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S. Celina S, Černý J. Genetic background of adaptation of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus to the different tick hosts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302224. [PMID: 38662658 PMCID: PMC11045102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome and the causative agent of a severe Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) disease. The virus is transmitted mainly by tick species in Hyalomma genus but other ticks such as representatives of genera Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus may also be involved in virus life cycle. To improve our understanding of CCHFV adaptation to its tick species, we compared nucleotide composition and codon usage patterns among the all CCHFV strains i) which sequences and other metadata as locality of collection and date of isolation are available in GenBank and ii) which were isolated from in-field collected tick species. These criteria fulfilled 70 sequences (24 coding for S, 23 for M, and 23 for L segment) of virus isolates originating from different representatives of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus genera. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Hyalomma- and Rhipicephalus-originating CCHFV isolates belong to phylogenetically distinct CCHFV clades. Analyses of nucleotide composition among the Hyalomma- and Rhipicephalus-originating CCHFV isolates also showed significant differences, mainly in nucleotides located at the 3rd codon positions indicating changes in codon usage among these lineages. Analyses of codon adaptation index (CAI), effective number of codons (ENC), and other codon usage statistics revealed significant differences between Hyalomma- and Rhipicephalus-isolated CCHFV strains. Despite both sets of strains displayed a higher adaptation to use codons that are preferred by Hyalomma ticks than Rhipicephalus ticks, there were distinct codon usage preferences observed between the two tick species. These findings suggest that over the course of its long co-evolution with tick vectors, CCHFV has optimized its codon usage to efficiently utilize translational resources of Hyalomma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma S. Celina
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Center for Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Černý
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Center for Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vasmehjani AA, Pouriayevali MH, Shahmahmoodi S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29581. [PMID: 38572939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) as a high-priority infectious disease and emphasized the performance of research studies and product development against it. Little information is available about the immune response due to natural CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection in humans. Here, we investigated the persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum samples collected from 61 Iranian CCHF survivors with various time points after recovery (<12, 12-60, and >60 months after disease). The ELISA results showed IgG seropositivity in all samples while a pseudotyped based neutralization assay findings revealed the presence of neutralizing antibody in 29 samples (46.77%). For both IgG and neutralizing antibodies, a decreasing trend of titer was observed with the increase in the time after recovery. Not only the mean titer of IgG (772.80 U/mL) was higher than mean neutralizing antibody (25.64) but also the IgG persistence was longer. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable information about the long-term persistence of humoral immune response in CCHF survivors indicating that IgG antibody can be detected at least 8 years after recovery and low titers of neutralizing antibody can be detected in CCHF survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Dahourou LD, Akio S, Savadogo M, Yougbaré B, Ouoba LB, Tapsoba ASR, Zerbo LH, Ilboudo AK, Abga RL, Traoré A, Dione MM, Bada Alambédji R. Serological evidence and factors associated with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in sheep in Burkina Faso. Vet Med Sci 2023; 10:e1322. [PMID: 37985204 PMCID: PMC10803946 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by an orthonairovirus transmitted by bites from infected ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues of infected ticks, viraemic patients or viraemic livestock. OBJECTIVE It was implemented to access the seropositivity and associated factors with CCHF in sheep in two provinces in Burkina Faso. METHODS Three hundred and sixty-four sheep sera have been taken from 73 herds in four municipalities and two provinces. The double-antigen sandwich ELISA test was used to test for antibodies against CCHF virus (CCHFV). Data have also been collected using questionnaire to assess factors associated with CCHF seropositivity. RESULTS Fifty-four (54 out to 364 sheep were seropositive given an overall seropositivity of 14.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9%-19.8%) with an adjusted seropositivity of 13.1%. The study showed that 15.6% (95% CI: 10.2-21.0) and 14.1% (95% CI: 9.2-19.1) of sheep in the provinces of Mouhoun and Kénédougou, respectively, had antibodies against CCHFV. The highest seropositivity was found in Dédougou municipality (24.4%). The study showed that sheep from the municipalities of Dédougou (AOR = 8.4; 95% CI: 2.2-31.8), N'dorola (AOR = 14.7; 95% CI: 3.8-56.8), Sindou (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI: 1.2-20.7), sheep aged between 27 and 36 months (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.3-17.3) and sheep with ticks (AOR = 24.8; 95% CI: 7.7-80.1) were more likely to be seropositive to CCHF. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that sheep in Burkina Faso experienced contacts with CCHFV and suggests the importance of implementing control action in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural (ISEDR)Université de DédougouDédougouBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santé animales (LABIOSA)Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Salimata Akio
- Service de MicrobiologieImmunologie et Pathologie InfectieuseDépartement de Santé Publique et EnvironnementEcole Inter‐Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)DakarSénégal
| | - Madi Savadogo
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐Grippes (LNR‐G)Maladies Emergentes et ZoonosesDépartement de Biologie Médicale et Santé PubliqueUnité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Bernadette Yougbaré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santé animales (LABIOSA)Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐Grippes (LNR‐G)Maladies Emergentes et ZoonosesDépartement de Biologie Médicale et Santé PubliqueUnité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- Animal and Human Health ProgramInternational Livestock Research InstituteDakarSenegal
| | - Roland Lamoussa Abga
- Service de MicrobiologieImmunologie et Pathologie InfectieuseDépartement de Santé Publique et EnvironnementEcole Inter‐Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)DakarSénégal
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santé animales (LABIOSA)Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Michel Mainack Dione
- Animal and Human Health ProgramInternational Livestock Research InstituteDakarSenegal
| | - Rianatou Bada Alambédji
- Service de MicrobiologieImmunologie et Pathologie InfectieuseDépartement de Santé Publique et EnvironnementEcole Inter‐Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)DakarSénégal
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Patel AA, Dalal YD, Parikh A, Gandhi R, Shah A. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: An Emerging Viral Infection in India, Revisited and Lessons Learned. Cureus 2023; 15:e43315. [PMID: 37700947 PMCID: PMC10492918 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus. It was first recognized in 1944 in the Crimea region of the former Soviet Union and then was subsequently isolated in Congo, from a child with similar symptoms. Hence, the virus was termed the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. CCHF is an emerging disease with more than 1000 human cases being reported every year from South-Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The disease is endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East, and Asia, with an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 CCHF infections each year. The geographic range of the CCHF virus is most extensive among the tick-borne viruses that infect humans. The first outbreak of CCHF in India was described in 2011 in the state of Gujarat with four cases being reported. Since then, there have been sporadic cases in India occurring in small clusters with community and nosocomial spread. Here, we describe three cases that were treated at a tertiary care teaching hospital in the Gujarat state of India. All of them had nonspecific symptoms of viremia initially, followed by rapid deterioration of the general condition. Two of the three patients died. Because of its resemblance with other hemorrhagic fevers, diagnosis of CCHF remains a challenge, especially in non-endemic areas. We aim to sensitize the readers to this emerging arboviral disease because the virus is highly infectious and carries high mortality, and hence, it is crucial to suspect and diagnose the index case at the earliest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil A Patel
- Internal Medicine, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | | | - Amrita Parikh
- Medicine, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Rajkamal Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Anand Shah
- Internal Medicine, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey, USA
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Development of humanised antibodies for Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever virus: Comparison of hybridoma-based versus phage library techniques. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113405. [PMID: 36496007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humanised antibodies targeting Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic virus (CCHFV) are needed for the development and standardisation of serological assays. These assays are needed to address a shortfall in available tests that meet regulatory diagnostic standards and to aid surveillance activities to extend knowledge on the distribution of CCHFV. To generate a humanised monoclonal antibody against CCHFV, we have compared two methods: the traditional mouse hybridoma approach with subsequent sequencing and humanisation of antibodies versus a non-animal alternative using a human combinatorial antibody library (HuCAL). Our results demonstrated that the mouse hybridoma followed by humanisation protocol gave higher affinity antibodies. Whilst not yet able to demonstrate the generation of equivalent humanised antibodies without the use of animals, sequencing data enables the subsequent production of recombinant antibodies, thus providing a reduction in future animal usage for this application. Ultimately, our report provides information on development of a humanised standardised control, which can form an important positive control component of serological assays against CCHFV.
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Bernard C, Holzmuller P, Bah MT, Bastien M, Combes B, Jori F, Grosbois V, Vial L. Systematic Review on Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Enzootic Cycle and Factors Favoring Virus Transmission: Special Focus on France, an Apparently Free-Disease Area in Europe. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932304. [PMID: 35928117 PMCID: PMC9343853 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease resulting in hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. Its causative agent is naturally transmitted by ticks to non-human vertebrate hosts within an enzootic sylvatic cycle. Ticks are considered biological vectors, as well as reservoirs for CCHF virus (CCHFV), as they are able to maintain the virus for several months or even years and to transmit CCHFV to other ticks. Although animals are not symptomatic, some of them can sufficiently replicate the virus, becoming a source of infection for ticks as well as humans through direct contact with contaminated body fluids. The recent emergence of CCHF in Spain indicates that tick–human interaction rates promoting virus transmission are changing and lead to the emergence of CCHF. In other European countries such as France, the presence of one of its main tick vectors and the detection of antibodies targeting CCHFV in animals, at least in Corsica and in the absence of human cases, suggest that CCHFV could be spreading silently. In this review, we study the CCHFV epidemiological cycle as hypothesized in the French local context and select the most likely parameters that may influence virus transmission among tick vectors and non-human vertebrate hosts. For this, a total of 1,035 articles dating from 1957 to 2021 were selected for data extraction. This study made it possible to identify the tick species that seem to be the best candidate vectors of CCHFV in France, but also to highlight the importance of the abundance and composition of local host communities on vectors' infection prevalence. Regarding the presumed transmission cycle involving Hyalomma marginatum, as it might exist in France, at least in Corsica, it is assumed that tick vectors are still weakly infected and the probability of disease emergence in humans remains low. The likelihood of factors that may modify this equilibrium is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Bernard
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
- *Correspondence: Célia Bernard
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Madiou Thierno Bah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
| | - Benoit Combes
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
| | - Ferran Jori
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Bratuleanu B, Anita A, Temmam S, Dascalu A, Crivei L, Cozma A, Pourquier P, Savuta G, Eloit M, Anita D. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Among Small Ruminants from Southern Romania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:397-401. [PMID: 35772004 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease that can be contracted by direct contact with viremic animals or humans. Domestic animals are accidental hosts and contribute to the spread and amplification of the virus. The main objective of this study was to provide updated information related to CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection in Southern Romania by assessing the seroprevalence of CCHF in small ruminants (sheep and goats) using a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by detection of CCHFV in engorged ticks and serum samples using real-time RT-PCR. The overall seroprevalence of CCHF in small ruminants was 37.7% (95% CI 31.7 to 43.7). No statistical seroprevalence difference was observed between the two species of ruminants (p = 0.76), but a significant difference was established between the locations (p < 0.01). No CCHFV RNA was detected in tick pools and small ruminant's sera tested by real-time RT-PCR, although the high seroprevalence to CCHFV among ruminants indicates that CCHV or a closely related virus circulates in Southern Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bratuleanu
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Anita
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sarah Temmam
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anca Dascalu
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luciana Crivei
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Cozma
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Gheorghe Savuta
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France.,Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dragos Anita
- Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, Iasi, Romania
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Imran MA, Islam MR, Saha A, Ferdousee S, Mishu MA, Ghosh A. Development of Multi-epitope Based Subunit Vaccine Against Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Using Reverse Vaccinology Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:124. [PMID: 35789799 PMCID: PMC9244561 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ashik Imran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rubiath Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Akash Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Shahida Ferdousee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Moshiul Alam Mishu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
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Omoniyi AA, Adebisi SS, Musa SA, Nzalak JO, Bauchi ZM, Bako KW, Olatomide OD, Zachariah R, Nyengaard JR. In silico design and analyses of a multi-epitope vaccine against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus through reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8736. [PMID: 35610299 PMCID: PMC9127496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen that causes an emerging zoonotic disease with a broad geographic spread, especially in Africa, Asia, and Europe, and the second most common viral hemorrhagic fever and widely transmitted tick-borne viral disease. Following infection, the patients are presented with a variety of clinical manifestations and a fatality rate of 40%. Despite the high fatality rate, there are unmet clinical interventions, as no antiviral drugs or vaccines for CCHF have been approved. Immunoinformatics pipeline and reverse vaccinology were used in this study to design a multi-epitope vaccine that may elicit a protective humoral and cellular immune response against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. Three essential virulent and antigenic proteins (S, M, and L) were used to predict seven CTL and 18 HTL epitopes that were non-allergenic, antigenic, IFN-γ inducing, and non-toxic. The epitopes were connected using linkers and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 was used as an adjuvant and raised a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) that is 567 amino acids long. Molecular docking and simulation of the predicted 3D structure of the MEV with the toll-like (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4) receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MCH-I and MCH-II) indicate high interactions and stability of the complexes, MM-GBSA free binding energy calculation revealed a favourable protein-protein complex. Maximum MEV expression was achieved with a CAI value of 0.98 through in silico cloning in the Drosophila melanogaster host. According to the immune simulation, IgG1, T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, INF-γ, and IL-2 were predicted to be significantly elevated. These robust computational analyses demonstrated that the proposed MEV is effective in preventing CCHFV infections. However, it is still necessary to conduct both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the potential of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinyemi Ademola Omoniyi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Samuel Sunday Adebisi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Abraham Musa
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - James Oliver Nzalak
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Zainab Mahmood Bauchi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Kerkebe William Bako
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasegun Davis Olatomide
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Richard Zachariah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Seasonal distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) and detection of SFTS virus in Gyeongbuk Province, Republic of Korea, 2018. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106012. [PMID: 34126090 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal distribution of hard ticks was investigated in 2018 in Gyeongbuk Province, Republic of Korea. Ticks were assayed for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Ticks were collected monthly using CO2-baited traps from April to November in four habitats (grasslands, grave sites, hiking trails, and mixed forests). Based on morphological and molecular identification, Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most commonly collected species, followed by H. flava and Ixodes nipponensis. Ticks were more commonly collected in grassland habitats, followed by the grave sites, hiking trails, and mixed forests. Peak numbers of nymphs and adults of H. longicornis occurred in May and June, respectively, and Haemaphysalis larvae were collected from August to October. A total of 9/187 (4.8%) pools were positive for SFTSV between June and October in 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of partial fragments of the SFTSV obtained in this study showed that all positive virus samples clustered into genotype B.
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Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in Cattle across Three Livestock Pastoral Regions in Kenya. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease, endemic in Africa, with a high case fatality rate. There is no efficient treatment or licensed vaccine. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CCHFV in cattle in extensive grazing systems (both pastoralism and ranching) within the Maasai Mara ecosystem, Nanyuki, and the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya. We conducted a seroepidemiological study of the sera of 148 cattle from 18 households from the three ecosystems in 2014, 2016, and 2019. Sera from 23 sheep and 17 goats were also obtained from the same households during the same period. Sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to CCHFV using the commercially available double-antigen ELISA kit. Overall, 31.5% CCHFV seropositivity was observed. The prevalence of CCHF was analyzed using a multiple logistic mixed model with main predictors. Risk factors associated with exposure to CCHFV were age (p = 0.000) and season (p = 0.007). Our findings suggest exposure to CCHFV and point to cattle as likely reservoirs of CCHFV in Kenya. The findings might play a role in providing better insights into disease risk and dynamics where analysis of tick populations in these regions should be further investigated.
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Development of double antibody sandwich ELISA as potential diagnostic tool for rapid detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14699. [PMID: 34282163 PMCID: PMC8289837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, a highly pathogenic viral agent is responsible for severe fatal hemorrhagic infections in many parts of the world. The early diagnosis of CCHF infection is important for successful clinical management and epidemiological control. The nucleoprotein (NP) of CCHFV being highly conserved and immunogenic is used as early diagnostic marker. In this study, we report a rapid and sensitive double antibody based antigen capture ELISA to detect Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Highly specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibody against NP has been generated and used as capture and detector antibody respectively. The assay was able to detect viral nucleoprotein in different matrices including human serum, ticks and culture supernatant. The detection limit of the developed sandwich ELISA assay was 25 ng of purified antigen. Comparison with a real time RT-PCR revealed its detection limit to be 1000 genome equivalents of CCHFV. Further the assay was comparatively evaluated with a commercial kit employing gamma irradiated CCHFV, revealing a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. This newly developed sandwich ELISA (sELISA) with high sensitivity and specificity could be used as an efficient method for the detection of CCHF virus in humans, ticks and culture supernatant. The assay will be useful as alternate tool for diagnosis of acute infection and is amenable for screening of large scale samples in resource limited settings.
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Jalali T, Salehi-Vaziri M, Pouriayevali MH, Gargari SLM. Aptamer based diagnosis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever from clinical specimens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12639. [PMID: 34135365 PMCID: PMC8209218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute viral zoonotic disease. The widespread geographic distribution of the disease and the increase in the incidence of the disease from new regions, placed CCHF in a list of public health emergency contexts. The rapid diagnosis, in rural and remote areas where the majority of cases occur, is essential for patient management. Aptamers are considered as a specific and sensitive tool for being used in rapid diagnostic methods. The Nucleoprotein (NP) of the CCHF virus (CCHFV) was selected as the target for the isolation of aptamers based on its abundance and conservative structure, among other viral proteins. A total of 120 aptamers were obtained through 9 rounds of SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) from the ssDNA aptamer library, including the random 40-nucleotide ssDNA region between primer binding sites (GCCTGTTGTGAGCCTCCTAAC(N40)GGGAGACAAGAATAAGCA). The KD of aptamers was calculated using the SPR technique. The Apt33 with the highest affinity to NP was selected to design the aptamer-antibody ELASA test. It successfully detected CCHF NP in the concentration of 90 ng/ml in human serum. Evaluation of aptamer-antibody ELASA with clinical samples showed 100% specificity and sensitivity of the test. This simple, specific, and the sensitive assay can be used as a rapid and early diagnosis tool, as well as the use of this aptamer in point of care test near the patient. Our results suggest that the discovered aptamer can be used in various aptamer-based rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of CCHF virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Jalali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Reaserch Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Shahid MF, Yaqub T, Ali M, Ul-Rahman A, Bente DA. Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from Punjab province of Pakistan. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105892. [PMID: 33753031 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease of human that caused by CCHF virus. To study the epidemiological distribution of CCHFV, 2183 tick samples were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and buffalo of different livestock farms of ten districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. Detection of CCHFV was done using enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after proper identification of tick samples. The partial S-segment of CCHFV from ELISA positive tick samples was amplified by PCR and sequenced to determine the genotype of CCHFV. Out of2183 collected tick samples, 1913 ticks belonged to 5 species of genus Hyalomma as H. antolicum (48%), H. marginatum (30.2%), H. rufipes (10.82%), H. impressum (5.43%) and H. dromedarii (5.27%). While 270 ticks belonged to 3 species of genus Rhipicephalus as R. microplus (44.8%), R. sanguineus (32.22%) and R. turanicus (24.8%). The overall antigenic prevalence of CCHFV was found to be 12.13% in collected tick samples and 21 tick pools were sequenced for partial S-segment of CCHFV. All of the 21 tick pools were clustered in genotype IV (Asia-1). The highest prevalence of CCHFV was found in district Chakwal (24.13%) followed by Mianwali (23.68%), Rawalpindi (23.07%), Attock (20.0%), Rajanpur (10.52%) and Lahore (8.33%). In positive tick pools, the highest prevalence of CCHFV antigen was found in H. antolicum (39.6%) followed by H. marginatum (30.18%), H. rufipes (13.2%), H. impressum (3.77%), H. dromedarii (1.88%), R. microplus (5.66%) and R. sanguineus (5.66%). The current study confirms the presence of CCHFV in the ticks population of Punjab. The CCHF virus present in Punjab belongs to Asia-1 genotype. It is important to control the tick infestation of the animals present in these areas. So that the transmission cycle of CCHF can be inhibited.
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Purification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein and its utility for serological diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2324. [PMID: 33504869 PMCID: PMC7840982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a zoonotic disease, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Southeastern Europe. However, the prevalence of CCHF is not monitored in most of the endemic countries due to limited availability of diagnostic assays and biosafety regulations required for handling infectious CCHFV. In this study, we established a protocol to purify the recombinant CCHFV nucleoprotein (NP), which is antigenically highly conserved among multiple lineages/clades of CCHFVs and investigated its utility in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect CCHFV-specific antibodies. The NP gene was cloned into the pCAGGS mammalian expression plasmid and human embryonic kidney 293 T cells were transfected with the plasmid. The expressed NP molecule was purified from the cell lysate using cesium-chloride gradient centrifugation. Purified NP was used as the antigen for the ELISA to detect anti-CCHFV IgG. Using the CCHFV NP-based ELISA, we efficiently detected CCHFV-specific IgG in anti-NP rabbit antiserum and CCHFV-infected monkey serum. When compared to the commercially available Blackbox CCHFV IgG ELISA kit, our assay showed equivalent performance in detecting CCHFV-specific IgG in human sera. These results demonstrate the usefulness of our CCHFV NP-based ELISA for seroepidemiological studies.
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Balinandi S, von Brömssen C, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Kwon H, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A, Lutwama J, Mugisha L, Malmberg M. Serological and molecular study of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in cattle from selected districts in Uganda. J Virol Methods 2021; 290:114075. [PMID: 33515661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral hemorrhagic disease caused by Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) that poses serious public health challenges in many parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. METHODS We examined 500 cattle sera samples from five districts for CCHFV antibodies using in-house and commercially available (IDVet) ELISA, Immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS 500 cattle (73.8 % females) were analyzed; CCHFV seropositivity was 12.6 % (n = 63) and 75.0 % (n = 375) with the in-house and IDVet ELISAs, respectively. Seropositivity was associated with geographical location, increasing age, being female, and having a higher tick burden. Twenty four out of the 37 (64.8 %) were seropositive for CCHFV using IFA and all were negative for virus on RT-PCR. The IFA results were more comparable to IDVet (κcoefficient = 0.88, p = <0.01) than to in-house (κcoefficient = 0.32, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the presence and high prevalence of anti-CCHF antibodies in cattle based on three methods from all the five study districts, confirming presence and exposure of CCHFV. Given the zoonotic potential for CCHFV, we recommend a multidisciplinary public health surveillance and epidemiology of CCHFV in both animals and humans throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balinandi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Claudia von Brömssen
- Division of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Department of Engergy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Hyesoo Kwon
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden.
| | - Vanessa M Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital University, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital University, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden; Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, 171 82, Sweden.
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Box 34153, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden; SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
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Monsalve Arteaga L, Muñoz Bellido JL, Vieira Lista MC, Vicente Santiago MB, Fernández Soto P, Bas I, Leralta N, de Ory Manchón F, Negredo AI, Sánchez Seco MP, Alonso Sardón M, Pérez González S, Jiménez Del Bianco A, Blanco Peris L, Alamo-Sanz R, Hewson R, Belhassen-García M, Muro A. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus-specific antibody detection in blood donors, Castile-León, Spain, summer 2017 and 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 32183933 PMCID: PMC7078822 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.10.1900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is considered an emerging or even a probable re-emerging pathogen in southern Europe. Presence of this virus had been reported previously in Spain in 2010.AimWe aimed to evaluate the potential circulation of CCHFV in western Spain with a serosurvey in asymptomatic adults (blood donors).MethodsDuring 2017 and 2018, we conducted a CCHFV serosurvey in randomly selected asymptomatic blood donors from western Spain. Three assays using specific IgG antibodies against CCHFV were performed: the VectoCrimea ELISA test, an in-house ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (EuroImmun) test with glycoprotein and nucleoprotein.ResultsA total of 516 blood donors participated in this cross-sectional study. The majority of the study participants were male (68.4%), and the mean age was 46.3 years. Most of the participants came from rural areas (86.8%) and 68.6% had contact with animals and 20.9% had animal husbandry practices. One in five participants (109/516, 21.1%) were engaged in at-risk professional activities such as agriculture and shepherding, slaughtering, hunting, veterinary and healthcare work (mainly nursing staff and laboratory technicians). A total of 15.3% of the participants were bitten by ticks in the days or months before the date of sampling. We detected anti-CCHFV IgG antibodies with two diagnostic assays in three of the 516 individuals and with one diagnostic assay in six of the 516 individuals.ConclusionSeroprevalence of CCHFV was between 0.58% and 1.16% in Castile-León, Spain. This is the first study in western Spain that showed circulation of CCHFV in healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía Monsalve Arteaga
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Carmen Vieira Lista
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Belén Vicente Santiago
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández Soto
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Bas
- Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Leralta
- Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Ory Manchón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Ciber en Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Negredo
- Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Sánchez Seco
- Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alonso Sardón
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez González
- Center for Hemodonation and Hemotherapy of Castilla y León (CHEMCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Lydia Blanco Peris
- Center for Hemodonation and Hemotherapy of Castilla y León (CHEMCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Moncef Belhassen-García
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO). IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Serretiello E, Astorri R, Chianese A, Stelitano D, Zannella C, Folliero V, Santella B, Galdiero M, Franci G, Galdiero M. The emerging tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101871. [PMID: 32891725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an increasingly relevant viral zoonosis caused by the negative-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus (CCHFV) (Nairoviridae family, Bunyavirales order). The viral genome is divided into three segments (L-M-S) of distinct size and functions. The infection is generally mediated by a tick vector, in particular belonging to the Hyalomma genus, and the transmission follows a tick-vertebrate-tick ecologic cycle, with asymptomatic infected animals functioning as reservoirs and amplifiers for CCHFV. Human hosts could be infected primarily through infected ticks or by contact with infected hosts or their body fluids and tissues, also in a nosocomial way and in occupational contexts. Infected symptomatic patients generally manifest a nonspecific illness, which progresses across four stages, with possibly lethal outcomes. Disease outbreaks show a widespread geographic diffusion and a highly variable mortality rate, dramatically peaking in untreated patients. The lack of an adequate animal model and the elevated virus biological risk (only manageable under biosafety level 4 conditions) represent strongly limiting factors for a better characterization of the disease and for the development of specific therapies and vaccines. The present review discusses updated information on CCHFV-related disease, including details about the virus (taxonomy, structure, life cycle, transmission modalities) and considering CCHF pathogenesis, epidemiology and current strategies (diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Astorri
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Hoste ACR, Ruiz T, Fernández-Pacheco P, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Djadjovski I, Moreno S, Brun A, Edwards TA, Barr JN, Rueda P, Sastre P. Development of a multiplex assay for antibody detection in serum against pathogens affecting ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1229-1239. [PMID: 32767820 PMCID: PMC8246919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous infectious diseases impacting livestock impose an important economic burden and in some cases also represent a threat to humans and are classified as zoonoses. Some zoonotic diseases are transmitted by vectors and, due to complex environmental and socio‐economic factors, the distribution of many of these pathogens is changing, with increasing numbers being found in previously unaffected countries. Here, we developed a multiplex assay, based on a suspension microarray, able to detect specific antibodies to five important pathogens of livestock (three of them zoonotic) that are currently emerging in new geographical locations: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bluetongue virus (BTV) and the bacteria complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using the Luminex platform, polystyrene microspheres were coated with recombinant proteins from each of the five pathogens. The mix of microspheres was used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against the five corresponding diseases affecting ruminants. The following panel of sera was included in the study: 50 sera from sheep experimentally infected with RVFV, 74 sera from calves and lambs vaccinated with SBV, 26 sera from cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis, 30 field sera from different species of ruminants infected with CCHFV and 88 calf sera infected with BTV. Finally, to determine its diagnostic specificity 220 field sera from Spanish farms free of the five diseases were assessed. All the sera were classified using commercial ELISAs specific for each disease, used in this study as the reference technique. The results showed the multiplex assay exhibited good performance characteristics with values of sensitivity ranging from 93% to 100% and of specificity ranging from 96% to 99% depending on the pathogen. This new tool allows the simultaneous detection of antibodies against five important pathogens, reducing the volume of sample needed and the time of analysis where these pathogens are usually tested individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C R Hoste
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara Ruiz
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril & Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sastre
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
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Hazara Nairovirus Requires COPI Components in both Arf1-Dependent and Arf1-Independent Stages of Its Replication Cycle. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00766-20. [PMID: 32581103 PMCID: PMC7431787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00766-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nairoviruses are tick-borne enveloped RNA viruses that include several pathogens responsible for fatal disease in humans and animals. Here, we analyzed host genes involved in trafficking networks to examine their involvement in nairovirus replication. We revealed important roles for genes that express multiple components of the COPI complex, which regulates transport of Golgi apparatus-resident cargos. COPI components influenced at least two stages of the nairovirus replication cycle: an early stage prior to and including gene expression and also a later stage during assembly of infectious virus, with COPI knockdown reducing titers by approximately 1,000-fold. Importantly, while the late stage was Arf1 dependent, as expected for canonical COPI vesicle formation, the early stage was found to be Arf1 independent, suggestive of a previously unreported function of COPI unrelated to vesicle formation. Collectively, these data improve our understanding of nairovirus host-pathogen interactions and suggest a new Arf1-independent role for components of the COPI coatomer complex. Hazara nairovirus (HAZV) is an enveloped trisegmented negative-strand RNA virus classified within the Nairoviridae family of the Bunyavirales order and a member of the same subtype as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, responsible for fatal human disease. Nairoviral subversion of cellular trafficking pathways to permit viral entry, gene expression, assembly, and egress is poorly understood. Here, we generated a recombinant HAZV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein and used live-cell fluorescent imaging to screen an siRNA library targeting genes involved in cellular trafficking networks, the first such screen for a nairovirus. The screen revealed prominent roles for subunits of the coat protein 1 (COPI)-vesicle coatomer, which regulates retrograde trafficking of cargo between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as intra-Golgi transport. We show the requirement of COPI-coatomer subunits impacted at least two stages of the HAZV replication cycle: an early stage prior to and including gene expression and also a later stage during assembly and egress of infectious virus, with COPI-knockdown reducing titers by approximately 1,000-fold. Treatment of HAZV-infected cells with brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of Arf1 activation required for COPI coatomer formation, revealed that this late COPI-dependent stage was Arf1 dependent, consistent with the established role of Arf1 in COPI vesicle formation. In contrast, the early COPI-dependent stage was Arf1 independent, with neither BFA treatment nor siRNA-mediated ARF1 knockdown affecting HAZV gene expression. HAZV exploitation of COPI components in a noncanonical Arf1-independent process suggests that COPI coatomer components may perform roles unrelated to vesicle formation, adding further complexity to our understanding of cargo-mediated transport. IMPORTANCE Nairoviruses are tick-borne enveloped RNA viruses that include several pathogens responsible for fatal disease in humans and animals. Here, we analyzed host genes involved in trafficking networks to examine their involvement in nairovirus replication. We revealed important roles for genes that express multiple components of the COPI complex, which regulates transport of Golgi apparatus-resident cargos. COPI components influenced at least two stages of the nairovirus replication cycle: an early stage prior to and including gene expression and also a later stage during assembly of infectious virus, with COPI knockdown reducing titers by approximately 1,000-fold. Importantly, while the late stage was Arf1 dependent, as expected for canonical COPI vesicle formation, the early stage was found to be Arf1 independent, suggestive of a previously unreported function of COPI unrelated to vesicle formation. Collectively, these data improve our understanding of nairovirus host-pathogen interactions and suggest a new Arf1-independent role for components of the COPI coatomer complex.
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Yeşilbağ Z, Karadeniz A, Koçulu S, Kayhan CB. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings supporting preliminary diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in an endemic region in Turkey. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:581-588. [PMID: 32749537 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease that has various symptoms. Since rapid diagnosis is crucial for survival, understanding the characteristics of patients is important for clinicians while waiting for results. This study aimed to evaluate findings that support the preliminary diagnosis of suspected CCHF in patients and take a look at the management of CCHF in Turkey. METHODS Demographics, presenting symptoms and laboratory findings of the patients admitted with a suspicion of CCHF, were recorded from the patient files and database of Ministry of Health. A diagnosis of CCHF was based on detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and/or viral RNA. The patients with and without CCHF were compared in terms of differences in epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS Out of 87 patients, 61 (70.1%) were CCHF and 26 (29.9%) were non-CCHF cases. Working with agriculture/livestock, tick exposure, contact with body fluids of animals, travel to rural areas within 2 weeks, fever, headache, leucopenia, anemia, international normalized ratio (INR) elevation were significantly more common in CCHF cases. According to multivariate analysis, tick exposure (odds ratio, OR 9.03, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.96-41.47, p = 0.005), contact with body fluids of animals (OR 14.9, 95% CI 2.23-99.94, p = 0.005), leucopenia (OR 13.65, 95% CI 2.55-72.91, p = 0.02) and anemia (OR 8.41, 95% CI 1.06-66.42, p = 0.04) were independently indicative for CCHF. CONCLUSION As it takes a considerable time for a definitive diagnosis, determining epidemiological features and risk factors is an important step for preliminary diagnosis of CCHF as well as early implementation of precautions against nosocomial transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Yeşilbağ
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Dr. Tevfik Saglam street, No:11, 34147, Bakırköy/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aslı Karadeniz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Koçulu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sorvillo TE, Rodriguez SE, Hudson P, Carey M, Rodriguez LL, Spiropoulou CF, Bird BH, Spengler JR, Bente DA. Towards a Sustainable One Health Approach to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention: Focus Areas and Gaps in Knowledge. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030113. [PMID: 32645889 PMCID: PMC7558268 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection is identified in the 2018 World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) priority A list due to its high risk to public health and national security. Tick-borne CCHFV is widespread, found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It circulates between ticks and several vertebrate hosts without causing overt disease, and thus can be present in areas without being noticed by the public. As a result, the potential for zoonotic spillover from ticks and animals to humans is high. In contrast to other emerging viruses, human-to-human transmission of CCHFV is typically limited; therefore, prevention of spillover events should be prioritized when considering countermeasures. Several factors in the transmission dynamics of CCHFV, including a complex transmission cycle that involves both ticks and vertebrate hosts, lend themselves to a One Health approach for the prevention and control of the disease that are often overlooked by current strategies. Here, we examine critical focus areas to help mitigate CCHFV spillover, including surveillance, risk assessment, and risk reduction strategies concentrated on humans, animals, and ticks; highlight gaps in knowledge; and discuss considerations for a more sustainable One Health approach to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E. Sorvillo
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-7526
| | - Sergio E. Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Peter Hudson
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Megan Carey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA;
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Brian H. Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Bartolini B, Gruber CE, Koopmans M, Avšič T, Bino S, Christova I, Grunow R, Hewson R, Korukluoglu G, Lemos CM, Mirazimi A, Papa A, Sanchez-Seco MP, Sauer AV, Zeller H, Nisii C, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Reusken CB, Di Caro A. Laboratory management of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infections: perspectives from two European networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30722811 PMCID: PMC6386216 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.5.1800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is considered an emerging infectious disease threat in the European Union. Since 2000, the incidence and geographic range of confirmed CCHF cases have markedly increased, following changes in the distribution of its main vector, Hyalomma ticks. Aims To review scientific literature and collect experts’ opinion to analyse relevant aspects of the laboratory management of human CCHF cases and any exposed contacts, as well as identify areas for advancement of international collaborative preparedness and laboratory response plans. Methods We conducted a literature review on CCHF molecular diagnostics through an online search. Further, we obtained expert opinions on the key laboratory aspects of CCHF diagnosis. Consulted experts were members of two European projects, EMERGE (Efficient response to highly dangerous and emerging pathogens at EU level) and EVD-LabNet (Emerging Viral Diseases-Expert Laboratory Network). Results Consensus was reached on relevant and controversial aspects of CCHF disease with implications for laboratory management of human CCHF cases, including biosafety, diagnostic algorithm and advice to improve lab capabilities. Knowledge on the diffusion of CCHF can be obtained by promoting syndromic approach to infectious diseases diagnosis and by including CCHFV infection in the diagnostic algorithm of severe fevers of unknown origin. Conclusion No effective vaccine and/or therapeutics are available at present so outbreak response relies on rapid identification and appropriate infection control measures. Frontline hospitals and reference laboratories have a crucial role in the response to a CCHF outbreak, which should integrate laboratory, clinical and public health responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bartolini
- 'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Em Gruber
- 'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Avšič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sylvia Bino
- Control of Infectious Diseases Department Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Iva Christova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, National Infection Service WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cinthia Menel Lemos
- Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.,National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Public Health agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Aisha V Sauer
- European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, Unit for Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hervè Zeller
- European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Office of the Chief Scientist, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Nisii
- 'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- 'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- 'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Chantal B Reusken
- Authors contributed equally to the work and share last authorship.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Authors contributed equally to the work and share last authorship.,'L. Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI), WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Care, Diagnosis, Response and Training on Highly Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Differential Growth Characteristics of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Kidney Cells of Human and Bovine Origin. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060685. [PMID: 32630501 PMCID: PMC7354505 DOI: 10.3390/v12060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a lethal tick-borne zoonotic disease with severe clinical manifestation in humans but does not produce symptomatic disease in wild or domestic animals. The factors contributing to differential outcomes of infection between species are not yet understood. Since CCHFV is known to have tropism to kidney tissue and cattle play an important role as an amplifying host for CCHFV, in this study, we assessed in vitro cell susceptibility to CCHFV infection in immortalized and primary kidney and adrenal gland cell lines of human and bovine origin. Based on our indirect fluorescent focus assay (IFFA), we suggest a cell-to-cell CCHF viral spread process in bovine kidney cells but not in human cells. Over the course of seven days post-infection (dpi), infected bovine kidney cells are found in restricted islet-like areas. In contrast, three dpi infected human kidney or adrenal cells were noted in areas distant from one another yet progressed to up to 100% infection of the monolayer. Pronounced CCHFV replication, measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of both intra- and extracellular viral RNA, was documented only in human kidney cells, supporting restrictive infection in cells of bovine origin. To further investigate the differences, lactate dehydrogenase activity and cytopathic effects were measured at different time points in all mentioned cells. In vitro assays indicated that CCHFV infection affects human and bovine kidney cells differently, where human cell lines seem to be markedly permissive. This is the initial reporting of CCHFV susceptibility and replication patterns in bovine cells and the first report to compare human and animal cell permissiveness in vitro. Further investigations will help to understand the impact of different cell types of various origins on the virus–host interaction.
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Yilmaz R, Karaaslan E, Albayrak SE, Gul A, Kasap T. Analysis of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Admissions for Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics, course of disease, and outcomes of patients admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).
Methods Data of all patients with CCHF who were admitted to PICU during a 3-year period and whose diagnosis was confirmed by serological methods or polymerase chain reaction were retrospectively reviewed. Their presenting characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were extracted from the hospital's electronic database. Disease severity scoring was performed using the severity scoring index and severity grading score system.
Results The data of 22 of 123 patients with suspected CCHF who were admitted to PICU were evaluated. Among them, 68.2% were males and mean age of all patients was 13.4 ± 2.2 years. The average length of stay of 10 patients was >10 days. On average, 3.72 units of platelet suspension per patient was transfused. In the course of the disease, the highest laboratory values were reached on day 3 of admission.
Conclusion Poor CCHF outcome depends on thrombocytopenia severity, prolonged coagulation tests, high-liver enzyme levels, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Poor outcomes can be avoided by CCHF awareness and preparedness, early diagnosis of the disease, and supportive treatment with appropriate fluid and blood product transfusion. Randomized controlled trials on prophylactic transfusion and ribavirin use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resul Yilmaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Erhan Karaaslan
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Gul
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kasap
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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Investigation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ruminant species slaughtered in several endemic provinces in Turkey. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1759-1767. [PMID: 32435856 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,337 serum and plasma specimens (939, 393 and 15 from cattle, sheep and goats, respectively) were collected monthly for one a year from ruminant species slaughtered in three Turkish cities endemic for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Samsun, Sivas and Tokat. The serum samples were tested by commercial indirect ELISA to detect CCHFV antibodies, and positive or equivocal samples were later confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT). The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 36.21% (340/939), 6.27% (24/383), and 6.67% (1/15), respectively. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was employed to detect viraemic animals at slaughter time. The percentage of CCHFV-viraemic animals was 0.67% (9/1337). The virus load varied between 4.1 x 101 and 2.4 x 103 RNA equivalent copies/mL in viraemic animals. The plasma samples that were positive for CCHFV genomic RNA were collected between April and May, when Hyalomma ticks are active. This study presents quantitative CCHFV load data in ruminant species at slaughter and interprets the likelihood of transmission for employees working in slaughterhouses in CCHFV-endemic regions.
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Damian D, Maghembe R, Damas M, Wensman JJ, Berg M. Application of Viral Metagenomics for Study of Emerging and Reemerging Tick-Borne Viruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:557-565. [PMID: 32267808 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors for different tick-borne viruses, some of which cause diseases and death in humans, livestock, and wild animals. Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Heartland virus, African swine fever virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus, and Louping ill virus are just a few examples of important tick-borne viruses. The majority of tick-borne viruses have RNA genomes that routinely undergo rapid genetic modifications such as point mutations during their replication. These genomic changes can influence the spread of viruses to new habitats and hosts and lead to the emergence of novel viruses that can pose a threat to public health. Therefore, investigation of the viruses circulating in ticks is important to understand their diversity, host and vector range, and evolutionary history, as well as to predict new emerging pathogens. The choice of detection method is important, as most methods detect only those viruses that have been previously well described. On the other hand, viral metagenomics is a useful tool to simultaneously identify all the viruses present in a sample, including novel variants of already known viruses or completely new viruses. This review describes tick-borne viruses, their historical background of emergence, and their reemergence in nature, and the use of viral metagenomics for viral discovery and studies of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donath Damian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Reuben Maghembe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Modester Damas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Section of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Monsalve-Arteaga L, Alonso-Sardón M, Muñoz Bellido JL, Vicente Santiago MB, Vieira Lista MC, López Abán J, Muro A, Belhassen-García M. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans in the World Health Organization European region: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008094. [PMID: 32119682 PMCID: PMC7067482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a Nairovirus. CCHF is a tick-borne disease that is predominantly associated with Hyalomma ticks and have a widespread distribution in Africa, Asia and Europe. CCHF usually presents as a subclinical disease, but in some cases, it may present as a hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate. This systematic review of the literature was performed to identify the available evidence on the prevalence of CCHF in the European Region of the World Health Organization, based on seroprevalence (IgG antibodies). METHODOLOGY A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement protocol. PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science were used for the search (up to January 31, 2019), combining the following MeSH terms: ["Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever" OR "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus" OR "Congo-Crimea" OR "Crimea-Congo"] AND ["Europe"] AND ["epidemiology" OR "seroprevalence"]. The abstracts were screened. Subsequently, full-text articles were selected and reviewed based on the PICOS (Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcomes-Study type) criteria by two independent reviewers for inclusion in the final analysis. The data were qualitatively synthesized without quantitative pooling due to the heterogeneity in the study populations and methodologies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thirty articles (9 from western Europe, 18 from central Europe and 3 from eastern Europe) were included in the analysis. All articles were cross-sectional studies (descriptive studies). CONCLUSIONS The highest seroprevalence of CCHF is found in central and eastern European countries. Southern and western Europe countries, such as Greece and Spain, have low levels of endemicity, but the spread of the infection, which is associated with climate change, is a possibility that we should keep in mind. Further studies, especially larger seroprevalence studies in humans and animals, are needed to establish the current status of the CCHF epidemiology and to generate standardized guidelines for action in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía Monsalve-Arteaga
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alonso-Sardón
- Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Belén Vicente Santiago
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Carmen Vieira Lista
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López Abán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas. CAUSA. CIETUS. IBSAL. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Okely M, Anan R, Gad-Allah S, Samy AM. Mapping the environmental suitability of etiological agent and tick vectors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105319. [PMID: 31874130 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is one of the most important public health threats in many regions across Africa, Europe, and Asia. This study used ecological niche modeling analyses to map the environmental suitability of both CCHF virus (CCHFV), and its tick vectors (Amblyomma variegatum, Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi) in the Old World countries. The CCHFV was anticipated to occur with high environmental suitability across southern and central Europe, northwestern Africa, central Asia, and western Mediterranean region. Ecological niche models of tick vectors anticipated diverse patterns based on the tick species in question; D. marginatus and H. marginatum showed high environmental suitability in southern and central Europe, and North Africa. The remaining vector species were anticipated to occur in Africa. All models were statistically robust and performed better than random (P < 0.001). Finally, we tested the niche similarities between CCHFV and diverse tick vectors and could not reject the null hypotheses of niche similarity in all vector-virus combinations (P > 0.05) except the combinations of CCHFV with A. variegatum, R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Okely
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Rabia Anan
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sohair Gad-Allah
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Nosocomial infections caused by Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. J Hosp Infect 2019; 105:43-52. [PMID: 31821852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute febrile illness, often accompanied by haemorrhagic manifestations, with a high case fatality rate (CFR). The causative agent is CCHF virus (CCHFV), and is transmitted to humans mainly through tick bites or exposure to blood or tissues of viraemic patients or livestock. Human-to-human transmission usually occurs in hospital settings, and healthcare workers (HCWs) are mainly affected. A review on nosocomial CCHFV infections was performed to elucidate the routes and circumstances of CCHFV transmission in hospital settings. From 1953 to 2016, 158 published cases of CCHFV nosocomial infection in 20 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe were found. Almost all cases were symptomatic (92.4%), with an overall CFR of 32.4%. The majority of cases occurred in hospital clinics (92.0%) and 10 cases (8.0%) occurred in laboratories. Most cases occurred among HCWs (86.1%), followed by visitors (12.7%) and hospitalized patients (1.3%). Nursing staff (44.9%) and doctors (32.3%) were the most affected HCWs, followed by laboratory staff (6.3%). The primary transmission route was percutaneous contact (34.3%). Cutaneous contact accounted for 22.2% of cases, followed by exposure to aerosols (proximity) (18.2%), indirect contact (17.2%) and exposure to patient environment (8.1%). CCHFV can cause nosocomial infections with a high CFR. During the care and treatment of patients with CCHF, standard contact precautions, barrier precautions and airborne preventive measures should be applied. In order to improve patient safety and reduce healthcare-associated CCHFV exposure, there is a need for guidelines and education for HCWs to ensure that CCHF is appropriately included in differential diagnoses; this will enable early diagnosis and implementation of infection prevention measures.
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Niazi AUR, Jawad MJ, Amirnajad A, Durr PA, Williams DT. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Herat Province, Afghanistan, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1596-1598. [PMID: 31216260 PMCID: PMC6649324 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the clinical and epidemiologic features of an outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Herat Province, Afghanistan. The study comprised 63 patients hospitalized in 2017. The overall case-fatality rate was 22.2%; fatal outcome was significantly associated with a negative IgM test result, longer prothrombin time, and nausea.
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Gozdas HT. Evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever suspected cases admitted to a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu, Turkey between 2014-2017. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1433-1440. [PMID: 31148970 PMCID: PMC6531986 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an endemic zoonosis in Kastamonu, Turkey. Clinical and laboratory findings may not be specific in the early phase of the disease, hence bringing a challenge to the clinician. Objective We aimed to distinguish CCHF cases among all suspected cases by comparing them with non-CCHF cases with respect to characteristics during admission. Methods Cases with a presumptive diagnosis of CCHF at a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu in between 2014–2017 were evaluated, retrospectively. CCHF and non-CCHF cases were compared with respect to their clinical, laboratory and epidemiological characteristics during admission. Results Among 76 suspected patients, CCHF was found in 46.1% of them. Four-year fatality rate was 9.6% in CCHF cases. The frequency of headache, nausea/vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia less than 50x109/L, AST-ALT and LDH elevation, tick bites and contact with blood or body fluids of animals in CCHF cases were significantly higher than in non-CCHF cases (p<0.05). Conclusion Headache and nausea/vomiting accompanied with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia less than 50x109/L, AST-ALT and LDH elevations raise the possibility of CCHF in endemic regions especially when there is a history of tick bite and contact with blood or body fluids of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tahsin Gozdas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kastamonu State Hospital, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Mazzola LT, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostic tests for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a widespread tickborne disease. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001114. [PMID: 30899574 PMCID: PMC6407549 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tickborne disease that circulates in wild and domestic animal hosts, and causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in infected humans. Due to the lack of treatment options or vaccines, and a high fatality rate, CCHF virus (CCHFV) is considered a high-priority pathogen according to the WHO R&D Blueprint. Several commercial reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and serological diagnostic assays for CCHFV are already available, including febrile agent panels to distinguish CCHFV from other viral haemorrhagic fever agents; however, the majority of international laboratories use inhouse assays. As CCHFV has numerous amplifying animal hosts, a cross-sectoral 'One Health' approach to outbreak prevention is recommended to enhance notifications and enable early warning for genetic and epidemiological shifts in the human, animal and tick populations. However, a lack of guidance for surveillance in animals, harmonisation of case identification and validated serodiagnostic kits for animal testing hinders efforts to strengthen surveillance systems. Additionally, as RT-PCR tests tend to be lineage-specific for regional circulating strains, there is a need for pan-lineage sensitive diagnostics. Adaptation of existing tests to point-of-care molecular diagnostic platforms that can be implemented in clinic or field-based settings would be of value given the potential for CCHFV outbreaks in remote or low-resource areas. Finally, improved access to clinical specimens for validation of diagnostics would help to accelerate development of new tests. These gaps should be addressed by updated target product profiles for CCHFV diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Mazzola
- Emerging Threats Programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
- Emerging Threats Programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
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Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model on the Adoption of Preventive Behaviors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Ranchers. HEALTH SCOPE 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Ticks are a major group of arthropod vectors, characterized by the diversity of pathogens they transmit, by their impact on human and animal health, and by their socioeconomic implication especially in countries of the Southern Hemisphere. In Europe, Ixodes is the most important tick due to its wide distribution in the ecosystems and the variety of transmitted pathogens, in particular Borrelia (responsible for Lyme borreliosis), but also the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Their increased presence in the environment since the beginning of the 20th century is undeniable, because of major modifications in the biodiversity caused by humans. Increasing the awareness of health professionals and the general population is required to achieve better control of these infections. Thus, "a better understanding of these tick-borne diseases for a better control" is a simple but effective approach, considering their ubiquity in the environment and their particular mode of pathogen transmission (long-lasting blood meal for hard ticks and delayed transmission for bacteria and parasites). Finally, these ectoparasites are problematic due to the potential allergic reactions and other damages caused by their saliva, in humans and animals.
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Loibner M, Hagauer S, Schwantzer G, Berghold A, Zatloukal K. Limiting factors for wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in a health care environment evaluated in a randomised study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210775. [PMID: 30668567 PMCID: PMC6342303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics and re-emerging diseases put pressure on the health care system to prepare for patient care and sample logistics requiring enhanced personnel protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers. We generated quantifiable data on ergonomics of PPE applicable in a health care setting by defining error rates and physically limiting factors due to PPE-induced restrictions. Nineteen study volunteers tested randomly allocated head- or full body-ventilated PPE suits equipped with powered-air-purifying-respirators and performed four different tasks (two laboratory tutorials, a timed test of selective attention and a test investigating reaction time, mobility, speed and physical exercise) during 6 working hours at 22°C on one day and 4 working hours at 28°C on another day. Error rates and physical parameters (fluid loss, body temperature, heart rate) were determined and ergonomic-related parameters were assessed hourly using assessment sheets. Depending on the PPE system the most restrictive factors, which however had no negative impact on performance (speed and error rate), were: reduced dexterity due to multiple glove layers, impaired visibility by flexible face shields and back pain related to the respirator of the fully ventilated suit. Heat stress and liquid loss were perceived as restrictive at a working temperature of 28°C but not 22°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loibner
- Medical University Graz, Institute of Pathology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biospecimen Research and Biobanking Technologies, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Hagauer
- Medical University Graz, Institute of Pathology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biospecimen Research and Biobanking Technologies, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerold Schwantzer
- Medical University Graz, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Medical University Graz, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Medical University Graz, Institute of Pathology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biospecimen Research and Biobanking Technologies, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Rehman K, Bettani MAK, Veletzky L, Afridi S, Ramharter M. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever with atypical clinical presentation in the Karak District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:116. [PMID: 30449274 PMCID: PMC6240963 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal disease endemic in Pakistan. The causative virus is transmitted by the bite of Hyalomma ticks or by contact with infected blood or tissue. First cases of the disease were reported in Pakistan in 1976 but regular outbreaks have been observed since the year 2000. A huge agricultural base with more than 175 million livestock, the concomitant presence of Hyalomma ticks and a lack of precautionary measures to prevent transmission lead to a considerable risk for exposed populations to contract CCHF in Pakistan. At the same time, secondary cases contracted by nosocomial transmission are reported from hospitals. Case presentation Here we present an outbreak of CCHF with four of six patients succumbing to the disease before the suspicion for CCHF was raised. Importantly, the main clinical features of these cases were gastrointestinal symptoms without any clinical signs of bleeding. Only the last two patients in this outbreak presented with typical signs of bleeding disorder and were then confirmed being infected by CCHF. Confirmation of diagnosis was done at the National Institute of Health by real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions This case series highlights the importance of early clinical suspicion for CCHF in exposed individuals and the need for improved precautionary measures against the spread of CCHF within the Pakistani population and hospitals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0499-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rehman
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muhammad Asif Khan Bettani
- Department of health Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gate # 5 opposite Pearl Continental hotel Main GT road Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Luzia Veletzky
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shaheen Afridi
- Department of health Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gate # 5 opposite Pearl Continental hotel Main GT road Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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Mapping of B-cell epitopes on the N- terminal and C-terminal segment of nucleocapsid protein from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204264. [PMID: 30235312 PMCID: PMC6147494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. CCHFV is widely distributed in more than 30 countries and distinct regions, which means that it poses a serious threat to human health. The nucleocapsid protein (NP) encoded by the CCHFV S gene is the primary detectable antigen in infected cells, which makes it an important viral antigen and a clinical diagnostic target. In this study, the modified biosynthetic peptide (BSP) method was used to identify the fine epitopes on the N- and C- terminals of NP from the CCHFV YL04057 strain using rabbit antiserum against CCHFV-NP. Nine epitopes were identified: E1a (178NLILNRGG185), E1b (184GGDENP189), E2 (352PLKWGKK358), E3 (363FADDS367), E4 (399NPDDAA404), E5a (447DIVASEHL454), E5b (452EHLLHQSL459), E6 (464SPFQNAY470) and E7 (475NATSANII482). Western blotting analysis showed that each epitope interacted with the positive serum of sheep that had been naturally infected with CCHFV. Amino acid sequence alignment between each epitope and their homologous proteins showed that they were almost 100% conserved among 12 CCHFV sequences from different lineages, except for epitopes E1a, E1b and E2. Three-dimensional structural modeling analysis showed that all identified epitopes were located on the surface of the NP "head" domain. This study identified fine epitopes on the N- and C- terminals of NP, which will increase the understanding of the structure and function of NP, and it could lay the foundation for the design and development of a CCHFV multi-epitope peptide vaccine and detection antigen.
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40
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Hoch T, Breton E, Vatansever Z. Dynamic Modeling of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) Spread to Test Control Strategies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1124-1132. [PMID: 29618023 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic disease which has emerged or re-emerged recently in Eastern Europe and Turkey. The causative agent is a virus, mainly transmitted by ticks of the species Hyalomma marginatum (Koch, 1844, Ixodida, Amblyommidae). To test potential scenarios for the control of pathogen spread, a dynamic mechanistic model has been developed that takes into account the major processes involved in tick population dynamics and pathogen spread. The tick population dynamics model represents both abiotic (meteorological variables) and biotic (hare and cattle densities) factors in the determination of processes (development, host finding, and mortality). The infection model consists of an SIRS model for the host part whereas a lifelong infectiousness was considered for ticks. The model was first applied to a zone in Central Anatolia (Turkey). Simulated dynamics represent the average reported level of infection in vectors and hosts. A sensitivity analysis to parameter value has been carried out and highlighted the role of transstadial transmission as well as acquisition of the pathogen by immature stages. Applying the model to different sites of Turkey shows different patterns in the dynamics of acarological risk (number of infectious questing adults). This model was thereafter used to test control strategies. Simulation results indicate that acaricide treatments and decrease in hare density could have valuable effects when combined, either on the acarological risk or on the prevalence in cattle. The kind of model we have developed provides insight into the ability of different strategies to prevent and control disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Hoch
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Breton
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Zati Vatansever
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Suda Y, Chamberlain J, Dowall SD, Saijo M, Horimoto T, Hewson R, Shimojima M. The Development of a Novel Diagnostic Assay That Utilizes a Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus for the Detection of Neutralizing Activity against Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:205-208. [PMID: 29709967 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus is a risk group 4 pathogen, which mandates the use of maximum containment facilities, often termed biosafety level 4 or containment level 4 when working with infectious materials. Diagnostic and research work involving live viruses in such laboratories is time-consuming and inconvenient, resulting in delays. Herein, we show that serum neutralizing activity against the virus can be measured in low-containment laboratories using a pseudotyped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Suda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Masayuki Saijo
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Ahmadkhani M, Alesheikh AA, Khakifirouz S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Space-time epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Iran. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sas MA, Vina-Rodriguez A, Mertens M, Eiden M, Emmerich P, Chaintoutis SC, Mirazimi A, Groschup MH. A one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the universal detection of all currently known CCHFV genotypes. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:38-43. [PMID: 29408661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal disease in humans, which is endemic in many countries of Africa, Southern Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by ixodid ticks, mainly of the genus Hyalomma. Animals like hares, hedgehogs, cattle, camels and small ruminants can become infected without developing clinical signs. Seroconversion occurs after a short viremia of up to two weeks, and thus seroprevalence studies in ruminants can be used to reveal risk areas for the human population. Virus detection by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is essential to prove an actual circulation of CCHFV in a country and is also used as diagnostic method for acute human CCHFV infections. In this study, a new universal one-step multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for the sensitive and specific detection of CCHFV is presented. For this purpose, 14 new primers and 2 probes were simultaneously used to detect RNAs representing all six CCHFV genotypes. Additionally, a GC-mirrored sequence within the synthetic RNAs enables the discrimination between true positive samples and unintentional laboratory contaminations. CCHFV negative samples from different animal species and ten different members of the order Bunyavirales were eventually tested to reveal the specificity of the new RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Ariel Vina-Rodriguez
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Mertens
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Petra Emmerich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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Dowall SD, Carroll MW, Hewson R. Development of vaccines against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:6015-6023. [PMID: 28687403 PMCID: PMC5637709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen of the utmost seriousness being highly lethal causing devastating disease symptoms that result in intense and prolonged suffering to those infected. During the past 40years, this virus has repeatedly caused sporadic outbreaks responsible for relatively low numbers of human casualties, but with an alarming fatality rate of up to 80% in clinically infected patients. CCHFV is transmitted to humans by Hyalomma ticks and contact with the blood of viremic livestock, additionally cases of human-to-human transmission are not uncommon in nosocomial settings. The incidence of CCHF closely matches the geographical range of permissive ticks, which are widespread throughout Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. As such, CCHFV is the most widespread tick-borne virus on earth. It is a concern that recent data shows the geographic distribution of Hyalomma ticks is expanding. Migratory birds are also disseminating Hyalomma ticks into more northerly parts of Europe thus potentially exposing naïve human populations to CCHFV. The virus has been imported into the UK on two occasions in the last five years with the first fatal case being confirmed in 2012. A licensed vaccine to CCHF is not available. In this review, we discuss the background and complications surrounding this limitation and examine the current status and recent advances in the development of vaccines against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dowall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
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Garrison AR, Shoemaker CJ, Golden JW, Fitzpatrick CJ, Suschak JJ, Richards MJ, Badger CV, Six CM, Martin JD, Hannaman D, Zivcec M, Bergeron E, Koehler JW, Schmaljohn CS. A DNA vaccine for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever protects against disease and death in two lethal mouse models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005908. [PMID: 28922426 PMCID: PMC5619839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus capable of causing a severe hemorrhagic fever disease in humans. There are currently no licensed vaccines to prevent CCHFV-associated disease. We developed a DNA vaccine expressing the M-segment glycoprotein precursor gene of CCHFV and assessed its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in two lethal mouse models of disease: type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR-/-) mice; and a novel transiently immune suppressed (IS) mouse model. Vaccination of mice by muscle electroporation of the M-segment DNA vaccine elicited strong antigen-specific humoral immune responses with neutralizing titers after three vaccinations in both IFNAR-/- and IS mouse models. To compare the protective efficacy of the vaccine in the two models, groups of vaccinated mice (7–10 per group) were intraperitoneally (IP) challenged with a lethal dose of CCHFV strain IbAr 10200. Weight loss was markedly reduced in CCHFV DNA-vaccinated mice as compared to controls. Furthermore, whereas all vector-control vaccinated mice succumbed to disease by day 5, the DNA vaccine protected >60% of the animals from lethal disease. Mice from both models developed comparable levels of antibodies, but the IS mice had a more balanced Th1/Th2 response to vaccination. There were no statistical differences in the protective efficacies of the vaccine in the two models. Our results provide the first comparison of these two mouse models for assessing a vaccine against CCHFV and offer supportive data indicating that a DNA vaccine expressing the glycoprotein genes of CCHFV elicits protective immunity against CCHFV. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus capable of causing lethal human disease against which there are currently no approved vaccines. In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a candidate DNA vaccine expressing the glycoprotein precursor gene of CCHFV in two mouse models. In addition to the recently established IFNAR-/- mouse pathogenesis model, we also tested the vaccine in a novel murine system in which the interferon (IFN) α/β signaling response of immunocompetent mice is transiently suppressed. We found that the DNA vaccine elicited high humoral immune responses and provided significant protection against challenge with CCHFV in both mouse models. These findings further our understanding of the requirements for a CCHFV vaccine and provide a new mouse model for the development of CCHFV countermeasures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R. Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CSS); (ARG)
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Collin J. Fitzpatrick
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John J. Suschak
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle J. Richards
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine V. Badger
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carolyn M. Six
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline D. Martin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marko Zivcec
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Connie S. Schmaljohn
- Headquarters Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CSS); (ARG)
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46
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Maiga O, Sas MA, Rosenke K, Kamissoko B, Mertens M, Sogoba N, Traore A, Sangare M, Niang M, Schwan TG, Maiga HM, Traore SF, Feldmann H, Safronetz D, Groschup MH. Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1341-1345. [PMID: 28719259 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus). CCHFV can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever with high-case fatality rates in humans. CCHFV has a wide geographic range and has been described in around 30 countries in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Africa including Mali and neighboring countries. To date, little is known about the prevalence rates of CCHFV in Mali. Here, using banked bovine serum samples from across the country, we describe the results of a seroepidemiological study for CCHFV aimed at identifying regions of circulation in Mali. In total, 1,074 serum samples were tested by a modified in-house CCHFV-IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmatory testing by commercial ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. Overall, 66% of samples tested were positive for CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies. Regional seroprevalence rates ranged from 15% to 95% and seemed to correlate with cattle density. Our results demonstrate that CCHFV prevalence is high in many regions in Mali and suggest that CCHFV surveillance should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Maiga
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Miriam Andrada Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | | | - Marc Mertens
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Modibo Sangare
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Hamidou Moussa Maiga
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou F Traore
- International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.,Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Division of Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany
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47
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Parvez MK, Parveen S. Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future. Intervirology 2017; 60:1-7. [PMID: 28772262 PMCID: PMC7179518 DOI: 10.1159/000478729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidences of emerging/re-emerging deadly viral infections have significantly affected human health despite extraordinary progress in the area of biomedical knowledge. The best examples are the recurring outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya fever in tropical and sub-tropical regions, the recent epidemic of Zika in the Americas and the Caribbean, and the SARS, MERS, and influenza A outbreaks across the globe. The established natural reservoirs of human viruses are mainly farm animals, and, to a lesser extent, wild animals and arthropods. The intricate "host-pathogen-environment" relationship remains the key to understanding the emergence/re-emergence of pathogenic viruses. High population density, rampant constructions, poor sanitation, changing climate, and the introduction of anthropophilic vectors create selective pressure on host-pathogen reservoirs. Nevertheless, the knowledge and understanding of such zoonoses and pathogen diversity in their known non-human reservoirs are very limited. Prevention of arboviral infections using vector control methods has not been very successful. Currently, new approaches to protect against food-borne infections, such as consuming only properly cooked meats and animal products, are the most effective control measures. Though significant progress in controlling human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses has been achieved, the unpredictable nature of evolving viruses and the rare occasions of outbreaks severely hamper control and preventive modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Parveen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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48
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Mansfield KL, Jizhou L, Phipps LP, Johnson N. Emerging Tick-Borne Viruses in the Twenty-First Century. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:298. [PMID: 28744449 PMCID: PMC5504652 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks, as a group, are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens to humans and are the primary vector for pathogens of livestock, companion animals, and wildlife. The role of ticks in the transmission of viruses has been known for over 100 years and yet new pathogenic viruses are still being detected and known viruses are continually spreading to new geographic locations. Partly as a result of their novelty, tick-virus interactions are at an early stage in understanding. For some viruses, even the principal tick-vector is not known. It is likely that tick-borne viruses will continue to emerge and challenge public and veterinary health long into the twenty-first century. However, studies focusing on tick saliva, a critical component of tick feeding, virus transmission, and a target for control of ticks and tick-borne diseases, point toward solutions to emerging viruses. The aim of this review is to describe some currently emerging tick-borne diseases, their causative viruses, and to discuss research on virus-tick interactions. Through focus on this area, future protein targets for intervention and vaccine development may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestone, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lv Jizhou
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestone, United Kingdom.,Chinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing, China
| | - L Paul Phipps
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestone, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of SurreyGuildford, United Kingdom
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49
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Serosurvey for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in ruminants in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:858-861. [PMID: 28712556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) has been detected in many African countries. Unfortunately, little is known about the current CCHFV situation in most of those countries including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In over 50 years, three human CCHF cases have been detected in DRC but no seroepidemiological investigation was performed so far. To determine the prevalence of CCHFV-specific antibodies we tested 838 serum samples of cattle, goat and sheep from the southern province Katanga, DRC. The detected seroprevalence in ruminants was 1.6% ranging from 0.4% to 3.4% between the two sampling sites, Kamina and Lubumbashi. The low prevalence indicates only sporadic introduction of CCHFV into this part of the country. DRC is a very large country and the study was performed only at two locations in one province; therefore, the investigations can be only a starting point for further epidemiological activities.
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50
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Sas MA, Mertens M, Isselmou E, Reimer N, El Mamy BO, Doumbia B, Groschup MH. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Specific Antibody Detection in Cattle in Mauritania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:582-587. [PMID: 28605299 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was detected for the first time in Mauritania in 1983 and several CCHFV outbreaks were reported in the following years. The last human case was diagnosed in 2015. However, no recent data exist about the prevalence of CCHFV in animals, although it is already described that prevalence studies in animals serve as good risk indicators. CCHFV can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate in humans. Therefore, a precise risk assessment on the basis of updated data is very important. This article gives an overview about the current CCHFV prevalence in cattle in Mauritania. METHODS AND FINDINGS A seroprevalence study was carried out using 495 cattle sera from Mauritania, which were collected in the year 2013. The sera were analyzed by an inhouse CCHFV-IgG-ELISA. As second screening test, an adapted commercial CCHFV-IgG-ELISA was performed. Inconclusive sera were additionally tested by a modified commercial CCHFV-IgG-IFA. All assays showed high diagnostic sensitivity (>95%) and specificity (>98%). The overall prevalence of CCHFV-specific antibodies found in Mauritanian cattle was 67%, ranging from 56% to 90% in different provinces. CONCLUSION This study shows a very high CCHFV-specific antibody prevalence in cattle in Mauritania. It is the highest seroprevalence detected in Mauritania so far. This strengthens the hypothesis that CCHFV is a serious and ongoing threat for public health in Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Sas
- 1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Mertens
- 1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Isselmou
- 2 Service de Pathologie Infectieuses, Centre National de l'Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires , Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Nicole Reimer
- 3 Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Bezeid O El Mamy
- 2 Service de Pathologie Infectieuses, Centre National de l'Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires , Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Baba Doumbia
- 2 Service de Pathologie Infectieuses, Centre National de l'Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires , Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Martin H Groschup
- 1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
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