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Nie Z, Zhai F, Zhang H, Zheng H, Pei J. The multiple roles of viral 3D pol protein in picornavirus infections. Virulence 2024; 15:2333562. [PMID: 38622757 PMCID: PMC11020597 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2333562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae are a large group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, and most research has focused on the Enterovirus genus, given they present a severe health risk to humans. Other picornaviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and senecavirus A (SVA), affect agricultural production with high animal mortality to cause huge economic losses. The 3Dpol protein of picornaviruses is widely known to be used for genome replication; however, a growing number of studies have demonstrated its non-polymerase roles, including modulation of host cell biological processes, viral replication complex assembly and localization, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Currently, there is no effective vaccine to control picornavirus diseases widely, and clinical therapeutic strategies have limited efficiency in combating infections. Many efforts have been made to develop different types of drugs to prohibit virus survival; the most important target for drug development is the virus polymerase, a necessary element for virus replication. For picornaviruses, there are also active efforts in targeted 3Dpol drug development. This paper reviews the interaction of 3Dpol proteins with the host and the progress of drug development targeting 3Dpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengge Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Hu X, Sun X, Zhao Y, Iv C, Sun X, Jin M, Zhang Q. GlcNac produced by the gut microbiome enhances host influenza resistance by modulating NK cells. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2271620. [PMID: 37953509 PMCID: PMC10730189 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2271620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota are known to modulate the host response to influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Gut metabolites are the key mediators through which gut microbes play anti-influenza effect. Transferring fecal metabolites from mice with high influenza resistance into antibiotic-treated recipient mice conferred resistance to influenza infections. By comparing the metabolites of different individuals with high or low influenza resistance, we identified and validated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and adenosine showed strong positive correlations with influenza resistance and exerted anti-influenza effects in vivo or in vitro, respectively. Especially, GlcNAc mediated the anti-influenza effect by increasing the proportion and activity of NK cells. Several gut microbes, including Clostridium sp., Phocaeicola sartorii, and Akkermansia muciniphila, were positively correlated with influenza resistance, and can upregulate the level of GlcNAc in the mouse gut by exogenous supplementation. Subsequent studies confirmed that administering a combination of the three bacteria to mice via gavage resulted in similar modulation of NK cell responses as observed with GlcNAc. This study demonstrates that gut microbe-produced GlcNAc protects the host against influenza by regulating NK cells, facilitating the elucidation of the action mechanism of gut microbes mediating host influenza resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjie Iv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Emerging Disease Research Center, Keqian Institute of Biology, Keqian Biological Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University and Hubei jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Li Z, Ji W, Chen S, Duan G, Jin Y. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Challenges and Its Antiviral Therapeutics. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030571. [PMID: 36992155 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs) and is extremely contagious and prevalent among infants and children under 5 years old [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Ramanathan R, Hatzios SK. Activity-based Tools for Interrogating Host Biology During Infection. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200095. [PMID: 37744997 PMCID: PMC10512441 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Host cells sense and respond to pathogens by dynamically regulating cell signaling. The rapid modulation of signaling pathways is achieved by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can alter protein structure, function, and/or binding interactions. By using chemical probes to broadly profile changes in enzyme function or side-chain reactivity, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can reveal PTMs that regulate host-microbe interactions. While ABPP has been widely utilized to uncover microbial mechanisms of pathogenesis, in this review, we focus on more recent applications of this technique to the discovery of host PTMs and enzymes that modulate signaling within infected cells. Collectively, these advances underscore the importance of ABPP as a tool for interrogating the host response to infection and identifying potential targets for host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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7
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Li Y, Liu M, Yan Y, Wang Z, Dai Q, Yang X, Guo X, Li W, Chen X, Cao R, Zhong W. Molnupiravir and Its Active Form, EIDD-1931, Show Potent Antiviral Activity against Enterovirus Infections In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061142. [PMID: 35746614 PMCID: PMC9227765 DOI: 10.3390/v14061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFDM), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid myelitis, leading to death of infants and young children. However, no specific antiviral drug is currently available for the treatment of this type of infection. The Unites States and United Kingdom health authorities recently approved a new antiviral drug, molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19. In this study, we reported that molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) and its active form, EIDD-1931, have broad-spectrum anti-enterovirus potential. Our data showed that EIDD-1931 could significantly reduce the production of EV-A71 progeny virus and the expression of EV-A71 viral protein at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The results of the time-of-addition assay suggest that EIDD-1931 acts at the post-entry step, which is in accordance with its antiviral mechanism. The intraperitoneal administration of EIDD-1931 and EIDD-2801 protected 1-day-old ICR suckling mice from lethal EV-A71 challenge by reducing the viral load in various tissues of the infected mice. The pharmacokinetics analysis indicated that the plasma drug concentration overwhelmed the EC50 for enteroviruses, suggesting the clinical potential of molnupiravir against enteroviruses. Thus, molnupiravir along with its active form, EIDD-1931, may be a promising drug candidate against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Yunzheng Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhuang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Qingsong Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Yan L, Cao R, Zhang H, Li Y, Li W, Li X, Fan S, Li S, Zhong W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine phosphoamidate derivatives as anti-EV71 and anti-EV-D68 agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113852. [PMID: 34560428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoamidate derivatives of nucleoside 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine (NITD008) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against the enteroviruses EV71 and EV-D68. The phosphoamidate (15f) containing a hexyl ester of l-alanine exhibited the most promising activity against EV71 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.08 μM) and was 4-times more potent than NITD008. Meanwhile, the derivative containing a cyclohexyl ester of l-alanine (15l) exhibited the most potent activity with high selectivity index against both EV71 (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.27 μM, SI = 117.00) and EV-D68 (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.16 μM, SI = 130.76), which were both higher than that of NITD008. The results indicated that the phosphoamidate 15l was the most promising candidate for further development as antiviral agents for the treatment of both EV71 and EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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Lin X, Liang C, Zou L, Yin Y, Wang J, Chen D, Lan W. Advance of structural modification of nucleosides scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113233. [PMID: 33550179 PMCID: PMC7995807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With Remdesivir being approved by FDA as a drug for the treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), nucleoside drugs have once again received widespread attention in the medical community. Herein, we summarized modification of traditional nucleoside framework (sugar + base), traizole nucleosides, nucleoside analogues assembled by other drugs, macromolecule-modified nucleosides, and their bioactivity rules. 2′-“Ara”-substituted by –F or –CN group, and 3′-“ara” substituted by acetylenyl group can greatly influence their anti-tumor activities. Dideoxy dehydrogenation of 2′,3′-sites can enhance antiviral efficiencies. Acyclic nucleosides and L-type nucleosides mainly represented antiviral capabilities. 5-F Substituted uracil analogues exihibit anti-tumor effects, and the substrates substituted by –I, –CF3, bromovinyl group usually show antiviral activities. The sugar coupled with 1-N of triazolid usually displays anti-tumor efficiencies, while the sugar coupled with 2-N of triazolid mainly represents antiviral activities. The nucleoside analogues assembled by cholesterol, polyethylene glycol, fatty acid and phospholipid would improve their bioavailabilities and bioactivities, or reduce their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | | | - Lianjia Zou
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Weisen Lan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Tosh DK, Toti KS, Hurst BL, Julander JG, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationship of novel antiviral nucleosides against Enterovirus A71. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127599. [PMID: 33031923 PMCID: PMC7534897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various (North)-methanocarba adenosine derivatives, containing rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ribose substitution, were screened for activity against representative viruses, and inhibition was observed after treatment of Enterovirus A71 with a 2-chloro-N6-1-cyclopropyl-2-methylpropan-1-yl derivative (17). µM activity was also seen when testing 17 against other enteroviruses in the Picornaviridae family. Based on this hit, structural congeners of 17, containing other N6-alkyl groups and 5' modifications, were synthesized and tested. The structure activity relationship is relatively narrow, with most modifications of the adenine or the methanocarba ring reducing or abolishing the inhibitory potency. 4'-Truncated 31 (MRS5474), 4'-fluoromethyl 48 (MRS7704) and 4'-chloromethyl 49 nucleosides displayed EC50 ~3-4 µM, and 31 and 48 achieved SI ≥10. However, methanocarba analogues of ribavirin and N6-benzyladenosine, shown previously to have anti-EV-A71 activity, were inactive. Thus, we identified methanocarba nucleosides as a new scaffold for enterovirus inhibition with a narrow structure activity relationship and no similarity to previously published anti-enteroviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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12
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Wen W, Qi Z, Wang J. The Function and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C Protease. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1968-1975. [PMID: 32556480 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of the hand, foot, and mouth disease. It was firstly isolated from sputum specimens of infants with central nervous system diseases in California in 1969, and has been repeatedly reported in various parts of the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 3C protein is a 183 amino acid cysteine protease that can cleave most structural and non-structural proteins of EV71. Based on the analysis and understanding of EV71 3C protease, it is helpful to study and treat diseases caused by EV71 virus infection. The EV71 3C protease promotes virus replication by cleaving EV71 synthesis or host proteins. Moreover, EV71 3C protease inhibits the innate immune system and causes apoptosis. At present, in order to deal with the damage caused by the EV71, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs targeting 3C protease. This review will focus on the structure, function, and mechanism of EV71 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Qi
- School of Medicine, Forth Clinical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li L, Wang M, Chen Y, Hu T, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Bi G, Wang W, Liu E, Han J, Lu T, Su D. Structure of the enterovirus D68 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in complex with NADPH implicates an inhibitor binding site in the RNA template tunnel. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107510. [PMID: 32353513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging viral pathogen belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, which is a serious threat to human health and has resulted in significant economic losses. The EV-D68 genome encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) 3Dpol, which is central for viral genome replication and considered as a promising target for specific antiviral therapeutics. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human EV-D68 RdRp in the apo state and in complex with the inhibitor NADPH, which was selected by using a structure-based virtual screening approach. The EV-D68-RdRp-NADPH complex is the first RdRp-inhibitor structure identified in the species Enterovirus D. The inhibitor NADPH occupies the RNA template binding channel of EV-D68 RdRp with a novel binding pocket. Additionally, residues involved in the NADPH binding pocket of EV-D68 RdRp are highly conserved in RdRps of enteroviruses. Therefore, the enzyme activity of three RdRps from EV-D68, poliovirus, and enterovirus A71 is shown to decrease when titrated with NADPH separately in vitro. Furthermore, we identified that NADPH plays a pivotal role as an RdRp inhibitor instead of a chain terminator during restriction of RNA-dependent RNA replication. In the future, derivatives of NADPH may pave the way for novel inhibitors of RdRp through compound modification, providing potential antiviral agents for treating enteroviral infection and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Bi
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China; West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Ma HQ, Zuo CQ, Yuan Y, Zhang YP, Wang X, Wang SY, Liu JW. The UPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of a Novel Enterovirus 71 Inhibitor in Rat Plasma and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180924121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
TJAB1099 is a novel, highly active inhibitor of human enterovirus 71
(HEV71), which is a most commonly found virus leading to Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD). However,
the TJAB1099 could not be detected in the plasma using a regular HPLC-UV detection during the
pharmacokinetic study due to the poor solubility, which in turn limited the release prior to be absorbed
by the gastrointestinal tract.
Objective:
The objectives of the present study were to improve the solubility of TJAB1099 by preparing
formulation and develop an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
(UPLC-MS/MS) method applied to the pharmacokinetic study.
Methods:
The TJAB1099 was prepared as a phospholipid complex that intends to increase the watersolubility
and subsequently improving TJAB1099 exposed in the circulation system. A highly sensitive
UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the pharmacokinetic study, in which the pharmacokinetic
parameters were determined following oral and intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg of
TJAB1099 in rats, respectively.
Results:
The precisions for the method were less than 12.8%, while the accuracies were in the range of
90.8 - 98.0% and 96.1 - 99.6% for within-day and between-day, respectively. The mean recoveries for
TJAB1099 and terfenadine (internal-standard, IS) were 85.0 ± 5.4% and 92.4 ± 4.1%, respectively. The
pharmacokinetic study revealed that the Cmax of TJAB1099 after oral administration can reach 6.84 ±
2.43 ng/mL, while the Tmax is 0.70 ± 0.11 h. The AUC0-12 is 19.81 ± 11.07 µg/mL/h. However, the absorption
was poor with an absolute oral bioavailability of 0.62.
Conclusion:
The UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of
TJAB1099 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiu Ma
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
| | - Chen-Qiang Zuo
- TianJin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Tianjin Center for Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, No.237 road Hongqinan, Nankai District, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yu-Pu Zhang
- TianJin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Wang
- TianJin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- TianJin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
| | - Jun-Wei Liu
- TianJin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, No.220 Dongting Road, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, China
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15
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Vasudevan SG, Mackenzie JM, White PA. Antiviral Candidates for Treating Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00003-19. [PMID: 30885901 PMCID: PMC6535575 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00003-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. Despite this burden, there are no specific antivirals available to treat HEV patients, and the only licensed vaccine is not available outside China. Ribavirin and alpha interferon are used to treat chronic HEV infections; however, severe side effects and treatment failure are commonly reported. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential antivirals for further development to combat HEV infection. We selected 16 compounds from the nucleoside and nonnucleoside antiviral classes that range in developmental status from late preclinical to FDA approved and evaluated them as potential antivirals for HEV infection, using genotype 1 replicon luminescence studies and replicon RNA quantification. Two potent inhibitors of HEV replication included NITD008 (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50], 0.03 μM; half-maximal cytotoxic concentration [CC50], >100 μM) and GPC-N114 (EC50, 1.07 μM, CC50, >100 μM), and both drugs reduced replicon RNA levels in cell culture (>50% reduction with either 10 μM GPC-N114 or 2.50 μM NITD008). Furthermore, GPC-N114 and NITD008 were synergistic in combinational treatment (combination index, 0.4) against HEV replication, allowing for dose reduction indices of 20.42 and 8.82 at 50% inhibition, respectively. Sofosbuvir has previously exhibited mixed results against HEV as an antiviral, both in vitro and in a few clinical applications; however, in this study it was effective against the HEV genotype 1 replicon (EC50, 1.97 μM; CC50, >100 μM) and reduced replicon RNA levels (47.2% reduction at 10 μM). Together these studies indicate drug repurposing may be a promising pathway for development of antivirals against HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Enosi Tuipulotu D, Fumian TM, Netzler NE, Mackenzie JM, White PA. The Adenosine Analogue NITD008 has Potent Antiviral Activity against Human and Animal Caliciviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060496. [PMID: 31151251 PMCID: PMC6631109 DOI: 10.3390/v11060496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread nature of calicivirus infections globally has a substantial impact on the health and well-being of humans and animals alike. Currently, the only vaccines approved against caliciviruses are for feline and rabbit-specific members of this group, and thus there is a growing effort towards the development of broad-spectrum antivirals for calicivirus infections. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the adenosine analogue NITD008 in vitro using three calicivirus model systems namely; feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and the human norovirus replicon. We show that the nucleoside analogue (NA), NITD008, has limited toxicity and inhibits calicivirus replication in all three model systems with EC50 values of 0.94 μM, 0.91 µM, and 0.21 µM for MNV, FCV, and the Norwalk replicon, respectively. NITD008 has a similar level of potency to the most well-studied NA 2′-C-methylcytidine in vitro. Significantly, we also show that continual NITD008 treatment effectively cleared the Norwalk replicon from cells and treatment with 5 µM NITD008 was sufficient to completely prevent rebound. Given the potency displayed by NITD008 against several caliciviruses, we propose that this compound should be interrogated further to assess its effectiveness in vivo. In summary, we have added a potent NA to the current suite of antiviral compounds and provide a NA scaffold that could be further modified for therapeutic use against calicivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Tulio M Fumian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VC 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Hao T, Li Y, Fan S, Li W, Wang S, Li S, Cao R, Zhong W. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a novel mTOR-targeted anti-EV71 agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:172-186. [PMID: 31082764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of existing anti-EV71 targets, we have been eager to discover a new anti-EV71 agent based on mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), which is an important target for finding antiviral agents based on host cells. Torin2 is a second-generation ATP competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.25 nM). Our research team tested the anti-EV71 activity of Torin2 in vitro for the first time. The result showed that Torin2 had significant anti-EV71 activity (IC50 = 0.01 μM). In this study, thirty novel Torin2 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-EV71 activity. Among them, 11a, 11b, 11d, 11e and 11m displayed similar activity to Torin2. 11e displayed the most potent activity, with an IC50 value of 0.027 μM, which was closest to Torin2, and displayed potent mTOR kinase inhibitory activity. A molecular modeling study showed that 11e interacted with Val2240 and Lys2187 via hydrogen bonds and had a good match with the receptor. Additionally, a mechanism study showed that most of the compounds had significant inhibition for the mTOR pathway substrates p70S6K and Akt. The water solubility test of compounds with potent activity revealed that 11a and 11m were improved by approximately 5-15-fold compared to Torin2. These data suggest that 11a and 11m may be potential candidates for anti-EV71 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Hao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shixu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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18
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Yang Y, Cao L, Gao H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Fang F, Lan T, Lou Z, Rao Y. Discovery, Optimization, and Target Identification of Novel Potent Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4056-4073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Gao
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, P. R. China
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19
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Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Yao C, Xi C, Hu K, Gao W, Cai X, Qin J, Lv S, Du C, Wei Y. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication and viral 3C protease by quercetin. Virol J 2018; 15:116. [PMID: 30064445 PMCID: PMC6069798 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system disease in children. There is currently no specific medication for EV71 infection. Quercetin, one of the most widely distributed flavonoids in plants, has been demonstrated to inhibit various viral infections. However, investigation of the anti-EV71 mechanism has not been reported to date. METHODS The anti-EV71 activity of quercetin was evaluated by phenotype screening, determining the cytopathic effect (CPE) and EV71-induced cells apoptosis. The effects on EV71 replication were evaluated further by determining virus yield, viral RNA synthesis and protein expression, respectively. The mechanism of action against EV71 was determined from the effective stage and time-of-addition assays. The possible inhibitory functions of quercetin via viral 2Apro, 3Cpro or 3Dpol were tested. The interaction between EV71 3Cpro and quercetin was predicted and calculated by molecular docking. RESULTS Quercetin inhibited EV71-mediated cytopathogenic effects, reduced EV71 progeny yields, and prevented EV71-induced apoptosis with low cytotoxicity. Investigation of the underlying mechanism of action revealed that quercetin exhibited a preventive effect against EV71 infection and inhibited viral adsorption. Moreover, quercetin mediated its powerful therapeutic effects primarily by blocking the early post-attachment stage of viral infection. Further experiments demonstrated that quercetin potently inhibited the activity of the EV71 protease, 3Cpro, blocking viral replication, but not the activity of the protease, 2Apro, or the RNA polymerase, 3Dpol. Modeling of the molecular binding of the 3Cpro-quercetin complex revealed that quercetin was predicted to insert into the substrate-binding pocket of EV71 3Cpro, blocking substrate recognition and thereby inhibiting EV71 3Cpro activity. CONCLUSIONS Quercetin can effectively prevent EV71-induced cell injury with low toxicity to host cells. Quercetin may act in more than one way to deter viral infection, exhibiting some preventive and a powerful therapeutic effect against EV71. Further, quercetin potently inhibits EV71 3Cpro activity, thereby blocking EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yao
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Caili Xi
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Wa Gao
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur Molekulare BiotechnologieInstitut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinlan Qin
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Canghao Du
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 China
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21
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Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Deval J. Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618764483. [PMID: 29562753 PMCID: PMC5890544 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618764483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses are among the most common viruses causing mild seasonal colds. These RNA viruses can also cause lower respiratory tract infections leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Young children, the elderly, and patients with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems are at greatest risk for serious disease associated with these RNA virus respiratory infections. In addition, swine and avian influenza viruses, together with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, represent significant pandemic threats to the general population. In this review, we describe the current medical need resulting from respiratory infections caused by RNA viruses, which justifies drug discovery efforts to identify new therapeutic agents. The RNA polymerase of respiratory viruses represents an attractive target for nucleoside and nucleotide analogs acting as inhibitors of RNA chain synthesis. Here, we present the molecular, biochemical, and structural fundamentals of the polymerase of the four major families of RNA respiratory viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae/Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Picornaviridae. We summarize past and current efforts to develop nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents against respiratory virus infections. This includes molecules with very broad antiviral spectrum such as ribavirin and T-705 (favipiravir), and others targeting more specifically one or a few virus families. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure(s) and function(s) of respiratory virus polymerases will likely support the discovery and development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Sarah K Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
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Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Structure of the Enterovirus 71 3C Protease in Complex with NK-1.8k and Indications for the Development of Antienterovirus Protease Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00298-17. [PMID: 28461310 PMCID: PMC5487676 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00298-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus, is a threat to public health worldwide. To date, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been one of the major causative agents of HFMD in the Pacific-Asia region, and outbreaks with EV71 cause millions of infections. However, no drug is currently available for clinical therapeutics. In our previous works, we developed a set of protease inhibitors (PIs) targeting the EV71 3C protease (3Cpro). Among these are NK-1.8k and NK-1.9k, which have various active groups and high potencies and selectivities. In the study described here, we determined the structures of the PI NK-1.8k in complex with wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant EV71 3Cpro Comparison of these structures with the structure of unliganded EV71 3Cpro and its complex with AG7088 indicated that the mutation of N69 to a serine residue destabilized the S2 pocket. Thus, the mutation influenced the cleavage activity of EV71 3Cpro and the inhibitory activity of NK-1.8k in an in vitro protease assay and highlighted that site 69 is an additional key site for PI design. More information for the optimization of the P1' to P4 groups of PIs was also obtained from these structures. Together with the results of our previous works, these in-depth results elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of PIs and shed light to develop PIs for the clinical treatment of infections caused by EV71 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Suramin interacts with the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 capsid and inhibits multiple enterovirus A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42902. [PMID: 28218309 PMCID: PMC5317167 DOI: 10.1038/srep42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was previously shown to bind to the EV-A71 capsid through its naphthalenetrisulfonic acid groups, thereby reducing virus-cell binding and inhibiting viral replication. Here, we identify VP1-145 as the critical amino acid that accounts for the differential sensitivity of EVA-71 viruses to suramin. A single Q or G to E substitution at VP1-145 results in an approximately 30-fold shift of IC50 or IC90 values reproducing the inhibition profile observed with field isolates expressing either the 145Q or E mutation. Our data support the conclusion that suramin binds to the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the capsid and consequently blocks the virus attachment and entry into host cells. In order to assess the antiviral-spectrum of suramin, we analyzed 18 representative enteroviruses: A (n = 7), B (n = 5), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). We show that suramin potency is restricted to enterovirus A species. Clinical development of suramin is further supported by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating bioactive plasma levels after a single dose intramuscular administration in macaques. Altogether, our findings support the clinical development of suramin as a novel entry inhibitor for the treatment of enterovirus A infections.
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Ma J, Nie Q, Li T, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by an α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:91-100. [PMID: 28063993 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological agents of human hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. EV71 infection in young children and people with immunodeficiency causes severe symptoms with a high fatality rates. However, there is still no approved drugs to treat such infections. Based on our previous report of a peptide-aldehyde anti-EV71 protease, we present here a highly specific α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k, which inhibited the proliferation of multiple EV71 strains and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in various cells with EC50 of 37.0 nM with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). The hydroxy-nitrile covalent warhead conferred NK-1.9k high potency and selectivity to interact with the cysteine residue of the active site of the viral protease. We also documented the resistance to NK-1.9k with a N69S mutation in EV71 3Cpro. The combination of NK-1.9k and EV71 polymerase or entry inhibitors produced strong synergistic antiviral effects. Collectively, our findings suggest our compounds can potentially be developed as drugs for the treatment of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaming Ma
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Quandeng Nie
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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26
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27
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Zhai Y, Ma Y, Ma F, Nie Q, Ren X, Wang Y, Shang L, Yin Z. Structure–activity relationship study of peptidomimetic aldehydes as enterovirus 71 3C protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:559-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zeng D, Ma Y, Zhang R, Nie Q, Cui Z, Wang Y, Shang L, Yin Z. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of α-keto amides as enterovirus 71 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1762-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Sun L, Tijsma A, Kurochkin NN, Tararov VI, Chizhov AO, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Modification of the length and structure of the linker of N(6)-benzyladenosine modulates its selective antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:84-94. [PMID: 26854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we demonstrated that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, a cytokinin nucleoside, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. The present study is devoted to the structure optimization of another natural compound: N(6)-benzyladenosine. We mainly focused on the exploration of the size and nature of the linker between the adenine and the phenyl ring, as well as on the necessity of the D-ribose residue. More than 30 analogues of N(6)-benzyladenosine were prepared and their antiviral properties were evaluated. Two main methodologies were used for preparation: N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine can be regioselectively alkylated either by alkyl halides under base promoted conditions or by alcohols in Mitsunobu reactions. After deacylation with 4 M PrNH2 in MeOH at room temperature for one day, the desired products were obtained in overall high yields. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship clearly shows that the optimal size of the linker is limited to 2 or 3 atoms (compounds 4-7). 2'-Deoxyadenosine derivatives did not elicit any inhibitory or cytotoxic effect, while 5'-deoxynucleosides still induced some cell protective antiviral activity. Based on these observations, it can be hypothesized that there may be another mechanism that is at the base of the antiviral activity of these compounds against enterovirus 71 besides a possible 5'-triphosphorylation followed by a putative inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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Virus-inhibiting activity of dihydroquercetin, a flavonoid from Larix sibirica, against coxsackievirus B4 in a model of viral pancreatitis. Arch Virol 2016; 161:929-38. [PMID: 26780775 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Picornaviridae, in particular, enteroviruses, represent a serious threat to human health. They are responsible for numerous pathologies ranging from mild disease to fatal outcome. Due to the limited number of safe and effective antivirals against enteroviruses, there is a need for search and development of novel drugs with various mechanisms of activity against enteroviruses-induced pathologies. We studied the effect of dihydroquercetin (DHQ), a flavonoid from larch wood, on the course of pancreatitis of white mice caused by coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4). DHQ was applied intraperitoneally at doses of 75 or 150 mg/kg/day once a day for 5 days postinfection (p.i.) starting on day 1 p.i., and its effect was compared to that of the reference compound ribavirin. The application of DHQ resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the virus titer in pancreatic tissue, reaching, at the highest dose, 2.4 logs on day 5 p.i. Also, the application of DHQ led to restoration of antioxidant activity of pancreatic tissue that was impaired in the course of pancreatitis. Morphologically, pancreatic tissue of DHQ-treated animals demonstrated less infiltration with inflammatory cells and no signs of tissue destruction compared to placebo-treated mice. Both ribavirin- and DHQ-treated animals developed fewer foci of pancreatic inflammation per mouse, and these foci contained fewer infiltrating cells than those in placebo-treated mice. The effect of DHQ was comparable to or exceeded that of ribavirin. Taken together, our results suggest high antiviral activity of DHQ and its promising potential in complex treatment of viral pancreatitis.
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Qing J, Luo R, Wang Y, Nong J, Wu M, Shao Y, Tang R, Yu X, Yin Z, Sun Y. Resistance analysis and characterization of NITD008 as an adenosine analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus. Antiviral Res 2015; 126:43-54. [PMID: 26724382 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a severe threat to global public health, affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. Sofosbuvir (PSI-7977), a uridine nucleotide analog inhibitor targeting the HCV NS5B polymerase, was approved by FDA at the end of 2013 and represents a key step towards a new era in the management of HCV infection. Previous study identified NITD008, an adenosine nucleoside analog, as the specific inhibitor against dengue virus and showed good antiviral effect on other flaviviruses or enteroviruses. In this report, we systematically analyzed the anti-HCV profile of NITD008, which was discovered to effectively suppress the replication of different strains of HCV in human hepatoma cells with a low nanomolar activity. On genotype 2a virus, or 2a, 1a, and 1b replicon cells, EC50 values were 8.7 nM, 93.3 nM, 60.0 nM and 67.2 nM, and selective index values were >2298.9, >214.4, >333.3, >298.5 respectively. We demonstrated that resistance to NITD008 was conferred by mutation in NS5B (S282T) in the HCV infectious virus genotype 2a (JFH-1). Then, we compared the resistant profiles of NITD008 and PSI-7977, and found that the folds change of EC50 of NITD008 to full replicon cells containing mutation S282T was much bigger than PSI-7977(folds 76.50 vs. 4.52). Analysis of NITD008 cross-resistance against previously reported NS5B drug-selected mutations showed that the resistance pattern of NITD008 was not completely similar to PSI-7977, and meanwhile, S282T resistant mutation to NITD008 emerge more easily in cell culture than PSI-7977. Interestingly, NITD008 displayed significant synergistic effects with the NS5B polymerase inhibitor PSI-7977, however, only additive effects with alpha interferon (IFNα-2b), ribavirin, and an NS3 protease inhibitor. These results verify that NITD008 is an effective analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus and a good research tool as a supplement to other types of nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rui Luo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruoyi Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
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Zhai Y, Zhao X, Cui Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Li L, Sun Q, Yang X, Zeng D, Liu Y, Sun Y, Lou Z, Shang L, Yin Z. Cyanohydrin as an Anchoring Group for Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Enterovirus 71 3C Protease. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9414-20. [PMID: 26571192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanohydrin derivatives as enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C protease (3C(pro)) inhibitors have been synthesized and assayed for their biochemical and antiviral activities. Compared with the reported inhibitors, cyanohydrins (1S,2S,2'S,5S)-16 and (1R,2S,2'S,5S)-16 exhibited significantly improved activity and attractive selectivity profiles against other proteases, which were a result of the specific interactions between the cyanohydrin moiety and the catalytic site of 3C(pro). Cyanohydrin as an anchoring group with high selectivity and excellent inhibitory activity represents a useful choice for cysteine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangshuai Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengjie Cui
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Man Wang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Biological & Ministry of Education (MOE), and Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Debin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biological & Ministry of Education (MOE), and Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
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A Conserved Inhibitory Mechanism of a Lycorine Derivative against Enterovirus and Hepatitis C Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:913-24. [PMID: 26596952 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02274-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) (Picornaviridae family) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Flaviviridae family) are the causative agents of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and hepatitis C, resulting in a severe pandemic involving millions of infections in the Asia-Pacific region and worldwide. The great impact of EV71 and HCV on public health highlights the need to further our understanding of the biology of these two viruses and develop effective therapeutic antivirals. Here, we evaluated a total of 32 lycorine derivatives and demonstrated that 1-acetyllycorine suppressed the proliferation of multiple strains of EV71 in various cells. The results of the drug resistance analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine targeted a phenylalanine (F76) in EV71 2A protease (2A(pro)) to stabilize the conformation of a unique zinc finger. Most interestingly, the zinc binding site in EV71 2A(pro) is the exclusive homolog of HCV NS3 among all viruses. Further analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine also inhibits HCV with high efficacy, and the mutation on R118 in HCV NS3, which corresponds to F76 in EV71 2A(pro), confers the resistance of HCV to 1-acetyllycorine. These results revealed a conserved mechanism of 1-acetyllycorine against EV71 and HCV through targeting viral proteases. We also documented the significant synergistic anti-EV71 and anti-HCV effects of 1-acetyllycorine with reported inhibitors, supporting potential combination therapy for the treatment of EV71 and HCV infections.
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Yan W, Qing J, Mei H, Nong J, Huang J, Zhu J, Jiang H, Liu L, Zhang L, Li J. Identification, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel anti-EV71 agents via cyclophilin A inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5682-6. [PMID: 26564266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and EV71 prompted us to screen a series of small molecular CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were discovered as non-immunosuppressive anti-EV71 agents with an EC50 values of 1.07±0.17μM and 3.36±0.45μM in virus assay, respectively, which were desirably for the further study. The subsequent chemical modifications derived a novel class of molecules, among which compound 11 demonstrated the most potent anti-EV71 activity in virus assay (EC50=0.37±0.17μM), and low cytotoxicity (CC50>25μM). The following CypA enzyme inhibition studies indicated that there was not only the enzyme inhibition activity, undoubtedly important, functioning in the antiviral process, but also some unknown mechanisms worked in combination, and the further study is underway in our laboratory. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, compound 11 was probably the most potent small molecular anti-EV71 agent via CypA inhibitory mechanism to date. Consequently, our study provided a new potential small molecule for curing EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanbing Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Yang Q, Jie Q, Shaw N, Li L, Rao Z, Yin Z, Lou Z. Studies on Inhibition of Proliferation of Enterovirus-71 by Compound YZ-LY-0. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1337-47. [PMID: 26640412 PMCID: PMC4643065 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which is caused by Enteroviruses, has emerged as a serious illness. It affects mainly children under the age of five and results in high fatality rates. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of HFMD in China and currently there are no effective anti-viral drugs available to treat HFMD. In the present study, we screened compounds for inhibition of proliferation of EV71. Compound YZ-LY-0 stalled the life cycle of EV71. The inhibitor exhibited EC50 value of 0.29 μm against SK-EV006 strain of EV71. Notably, YZ-LY-0 had low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μM) and a high selectivity index (over 300) in Vero and RD cells. YZ-LY-0 in combination with an EV71 RdRp inhibitor or an entry inhibitor showed an antagonistic effect at very low concentrations. However, at higher concentrations the inhibitors exhibited a synergistic effect in inhibiting viral replication. Preliminary results on investigation of the mechanism of inhibition indicate that YZ-LY-0 does not block the entry of the virus in the host cell, but instead inhibits an early stage of EV71 replication. Our studies provide a potential clinical therapeutic option against EV71 infections and suggest that a combined application of YZ-LY-0 with other inhibitors could be more effective in the treatment of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhan Yang
- 1. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Jie
- 2. Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- 1. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ; 3. National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Li
- 5. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- 1. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ; 3. National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China ; 5. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- 4. College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- 1. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ; 5. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Shang L, Zhang S, Yang X, Sun J, Li L, Cui Z, He Q, Guo Y, Sun Y, Yin Z. Biochemical characterization of recombinant Enterovirus 71 3C protease with fluorogenic model peptide substrates and development of a biochemical assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1827-36. [PMID: 25421478 PMCID: PMC4356770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04698-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a primary pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), affects primarily infants and children. Currently, there are no effective drugs against HFMD. EV71 3C protease performs multiple tasks in the viral replication, which makes it an ideal antiviral target. We synthesized a small set of fluorogenic model peptides derived from cleavage sites of EV71 polyprotein and examined their efficiencies of cleavage by EV71 3C protease. The novel peptide P08 [(2-(N-methylamino)benzoyl) (NMA)-IEALFQGPPK(DNP)FR] was determined to be the most efficiently cleaved by EV71 3C protease, with a kinetic constant kcat/Km of 11.8 ± 0.82 mM(-1) min(-1). Compared with literature reports, P08 gave significant improvement in the signal/background ratio, which makes it an attractive substrate for assay development. A Molecular dynamics simulation study elaborated the interactions between substrate P08 and EV71 3C protease. Arg39, which is located at the bottom of the S2 pocket of EV71 3C protease, may participate in the proteolysis process of substrates. With an aim to evaluate EV71 3C protease inhibitors, a reliable and robust biochemical assay with a Z' factor of 0.87 ± 0.05 was developed. A novel compound (compound 3) (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 1.89 ± 0.25 μM) was discovered using this assay, which effectively suppressed the proliferation of EV 71 (strain Fuyang) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells with a highly selective index (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 4.54 ± 0.51 μM; 50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] > 100 μM). This fast and efficient assay for lead discovery and optimization provides an ideal platform for anti-EV71 drug development targeting 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixue Sun
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Li
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Cui
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong He
- High-Throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Peptidyl aldehyde NK-1.8k suppresses enterovirus 71 and enterovirus 68 infection by targeting protease 3C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2636-46. [PMID: 25691647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00049-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in the Pacific-Asia region. In particular, EV71 causes severe central nervous system infections, and the fatality rates from EV71 infection are high. Moreover, an outbreak of respiratory illnesses caused by an emerging EV, EV68, recently occurred among over 1,000 young children in the United States and was also associated with neurological infections. Although enterovirus has emerged as a considerable global public health threat, no antiviral drug for clinical use is available. In the present work, we screened our compound library for agents targeting viral protease and identified a peptidyl aldehyde, NK-1.8k, that inhibits the proliferation of different EV71 strains and one EV68 strain and that had a 50% effective concentration of 90 nM. Low cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration, >200 μM) indicated a high selective index of over 2,000. We further characterized a single amino acid substitution inside protease 3C (3C(pro)), N69S, which conferred EV71 resistance to NK-1.8k, possibly by increasing the flexibility of the substrate binding pocket of 3C(pro). The combination of NK-1.8k and an EV71 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor or entry inhibitor exhibited a strong synergistic anti-EV71 effect. Our findings suggest that NK-1.8k could potentially be developed for anti-EV therapy.
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