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Steffan BN, Townsend EA, Denlinger LC, Johansson MW. Eosinophil-Epithelial Cell Interactions in Asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38885626 DOI: 10.1159/000539309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils have numerous roles in type 2 inflammation depending on their activation states in the blood and airway or after encounter with inflammatory mediators. Airway epithelial cells have a sentinel role in the lung and, by instructing eosinophils, likely have a foundational role in asthma pathogenesis. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss various topics related to eosinophil-epithelial cell interactions in asthma, including the influence of eosinophils and eosinophil products, e.g., granule proteins, on epithelial cell function, expression, secretion, and plasticity; the effects of epithelial released factors, including oxylipins, cytokines, and other mediators on eosinophils, e.g., on their activation, expression, and survival; possible mechanisms of eosinophil-epithelial cell adhesion; and the role of intra-epithelial eosinophils in asthma. KEY MESSAGES We suggest that eosinophils and their products can have both injurious and beneficial effects on airway epithelial cells in asthma and that there are bidirectional interactions and signaling between eosinophils and airway epithelial cells in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne N Steffan
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Townsend
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Loren C Denlinger
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mats W Johansson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Urbani F, Moretti S, Antonucci C, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170035. [PMID: 37483591 PMCID: PMC10358847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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3
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Subsets of Eosinophils in Asthma, a Challenge for Precise Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065716. [PMID: 36982789 PMCID: PMC10052006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of eosinophils was documented histopathologically in the first half of the 19th century. However, the term “eosinophils” was first used by Paul Ehrlich in 1878. Since their discovery and description, their existence has been associated with asthma, allergies, and antihelminthic immunity. Eosinophils may also be responsible for various possible tissue pathologies in many eosinophil-associated diseases. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the understanding of the nature of this cell population has undergone a fundamental reassessment, and in 2010, J. J. Lee proposed the concept of “LIAR” (Local Immunity And/or Remodeling/Repair), underlining the extensive immunoregulatory functions of eosinophils in the context of health and disease. It soon became apparent that mature eosinophils (in line with previous morphological studies) are not structurally, functionally, or immunologically homogeneous cell populations. On the contrary, these cells form subtypes characterized by their further development, immunophenotype, sensitivity to growth factors, localization, role and fate in tissues, and contribution to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including asthma. The eosinophil subsets were recently characterized as resident (rEos) and inflammatory (iEos) eosinophils. During the last 20 years, the biological therapy of eosinophil diseases, including asthma, has been significantly revolutionized. Treatment management has been improved through the enhancement of treatment effectiveness and a decrease in the adverse events associated with the formerly ultimately used systemic corticosteroids. However, as we observed from real-life data, the global treatment efficacy is still far from optimal. A fundamental condition, “sine qua non”, for correct treatment management is a thorough evaluation of the inflammatory phenotype of the disease. We believe that a better understanding of eosinophils would lead to more precise diagnostics and classification of asthma subtypes, which could further improve treatment outcomes. The currently validated asthma biomarkers (eosinophil count, production of NO in exhaled breath, and IgE synthesis) are insufficient to unveil super-responders among all severe asthma patients and thus give only a blurred picture of the adepts for treatment. We propose an emerging approach consisting of a more precise characterization of pathogenic eosinophils in terms of the definition of their functional status or subset affiliation by flow cytometry. We believe that the effort to find new eosinophil-associated biomarkers and their rational use in treatment algorithms may ameliorate the response rate to biological therapy in patients with severe asthma.
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Nakagome K, Nagata M. Innate Immune Responses by Respiratory Viruses, Including Rhinovirus, During Asthma Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865973. [PMID: 35795686 PMCID: PMC9250977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection, especially with rhinovirus (RV), is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. The production of anti-viral cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-α from epithelial cells or dendritic cells is lower in patients with asthma or those with high IgE, which can contribute to viral-induced exacerbated disease in these patients. As for virus-related factors, RV species C (RV-C) induces more exacerbated disease than other RVs, including RV-B. Neutrophils activated by viral infection can induce eosinophilic airway inflammation through different mechanisms. Furthermore, virus-induced or virus-related proteins can directly activate eosinophils. For example, CXCL10, which is upregulated during viral infection, activates eosinophils in vitro. The role of innate immune responses, especially type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and epithelial cell-related cytokines including IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in the development of viral-induced airway inflammation has recently been established. For example, RV infection induces the expression of IL-33 or IL-25, or increases the ratio of ILC2 in the asthmatic airway, which is correlated with the severity of exacerbation. A mouse model has further demonstrated that virus-induced mucous metaplasia and ILC2 expansion are suppressed by antagonizing or deleting IL-33, IL-25, or TSLP. For treatment, IFNs including IFN-β suppress not only viral replication but also ILC2 activation in vitro. Agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 or 7 can induce IFNs, which can then suppress viral replication and ILC2 activation. Therefore, if delivered in the airway, IFNs or TLR agonists could become innovative treatments for virus-induced asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuyuki Nakagome,
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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5
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Dill-McFarland KA, Schwartz JT, Zhao H, Shao B, Fulkerson PC, Altman MC, Gill MA. Eosinophil-mediated suppression and Anti-IL-5 enhancement of plasmacytoid dendritic cell interferon responses in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:666-675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Feng X, Lawrence MG, Payne SC, Mattos J, Etter E, Negri JA, Murphy D, Kennedy JL, Steinke JW, Borish L. Lower viral loads in subjects with rhinovirus-challenged allergy despite reduced innate immunity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:414-422.e2. [PMID: 35031416 PMCID: PMC10666001 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections, especially those caused by rhinovirus, are the most common cause of asthma exacerbations. Previous studies have argued that impaired innate antiviral immunity and, as a consequence, more severe infections contribute to these exacerbations. OBJECTIVE These studies explored the innate immune response in the upper airway of volunteers with allergic rhinitis and asthma in comparison to healthy controls and interrogated how these differences corresponded to severity of infection. METHODS Volunteers with allergic rhinitis, those with asthma, and those who are healthy were inoculated with rhinovirus A16 and monitored for clinical symptoms. Tissue and nasal wash samples were evaluated for antiviral signature and viral load. RESULTS Both subjects with allergic rhinitis and asthma were found to have more severe cold symptoms. Subjects with asthma had worsened asthma control and increased bronchial hyperreactivity in the setting of higher fractional exhaled breath nitric oxide and blood eosinophils. These studies confirmed reduced expression of interferons and virus-specific pattern recognition receptors in both cohorts with atopy. Nevertheless, despite this defect in innate immunity, volunteers with allergic rhinitis/asthma had reduced rhinovirus concentrations in comparison to the controls. CONCLUSION These results confirm that the presence of an allergic inflammatory disorder of the airway is associated with reduced innate immune responsive to rhinovirus infection. Despite this, these volunteers with allergy have reduced viral loads, arguing for the presence of a compensatory mechanism to clear the infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02910401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Monica G Lawrence
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Spencer C Payne
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jose Mattos
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Elaine Etter
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Julie A Negri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Deborah Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John W Steinke
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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7
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Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772004. [PMID: 34868033 PMCID: PMC8634472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically a minority population of circulating granulocytes being released from the bone-marrow as terminally differentiated cells. Besides their function in the defense against parasites and in promoting allergic airway inflammation, regulatory functions have now been attributed to eosinophils in various organs. Although eosinophils are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens, it remains unclear whether they are drivers of the asthma pathology or merely recruited effector cells. Recent findings highlight the homeostatic and pro-resolving capacity of eosinophils and raise the question at what point in time their function is regulated. Similarly, eosinophils from different physical locations display phenotypic and functional diversity. However, it remains unclear whether eosinophil plasticity remains as they develop and travel from the bone marrow to the tissue, in homeostasis or during inflammation. In the tissue, eosinophils of different ages and origin along the inflammatory trajectory may exhibit functional diversity as circumstances change. Herein, we outline the inflammatory time line of allergic airway inflammation from acute, late, adaptive to chronic processes. We summarize the function of the eosinophils in regards to their resident localization and time of recruitment to the lung, in all stages of the inflammatory response. In all, we argue that immunological differences in eosinophils are a function of time and space as the allergic inflammatory response is initiated and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Flores-Torres AS, Rendon A, Salinas-Carmona MC, Salinas E, Rosas-Taraco AG. Human Eosinophils Reduce Viral Titer, Secrete IL-8, and Increase RIG-I Expression in Response to Influenza A H1N1 pdm09. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:573-578. [PMID: 34415814 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils participate in the immune response against many pathogens, including viruses. Since mouse eosinophils are susceptible to influenza A virus infection and possess antiviral activity, we evaluated the expression of sialic acid residues in human eosinophils and their response against influenza virus in vitro. We demonstrated that human eosinophils express α2,6- and α2,3-linked sialic acid, and drastically reduced influenza virus titer. After influenza virus exposure, eosinophils upregulated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) mRNA expression, but no other pattern recognition receptors. Finally, high concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8) were found in influenza virus-exposed eosinophil cultures. These data suggest that human eosinophils possess antiviral activity and may play a role in the innate immune response to influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando S Flores-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Adrian Rendon
- Center of Research, Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases (CIPTIR), University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mario C Salinas-Carmona
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adrian G Rosas-Taraco
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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9
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Ondari E, Calvino-Sanles E, First NJ, Gestal MC. Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8004. [PMID: 34360770 PMCID: PMC8347986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica C. Gestal
- LSU Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.O.); (E.C.-S.); (N.J.F.)
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10
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McCrae C, Olsson M, Gustafson P, Malmgren A, Aurell M, Fagerås M, Da Silva CA, Cavallin A, Paraskos J, Karlsson K, Wingren C, Monk P, Marsden R, Harrison T. INEXAS: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of On-demand Inhaled Interferon Beta-1a in Severe Asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:273-283. [PMID: 33091192 PMCID: PMC7984268 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are important triggers for asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that inhalation of the anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-β, during URTI, could prevent these exacerbations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of on-demand inhaled IFN-β1a (AZD9412) to prevent severe asthma exacerbations following symptomatic URTI. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which patients with severe asthma (GINA 4-5; n = 121) reporting URTI symptoms were randomized to 14 days of once-daily nebulized AZD9412 or placebo. The primary endpoint was severe exacerbations during treatment. Secondary endpoints included 6-item asthma control questionnaire (ACQ-6) and lung function. Exploratory biomarkers included IFN-response markers in serum and sputum, blood leucocyte counts and serum inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Following a pre-planned interim analysis, the trial was terminated early due to an unexpectedly low exacerbation rate. Asthma worsenings were generally mild and tended to peak at randomization, possibly contributing to the lack of benefit of AZD9412 on other asthma endpoints. Numerically, AZD9412 did not reduce severe exacerbation rate, ACQ-6, asthma symptom scores or reliever medication use. AZD9412 improved lung function (morning peak expiratory flow; mPEF) by 19.7 L/min. Exploratory post hoc analyses indicated a greater mPEF improvement by AZD9412 in patients with high blood eosinophils (>0.3 × 109 /L) at screening and low serum interleukin-18 relative change at pre-treatment baseline. Pharmacodynamic effect of AZD9412 was confirmed using IFN-response markers. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Colds did not have the impact on asthma patients that was expected and, due to the low exacerbation rate, the trial was stopped early. On-demand AZD9412 treatment did not numerically reduce the number of exacerbations, but did attenuate URTI-induced worsening of mPEF. Severe asthma patients with high blood eosinophils or low serum interleukin-18 response are potential subgroups for further investigation of inhaled IFN-β1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrae
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early DevelopmentRespiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
- Krefting Research CentreDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Marita Olsson
- Early Biometrics and Statistical InnovationData Science and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Per Gustafson
- BioPharmaceutical MedicalAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Malmgren
- Early Respiratory & Immunology Projects DepartmentBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Malin Aurell
- Early Respiratory & Immunology Clinical DevelopmentBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Malin Fagerås
- BioPharmaceutical MedicalAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Carla A. Da Silva
- Early Respiratory & Immunology Clinical DevelopmentBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Anders Cavallin
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineEarly Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM)BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Jonathan Paraskos
- Point of Care Diagnostics, Precision MedicineOncology R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Karin Karlsson
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineEarly Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM)BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Cecilia Wingren
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early DevelopmentRespiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Phillip Monk
- Synairgen Research LtdSouthampton University HospitalSouthamptonUK
| | - Richard Marsden
- Synairgen Research LtdSouthampton University HospitalSouthamptonUK
| | - Tim Harrison
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottingham City HospitalNottinghamUK
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11
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Lee LY, Hew GSY, Mehta M, Shukla SD, Satija S, Khurana N, Anand K, Dureja H, Singh SK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Gulati M, Prasher P, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Thangavelu L, Panneerselvam J, Gupta G, Zacconi FC, Shastri M, Jha NK, Xenaki D, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Targeting eosinophils in respiratory diseases: Biological axis, emerging therapeutics and treatment modalities. Life Sci 2021; 267:118973. [PMID: 33400932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bi-lobed, multi-functional innate immune cells with diverse cell surface receptors that regulate local immune and inflammatory responses. Several inflammatory and infectious diseases are triggered with their build up in the blood and tissues. The mobilization of eosinophils into the lungs is regulated by a cascade of processes guided by Th2 cytokine generating T-cells. Recruitment of eosinophils essentially leads to a characteristic immune response followed by airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, which are hallmarks of chronic respiratory diseases. By analysing the dynamic interactions of eosinophils with their extracellular environment, which also involve signaling molecules and tissues, various therapies have been invented and developed to target respiratory diseases. Having entered clinical testing, several eosinophil targeting therapeutic agents have shown much promise and have further bridged the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, researchers now have a clearer understanding of the roles and mechanisms of eosinophils. These factors have successfully assisted molecular biologists to block specific pathways in the growth, migration and activation of eosinophils. The primary purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the eosinophil biology with a special emphasis on potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. The review also summarizes promising eosinophil-targeting agents, along with their mechanisms and rationale for use, including those in developmental pipeline, in clinical trials, or approved for other respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geena Suet Yin Hew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madhur Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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12
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Kim HJ, Jung Y. The Emerging Role of Eosinophils as Multifunctional Leukocytes in Health and Disease. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e24. [PMID: 32655972 PMCID: PMC7327148 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells that have a role in parasitic infections and allergy by releasing their granule-derived cytotoxic proteins. However, an increasing number of recent observations indicate that eosinophils are not only associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, but also contribute to the maintenance of homeostatic responses in previously underappreciated diverse tissues, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and adipose tissue. In this review, we describe biological characteristics of eosinophils, as their developmental properties, permissive proliferation and survival, degranulation activity, and migration properties enable them to distribute to both homeostatic and inflamed tissues. We describe pathologic aspects of eosinophils with a role in asthma and in various GI diseases, including eosinophilic GI disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and radiation-induced enteropathy. Finally, we discuss the beneficial role of eosinophils, which contribute to the resolution of pathogenic conditions and to the modulation of homeostatic biologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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13
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Malachowski T, Hassel A. Engineering nanoparticles to overcome immunological barriers for enhanced drug delivery. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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14
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Hwang JW, Lee KJ, Choi IH, Han HM, Kim TH, Lee SH. Decreased expression of type I (IFN-β) and type III (IFN-λ) interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1551-1565.e2. [PMID: 31449915 PMCID: PMC7111475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about antiviral responses in the sinonasal mucosal tissue of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Objective we investigated the presence of virus and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, TLR7, and interferon and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in healthy mucosal tissue of control subjects and the inflammatory sinus mucosal tissue of CRS patients, and evaluated whether levels of interferons and ISGs might be affected by CRS-related cytokines and by treatment with macrolides, dexamethasone, or TLR3 and TLR7 agonists. Methods The presence of virus in the sinonasal mucosa was evaluated with real-time PCR. The expression of interferons and ISGs in the sinonasal mucosa and in cultured epithelial cells treated with TH1 and TH2 cytokines, macrolides, dexamethasone, or TLR3 and TLR7 agonists were evaluated with real-time PCR and Western blotting. The expression of TLR3 and TLR7 in the sinonasal mucosa were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results Respiratory viruses were detected in 15% of samples. Interferons and ISGs are expressed in normal mucosa, but their levels were decreased in patients with CRS. Interferon and ISG levels were upregulated in cells treated with macrolides, dexamethasone, or TLR3 agonist, but some were decreased in cytokine-treated cells. TLR3 and TLR7 levels showed no significant difference between normal and inflammatory sinus mucosal tissue. Conclusion These results suggest that decreased levels of interferons and ISGs in patients with CRS might contribute to impairment of the antiviral innate response in inflammatory sinonasal epithelial cells. Macrolides and glucocorticoids might provide positive effects on the treatment of CRS by upregulating interferon and ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Hwang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hak Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Min Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hag Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Flores-Torres AS, Salinas-Carmona MC, Salinas E, Rosas-Taraco AG. Eosinophils and Respiratory Viruses. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:198-207. [PMID: 31140942 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been mainly associated with parasitic infection and pathologies such as asthma. Some patients with asthma present a high number of eosinophils in their airways. Since respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbations, several studies have evaluated the role of eosinophils against respiratory viruses. Eosinophils contain and produce molecules with antiviral activity, including RNases and reactive nitrogen species. They can also participate in adaptive immunity, serving as antigen-presenting cells. Eosinophil antiviral response has been demonstrated against some respiratory viruses in vitro and in vivo, including respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Given the implication of respiratory viruses in asthma, the eosinophil antiviral role might be an important factor to consider in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando S Flores-Torres
- 1 Department of Immunology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez," Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario C Salinas-Carmona
- 1 Department of Immunology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez," Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adrian G Rosas-Taraco
- 1 Department of Immunology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez," Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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16
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Nakagome K, Nagata M. Involvement and Possible Role of Eosinophils in Asthma Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2220. [PMID: 30323811 PMCID: PMC6172316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are involved in the development of asthma exacerbation. Recent studies have suggested that sputum and blood eosinophil counts are important factors for predicting asthma exacerbation. In severe eosinophilic asthma, anti-interleukin (IL)-5 monoclonal antibody decreases blood eosinophil count and asthma exacerbation frequency. However, even in the absence of IL-5, eosinophilic airway inflammation can be sufficiently maintained by the T helper (Th) 2 network, which comprises a cascade of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/CC chemokines/eosinophil growth factors, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein and a biomarker of the Th2 immune response in asthma, directly activates eosinophils in vitro. A major cause of asthma exacerbation is viral infection, especially rhinovirus (RV) infection. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, a cellular receptor for the majority of RVs, on epithelial cells is increased after RV infection, and adhesion of eosinophils to ICAM-1 can upregulate the functions of eosinophils. The expressions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and CXCL10 are upregulated in virus-induced asthma. CysLTs can directly provoke eosinophilic infiltration in vivo and activate eosinophils in vitro. Furthermore, eosinophils express the CXC chemokine receptor 3, and CXCL10 activates eosinophils in vitro. Both eosinophils and neutrophils contribute to the development of severe asthma or asthma exacerbation. IL-8, which is an important chemoattractant for neutrophils, is upregulated in some cases of severe asthma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces IL-8 from epithelial cells, is also increased in the lower airways of corticosteroid-resistant asthma. IL-8 or LPS-stimulated neutrophils increase the transbasement membrane migration of eosinophils, even in the absence of chemoattractants for eosinophils. Therefore, eosinophils are likely to contribute to the development of asthma exacerbation through several mechanisms, including activation by Th2 cytokines, such as IL-5 or GM-CSF or by virus infection-related proteins, such as CXCL10, and interaction with other cells, such as neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Lee YZ, Yap HM, Shaari K, Tham CL, Sulaiman MR, Israf DA. Blockade of Eosinophil-Induced Bronchial Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition with a Geranyl Acetophenone in a Coculture Model. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:837. [PMID: 29201006 PMCID: PMC5696322 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is currently recognized as the main cellular event that contributes to airway remodeling. Eosinophils can induce EMT in airway epithelial cells via increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production. We assessed the effect of synthetic 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranyl acetophenone (tHGA) upon eosinophil-induced EMT in a cellular model. The human eosinophil cell line EoL-1 was used to induce EMT in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. The induction of EMT was dose-dependently suppressed following tHGA treatment in which the epithelial morphology and E-cadherin expression were not altered. Protein and mRNA expression of vimentin, collagen I and fibronectin in eosinophil-induced epithelial cells were also significantly suppressed by tHGA treatment. Following pathway analysis, we showed that tHGA suppressed eosinophil-induced activator protein-1-mediated TGF-β production by targeting c-Jun N-terminal kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways. These findings corroborated previous findings on the ability of tHGA to inhibit experimental murine airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Z Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Hui M Yap
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Chau L Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd R Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Daud A Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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18
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a minority circulating granulocyte classically viewed as being involved in host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions. However, a series of new regulatory functions for these cells have been identified in the past decade. During homeostasis, eosinophils develop in the bone marrow and migrate from the blood into target tissues following an eotaxin gradient, with interleukin-5 being a key cytokine for eosinophil proliferation, survival, and priming. In multiple target tissues, eosinophils actively regulate a variety of immune functions through their vast arsenal of granule products and cytokines, as well as direct cellular interaction with cells in proximity. The immunologic regulation of eosinophils extends from innate immunity to adaptive immunity and also involves non-immune cells. Herein, we summarize recent findings regarding novel roles of murine and human eosinophils, focusing on interactions with other hematopoietic cells. We also review new experimental tools available and remaining questions to uncover a greater understanding of this enigmatic cell.
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19
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Farne HA, Johnston SL. Immune mechanisms of respiratory viral infections in asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:31-37. [PMID: 28818789 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The more severe pathology respiratory viral infections produce in asthma sufferers is a result of a dysregulated immune response. Excess type 2 inflammation is a well-described feature of virally induced asthma exacerbations, with growing evidence that production of antiviral interferons may also be impaired. However, the mechanisms underlying these are little understood. This review summarizes the current understanding and recent discoveries of the cellular and molecular events that follow viral infections in asthma. In particular, we discuss differences in viral sensing and intracellular signalling pathways upstream of interferon induction in asthma, and the role of epithelial-derived cytokines in orchestrating type 2 immunopathology, including type 2 innate lymhpoid cells (ILC2s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Farne
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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20
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McBrien CN, Menzies-Gow A. The Biology of Eosinophils and Their Role in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:93. [PMID: 28713812 PMCID: PMC5491677 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will describe the structure and function of the eosinophil. The roles of several relevant cell surface molecules and receptors will be discussed. We will also explore the systemic and local processes triggering eosinophil differentiation, maturation, and migration to the lungs in asthma, as well as the cytokine-mediated pathways that result in eosinophil activation and degranulation, i.e., the release of multiple pro-inflammatory substances from eosinophil-specific granules, including cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines growth factors, and enzymes. We will discuss the current understanding of the roles that eosinophils play in key asthma processes such as airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling, in addition to the evidence relating to eosinophil–pathogen interactions within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Menzies-Gow
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Epigenetic silencing of IRF1 dysregulates type III interferon responses to respiratory virus infection in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17086. [PMID: 28581456 PMCID: PMC5501188 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative injury produced by airway disease triggers TGFβ-mediated epigenetic reprogramming known as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We observe that EMT silences protective mucosal interferon (IFN)-I/-III production associated with enhanced rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) replication. Mesenchymal transitioned cells are defective in inducible interferon regulatory factor (IRF)1 expression by occluding RelA and IRF3 access to the promoter. IRF1 is necessary for expression of type III IFNs (IFNLs-1 and 2/3). Induced by the EMT, Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) binds and silences IRF1. Ectopic ZEB1 is sufficient for IRF1 silencing, whereas ZEB1 knockdown partially restores IRF1-IFNL upregulation. ZEB1 silences IRF1 through the catalytic activity of the Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit (EZH2), forming repressive H3K27(me3) marks. We observe that IRF1 expression is mediated by ZEB1 de-repression; our study demonstrates how airway remodeling/fibrosis is associated with a defective mucosal antiviral response through ZEB1-initiated epigenetic silencing.
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22
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Airway Epithelial Orchestration of Innate Immune Function in Response to Virus Infection. A Focus on Asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 13 Suppl 1:S55-63. [PMID: 27027954 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201507-421mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a very common respiratory condition with a worldwide prevalence predicted to increase. There are significant differences in airway epithelial responses in asthma that are of particular interest during exacerbations. Preventing exacerbations is a primary aim when treating asthma because they often necessitate unscheduled healthcare visits and hospitalizations and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The most common cause of asthma exacerbations is a respiratory virus infection, of which the most likely type is rhinovirus infection. This article focuses on the role played by the epithelium in orchestrating the innate immune responses to respiratory virus infection. Recent studies show impaired bronchial epithelial cell innate antiviral immune responses, as well as augmentation of a pro-Th2 response characterized by the epithelial-derived cytokines IL-25 and IL-33, crucial in maintaining the Th2 cytokine response to virus infection in asthma. A better understanding of the mechanisms of these abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to highlight current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in the asthmatic epithelium and to discuss exciting areas for future research and novel treatments.
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23
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da Silva J, Hilzendeger C, Moermans C, Schleich F, Henket M, Kebadze T, Mallia P, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Louis R. Raised interferon-β, type 3 interferon and interferon-stimulated genes - evidence of innate immune activation in neutrophilic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 47:313-323. [PMID: 27622317 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferons play an important role in innate immunity. Previous studies report deficiency in virus induction of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and IFN-λ in bronchial epithelial and bronchial lavage cells in atopic asthmatics. It is now recognized that asthma is a heterogeneous disease comprising different inflammatory phenotypes, some of which may involve innate immune activation in the absence of overt infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the severity of asthma or a specific cellular sputum pattern may be linked to evidence of innate immune activation. METHODS Here we investigate the expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1 (IL-29), IFN-λ2/3 (IL-28A/B) and the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and viperin in unstimulated sputum cells in 57 asthmatics (including 16 mild, 19 moderate and 22 severe asthma patients) and compared them with 19 healthy subjects. RESULTS We observed increased expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1/IL-29, OAS and viperin in asthmatics compared with healthy subjects, while IL-28 was not expressed in any group. The overexpression was restricted to neutrophilic asthmatics (sputum neutrophils ≥ 76%), while eosinophilic asthmatics (sputum eosinophils ≥ 3%) did not differ from healthy subjects or even showed a lower expression of Mx1. No difference in interferon or ISG expression was observed according to clinical asthma severity. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Neutrophilic, but not eosinophilic, asthmatics display overexpression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1/IL-29 and ISGs in their sputum cells that may reflect ongoing innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J da Silva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Allergy Service, University Hospital Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Federal University of Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - C Hilzendeger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Moermans
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - F Schleich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - M Henket
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - T Kebadze
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Louis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Liege, GIGA I3 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
Chronic airway diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and their prevalence is predicted to increase in the future. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of acute pulmonary infection, and there is clear evidence of their role in acute exacerbations of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have reported impaired host responses to virus infection in these diseases, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of these abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases and to discuss exciting areas for future research and novel treatments.
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25
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Contoli M, Ito K, Padovani A, Poletti D, Marku B, Edwards MR, Stanciu LA, Gnesini G, Pastore A, Spanevello A, Morelli P, Johnston SL, Caramori G, Papi A. Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells. Allergy 2015; 70:910-20. [PMID: 25858686 DOI: 10.1111/all.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and other Th2 inflammatory conditions have been associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections. The mechanisms by which Th2 cytokines can influence immune responses to infections are largely unknown. METHODS We measured the effects of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) on bronchial epithelial cell innate immune antiviral responses by assessing interferon (IFN-β and IFN-λ1) induction following rhinovirus (RV)-16 infection. We also investigated the modulatory effects of Th2 cytokines on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), interferon-responsive factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor (NF)-kB, that is key molecules and transcription factors involved in the rhinovirus-induced interferon production and inflammatory cascade. Pharmacological and redox modulation of these pathways was also assessed. RESULTS Th2 cytokines impaired RV-16-induced interferon production, increased rhinovirus replication and impaired TLR3 expression in bronchial epithelial cells. These results were replicated in vivo: we found increased IL-4 mRNA levels in nasal epithelial cells from nasal brushing of atopic rhinitis patients and a parallel reduction in TLR3 expression and increased RV-16 replication compared to nonatopic subjects. Mechanistically, Th2 cytokines impaired RV-16-induced activation of IRF3, but had no effects on RV-16-induced NF-kB activation in bronchial epithelial cell cultures. N-acetylcysteine and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor restored the inhibitory effects of Th2 cytokines over RV-16-induced activation of IRF3. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 and IL-13, through inhibition of TLR3 expression and signalling (IRF3), impair immune response to RV-16 infection. These data suggest that Th2 conditions increase susceptibility to infections and identify pharmacological approaches with potential to restore impaired immune response in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Contoli
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - K. Ito
- Airway Disease; National Heath and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - A. Padovani
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - D. Poletti
- ENT Unit; Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - B. Marku
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - M. R. Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - L. A. Stanciu
- Airway Disease Infection Section; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - G. Gnesini
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - A. Pastore
- ENT Unit; Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - A. Spanevello
- University of Insubria and Fondazione Maugeri; Varese Italy
| | | | - S. L. Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - G. Caramori
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - A. Papi
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
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26
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Saturni S, Contoli M, Spanevello A, Papi A. Models of Respiratory Infections: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations and Beyond. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:525-33. [PMID: 26333698 PMCID: PMC4605924 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the main health problems worldwide. They are a challenging field of study due to an intricate relationship between the pathogenicity of microbes and the host's defenses. To better understand mechanisms of respiratory infections, different models have been developed. A model is the reproduction of a disease in a system that mimics human pathophysiology. For this reason, the best models should closely resemble real-life conditions. Thus, the human model is the best. However, human models of respiratory infections have some disadvantages that limit their role. Therefore, other models, including animal, in vitro, and mathematical ones, have been developed. We will discuss advantages and limitations of available models and focus on models of viral infections as triggers of asthma exacerbations, viral infections being one of the most frequent causes of exacerbating disease. Future studies should focus on the interrelation of various models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saturni
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Fondazione Maugeri, Tradate, University of Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:45-56. [PMID: 25521684 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1100] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. Given the large number of eosinophils in the airways of people with mild asthma, and verified by data from murine models, asthma was long considered the hallmark T helper type 2 (TH2) disease of the airways. It is now known that some asthmatic inflammation is neutrophilic, controlled by the TH17 subset of helper T cells, and that some eosinophilic inflammation is controlled by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) acting together with basophils. Here we discuss results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans and describe the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. [3] Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Han S, Huang Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Qin X, Wu A. Increased rate of positive penicillin skin tests among patients with glioma: insights into the association between allergies and glioma risk. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:1176-84. [PMID: 25170669 DOI: 10.3171/2014.7.jns1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Allergy and immunoglobulin E levels are inversely associated with glioma risk. Previous studies have focused on respiratory and food allergies, and little information is available regarding drug allergies. This study evaluated the rate of positive penicillin skin tests (PenSTs) and blood eosinophil counts in a large population of patients with glioma compared with nontumor controls to provide evidence for the relationship between drug allergies and glioma risk. METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted in patients diagnosed with glioma (n = 913) between January 2004 and June 2013. The study patients were matched with nontumor controls (n = 1091) for age, sex, and date of admission to the hospital. Preoperative results of the PenST and eosinophil counts were obtained, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression models, while a Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess overall survival. RESULTS The percentage of positive PenSTs was higher among patients with glioma than in control subjects. The age-, sex-, and admission date-adjusted OR for positive versus negative PenSTs was 2.392 (95% CI 1.891-3.026). Eosinophil counts were also higher in glioma cases than in controls: the OR for eosinophil > 0.06 × 10(9)/L versus ≤ 0.06 × 10(9)/L was 1.923 (95% CI 1.608-2.301). There was no association between positive PenST/eosinophil counts and glioma grade or patient survival (n = 105). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previously reported relationships between allergy and glioma, in the present study a significantly higher rate of positive PenSTs and higher eosinophil counts were found in patients with glioma than in nontumor controls. These results suggest a complex relationship between allergies and glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yamaya M, Nishimura H, Nadine L, Kubo H, Nagatomi R. Formoterol and budesonide inhibit rhinovirus infection and cytokine production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Respir Investig 2014; 52:251-60. [PMID: 24998372 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-acting β(2) agonists (LABAs) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) reduce the frequency of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. However, inhibitory effects of LABAs and ICSs on the replication of rhinovirus (RV), the major cause of exacerbations, have not been demonstrated. METHODS Primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells were infected with a major group RV, type 14 rhinovirus (RV14), to examine the effects of formoterol and budesonide on RV infection and infection-induced airway inflammation. RESULTS Treatment with formoterol and budesonide 72 h before and after RV14 infection reduced RV14 titers and cytokine concentrations, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, in supernatants and viral RNA within cells. Formoterol and budesonide reduced mRNA expression and protein concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the receptor for RV14. Formoterol reduced the number and fluorescence intensity of acidic endosomes through which RV RNA enters the cytoplasm. Formoterol and budesonide reduced the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B protein p65 in nuclear extracts. The effects of formoterol plus budesonide were additive with respect to RV14 replication, cytokine production, ICAM-1 expression, acidic endosome fluorescence intensity, and p65 activation. The selective β(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, ICI 118551 [erythro-dl-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-3-isopropylaminobutan-2-ol], reversed the inhibitory effects of formoterol on RV14 titers and RNA levels, the susceptibility of cells to RV14 infection, cytokine production, acidic endosomes, ICAM-1 expression, and p65 activation. CONCLUSIONS Formoterol and budesonide may inhibit RV infection by reducing the ICAM-1 levels and/or acidic endosomes and modulate airway inflammation associated with RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai National Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Lusamba Nadine
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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