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Khalafalla AI. Zoonotic diseases transmitted from the camels. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1244833. [PMID: 37929289 PMCID: PMC10620500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1244833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic diseases, infections transmitted naturally from animals to humans, pose a significant public health challenge worldwide. After MERS-CoV was discovered, interest in camels was raised as potential intermediate hosts for zoonotic viruses. Most published review studies pay little attention to case reports or zoonotic epidemics where there is epidemiological proof of transmission from camels to humans. Accordingly, any pathogen found in camels known to cause zoonotic disease in other animals or humans is reported. Methods Here, zoonotic diseases linked to camels are reviewed in the literature, focusing on those with epidemiological or molecular evidence of spreading from camels to humans. This review examines the risks posed by camel diseases to human health, emphasizing the need for knowledge and awareness in mitigating these risks. Results A search of the literature revealed that eight (36.4%) of the 22 investigations that offered convincing evidence of camel-to-human transmission involved MERS, five (22.7%) Brucellosis, four (18.2%) plague caused by Yersinia pestis, three (13.6%) camelpox, one (4.5%) hepatitis E, and one (4.5%) anthrax. The reporting of these zoonotic diseases has been steadily increasing, with the most recent period, from 2010 to the present, accounting for 59% of the reports. Additionally, camels have been associated with several other zoonotic diseases, including toxoplasmosis, Rift Valley fever, TB, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever, despite having no evidence of a transmission event. Transmission of human zoonotic diseases primarily occurs through camel milk, meat, and direct or indirect contact with camels. The above-mentioned diseases were discussed to determine risks to human health. Conclusion MERS, Brucellosis, plague caused by Y. pestis, camelpox, hepatitis E, and anthrax are the main zoonotic diseases associated with human disease events or outbreaks. Transmission to humans primarily occurs through camel milk, meat, and direct contact with camels. There is a need for comprehensive surveillance, preventive measures, and public health interventions based on a one-health approach to mitigate the risks of zoonotic infections linked to camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Development and Innovation Sector, Biosecurity Affairs Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Rhazi H, Tifrouin I, Mikou K, Belayadi O, Safini N, Alhyane M, Tadlaoui KO, Lenk M, Elharrak M. Poxvirus sensitivity of a novel diploid sheep embryonic heart cell line. Arch Virol 2023; 168:232. [PMID: 37594542 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), camelpox virus (CPV), and orf virus (ORFV) are members of the family Poxviridae. These viruses are usually isolated or produced in embryonated eggs or primary cells because continuous cell lines are less sensitive to infection. Disadvantages of the use of eggs or primary cells include limited availability, potential endogenous contaminants, and a limited ability to perform multiple passages. In this study, we developed a diploid cell culture from sheep embryonic hearts (EHs) and demonstrated its high proliferative and long-term storage capacities. In addition, we demonstrated its sensitivity to representatives of three genera of the family Poxviridae: Capripoxvirus (LSDV), Orthopoxvirus (CPV), and Parapoxvirus (ORFV). The cell culture had a doubling time of 24 h and reached 40 passages with satisfactory yield. This is comparable to that observed in primary lamb testis (LT) cells at passage 5 (P5). After infection, each poxvirus titer was 7.0-7.6 log TCID50/mL for up to five passages and approximately 6.8, 6.4, and 5.6 for the three viruses at P6-P25, P30, and P40, respectively. The sensitivity of sheep EH cells to poxvirus infection did not decrease after long-term storage in liquid nitrogen and was higher than that of primary LT cells, which are used for capripoxvirus and parapoxvirus detection and growth, and Vero cells, which are used for orthopoxvirus detection and growth. Thus, EH diploid cells are useful for poxvirus isolation and production without embryonated eggs or primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Rhazi
- Laboratory of Functional and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Sidi Mohammed, Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco.
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Ikram Tifrouin
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Karima Mikou
- Laboratory of Functional and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Sidi Mohammed, Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Belayadi
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Najete Safini
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Meryem Alhyane
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Collection of Cell Lines in Veterinary Medicine, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
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3
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Zhugunissov K, Mambetaliyev M, Sarsenkulova N, Tabys S, Kenzhebaeva M, Issimov A, Abduraimov Y. Development of an Inactivated Camelpox Vaccine from Attenuated Camelpox Virus Strain: Safety and Protection in Camels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091513. [PMID: 37174551 PMCID: PMC10177572 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the preparation of an inactivated vaccine from an attenuated strain of camelpox. The attenuated camelpox virus (CMLV) was grown in lamb kidney cells and in Vero cells. CMLV was accumulated to a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) titer in lamb kidney cells (7.75 ± 0.08 log TCID50/mL) than in Vero cells (4.00 ± 0.14 log TCID50/mL). During virus inactivation, a concentration of 0.05% beta-propiolactone (BPL) completely inactivated the virus in 6 h at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C, while a concentration of 0.2% formaldehyde inactivated the virus in 8 h. However, a viral antigen inactivated by BPL was used for vaccine preparation. The inactivated viral antigen was adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide gel, and as a result, an inactivated candidate vaccine was prepared. While the safety of the candidate vaccine was tested in camels and white mice, the protective efficacy of the vaccine was tested only in camels. In the safety evaluation of the inactivated vaccine, the vaccine was not observed to cause any adverse effects in mice and camels. During the immunogenicity study in camels, antibody formation started (0.2 ± 0.16 log2) at Day 21 post-vaccination (PV), and the antibody titer peaked (1.33 ± 0.21 log2) at Day 60 PV and decreased at Day 90 PV (0.50 ± 0.22 log2). Furthermore, no antibodies were detected in vaccinated camels from Days 180 to 365 PV. Camels that received vaccination and were subsequently exposed to wild-type virus evinced a healthy state despite lacking antibodies. In contrast, unvaccinated camels exhibited susceptibility to camelpox upon challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Nuraiym Sarsenkulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Shalkar Tabys
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Marzhan Kenzhebaeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Issimov
- Department of Biology, K.Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yergali Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
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4
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Premraj A, Aleyas AG, Nautiyal B, Rasool TJ. Novel type-I interferons from the dromedary camel: Molecular identification, prokaryotic expression and functional characterization of camelid interferon-delta. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:212-225. [PMID: 36563641 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the emergence of three highly pathogenic coronaviruses with zoonotic origins, which prompted immediate attention to the underlying cause and prevention of future outbreaks. Intensification of camel husbandry in the Middle East has resulted in increased human-camel interactions, which has led to the spread of potentially zoonotic viruses with human spillover risks like MERS-coronavirus, camelpox virus, etc. Type-I interferons function as the first line of defense against invading viruses and are pivotal for limiting viral replication and immune-mediated pathologies. Seven novel dromedary camel interferon delta genes were identified and cloned. Functional characterization of this novel class of IFNs from the mammalian suborder tylopoda is reported for the first time. The camel interferon-delta proteins resemble the reported mammalian counterparts in sequence similarity, conservation of cysteines, and phylogenetic proximity. Prokaryotically expressed recombinant camel interferon-δ1 induced IFN-stimulated gene expression and also exerted antiviral action against camelpox virus, an endemic zoonotic virus. The pre-treatment of camel kidney cells with recombinant camel IFN-δ1 increased cell survival and reduced camelpox virus in a dose-dependent manner. The identification of novel IFNs from species with zoonotic spillover risk such as camels, and evaluating their antiviral effects in-vitro will play a key role in improving immunotherapies against viruses and expanding the arsenal to combat emerging zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P.O. Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abi George Aleyas
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P.O. Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binita Nautiyal
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P.O. Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thaha Jamal Rasool
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P.O. Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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5
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Ophthalmic Features and Implications of Poxviruses: Lessons from Clinical and Basic Research. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122487. [PMID: 36557740 PMCID: PMC9781001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, global awareness has been directed towards the prevention of viral transmission and case management, with the World Health Organization declaring the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Monkeypox virus is one of several species in the Orthopoxvirus genus, with other species of the genus including the variola, cowpox, mousepox, camelpox, raccoonpox, skunkpox, and volepox viruses. Although the nomenclature of these species is based on the animal host from which they were originally isolated, transmission from animals to humans has been reported with several species. The progression of disease, following an incubation period, typically consists of a prodromal phase with systemic flu-like symptoms. Various organ systems may be affected in addition to the formation of pathognomonic skin lesions. As monkeypox poses a continued public health concern, the ophthalmic sequelae of monkeypox virus, especially those leading to vision loss, warrant consideration as well. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the ophthalmic implications of poxviruses in clinical and laboratory settings reported in the literature, as well as areas of unmet need and future research.
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Bamouh Z, Hamdi J, Elkarhat Z, Fellahi S, Omari Tadlaoui K, Watts DM, Fassi Fihri O, Elharrak M. Attenuation and genetic characteristics of a Moroccan strain of Camel pox virus. Vaccine 2022; 40:6471-6480. [PMID: 36192275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Camel pox (CML) is a widespread infectious viral disease of camels that causes huge economic losses to the camel industry. In this study, a local strain of Camel pox virus (CMLV) was attenuated by 175 serial passages in Vero cells and the residual pathogenicity and infectivity were tested in naïve camels at 120, 150 and 175 passage levels. Also, the safety and immunogenicity of the 175th passage were evaluated in camels using a dose of 104.0 Tissue Culture Dose 50% (TCID50) and monitored for up to one-year post vaccination (pv) for neutralizing antibody. Seroconversion was noted at day 14 pv with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 0.5 and 1.6 logs over the one-year of the study. Among 8 camels inoculated with the P175 strain, 4 were challenged at 12-month pv with 105.7 TCID50/ml of the original virulent CMLV and complete protection was recorded in all animals. Whole genome sequencing detected six mutations in the original CMLV strain that were not present in the attenuated 175th passage of this strain. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that the 175th passage of the CMLV was attenuated, safe and afforded protection to camels against virulent CMLV, and is therefore, a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of CML in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jihane Hamdi
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Zouhair Elkarhat
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | | | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
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7
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Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA. Camel viral diseases: Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:915475. [PMID: 36032287 PMCID: PMC9403476 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.915475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic viruses infect camels, generally regarded as especially hardy livestock because of their ability to thrive in harsh and arid conditions. Transmission of these viruses has been facilitated by the commercialization of camel milk and meat and their byproducts, and vaccines are needed to prevent viruses from spreading. There is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels, even though numerous studies have looked into the topic. More research is needed to create effective vaccines and treatments for camels. Because Camels are carriers of coronavirus, capable of producing a powerful immune response to recurrent coronavirus infections. As a result, camels may be a suitable model for viral vaccine trials since vaccines are simple to create and can prevent viral infection transfer from animals to humans. In this review, we present available data on the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative strategies for the following viral diseases in camels, most of which result in significant economic loss: camelpox, Rift Valley fever, peste des petits ruminants, bovine viral diarrhea, bluetongue, rotavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19. Although suitable vaccines have been developed for controlling viral infections and perhaps interrupting the transmission of the virus from the affected animals to blood-feeding vectors, there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels and more research is needed. Recent therapeutic trials that include specific antivirals or supportive care have helped manage viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mahmoud Kandeel
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Premraj A, Aleyas AG, Nautiyal B, Rasool TJ. Beta interferons from the extant camelids: Unique among eutherian mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104443. [PMID: 35568245 PMCID: PMC9095258 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call on the zoonotic viral spillover events and the need to be prepared for future outbreaks. Zoonotic RNA viruses like the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potential pathogens that could trigger the next pandemic. Dromedary camels are the only known animal source of MERS-CoV zoonotic infections, but little is known about the molecular antiviral response in this species. IFN-β and other type-I interferons provide the first line of defense against invading pathogens in the host immune response. We identified the IFNB gene of the dromedary camel and all extant members of the family Camelidae. Camelid IFN-β is unique with an even number of cysteines in the mature protein compared to other eutherian mammals with an odd number of cysteines. The viral mimetic poly(I:C) strongly induced IFN-β expression in camel kidney cells. Induction of IFN-β expression upon infection with camelpox virus was late and subdued when compared to poly(I:C) treatment. Prokaryotically expressed recombinant dromedary IFN-β induced expression of IFN-responsive genes in camel kidney cells. Further, recombinant IFN-β conferred antiviral resistance to camel kidney cells against the cytopathic effects of the camelpox virus, an endemic zoonotic pathogen. IFN-β from this unique group of mammals will offer insights into antiviral immune mechanisms and aid in the development of specific antivirals against pathogens that have the potential to be the next zoonotic pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abi George Aleyas
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binita Nautiyal
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thaha Jamal Rasool
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Hemida MG, Alnaeem AA. Betaretrovirus infections in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1330-1336. [PMID: 35114072 PMCID: PMC9122393 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retroviral infections have been reported in many species of animals, especially cattle, sheep and goats. However, there are no available reports about retrovirus infection in dromedary camels. Several dromedary camels showed visible tumor‐like lesions on and around the nostrils as well as around the eyes. Objectives Following are the objectives: to identify the causative agents of these identified tumours in dromedary camels and to perform molecular characterization of the detected strains of the causative agent. Methods We extracted the nucleic acids from some fresh lesions out of these animals, and then amplified some key retrovirus genes. We amplified several regions of the rotavirus genome using the PCR technique. The obtained sequences were assembled and the phylogenetic trees were conducted per each target retrovirus gene. Results Our results revealed a high degree of identity to some retroviruses of sheep. Phylogenetic analysis based on some retrovirus genes revealed that the causative agents of these lesions are closely related to sheep retroviruses, particularly the Jaagsiekte sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) and the ENTV. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of retrovirus infections in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula. This highlights the possible species jump for the retrovirus from sheep and goats to the dromedary camels, which live in close proximity with these animals in many parts of the world, especially the Arabian Peninsula. Our findings show for the first time the detection, identification and molecular characterization of retrovirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. We detected betaretrovirus infections in skin lesions in the head and around the nostrils and eyes of some dromedary camels. Our findings clearly demonstrate the causative agent for these lesions belongs to the betaretrovirus. The reported sequences out of these lesions showed a high degree of similarity to some sheep retroviruses, especially the Jaagsiekte sheep Retrovirus (JSRV). This study suggests that the potential interspecies transmission of retroviruses from sheep to dromedary camels live in close proximity of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdelmohsen A Alnaeem
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Outbreak of a Systemic Form of Camelpox in a Dromedary Herd ( Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101940. [PMID: 34696370 PMCID: PMC8541543 DOI: 10.3390/v13101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelpox virus (CMLV) is the causative agent of camelpox, which frequently occurs in the Old World camelids-rearing countries except for Australia. It has also been described in experimentally inoculated New World camelids. Camelpox outbreaks are often experienced shortly after the rainy season, which occurs twice a year on the Arabian Peninsula because of the increased density of the insect population, particularly mosquitos. A systemic form of camelpox outbreak in seven dromedary camels was diagnosed by histology, virus isolation, and PCR. A phylogenetic analysis using full length CMLV genomes of the isolated CMLV strains showed a single phylogenetic unit without any distinctive differences between them. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) isolate sequences showed phylogenetical relatedness with CMLV isolates from Israel with only minor sequence differences. Although the sequences of viruses from both countries were closely related, the disease manifestation was vastly different. Our study shows that the virulence is not only determined by genetic features of CMLV alone but may also depend on other factors such as unknown aspects of the host (e.g., age, overall fitness), management, and the environment.
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11
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Zhugunissov K, Kilibayev S, Mambetaliyev M, Zakarya K, Kassenov M, Abduraimov Y, Bulatov Y, Azanbekova M, Absatova Z, Abeuov K, Nurgaziev R, Renukaradhya GJ, Tabynov K. Development and Evaluation of a Live Attenuated Egg-Based Camelpox Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721023. [PMID: 34485443 PMCID: PMC8415447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelpox is an infectious viral disease of camels reported in all the camel-breeding areas of Africa, north of the equator, the Middle East and Asia. It causes huge economic loss to the camel industry. We developed a live camelpox virus vaccine candidate using an attenuated strain and evaluated its safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in camels. The attenuated virus strain was generated from the camelpox wild-type strain M-96 by 40 consecutive passages on the chorioallantoic membrane of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, henceforth called KM-40 strain. Reversion to virulence of the KM-40 strain was evaluated in camels by three serial passages, confirmed its inability to revert to virulence and its overdose administration was also found safe. Studies of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the candidate vaccine KM-40 strain in camels was carried out using the dose of 5 x 104.0 EID50. Our data showed complete protection against the challenge infection using the virulent wild-type camelpox virus strain M-96 (dose of 105.0 EID50) which was evaluated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post vaccination. In summary, our candidate live attenuated egg-based camelpox vaccine strain KM-40 was found safe, protective, and thus has the potential to use safely in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Sanat Kilibayev
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Muratbay Mambetaliyev
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Testing Laboratory Control of Technology and Biological Products, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergaliy Abduraimov
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Bulatov
- Laboratory Cultivation of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Moldir Azanbekova
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkinay Absatova
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Khairulla Abeuov
- Laboratory for Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Ryspek Nurgaziev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After K.I. Skryabin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Kairat Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Preclinical Research Laboratory With Vivarium, M. Aikimbayev National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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12
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Narnaware SD, Ranjan R, Dahiya SS, Panchbuddhe A, Bajpai D, Tuteja FC, Sawal RK. Pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in India. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06186. [PMID: 33598582 PMCID: PMC7868614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelpox is a wide-spread infectious viral disease of camelids. An outbreak of camelpox was reported in 15 adult male dromedary camels aged between 10 to 16 years of an organized herd in winter season. The infected camels showed clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lachrymation, pendulous lips, excessive salivation and pock lesions on the skin of head, neck, mouth, lips, extremities, thigh, abdomen, scrotum and inguinal region. Mortalities were recorded in three infected camels after 10-12 days of infection and showed systemic pox lesions characterized by vesicles, papules, ulcerations and raised pock lesions in the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, tracheal mucosa, lung, abomasum and liver. Histopathology study revealed characteristic pox lesions with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in tongue. Lung showed lesion of interstitial pneumonia (n = 2) and bronchointerstitial pneumonia (n = 1). Liver showed infiltration of mononuclear cells around central veins and degenerative changes of hepatocytes. The abomasum and intestine showed ulcerations, marked capillary congestion and areas of lymphocyte infiltration in mucosa and submucosa. The presence of camelpox virus (CMLV) was confirmed in viral DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues of tongue, lung, abomasum, liver, heart and intestine of infected camels by C18L gene PCR. The sequencing of viral DNAs showed phylogenetic relatedness with other CMLV isolates from India and other countries. Thus, our study confirmed the rare severe form of systemic camelpox outbreak in adult male dromedary camels hence future attention should be given for studies on virulence, strain identification and molecular epidemiology of CMLV for planning of effective preventive and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 07, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Devika Bajpai
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 07, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Fateh Chand Tuteja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 07, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sawal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 07, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Khalafalla AI, Al Hosani MA, Ishag HZA, Al Muhairi SS. More cell culture passaged Camelpox virus sequences found resembling those of vaccinia virus. Open Vet J 2020; 10:144-156. [PMID: 32821659 PMCID: PMC7419068 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camelpox is the most infectious and economically important disease of camelids that causes significant morbidity and mortality rates. Several live attenuated vaccines against Camelpox virus (CMLV) are produced worldwide by passaging field isolates in cell culture. Sequence of a high passage Saudi isolate of CMLV was previously found closely resembled Vaccinia virus (VACV). AIM To determine whether other high cell culture passage CMLV isolates are genetically resemble VACV and further to explore the possible mechanism of the resemblance. METHODS We performed polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence analysis of A-type inclusion body protein (ATIP), L1R, and open reading frame (ORF) 185 genes on different cell culture passage levels of a field isolate, two high passage vaccines, wild-type, and reference strains of CMLV. RESULTS We demonstrate that additional two high passage attenuated vaccine candidate from Sudan and UAE likewise contain sequences resembling VACV more than CMLV. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the ATIP gene of selected virus passages in cell culture revealed that the shift to VACV-like occurred between passage 11 and 20 and up to the 10th passage the genome still resembles wild-type virus. This observation was further confirmed by recombination analysis which indicated recombination events at ATIP and ORF185 genes occurred at higher passages. CONCLUSION We confirmed that the cell culture passage CMLV turns to resemble VACV after cell culture passage and concluded that the resemblance may not be a result of contamination or misidentification as previously thought but could be due to recombination events that occurred during the passage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Khartoum North Sudan
- Corresponding Author: Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla. Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohamed A. Al Hosani
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Salama S. Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
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14
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Premraj A, Aleyas AG, Nautiyal B, Rasool TJ. Camelid type I interferons: Identification and functional characterization of interferon alpha from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Mol Immunol 2020; 119:132-143. [PMID: 32014632 PMCID: PMC7112685 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel, a key livestock species of the arid, have been limited due to the lack of species-specific reagents. Here we describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of type I IFNs of dromedary camel, which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses. We cloned camel IFN-α coding sequences and identified a total of eleven subtypes. The canonical IFN-α subtype designated as IFN-α1 contained a 555-bp Open Reading Frame encoding a protein of 184 amino acids. Recombinant IFN-α1 protein was produced in E. coli and purified from inclusion bodies. Recombinant camel IFN-α1 induced the mRNA expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in camel kidney cells. The purified protein also showed potent in-vitro antiviral activity against Camelpox Virus in kidney cells. The identified camel IFN-α protein and the subtypes will facilitate a better understanding of the host immune response to viral infections in camel and the development of potential antiviral biologicals for zoonotic diseases for which camel act as a reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abi George Aleyas
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binita Nautiyal
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thaha Jamal Rasool
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs centre, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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15
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Complete Genome Sequence of the First Camelpox Virus Case Diagnosed in Israel. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/34/e00671-19. [PMID: 31439696 PMCID: PMC6706688 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00671-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the whole-genome sequence of the first camelpox virus case diagnosed in Israel. The strain (Negev2016) was isolated in 2016 from a camel in southern Israel and was sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms.
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16
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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17
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Aregawi WG, Agga GE, Gishe J, Abdi RD. Seroprevalence and participatory epidemiology of camelpox in Afar region of Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:25-32. [PMID: 30466655 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox is endemic in most camel rearing regions of the world, causing significant economic losses. However, its epidemiology is not extensively investigated. We conducted a cross sectional seroprevalence study of camelpox in Amibara and Awash Fentale districts in Afar region of Ethiopia from November 2014 to May 2015. In addition, participatory epidemiology (PE) was conducted to identify seasonal occurrence of the disease in the study districts. Blood samples were collected from 384 dromedary camels from 31 herds distributed in five pastoral associations (PAs) in the two districts. Serum samples were separated from the blood samples and tested for the presence of viral antibodies using virus neutralization test. Seroprevalence data were analyzed using multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models accounting for the 4-level hierarchical data structure (camels nested in herds-herds in PA, and PA in district). For the participatory data, Kendall's coefficient of concordance was used to assess agreements between the informants in identifying seasonal occurrences of the top five camel diseases. Camelpox antibodies were detected in 19.3% of camels (n = 384), 81% of herds (n = 31), and in all five PAs from the two districts in the Gabi Rasu zone of Afar region, Ethiopia. The seroprevalence did not significantly vary between herds, PAs or districts suggesting the widespread occurrence of the disease. Estimated age stratified basic reproduction number (R0) was 1.25 (95% CI: 0.62-2.19). Camelpox was identified as one of the top five common camel diseases in the area. The widespread occurrence of the disease can be attributed mainly to the commingling of camels from many herds during seasonal migration in search of feed and water, a practice very common under pastoral production systems. Although the PE informants indicated the clinical disease to be more common in young animals, seropositivity was higher in older animals. Camelpox commonly occurs during the minor and major rainy seasons. In conclusion, camelpox is found to be endemic in Afar pastoral region with sporadic outbreaks occurring during rainy seasons. Vaccination and improved camel management practices particularly during the high-risk period can be viable strategies to reduce the burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldegebrial G Aregawi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Werer Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2413 Nashville Road, B-5, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA.
| | - Jemal Gishe
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration & Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Tennessee State University, 330 10th Avenue North, Suite D-410, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| | - Reta D Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY, USA.
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Gao J, Gigante C, Khmaladze E, Liu P, Tang S, Wilkins K, Zhao K, Davidson W, Nakazawa Y, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Kokhreidze M, Carroll DS, Emerson G, Li Y. Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050252. [PMID: 29757202 PMCID: PMC5977245 DOI: 10.3390/v10050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic content and structure to that of the cowpox virus (CPXV), but a lower sequence identity was found between AKMV and Old World OPXVs than between other known species of Old World OPXVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AKMV diverged prior to other Old World OPXV. AKMV isolates formed a monophyletic clade in the OPXV phylogeny, yet the sequence variability between AKMV isolates was higher than between the monkeypox virus strains in the Congo basin and West Africa. An AKMV isolate from Vani contained approximately six kb sequence in the left terminal region that shared a higher similarity with CPXV than with other AKMV isolates, whereas the rest of the genome was most similar to AKMV, suggesting recombination between AKMV and CPXV in a region containing several host range and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Gao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Crystal Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ekaterine Khmaladze
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Street, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia.
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Shiyuyun Tang
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kun Zhao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Whitni Davidson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Giorgi Maghlakelidze
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Marika Geleishvili
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Maka Kokhreidze
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia (LMA), Animal Disease Diagnostic Department, 49 Vaso Godziashvilis Street, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia.
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ginny Emerson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Erster O, Melamed S, Paran N, Weiss S, Khinich Y, Gelman B, Solomony A, Laskar-Levy O. First Diagnosed Case of Camelpox Virus in Israel. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020078. [PMID: 29438294 PMCID: PMC5850385 DOI: 10.3390/v10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a disease in camels with skin lesions was reported in Israel during 2016. To identify the etiological agent of this illness, we employed a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of lesion material revealed the presence of an orthopox-like virus, based on its characteristic brick shape. The virus from the skin lesions successfully infected chorioallantoic membranes and induced cytopathic effect in Vero cells, which were subsequently positively stained by an orthopox-specific antibody. The definite identification of the virus was accomplished by two independent qPCR, one of which was developed in this study, followed by sequencing of several regions of the viral genome. The qPCR and sequencing results confirmed the presence of camelpox virus (CMLV), and indicated that it is different from the previously annotated CMLV sequence available from GenBank. This is the first reported case of CMLV in Israel, and the first description of the isolated CMLV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Erster
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Yevgeny Khinich
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Aharon Solomony
- Negev Veterinary Bureau, Israeli Veterinary Services, Binyamin Ben Asa 1, Be'er Sheba 84102, Israel.
| | - Orly Laskar-Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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20
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Abstract
New world (NW) camelids, alpaca, llama, vicuña, and guanaco, and old world (OW) camelids, Bactrian and dromedary camels are related and have many of the same anatomical features and disease susceptibilities though they are also very different. Only the free-ranging population of wild Bactrian camel is endangered. Bactrian camels held in zoos are generally of domestic origin. Vicuña are listed as vulnerable. In addition to those camelids held in captivity, there are domesticated populations of camelids (except vicuña and guanaco) maintained throughout the world. Most are fairly hardy animals, but there are some specific disease concerns. Domesticated llamas and alpacas have become hobby pets and thus management and genetic issues are an increasing source of disease. These include obesity, vitamin and mineral deficiencies and intoxications, metabolic derangements, and congenital malformations (particularly in the young). Domesticated animals are also more prone to degenerative arthropathy and dental disease as they age than wild camelids. Ovarian hydrobursitis is an important source of infertility in dromedaries. Important infectious diseases include coccidiosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus, alpaca fever, and meningeal worm of NW camelids, trypanosomiasis and camelpox in OW camels, and foot and mouth disease in Bactrian camels and NW camelids. These and other disease processes are discussed in this chapter.
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Dahiya SS, Kumar S, Mehta SC, Singh R, Nath K, Narnaware SD, Tuteja FC. Molecular characterization of Camelpox virus isolates from Bikaner, India: Evidence of its endemicity. Acta Trop 2017; 171:1-5. [PMID: 28315306 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox is an important viral disease of camels, which may produce mild skin lesions or severe systemic infections. Camelpox virus (CMLV) isolates retrieved from an incidence of camelpox in camels at Bikaner, India were characterized on the basis of genotype and pathotype. Histopathological examination of the CMLV scab revealed intracytoplasmic-eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The phylogenetic analysis of all eight CMLV isolates for C18L gene nucleotide sequence revealed its clustering with its strains M-96 from Kazakhstan and CMS from Iran. The study will help to understand the transmission chain, pathobiology, and epidemiology of circulating CMLV strains. The full genome sequencing of some of the exemplary samples of CMLV is recommended in order to plan and implement a suitable control strategy.
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Khalafalla AI, Abdelazim F. Human and Dromedary Camel Infection with Camelpox Virus in Eastern Sudan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:281-284. [PMID: 28055328 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide evidence for the zoonotic nature of camelpox virus by reporting infections that involved dromedary camels and three camel herders in Showak area of eastern Sudan between September and December 2014. The skin lesions in the camel herders consisted of erythema, vesicles, and pustules that involved arms, hands, legs, back, and abdomen and resolved within less than 2 months with no human-to-human transmission. The diagnosis was achieved through molecular technique, virus isolation in cell culture, and partial genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- 1 Department of Veterinary Laboratories, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North , Sudan
| | - Fatima Abdelazim
- 3 Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) , Khartoum, Sudan
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Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids. EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121465 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in camelids presents a unique challenge to scientists and veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of this species. It is estimated that 65 % of fatalities in Old World camels (OWC, i.e., Camelus dromedarius and C. bactrianus) and 50 % in New World camelids/South American camelids (NWC/SAC, i.e., the domestic alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama)) are caused by infectious diseases. Factors that contribute to disease emergence in camelids involve climate change and increased demand for camel products resulting in the intensification of production and expanding camel contacts with other animal species and humans. In this chapter, the most important emerging diseases of camelids are described and discussed. The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Brucellosis, Johne’s disease (JD), and dermatophilosis are the emerging bacterial diseases in OWC. Emerging diseases of NWC include infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bluetongue (BT), and coronavirus. Parasitic emerging infections in NWCs include the small liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis).
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Gelaye E, Achenbach JE, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Genetic characterization of poxviruses in Camelus dromedarius in Ethiopia, 2011-2014. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:17-25. [PMID: 27544702 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox and camel contagious ecthyma are infectious viral diseases of camelids caused by camelpox virus (CMLV) and camel contagious ecthyma virus (CCEV), respectively. Even though, in Ethiopia, pox disease has been creating significant economic losses in camel production, little is known on the responsible pathogens and their genetic diversity. Thus, the present study aimed at isolation, identification and genetic characterization of the causative viruses. Accordingly, clinical case observations, infectious virus isolation, and molecular and phylogenetic analysis of poxviruses infecting camels in three regions and six districts in the country, Afar (Chifra), Oromia (Arero, Miyu and Yabello) and Somali (Gursum and Jijiga) between 2011 and 2014 were undertaken. The full hemagglutinin (HA) and partial A-type inclusion protein (ATIP) genes of CMLV and full major envelope protein (B2L) gene of CCEV of Ethiopian isolates were sequenced, analyzed and compared among each other and to foreign isolates. The viral isolation confirmed the presence of infectious poxviruses. The preliminary screening by PCR showed 27 CMLVs and 20 CCEVs. The sequence analyses showed that the HA and ATIP gene sequences are highly conserved within the local isolates of CMLVs, and formed a single cluster together with isolates from Somalia and Syria. Unlike CMLVs, the B2L gene analysis of Ethiopian CCEV showed few genetic variations. The phylogenetic analysis revealed three clusters of CCEV in Ethiopia with the isolates clustering according to their geographical origins. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating the existence of CCEV in Ethiopia where camel contagious ecthyma was misdiagnosed as camelpox. Additionally, this study has also disclosed the existence of co-infections with CMLV and CCEV. A comprehensive characterization of poxviruses affecting camels in Ethiopia and the full genome sequencing of representative isolates are recommended to better understand the dynamics of pox diseases of camels and to assist in the implementation of more efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria; Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Dahiya SS, Kumar S, Mehta SC, Narnaware SD, Singh R, Tuteja FC. Camelpox: A brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges. Acta Trop 2016; 158:32-38. [PMID: 26902797 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox caused by a Camelpox virus (CMLV) is a very important host specific viral disease of camel. It is highly contagious in nature and causes serious impact on health even mortality of camels and economic losses to the camel owners. It manifests itself either in the local/mild or generalized/severe form. Various outbreaks of different pathogenicity have been reported from camel dwelling areas of the world. CMLV has been characterized in embryonated chicken eggs with the production of characteristic pock lesions and in various cell lines with the capacity to induce giant cells. Being of Poxviridae family, CMLV employs various strategies to impede host immune system and facilitates its own pathogenesis. Both live and attenuated vaccine has been found effective against CMLV infection. The present review gives a comprehensive overview of camelpox disease with respect to its transmission, epidemiology, virion characteristics, viral life cycle, host interaction and its immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Singh Dahiya
- National Research Center on Camel, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | - Shirish D Narnaware
- National Research Center on Camel, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Raghvendar Singh
- National Research Center on Camel, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Fateh Chand Tuteja
- National Research Center on Camel, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
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26
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Haagmans BL, van den Brand JMA, Raj VS, Volz A, Wohlsein P, Smits SL, Schipper D, Bestebroer TM, Okba N, Fux R, Bensaid A, Solanes Foz D, Kuiken T, Baumgärtner W, Segalés J, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME. An orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels. Science 2015; 351:77-81. [PMID: 26678878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic MERS-CoV introductions from dromedary camels. In addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of MERS-CoV spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. Here we show that a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing the MERS-CoV spike protein confers mucosal immunity in dromedary camels. Compared with results for control animals, we observed a significant reduction of excreted infectious virus and viral RNA transcripts in vaccinated animals upon MERS-CoV challenge. Protection correlated with the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to MERS-CoV. Induction of MVA-specific antibodies that cross-neutralize camelpox virus would also provide protection against camelpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | - V Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Fux
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solanes Foz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA, (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands. Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Duraffour S, Lorenzo MM, Zöller G, Topalis D, Grosenbach D, Hruby DE, Andrei G, Blasco R, Meyer H, Snoeck R. ST-246 is a key antiviral to inhibit the viral F13L phospholipase, one of the essential proteins for orthopoxvirus wrapping. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1367-80. [PMID: 25630650 PMCID: PMC7539645 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives ST-246 is one of the key antivirals being developed to fight orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections. Its exact mode of action is not completely understood, but it has been reported to interfere with the wrapping of infectious virions, for which F13L (peripheral membrane protein) and B5R (type I glycoprotein) are required. Here we monitored the appearance of ST-246 resistance to identify its molecular target. Methods Vaccinia virus (VACV), cowpox virus (CPXV) and camelpox virus (CMLV) with reduced susceptibility to ST-246 were selected in cell culture and further characterized by antiviral assays and immunofluorescence. A panel of recombinant OPVs was engineered and a putative 3D model of F13L coupled with molecular docking was used to visualize drug–target interaction. The F13L gene of 65 CPXVs was sequenced to investigate F13L amino acid heterogeneity. Results Amino acid substitutions or insertions were found in the F13L gene of six drug-resistant OPVs and production of four F13L-recombinant viruses confirmed their role(s) in the occurrence of ST-246 resistance. F13L, but not B5R, knockout OPVs showed resistance to ST-246. ST-246 treatment of WT OPVs delocalized F13L- and B5R-encoded proteins and blocked virus wrapping. Putative modelling of F13L and ST-246 revealed a probable pocket into which ST-246 penetrates. None of the identified amino acid changes occurred naturally among newly sequenced or NCBI-derived OPV F13L sequences. Conclusions Besides demonstrating that F13L is a direct target of ST-246, we also identified novel F13L residues involved in the interaction with ST-246. These findings are important for ST-246 use in the clinic and crucial for future drug-resistance surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Duraffour
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Gudrun Zöller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitri Topalis
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hermann Meyer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Mosadeghhesari M, Oryan A, Zibaee S, Varshovi HR. Molecular investigation and cultivation of camelpox virus in Iran. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3005-11. [PMID: 25008899 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox virus (genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae) is the etiologic agent of camel pox. The clinical manifestations of this virus range from inapparent infection to mild, moderate and, less commonly, severe systemic infection and death. Following an outbreak of camelpox, samples that were collected from camel flocks suspected to have camelpox in Qom Province in central Iran and Khash city, Sistan and Baluchestan Province and South Khorasan Province in eastern Iran were sent to Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Mashhad. DNA extraction was performed primarily by the phenol-chloroform method, and PCR was carried out using a Bioneer kit. Using the primer pair 5'-AAT-ACA-AGG-AGG-ATC-T-3' and 5'-CTT-AAC-TTT-TTC-TTT-CTC-3', the gene sequence encoding the A-type inclusion protein (ATIP) was amplified. The size of the PCR product, specific for camelpox virus, was 881 bp. The PCR product was purified, and to confirm its sequence, it was sent to the reference laboratory. The sequence was subjected to a BLAST search and then phylogenetically analyzed using CLC software. The results showed that all samples were nearly 100 % identical to each other and to strains CMS and M-96. These isolates also had 99 % and 95 % similarity to the CP-1 strain and isolate FIN/T2000, respectively. In Vero cell culture, inoculation with this virus caused a cytopathic effect (CPE), which appeared 2-5 days post-inoculation. Characteristic CPE showing foci of rounded cells, ballooning, giant-cell formation and syncytia with degenerative changes appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mosadeghhesari
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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29
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Haller SL, Peng C, McFadden G, Rothenburg S. Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 21:15-40. [PMID: 24161410 PMCID: PMC3945082 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and virulence. For example, variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is human-specific and highly virulent only to humans, whereas related cowpox viruses naturally infect a broad spectrum of animals and only cause relatively mild disease in humans. The successful replication of poxviruses depends on their effective manipulation of the host antiviral responses, at the cellular-, tissue- and species-specific levels, which constitutes a molecular basis for differences in poxvirus host range and virulence. A number of poxvirus genes have been identified that possess host range function in experimental settings, and many of these host range genes target specific antiviral host pathways. Herein, we review the biology of poxviruses with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poxvirus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence. We further discuss the evolution of host range and virulence in poxviruses as well as host switches and potential poxvirus threats for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Haller
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chen Peng
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Laboratory for Host-Specific Virology, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA.
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Abstract
On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly at its 33rd session solemnly declared that the world and all its peoples had won freedom from smallpox and recommended ceasing the vaccination of the population against smallpox. Currently, a larger part of the world population has no immunity not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. Recently, recorded outbreaks of orthopoxvirus diseases not only of domestic animals but also of humans have become more frequent. All this indicates a new situation in the ecology and evolution of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Analysis of state-of-the-art data on the phylogenetic relationships, ecology, and host range of orthopoxviruses—etiological agents of smallpox (variola virus, VARV), monkeypox (MPXV), cowpox (CPXV), vaccinia (VACV), and camelpox (CMLV)—as well as the patterns of their evolution suggests that a VARV-like virus could emerge in the course of natural evolution of modern zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Thus, there is an insistent need for organization of the international control over the outbreaks of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections in various countries to provide a rapid response and prevent them from developing into epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail: ,
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Abdellatif MM, Salim B, Ibrahim AA, Asil T, Khalafalla AI. Analysis of TK and C18L genes of wild-type and cell culture passaged camelpox virus. Virol Sin 2013; 28:239-41. [PMID: 23913181 PMCID: PMC8208364 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muaz M. Abdellatif
- grid.9763.b0000000106746207Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Sudan
- grid.442411.6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Southern Darfur, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Bashir Salim
- grid.9763.b0000000106746207Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Sudan
| | - Awad A. Ibrahim
- grid.9763.b0000000106746207Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Sudan
| | - Tigani Asil
- grid.442411.6Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Southern Darfur, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla
- grid.9763.b0000000106746207Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Sudan
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Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:295-305. [PMID: 24426291 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox is considered as emerging public health problem during this decade due to increased reported cases and outbreaks in camels. Camelpox is a contagious, often sporadic, and notifiable skin disease of camelids and is socio-economically significant as it incurs considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield and confined to camel-rearing countries. The causative agent, camelpox virus (CMLV) is genetically closely related to variola virus and has gained much attention from researchers due to its recent emergence in human. The virus carrying genes responsible for host immune evasion mechanisms owing to the threat posed by potential bio-warfare agents. Although the disease can be diagnosed based on clinical features, the similar confounding skin lesions necessitate identification, detection and differentiation of the CMLV by molecular techniques. Vaccines are available in some countries and the available live attenuated vaccine provides long-lasting immunity. Further, novel highly sensitive and specific techniques would be useful in the identification of emerging and re-emerging virus, thereby therapeutic, prophylactic, preventive measures would be applied in time to curtail further spread of camelpox like other zoonotic diseases. This review provide overview of the camelpox particularly on its epidemiology, pathogenesis and biology of the disease, diagnostic approaches and control measures.
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Phylogenetic analysis of immunomodulatory protein genes of camelpoxvirus obtained from India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The first isolation and molecular characterization of camelpox virus in Ethiopia. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Yogisharadhya R, Singh RK. Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1355-74. [PMID: 23249235 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae includes several viruses of medical and veterinary importance. Global concerted efforts combined with an intensive mass-vaccination campaign with highly efficaceious live vaccine of vaccinia virus have led to eradication of smallpox. However, orthopoxviruses affecting domestic animals continue to cause outbreaks in several endemic countries. Different kinds of vaccines starting from conventional inactivated/attenuated to recombinant protein-based vaccines have been used for control of poxvirus infections. Live virus homologous vaccines are currently in use for diseases including capripox, parapox, camelpox and fowlpox, and these vaccines are highly effective in eliciting (with the exception of parapoxviruses) long-lasting immunity. Attenuated strains of poxviruses have been exploited as vectored vaccines to deliver heterologous immunogens, many of them being licensed for use in animals. Worthy of note are vaccinia virus, fowlpox virus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus and canary pox, which have been successfully used for developing new-generation vaccines targeting many important pathogens. Remarkable features of these vaccines are thermostability and their ability to engender both cellular and humoral immune responses to the target pathogens. This article updates the important vaccines available for poxviruses of livestock and identifies some of the research gaps in the present context of poxvirus research.
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