the cardiovascular center of Dong-A University Hospital in Busan were selected. The variables examined in this study included subjects' general characteristics and disease-related characteristics, fear of COVID 19, social distancing behavior, and health behavior. Data were collected from June 8-25, 2021, and data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS26.0 program. RESULTS The results showed that older participants, those who were religious, those with cohabitants, and those who showed better compliance with social distancing showed better health behavior practice. Factor with the greatest influence on the health behavior of patients with coronary artery disease was social distancing behavior (β = 0.299, p < .001). CONCLUSION After the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to develop a health care program to promote the health behavior of high-risk patients, including coronary artery disease, in preparation for the COVID-19 era. The younger the patient, the fewer health activities are undertaken when living alone, so appropriate education and support for these individuals should increase the rate of implementation of health activities for coronary artery disease.
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Sheng R, Yang X, Zhou Y, Liu X, Xu W. COVID-19 and Eating Problems in Daily Life: The Mediating Roles of Stress, Negative Affect and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:34-51. [PMID: 34784823 PMCID: PMC9841454 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211045315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic poses a challenge to individuals' mental health. People worldwide are experiencing increased stress, negative affect, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, which may lead to eating problems. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the perceived severity of COVID-19 on eating problems and the mediating effects of stress/negative affect/posttraumatic stress symptoms both at the personal level and interpersonal level. Methods: During the COVID-19 outbreak, a total of 108 college students were recruited to report their perceived severity of COVID-19, stress, negative affect, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and eating problems three times a day for seven consecutive days using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Results: State perceived severity of COVID-19 predicted fewer subsequent eating problems in daily life at the personal level. Both state negative affect and posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with eating problems in daily life. At the interpersonal level, trait-like perceived severity of COVID-19, stress, negative affect, and posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with overall eating problems. There were no mediating effects of stress/negative affect/posttraumatic stress symptoms on the relations between perceived severity of COVID-19 and eating problems at the personal/interpersonal level. Conclusions: The perceived severity of COVID-19, stress, negative affect, and posttraumatic stress symptoms might increase the risk of eating problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Sheng
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujie Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- Department of Psychology, 5450Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Al‐Qudimat AR, Al Darwish MB, Elaarag M, Al‐Zoubi RM, Rejeb MA, Ojha LK, Nashwan AJ, Alshunag T, Adawi K, Omri AE, Aboumarzouk OM, Yassin A, Al‐Ansari AA. COVID‐19 effect on patients with noncommunicable diseases: A narrative review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e995. [DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Al‐Qudimat
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Public Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Mohamed B. Al Darwish
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Mai Elaarag
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al‐Zoubi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, QU‐Health, College of Health Sciences Qatar University Doha Qatar
- Department of Chemistry Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Mohamed Amine Rejeb
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Laxmi K. Ojha
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | | | | | - Karam Adawi
- Department of Public Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Abdelfettah El Omri
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Omar M. Aboumarzouk
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine Qatar University Doha Qatar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing The University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Aksam Yassin
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences Dresden International University Dresden Germany
| | - Abdulla A. Al‐Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Section Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Hamad General Hospital Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
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Bakaloudi DR, Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Breda J, Wickramasinghe K, Chourdakis M. Impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on body weight: A combined systematic review and a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:3046-3054. [PMID: 34049749 PMCID: PMC8056819 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the imposed lockdowns in order to control the pandemic, had undoubtedly influenced the lifestyle of millions of people worldwide. The period of confinement, which was characterized by seizing most business activities and allowing only for e-classes at schools and universities, leading also to a lower physical activity, could have affected eating behaviors of people of all ages. In this study we aimed to investigate the impact of the first lockdown period (March-May 2020) on body weight (BW) and on body mass index (BMI) in both adults and adolescents (>16 years old). A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed®, Scopus®, Web of Science® and EMBASE® databases and 36 observational (35 cross-sectional and one cohort) studies were included. BW and BMI changes after/during the lockdown period were examined. BW was stated as increased in a significant part of the individuals (11.1-72.4%), although a range of 7.2-51.4% of individuals reported weight loss. A significant higher BW was observed with a weighted mean between-group difference (WMD) 1.57 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.14) in the post-lockdown period compared to the before lockdown time and higher BMI, 0.31 WMD (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.45) was identified before the lockdown period. At variance with general trends, one study in older adults (>60 years old) notably reported a significant BW loss, suggesting a higher risk for lockdown-induced weight loss and potentially malnutrition in the elderly population. Overall increments in BW are an alarming effect of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to potential higher incidence of overweight, obesity and related health-risks as well as other noncommunicable diseases. Further studies are needed to assess potential group-specific impacts, with particular regard to weight gain in younger people and risk of weight loss, malnutrition and sarcopenia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Nutritional Medicine, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joao Breda
- Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Russian Federation
| | - Kremlin Wickramasinghe
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece,Corresponding author. Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Tayyem R, Ibrahim MO, Mortada H, AlKhalaf M, Bookari K, Al Sabbah H, Qasrawi R, Kamel I, Dashti S, Allehdan S, Bawadi H, Waly M, Abuhijleh H, Hammouh F, Al-Awwad N, Al-Bayyari N, Cheikh Ismail L, Abu Al-Halawa D, Othman M, Hoteit M. Sex disparities in food consumption patterns, dietary diversity and determinants of self-reported body weight changes before and amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 10 Arab countries. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1029219. [PMID: 36388291 PMCID: PMC9650450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic along with its confinement period boosted lifestyle modifications and impacted women and men differently which exacerbated existing gender inequalities. The main objective of this paper is to assess the gender-based differentials in food consumption patterns, dietary diversity and the determinants favoring weight change before and amid the COVID-19 pandemic among Arab men and women from 10 Arab countries. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a convenience sample of 12,447 households' family members (mean age: 33.2 ± 12.9; 50.1% females) and information from participants aged 18 years and above was collected about periods before and during the pandemic. Results Findings showed that, during the COVID-19 period, the dietary diversity, declined by 1.9% among females compared to males (0.4%) (p < 0.001) and by 1.5% among overweight participants (p < 0.001) compared to their counterparts. Conclusions To conclude, gender-sensitive strategies and policies to address weight gain and dietary diversity during emergent shocks and pandemics are urgently needed in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Tayyem
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU)-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,Reema Tayyem
| | - Mohammed O. Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu'tah University, Karak, Jordan
| | | | - Majid AlKhalaf
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Bookari
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haleama Al Sabbah
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwan Qasrawi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine,Department of Computer Engineering, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Somaia Dashti
- Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sabika Allehdan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU)-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mostafa Waly
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Haya Abuhijleh
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU)-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadwa Hammouh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Sciences Faculty, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
| | - Narmeen Al-Awwad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Nahla Al-Bayyari
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, As-Salt, Jordan
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manal Othman
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU)-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Maha Hoteit
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon,PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebano,Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center, Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon,University Medical Center, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon,*Correspondence: Maha Hoteit
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10
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Ko HJ, Cho YJ, Kim KK, Kang JH, Kim YS, Haam JH, Hur YI, Choi HI, Lee KR, Park JH, Cho SH, Kim JK, Lee T, Seo MJ, Yoon YS, Seo Y, Nam GE, Kim SH. COVID-19 and related social distancing measures induce significant metabolic complications without prominent weight gain in Korean adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:951793. [PMID: 36160167 PMCID: PMC9490037 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.951793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study using multi-center health examination data from Korean adults was conducted to confirm changes in weight, and their related cardiometabolic parameters, before and after strengthening of social distancing regulations. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using health check-up data from 13 university hospitals. The study period was from January 2018 to July 2020. To examine the effect of systematic social distancing measures, participants who underwent a health check-up (Visit 3) between July 2020 and July 2021 (during full scale social distancing), and had undergone two previous health check-ups (Visits 1 and 2) between January 2018 and June 2020 (before social distancing), were selected. In total, data from 7,875 participants were analyzed. Linear mixed-effect models were used to calculate estimates of anthropometric indices and metabolic markers measured on Visits 2 and 3, compared with measurements from Visit 1. Results There were no significant differences in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and body composition on Visit 3 than on Visits 1 and 2. However, the odds of metabolic syndrome and its components, including hypertension, high glucose, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and dyslipidemia were significantly higher on Visit 3 than on Visits 1 and 2. The increase in metabolic complications was marked, particularly in relatively young adults who visited health check-up centers located in the capital area. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome and its components were significantly worse after high level social distancing, although there were no significant increases in anthropometric indices and body fat levels. Healthcare providers need to prevent and manage worsening of metabolic parameters in subpopulations prone to be more sedentary and eat unhealthy food during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Cho
- Department Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kyoung-Kon Kim
| | - Jee-Hyun Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Haam
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Im Hur
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye-In Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyu Rae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Ha Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, South Korea
| | - Taesic Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, South Korea
| | - Myung-Jae Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, South Korea
| | - Yeong Sook Yoon
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Yoobin Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Sanbon Medical Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, South Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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Influence of diverse kinds of persuasive messages on intention to stay home during COVID-19 pandemic: Moderating role of media type. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS REPORTS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9271227 DOI: 10.1016/j.teler.2022.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study highlights the influence of diverse kinds of persuasive messages on intention to stay home during COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to be the top modern societal challenge necessitating extensive collective action and collaboration. The statistical population included Iranian individuals by answering our online survey questionnaires at diverse phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. 406 completed questionnaires were gathered and analyzed. Note that, according to the official reports, Iran encountered COVID-19 disease since February 19, 2020. Data collection was started on July 18, 2020 (at the beginning of second wave of COVID-19 in Iran) and lasted until October 30, 2020. Various social network platforms including Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook and Telegram were used for distribution of the questionnaires. According to the results, perceived severity and perceived self-efficacy had an insignificant direct influence on intention to stay home. From another perspective, perceived vulnerability (β = 0.261, CI = 0.059; 0.242]) and perceived response efficacy (β = 0.502, CI = 0.347; 0.656]) positively and significantly affected the intention to stay home. Moreover, no significant difference was found between these two kinds of media messages in research sample. Our findings showed that “perceived response efficacy” has the highest importance score of 0.502; if the perceived response efficacy performance is boosted by one unit point by individuals during COVID-19 pandemic, its overall intention to stay home will increase by 0.502. Besides, our results showed that lowest performance (78.104) is associated with perceived vulnerability highlighting an excellent opportunity for improvement in this area.
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12
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Khan MA, Menon P, Govender R, Abu Samra AM, Allaham KK, Nauman J, Östlundh L, Mustafa H, Smith JEM, AlKaabi JM. Systematic review of the effects of pandemic confinements on body weight and their determinants. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:298-317. [PMID: 33706844 PMCID: PMC8376925 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pandemics and subsequent lifestyle restrictions such as ‘lockdowns’ may have unintended consequences, including alterations in body weight. This systematic review assesses the impact of pandemic confinement on body weight and identifies contributory factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed in seven electronic databases and in grey sources from their inception until 1 July 2020 with an update in PubMed and Scopus on 1 February 2021. In total, 2361 unique records were retrieved, of which forty-one studies were identified eligible: one case–control study, fourteen cohort and twenty-six cross-sectional studies (469, 362 total participants). The participants ranged in age from 6 to 86 years. The proportion of female participants ranged from 37 % to 100 %. Pandemic confinements were associated with weight gain in 7·2–72·4 % of participants and weight loss in 11·1–32·0 % of participants. Weight gain ranged from 0·6 (sd 1·3) to 3·0 (sd 2·4) kg, and weight loss ranged from 2·0 (sd 1·4) to 2·9 (sd 1·5) kg. Weight gain occurred predominantly in participants who were already overweight or obese. Associated factors included increased consumption of unhealthy food with changes in physical activity and altered sleep patterns. Weight loss during the pandemic was observed in individuals with previous low weight, and those who ate less and were more physically active before lockdown. Maintaining a stable weight was more difficult in populations with reduced income, particularly in individuals with lower educational attainment. The findings of this systematic review highlight the short-term effects of pandemic confinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moien Ab Khan
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Primary Care, NHS North West London, LondonTW3 3EB, UK
| | - Preetha Menon
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Romona Govender
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Mb Abu Samra
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kholoud K Allaham
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javaid Nauman
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda Östlundh
- National Medical Library, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halla Mustafa
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Juma M AlKaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Yang J, Yang G, Jin R, Song G, Yuan G. Changes in paediatric dental clinic after reopening during COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan: a retrospective study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048430. [PMID: 35022166 PMCID: PMC8756075 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Affected by COVID-19 pandemic, The Department of Paediatric Dentistry of School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University was closed in late January 2020, and resumed on 20 April. Our study aimed to explore the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric dental services which might assist global paediatric dentists to build confidence and make appropriate policies under the pandemic. DESIGN A retrospective study was performed. Medical records of patients were retrieved but without any private information, including patient name, ID number and address. PARTICIPANTS All data of the patients from 20 April to 31 July in 2020 and 2019 were extracted and analysed including demographics, dental diagnosis and treatment methods. A total of 18 198 patients were included in the study. RESULTS During this period, no medical staff or patient was infected with COVID-19 due to dental services. A total of 6485 in 2020 but 11 713 during the same period in 2019 visited the department. Compared with 2019, gender distribution did not change, but age distribution changed with an increase under 6-year-old. The diagnoses including caries, retained primary teeth, malocclusion, deep pits and fissures changed significantly, while pulpitis, apical periodontitis, tooth trauma, early loss of primary teeth, supernumerary teeth showed little change. Aerosol generating procedures were adopted less frequently overall in this period. CONCLUSIONS The reopening of paediatric dental services is proceeding steadily with significant changes in the characteristics of the patients and treatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guobin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of General and Emergency, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Runze Jin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangtai Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Onal HY, Bayram B, Yuksel A. Factors associated with the weight change trend in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Turkey. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:S53-S69. [PMID: 34909133 PMCID: PMC8636394 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.s1.s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To determine the weight change trend among the adult Turkish population after 1 yr of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and factors associated with weight change. MATERIALS/METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between 26 February and 6 March 2021 using an online questionnaire that included questions for sociodemographic variables, eating habits, stress level, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18. Those who weighed themselves 1-2 weeks before the pandemic was declared in Turkey and remembered their weight were invited to participate in the study. Trends in weight and body mass index (BMI) change were calculated. The variables associated with a 1% change in BMI were assessed using hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS The study was conducted with 1,630 adults (70.25% female) with a mean age of 32.09 (11.62) yrs. The trend of weight change was found to increase by an average of 1.15 ± 6.10 kg (female +0.72 ± 5.51, male +2.16 ± 7.22 kg) for the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate of participants with a normal BMI (18.50-24.99 kg/m2) decreased to 51.91% from 55.75%. Consuming an "Increased amount of food compared to before the pandemic" was found to be the independent variable that had the strongest association with a 1% increase in BMI (β = 0.23 P < 0.001). The average change in the BMI was higher in older individuals than in those who were younger. A high stress level was associated with a decrease in BMI (β = -0.04 P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the factors associated with weight change after 1 yr of the pandemic in the Turkish population was reported for the first time. A high stress level and increased weight gain trend still occur in Turkey after 1 yr of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Yilmaz Onal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Istanbul Atlas, Istanbul 34408, Turkey
| | - Banu Bayram
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Aysun Yuksel
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
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Foppa L, Mota ALRD, Morais EPD. Quality of life and eating habits of patients with obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29:e3502. [PMID: 34816871 PMCID: PMC8616172 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5238.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to verify the quality of life and eating habits of patients with obesity
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: cross-sectional study with 68 outpatients, candidates for bariatric surgery,
at university hospital in the Southern Brazil. Data collection was carried
out by telephone, with questions about the profile of the participants and
social distancing; questionnaires on quality of life and eating habits were
also used. The data analysis, the logistic regression model, Spearman
correlation, Mann-Whitney U and Student t-tests were used for independent
samples. Results: the general quality of life was 57.03 points and the eating habit with the
highest score was cognitive restraint (61.11 points). Most patients (72.1%)
were socially distancing themselves and 27.9% had not changed their routine.
The chance of isolation was 3.16 times greater for patients who were
married. There is a positive correlation between the domains of the Quality
of Life questionnaire and cognitive restraint from the questionnaire about
eating habits. Conclusion: we found that the participants tended to have a better quality of life as
cognitive restraint increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Foppa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Enfermagem Ambulatorial, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane Pinheiro de Morais
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Enfermagem Ambulatorial, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Enfermagem, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Lee CB. Public Statement on the Importance of Prevention and Management of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:194-195. [PMID: 34521778 PMCID: PMC8526296 DOI: 10.7570/jomes21064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Beom Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
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Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Patients from the Bariatric Surgery Waiting List. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050505. [PMID: 34067534 PMCID: PMC8157055 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Social isolation and lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced dietary habits and physical activity of all the population, but the obese population is the most vulnerable to weight gain. Material and Methods: A group of 189 patients (166 female and 23 male) from the bariatric surgery waiting list filled in a survey about the influence of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on their dietary habits, physical activity, and the possibility of contact with their bariatric care center. Results: The majority of patients with weight gain declared a decrease in physical activity, compared to half of the patients without weight gain (50.5% vs. 74.5%, p < 0.05). The continuation of bariatric care and the possibility of contact with a bariatric surgeon, dietician, and psychologist had each significant influence on reducing the risk of patients’ weight gain (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Maintaining physical activity and contact with bariatric care specialists are important factors in allowing to avoid weight gain in patients waiting for bariatric surgery.
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Zhang X, Chen B, Jia P, Han J. Locked on salt? Excessive consumption of high-sodium foods during COVID-19 presents an underappreciated public health risk: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3583-3595. [PMID: 34093102 PMCID: PMC8167309 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Abrupt changes in food preferences and eating habits have induced an overlooked health risk during the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Indeed, emerging evidence points to a major shift to consumption of high-sodium foods during the pandemic lockdowns in the population from different countries and cultures. High-sodium foods have sodium contents exceeding 500 mg per 100 g, and many processed and preserved foods fall into this category. Excessive dietary sodium intake is associated with chronic diseases including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney diseases, and thus poses confounding risks during the pandemic. Here, we review food categories in consumers' shopping lists and food parcels delivered to people who needed assistance during the pandemic, when frozen meals, canned foods, instant foods, snacks, and other high-sodium foods gained substantial popularity. Such change in consumers' behavior is driven by several factors: the perceived risk of viral infection in grocery shopping trips, limited supplies and inflated prices of fresh produce, preference on foods with long shelf lives, and emotional eating. Moreover, the general low awareness of sodium contents in food has contributed to the increased consumption of high-sodium foods during the pandemic. We also discuss the possible effects on COVID-19 infection and severity caused by excessive sodium intake. We conclude that the public should be educated to maintain a healthy sodium intake during the pandemic, and measures should be adopted by governments and private donors in procuring food parcels with more balanced sodium contents to lower the risks of prolonged and excessive sodium intakes in the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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