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Krejčová K, Krafcikova P, Klima M, Chalupska D, Chalupsky K, Zilecka E, Boura E. Structural and functional insights in flavivirus NS5 proteins gained by the structure of Ntaya virus polymerase and methyltransferase. Structure 2024; 32:1099-1109.e3. [PMID: 38781970 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+RNA) viruses that are responsible for several (re)emerging diseases such as yellow, dengue, or West Nile fevers. The Zika epidemic highlighted their dangerousness when a relatively benign virus known since the 1950s turned into a deadly pathogen. The central protein for their replication is NS5 (non-structural protein 5), which is composed of the N-terminal methyltransferase (MTase) domain and the C-terminal RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) domain. It is responsible for both RNA replication and installation of the 5' RNA cap. We structurally and biochemically analyzed the Ntaya virus MTase and RdRp domains and we compared their properties to other flaviviral NS5s. The enzymatic centers are well conserved across Flaviviridae, suggesting that the development of drugs targeting all flaviviruses is feasible. However, the enzymatic activities of the isolated proteins were significantly different for the MTase domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Krejčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Krafcikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zilecka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Feng Y. Recent advances in the study of zika virus structure, drug targets, and inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1418516. [PMID: 39011504 PMCID: PMC11246971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1418516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome or encephalitis in some individuals and hence presents a serious public health risk. Since the first outbreak of ZIKV in Brazil in 2015, no effective clinical inhibitors have been developed, making the development of effective ZIKV drugs an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family, and its structure includes three structural proteins, namely, capsular (C), premembrane (prM), and envelope (E) proteins, as well as seven nonstructural proteins, namely, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. To provide a reference for the development of future ZIKV drugs, this paper reviews the structure of the ZIKV based on recent literature reports, analyzes the potential therapeutic targets of various proteins, and proposes feasible drug design strategies. Additionally, this paper reviews and classifies the latest research progress on several protease inhibitors, such as E protein inhibitors, NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, and NS5 inhibitors, so that researchers can quickly understand the current status of development and the interconnections among these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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3
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Gupta N, Kodan P, Baruah K, Soneja M, Biswas A. Zika virus in India: past, present and future. QJM 2023; 116:644-649. [PMID: 31642501 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that presents with acute febrile illness associated with rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis. After years of sporadic reports in Africa, the three major outbreaks of this disease occurred in Yap Islands (2007), French Polynesia (2013-14) and South Americas (2015-16). Although, serological surveys suggested the presence of ZIKV in India in 1950s, cross-reactivity could not be ruled out. The first four proven cases of ZIKV from India were reported in 2017. This was followed by major outbreaks in the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in 2018. Fortunately, the outbreaks in India were not associated with neurological complications. These outbreaks in India highlighted the spread of this disease beyond geographical barriers owing to the growing globalization, increased travel and ubiquitous presence of its vector, the Aedes mosquito. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features and management of ZIKV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- From the Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, New Delhi 110029
| | - P Kodan
- From the Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, New Delhi 110029
| | - K Baruah
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 22 Shyam Nath Marg, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - M Soneja
- From the Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, New Delhi 110029
| | - A Biswas
- From the Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, New Delhi 110029
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Deshpande S, Huo W, Shrestha R, Sparrow K, Wood JM, Evans GB, Harris LD, Kingston RL, Bulloch EMM. Galidesivir Triphosphate Promotes Stalling of Dengue-2 Virus Polymerase Immediately Prior to Incorporation. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1658-1673. [PMID: 37488090 PMCID: PMC10739630 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people are infected by the dengue and Zika viruses each year, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Galidesivir is an adenosine nucleoside analog that can attenuate flavivirus replication in cell-based assays and animal models of infection. Galidesivir is converted to the triphosphorylated form by host kinases and subsequently incorporated into viral RNA by viral RNA polymerases. This has been proposed to lead to the delayed termination of RNA synthesis. Here, we report direct in vitro testing of the effects of Galidesivir triphosphate on dengue-2 and Zika virus polymerase activity. Galidesivir triphosphate was chemically synthesized, and inhibition of RNA synthesis followed using a dinucleotide-primed assay with a homopolymeric poly(U) template. Galidesivir triphosphate was equipotent against dengue-2 and Zika polymerases, with IC50 values of 42 ± 12 μM and 47 ± 5 μM, respectively, at an ATP concentration of 20 μM. RNA primer extension assays show that the dengue-2 polymerase stalls while attempting to add a Galidesivir nucleotide to the nascent RNA chain, evidenced by the accumulation of RNA products truncated immediately upstream of Galidesivir incorporation sites. Nevertheless, Galidesivir is incorporated at isolated sites with low efficiency, leading to the subsequent synthesis of full-length RNA with no evidence of delayed chain termination. The incorporation of Galidesivir at consecutive sites is strongly disfavored, highlighting the potential for modulation of inhibitory effects of nucleoside analogs by the template sequence. Our results suggest that attenuation of dengue replication by Galidesivir may not derive from the early termination of RNA synthesis following Galidesivir incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Deshpande
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Wenjuan Huo
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Rinu Shrestha
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Sparrow
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - James M. Wood
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. Kingston
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Esther M. M. Bulloch
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Mottin M, de Paula Sousa BK, de Moraes Roso Mesquita NC, de Oliveira KIZ, Noske GD, Sartori GR, de Oliveira Albuquerque A, Urbina F, Puhl AC, Moreira-Filho JT, Souza GE, Guido RV, Muratov E, Neves BJ, da Silva JHM, Clark AE, Siqueira-Neto JL, Perryman AL, Oliva G, Ekins S, Andrade CH. Discovery of New Zika Protease and Polymerase Inhibitors through the Open Science Collaboration Project OpenZika. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6825-6843. [PMID: 36239304 PMCID: PMC9923514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic arbovirus considered a global threat to public health. Although there have been several efforts in drug discovery projects for ZIKV in recent years, there are still no antiviral drugs approved to date. Here, we describe the results of a global collaborative crowdsourced open science project, the OpenZika project, from IBM's World Community Grid (WCG), which integrates different computational and experimental strategies for advancing a drug candidate for ZIKV. Initially, molecular docking protocols were developed to identify potential inhibitors of ZIKV NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5 RdRp), NS3 protease (NS2B-NS3pro), and NS3 helicase (NS3hel). Then, a machine learning (ML) model was built to distinguish active vs inactive compounds for the cytoprotective effect against ZIKV infection. We performed three independent target-based virtual screening campaigns (NS5 RdRp, NS2B-NS3pro, and NS3hel), followed by predictions by the ML model and other filters, and prioritized a total of 61 compounds for further testing in enzymatic and phenotypic assays. This yielded five non-nucleoside compounds which showed inhibitory activity against ZIKV NS5 RdRp in enzymatic assays (IC50 range from 0.61 to 17 μM). Two compounds thermally destabilized NS3hel and showed binding affinity in the micromolar range (Kd range from 9 to 35 μM). Moreover, the compounds LabMol-301 inhibited both NS5 RdRp and NS2B-NS3pro (IC50 of 0.8 and 7.4 μM, respectively) and LabMol-212 thermally destabilized the ZIKV NS3hel (Kd of 35 μM). Both also protected cells from death induced by ZIKV infection in in vitro cell-based assays. However, while eight compounds (including LabMol-301 and LabMol-212) showed a cytoprotective effect and prevented ZIKV-induced cell death, agreeing with our ML model for prediction of this cytoprotective effect, no compound showed a direct antiviral effect against ZIKV. Thus, the new scaffolds discovered here are promising hits for future structural optimization and for advancing the discovery of further drug candidates for ZIKV. Furthermore, this work has demonstrated the importance of the integration of computational and experimental approaches, as well as the potential of large-scale collaborative networks to advance drug discovery projects for neglected diseases and emerging viruses, despite the lack of available direct antiviral activity and cytoprotective effect data, that reflects on the assertiveness of the computational predictions. The importance of these efforts rests with the need to be prepared for future viral epidemic and pandemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mottin
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design (LabMol), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Katiele de Paula Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design (LabMol), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Dias Noske
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - José Teófilo Moreira-Filho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design (LabMol), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E. Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Rafael V.C. Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Eugene Muratov
- University of North Carolina - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Universidade Federal de Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design (LabMol), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | | | - Alex E. Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Alexander L. Perryman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
- Repare Therapeutics, 7210 Rue Frederick-Banting, Suite 100, Montreal, QC, H4S 2A1, Canada
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design (LabMol), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
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6
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Zika Virus Infection and Development of Drug Therapeutics. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that is associated with neurological complications, such as neuroinflammatory Guillain Barré Syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns, and remains a potentially significant and international public health concern. The World Health Organization is urging the development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies against ZIKV, as there are no clinically approved vaccines or drugs against this virus. Given the public health crisis that is related to ZIKV cases in the last decade, efficient strategies should be identified rapidly to combat or treat ZIKV infection. Several promising strategies have been reported through drug repurposing studies, de novo design, and the high-throughput screening of compound libraries in only a few years. This review summarizes the genome and structure of ZIKV, viral life cycle, transmission cycle, clinical manifestations, cellular and animal models, and antiviral drug developments, with the goal of increasing our understanding of ZIKV and ultimately defeating it.
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7
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Alamri MA, Mirza MU, Adeel MM, Ashfaq UA, Tahir ul Qamar M, Shahid F, Ahmad S, Alatawi EA, Albalawi GM, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A. Structural Elucidation of Rift Valley Fever Virus L Protein towards the Discovery of Its Potential Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060659. [PMID: 35745579 PMCID: PMC9228520 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is the causative agent of a viral zoonosis that causes a significant clinical burden in domestic and wild ruminants. Major outbreaks of the virus occur in livestock, and contaminated animal products or arthropod vectors can transmit the virus to humans. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; L protein) of the RVFV is responsible for viral replication and is thus an appealing drug target because no effective and specific vaccine against this virus is available. The current study reported the structural elucidation of the RVFV-L protein by in-depth homology modeling since no crystal structure is available yet. The inhibitory binding modes of known potent L protein inhibitors were analyzed. Based on the results, further molecular docking-based virtual screening of Selleckchem Nucleoside Analogue Library (156 compounds) was performed to find potential new inhibitors against the RVFV L protein. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) and toxicity analysis of these compounds was also performed. Besides, the binding mechanism and stability of identified compounds were confirmed by a 50 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation followed by MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations. Homology modeling determined a stable multi-domain structure of L protein. An analysis of known L protein inhibitors, including Monensin, Mycophenolic acid, and Ribavirin, provide insights into the binding mechanism and reveals key residues of the L protein binding pocket. The screening results revealed that the top three compounds, A-317491, Khasianine, and VER155008, exhibited a high affinity at the L protein binding pocket. ADME analysis revealed good pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds. Furthermore, MD simulation and binding free energy analysis endorsed the binding stability of potential compounds with L protein. In a nutshell, the present study determined potential compounds that may aid in the rational design of novel inhibitors of the RVFV L protein as anti-RVFV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A. Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;
| | - Muhammad Muzammal Adeel
- 3D Genomics Research Center, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.u.Q.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Eid A. Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghadah M. Albalawi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Tabuk 47717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.u.Q.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
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8
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Chalcones from Angelica keiskei (ashitaba) inhibit key Zika virus replication proteins. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105649. [PMID: 35124513 PMCID: PMC9187613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a dangerous human pathogen and no antiviral drugs have been approved to date. The chalcones are a group of small molecules that are found in a number of different plants, including Angelica keiskei Koidzumi, also known as ashitaba. To examine chalcone anti-ZIKV activity, three chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin (4HD), xanthoangelol (XA), and xanthoangelol-E (XA-E), were purified from a methanol-ethyl acetate extract from A. keiskei. Molecular and ensemble docking predicted that these chalcones would establish multiple interactions with residues in the catalytic and allosteric sites of ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease, and in the allosteric site of the NS5 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp). Machine learning models also predicted 4HD, XA and XA-E as potential anti-ZIKV inhibitors. Enzymatic and kinetic assays confirmed chalcone inhibition of the ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease allosteric site with IC50s from 18 to 50 µM. Activity assays also revealed that XA, but not 4HD or XA-E, inhibited the allosteric site of the RdRp, with an IC50 of 6.9 µM. Finally, we tested these chalcones for their anti-viral activity in vitro with Vero cells. 4HD and XA-E displayed anti-ZIKV activity with EC50 values of 6.6 and 22.0 µM, respectively, while XA displayed relatively weak anti-ZIKV activity with whole cells. With their simple structures and relative ease of modification, the chalcones represent attractive candidates for hit-to-lead optimization in the search of new anti-ZIKV therapeutics.
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Sikdar A, Gupta R, Boura E. Reviewing Antiviral Research Against Viruses Causing Human Diseases - A Structure Guided Approach. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:306-337. [PMID: 34348638 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210804152836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The littlest of all the pathogens, viruses have continuously been the foremost strange microorganisms to consider. Viral Infections can cause extreme sicknesses as archived by the HIV/AIDS widespread or the later Ebola or Zika episodes. Apprehensive framework distortions are too regularly watched results of numerous viral contaminations. Besides, numerous infections are oncoviruses, which can trigger different sorts of cancer. Nearly every year a modern infection species rises debilitating the world populace with an annihilating episode. Subsequently, the need of creating antivirals to combat such rising infections. In any case, from the innovation of to begin with antiviral medicate Idoxuridine in 1962 to the revelation of Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) that was FDA-approved in 2018, the hone of creating antivirals has changed significantly. In this article, different auxiliary science strategies have been described that can be referral for therapeutics innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sikdar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Ave, P.O.Box-38103, Memphis, Tennessee. United States
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. United States
| | - Evzen Boura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 542/2, P.O. Box:16000, Prague. Czech Republic
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10
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Insights on Dengue and Zika NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113698. [PMID: 34274831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, many outbreaks caused by (re)emerging RNA viruses have been reported worldwide, including life-threatening Flaviviruses, such as Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV). Currently, there is only one licensed vaccine against Dengue, Dengvaxia®. However, its administration is not recommended for children under nine years. Still, there are no specific inhibitors available to treat these infectious diseases. Among the flaviviral proteins, NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a metalloenzyme essential for viral replication, suggesting that it is a promising macromolecular target since it has no human homolog. Nowadays, several NS5 RdRp inhibitors have been reported, while none inhibitors are currently in clinical development. In this context, this review constitutes a comprehensive work focused on RdRp inhibitors from natural, synthetic, and even repurposing sources. Furthermore, their main aspects associated with the structure-activity relationship (SAR), proposed mechanisms of action, computational studies, and other topics will be discussed in detail.
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11
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High-Throughput Fluorescent Assay for Inhibitor Screening of Proteases from RNA Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133792. [PMID: 34206406 PMCID: PMC8270262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spanish flu, polio epidemics, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are the most profound examples of severe widespread diseases caused by RNA viruses. The coronavirus pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demands affordable and reliable assays for testing antivirals. To test inhibitors of viral proteases, we have developed an inexpensive high-throughput assay based on fluorescent energy transfer (FRET). We assayed an array of inhibitors for papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and validated it on protease from the tick-borne encephalitis virus to emphasize its versatility. The reaction progress is monitored as loss of FRET signal of the substrate. This robust and reproducible assay can be used for testing the inhibitors in 96- or 384-well plates.
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12
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Pimková Polidarová M, Břehová P, Kaiser MM, Smola M, Dračínský M, Smith J, Marek A, Dejmek M, Šála M, Gutten O, Rulíšek L, Novotná B, Brázdová A, Janeba Z, Nencka R, Boura E, Páv O, Birkuš G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phosphoester and Phosphorothioate Prodrugs of STING Agonist 3',3'-c-Di(2'F,2'dAMP). J Med Chem 2021; 64:7596-7616. [PMID: 34019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluate the activity of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) and its phosphorothioate analogues against five STING allelic forms in reporter-cell-based assays and rationalize our findings with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. We show that the presence of fluorine in the 2' position of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) improves its activity not only against the wild type (WT) but also against REF and Q STING. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of the acyloxymethyl and isopropyloxycarbonyl phosphoester prodrugs of CDNs. Masking the negative charges of the CDNs results in an up to a 1000-fold improvement of the activities of the prodrugs relative to those of their parent CDNs. Finally, the uptake and intracellular cleavage of pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs to the parent CDN is rapid, reaching a peak intracellular concentration within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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13
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Lášek T, Dobiáš J, Buděšínský M, Kozák J, Lapuníková B, Rosenberg I, Birkuš G, Páv O. Synthesis of phosphonate derivatives of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorotetradialdose d-nucleosides and tetradialdose d-nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2021; 89:132159. [PMID: 33879930 PMCID: PMC8049856 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of nucleosides and nucleotides represent a promising pool of potential therapeutics. This work describes a new synthetic route leading to 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorotetradialdose D-nucleoside phosphonates. Moreover, a new universal synthetic route leading to tetradialdose d-nucleosides bearing purine nucleobases is also described. All new compounds were tested as triphosphate analogs for inhibitory potency against a variety of viral polymerases. The fluorinated nucleosides were transformed to phosphoramidate prodrugs and evaluated in cell cultures against various viruses including influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Lášek
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,UCT Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Dobiáš
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jaroslav Kozák
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivan Rosenberg
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- IOCB Prague, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Kumar R, Mishra S, Shreya, Maurya SK. Recent advances in the discovery of potent RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors targeting viruses. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:306-320. [PMID: 34046618 PMCID: PMC8130609 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic, which has affected the whole world and has caused unprecedented social and economic disruption. Since the emergence of the disease, several druggable targets have been suggested including 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), spike, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the papain-like protease (PLpro) computational approach. From the beginning, viral replication has been the main focus for any antiviral drug development for viral diseases, including HCV, influenza virus, zika virus, norovirus, measles, dengue virus, and coronaviruses. This review lists the nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside RdRp inhibitor analogues of various viral diseases that may be evaluated for drug development to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Sahil Mishra
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Shreya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
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15
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Dinesh DC, Tamilarasan S, Rajaram K, Bouřa E. Antiviral Drug Targets of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses Causing Chronic Human Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:105-124. [PMID: 31538891 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666190920153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses associated with chronic diseases in humans are major threats to public health causing high mortality globally. The high mutation rate of RNA viruses helps them to escape the immune response and also is responsible for the development of drug resistance. Chronic infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV) lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatocellular carcinoma respectively, which are one of the major causes of human deaths. Effective preventative measures to limit chronic and re-emerging viral infections are absolutely necessary. Each class of antiviral agents targets a specific stage in the viral life cycle and inhibits them from its development and proliferation. Most often, antiviral drugs target a specific viral protein, therefore only a few broad-spectrum drugs are available. This review will be focused on the selected viral target proteins of pathogenic viruses containing single-stranded (ss) RNA genome that causes chronic infections in humans (e.g. HIV, HCV, Flaviviruses). In the recent past, an exponential increase in the number of available three-dimensional protein structures (>150000 in Protein Data Bank), allowed us to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of protein targets and antivirals. Advancements in the in silico approaches paved the way to design and develop several novels, highly specific small-molecule inhibitors targeting the viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvaraj Tamilarasan
- Section of Microbial Biotechnology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kaushik Rajaram
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Evžen Bouřa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Gard Schnuelle J. Emerging diseases in international trade in embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:55-65. [PMID: 38769671 DOI: 10.1071/rd20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant change in cattle production and germplasm exchange has occurred over the past 50 years. The growth of artificial reproductive technologies and their broad implementation has become commonplace. The production and subsequent import and export of semen and embryos throughout the world has increased significantly. The embryo transfer industry has reached a new record of growth, with approximately 1.5 million transferrable bovine embryos collected and/or produced in 2018. Over 1 million of these embryos were produced invitro . The increased production of invitro -produced embryos leads to greater opportunities involving international trade. However, further research concerning emerging pathogens is imperative to ensure the efficacy and safety of the embryo transfer industry. Appropriate biosecurity protocols, including reliable testing methodology and effective embryo processing procedures, are key in preventing disease due to emerging and re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted via embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gard Schnuelle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5522, USA
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17
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Konkolova E, Dejmek M, Hřebabecký H, Šála M, Böserle J, Nencka R, Boura E. Remdesivir triphosphate can efficiently inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from various flaviviruses. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104899. [PMID: 32763313 PMCID: PMC7403104 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir was shown to inhibit RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases (RdRp) from distinct viral families such as from Filoviridae (Ebola) and Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS). In this study, we tested the ability of remdesivir to inhibit RdRps from the Flaviviridae family. Instead of remdesivir, we used the active species that is produced in cells from remdesivir, the appropriate triphosphate, which could be directly tested in vitro using recombinant flaviviral polymerases. Our results show that remdesivir can efficiently inhibit RdRps from viruses causing severe illnesses such as Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Japanese and Tick-borne encephalitis, Zika and Dengue. Taken together, this study demonstrates that remdesivir or its derivatives have the potential to become a broad-spectrum antiviral agent effective against many RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Konkolova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Böserle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, V.v.i., Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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18
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Del Sarto JL, Rocha RDPF, Bassit L, Olmo IG, Valiate B, Queiroz-Junior CM, Pedrosa CDSG, Ribeiro FM, Guimarães MZ, Rehen S, Amblard F, Zhou L, Cox BD, Gavegnano C, Costa VV, Schinazi RF, Teixeira MM. 7-Deaza-7-fluoro-2'-C-methyladenosine inhibits Zika virus infection and viral-induced neuroinflammation. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104855. [PMID: 32574688 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained a lot of attention in the past few years due to its rapid spread worldwide and its close association to severe neurological outcomes, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-ZIKV activity of 7-deaza-7-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-adenosine (DFMA) was evaluated. In vitro, using primary mouse neuronal cells and human neural stem cells infected by ZIKV, treatment with DFMA resulted in impaired viral replication and protection against virus-induced cell death. In vivo, when administrated prior to infection, DFMA prevented lethality and markedly reduced viral loads and neuroinflammation, including microgliosis and overall brain damage. Additionally, as an early therapeutic treatment, DFMA increased survival rates in mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the nucleoside analog DFMA inhibits ZIKV infection and viral-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo without apparent untoward effects, suggesting it may be useful in individuals infected with ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lemos Del Sarto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rebeca de Paiva Froes Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Isabella Guimarães Olmo
- Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Valiate
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Cardiac Biology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marilia Zaluar Guimarães
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research Group in Arboviral Diseases. Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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19
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Structural analysis of the putative SARS-CoV-2 primase complex. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107548. [PMID: 32535228 PMCID: PMC7289108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 putative primase composed of the nsp7 and nsp8 proteins. We observed a dimer of dimers (2:2 nsp7-nsp8) in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. The structure revealed a fold with a helical core of the heterotetramer formed by both nsp7 and nsp8 that is flanked with two symmetry-related nsp8 β-sheet subdomains. It was also revealed that two hydrophobic interfaces one of approx. 1340 Å2 connects the nsp7 to nsp8 and a second one of approx. 950 Å2 connects the dimers and form the observed heterotetramer. Interestingly, analysis of the surface electrostatic potential revealed a putative RNA binding site that is formed only within the heterotetramer.
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20
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Optimization of norbornyl‐based carbocyclic nucleoside analogs as cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 inhibitors. J Mol Recognit 2020; 33:e2842. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Basak SC, Majumdar S, Nandy A, Roy P, Dutta T, Vracko M, Bhattacharjee AK. Computer-Assisted and Data Driven Approaches for Surveillance, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Design for the Zika Virus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E157. [PMID: 31623241 PMCID: PMC6958466 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human life has been at the edge of catastrophe for millennia due diseases which emerge and reemerge at random. The recent outbreak of the Zika virus (ZIKV) is one such menace that shook the global public health community abruptly. Modern technologies, including computational tools as well as experimental approaches, need to be harnessed fast and effectively in a coordinated manner in order to properly address such challenges. In this paper, based on our earlier research, we have proposed a four-pronged approach to tackle the emerging pathogens like ZIKV: (a) Epidemiological modelling of spread mechanisms of ZIKV; (b) assessment of the public health risk of newly emerging strains of the pathogens by comparing them with existing strains/pathogens using fast computational sequence comparison methods; (c) implementation of vaccine design methods in order to produce a set of probable peptide vaccine candidates for quick synthesis/production and testing in the laboratory; and (d) designing of novel therapeutic molecules and their laboratory testing as well as validation of new drugs or repurposing of drugs for use against ZIKV. For each of these stages, we provide an extensive review of the technical challenges and current state-of-the-art. Further, we outline the future areas of research and discuss how they can work together to proactively combat ZIKV or future emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | | | - Ashesh Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata 700068, India.
| | - Proyasha Roy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata 700068, India.
| | - Tathagata Dutta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata 700068, India.
| | - Marjan Vracko
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Apurba K Bhattacharjee
- Biomedical Graduate Research Organization, Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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22
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Bernatchez JA, Tran LT, Li J, Luan Y, Siqueira-Neto JL, Li R. Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2019; 63:470-489. [PMID: 31549836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus is an emerging flavivirus that causes the neurodevelopmental congenital Zika syndrome and that has been linked to the neuroinflammatory Guillain-Barré syndrome. The absence of a vaccine or a clinically approved drug to treat the disease combined with the likelihood that another outbreak will occur in the future defines an unmet medical need. Several promising drug candidate molecules have been reported via repurposing studies, high-throughput compound library screening, and de novo design in the short span of a few years. Intense research activity in this area has occurred in response to the World Health Organization declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on February 1, 2016. In this Perspective, the authors review the emergence of Zika virus, the biology of its replication, targets for therapeutic intervention, target product profile, and current drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lana T Tran
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | | | - Yepeng Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , Shandong , China
| | | | - Rongshi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , Shandong , China.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, and Center for Staphylococcal Research , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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23
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Elshahawi H, Syed Hassan S, Balasubramaniam V. Importance of Zika Virus NS5 Protein for Viral Replication. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040169. [PMID: 31574966 PMCID: PMC6963216 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is the latest addition to an ever-growing list of arboviruses that are causing outbreaks with serious consequences. A few mild cases were recorded between 1960 and 1980 until the first major outbreak in 2007 on Yap Island. This was followed by more severe outbreaks in French Polynesia (2013) and Brazil (2015), which significantly increased both Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly cases. No current vaccines or treatments are available, however, recent studies have taken interest in the NS5 protein which encodes both the viral methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This makes it important for viral replication alongside other important functions such as inhibiting the innate immune system thus ensuring virus survival and replication. Structural studies can help design inhibitors, while biochemical studies can help understand the various mechanisms utilized by NS5 thus counteracting them might inhibit or abolish the viral infection. Drug repurposing targeting the NS5 protein has also proven to be an effective tool since hundreds of thousands of compounds can be screened therefore saving time and resources, moreover information on these compounds might already be available especially if they are used to treat other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Elshahawi
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Vinod Balasubramaniam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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24
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Dudley DM, Aliota MT, Mohr EL, Newman CM, Golos TG, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. Using Macaques to Address Critical Questions in Zika Virus Research. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 6:481-500. [PMID: 31180813 PMCID: PMC7323203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and nonhuman primates have been inextricably linked since the virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus macaque in Uganda in 1947. Soon after ZIKV was epidemiologically associated with birth defects in Brazil late in 2015, researchers capitalized on the fact that rhesus macaques are commonly used to model viral immunity and pathogenesis, quickly establishing macaque models for ZIKV infection. Within months, the susceptibility of pregnant macaques to experimental ZIKV challenge and ZIKV-associated abnormalities in fetuses was confirmed. This review discusses key unanswered questions in ZIKV immunity and in the pathogenesis of thecongenital Zika virus syndrome. We focus on those questions that can be best addressed in pregnant nonhuman primates and lessons learned from developing macaque models for ZIKV amid an active epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | - Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;
| | - Emma L Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA;
| | - Christina M Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA; ,
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA; ,
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA; ,
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25
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Therapeutic Advances Against ZIKV: A Quick Response, a Long Way to Go. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030127. [PMID: 31480297 PMCID: PMC6789873 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that spread throughout the American continent in 2015 causing considerable worldwide social and health alarm due to its association with ocular lesions and microcephaly in newborns, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases in adults. Nowadays, no licensed vaccines or antivirals are available against ZIKV, and thus, in this very short time, the scientific community has conducted enormous efforts to develop vaccines and antivirals. So that, different platforms (purified inactivated and live attenuated viruses, DNA and RNA nucleic acid based candidates, virus-like particles, subunit elements, and recombinant viruses) have been evaluated as vaccine candidates. Overall, these vaccines have shown the induction of vigorous humoral and cellular responses, the decrease of viremia and viral RNA levels in natural target organs, the prevention of vertical and sexual transmission, as well as that of ZIKV-associated malformations, and the protection of experimental animal models. Some of these vaccine candidates have already been assayed in clinical trials. Likewise, the search for antivirals have also been the focus of recent investigations, with dozens of compounds tested in cell culture and a few in animal models. Both direct acting antivirals (DAAs), directed to viral structural proteins and enzymes, and host acting antivirals (HAAs), directed to cellular factors affecting all steps of the viral life cycle (binding, entry, fusion, transcription, translation, replication, maturation, and egress), have been evaluated. It is expected that this huge collaborative effort will produce affordable and effective therapeutic and prophylactic tools to combat ZIKV and other related still unknown or nowadays neglected flaviviruses. Here, a comprehensive overview of the advances made in the development of therapeutic measures against ZIKV and the questions that still have to be faced are summarized.
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An E460D Substitution in the NS5 Protein of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Confers Resistance to the Inhibitor Galidesivir (BCX4430) and Also Attenuates the Virus for Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00367-19. [PMID: 31142664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00367-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine analogue galidesivir (BCX4430), a broad-spectrum RNA virus inhibitor, has entered a phase 1 clinical safety and pharmacokinetics study in healthy subjects and is under clinical development for treatment of Ebola and yellow fever virus infections. Moreover, galidesivir also inhibits the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and numerous other medically important flaviviruses. Until now, studies of this antiviral agent have not yielded resistant viruses. Here, we demonstrate that an E460D substitution in the active site of TBEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) confers resistance to galidesivir in cell culture. Galidesivir-resistant TBEV exhibited no cross-resistance to structurally different antiviral nucleoside analogues, such as 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine, 2'-C-methyladenosine, and 4'-azido-aracytidine. Although the E460D substitution led to only a subtle decrease in viral fitness in cell culture, galidesivir-resistant TBEV was highly attenuated in vivo, with a 100% survival rate and no clinical signs observed in infected mice. Furthermore, no virus was detected in the sera, spleen, or brain of mice inoculated with the galidesivir-resistant TBEV. Our results contribute to understanding the molecular basis of galidesivir antiviral activity, flavivirus resistance to nucleoside inhibitors, and the potential contribution of viral RdRp to flavivirus neurovirulence.IMPORTANCE Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a pathogen that causes severe human neuroinfections in Europe and Asia and for which there is currently no specific therapy. We have previously found that galidesivir (BCX4430), a broad-spectrum RNA virus inhibitor, which is under clinical development for treatment of Ebola and yellow fever virus infections, has a strong antiviral effect against TBEV. For any antiviral drug, it is important to generate drug-resistant mutants to understand how the drug works. Here, we produced TBEV mutants resistant to galidesivir and found that the resistance is caused by a single amino acid substitution in an active site of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme which is crucial for replication of the viral RNA genome. Although this substitution led only to a subtle decrease in viral fitness in cell culture, galidesivir-resistant TBEV was highly attenuated in a mouse model. Our results contribute to understanding the molecular basis of galidesivir antiviral activity.
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27
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Antiviral Agents in Development for Zika Virus Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030101. [PMID: 31261947 PMCID: PMC6789597 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1947, Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus was identified in Uganda and subsequently spread to Asia and the Pacific regions. In 2015, it was introduced in Brazil causing an important social and sanitary alarm due to its increased virulence and rapid dissemination. Importantly, ZIKV infections have been associated with severe neurological complications such as Guillain–Barré syndrome and microcephaly in fetuses and newborns. Although enormous efforts were made by investigators in the development of effective countermeasures against ZIKV, there is still no approved specific antiviral drug for the treatment of ZIKV infections. Herein, we review several anti ZIKV candidates including drugs targeting both the virus (structural proteins and enzymes) and cellular elements.
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28
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Dubankova A, Boura E. Structure of the yellow fever NS5 protein reveals conserved drug targets shared among flaviviruses. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104536. [PMID: 31202975 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is responsible for devastating outbreaks of Yellow fever (YF) in humans and is associated with high mortality rates. Recent large epidemics and epizootics and exponential increases in the numbers of YF cases in humans and non-human primates highlight the increasing threat YFV poses, despite the availability of an effective YFV vaccine. YFV is the first human virus discovered, but the structures of several of the viral proteins remain poorly understood. Here we report the structure of the full-length NS5 protein, a key enzyme for the replication of flaviviruses that contains both a methyltransferase domain and an RNA dependent RNA polymerase domain, at 3.1 Å resolution. The viral polymerase adopts right-hand fold, demonstrating the similarities of the Yellow fever, Dengue and Zika polymerases. Together this data suggests NS5 as a prime and ideal target for the design of pan-flavivirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dubankova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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29
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In silico structural elucidation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase towards the identification of potential Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6809. [PMID: 31048746 PMCID: PMC6497722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) is a segmented negative single-stranded RNA virus (-ssRNA) which causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with a mortality rate of ~50%. To date, no vaccine has been approved. Treatment is limited to supportive care with few investigational drugs in practice. Previous studies have identified viral RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) as a potential drug target due to its significant role in viral replication and transcription. Since no crystal structure is available yet, we report the structural elucidation of CCHFV-RdRp by in-depth homology modeling. Even with low sequence identity, the generated model suggests a similar overall structure as previously reported RdRps. More specifically, the model suggests the presence of structural/functional conserved RdRp motifs for polymerase function, the configuration of uniform spatial arrangement of core RdRp sub-domains, and predicted positively charged entry/exit tunnels, as seen in sNSV polymerases. Extensive pharmacophore modeling based on per-residue energy contribution with investigational drugs allowed the concise mapping of pharmacophoric features and identified potential hits. The combination of pharmacophoric features with interaction energy analysis revealed functionally important residues in the conserved motifs together with in silico predicted common inhibitory binding modes with highly potent reference compounds.
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30
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Bernatchez JA, Coste M, Beck S, Wells GA, Luna LA, Clark AE, Zhu Z, Hecht D, Rich JN, Sohl CD, Purse BW, Siqueira-Neto JL. Activity of Selected Nucleoside Analogue ProTides against Zika Virus in Human Neural Stem Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040365. [PMID: 31010044 PMCID: PMC6521205 DOI: 10.3390/v11040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus that causes neurodevelopmental impairment to fetuses and has been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome continues to threaten global health due to the absence of targeted prophylaxis or treatment. Nucleoside analogues are good examples of efficient anti-viral inhibitors, and prodrug strategies using phosphate masking groups (ProTides) have been employed to improve the bioavailability of ribonucleoside analogues. Here, we synthesized and tested a small library of 13 ProTides against ZIKV in human neural stem cells. Strong activity was observed for 2′-C-methyluridine and 2′-C-ethynyluridine ProTides with an aryloxyl phosphoramidate masking group. Substitution of a 2-(methylthio) ethyl phosphoramidate for the aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide group of 2′-C-methyluridine completely abolished antiviral activity of the compound. The aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide of 2′-C-methyluridine outperformed the hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug sofosbuvir in suppression of viral titers and protection from cytopathic effect, while the former compound’s triphosphate active metabolite was better incorporated by purified ZIKV NS5 polymerase over time. These findings suggest both a nucleobase and ProTide group bias for the anti-ZIKV activity of nucleoside analogue ProTides in a disease-relevant cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Bernatchez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Coste
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Grace A Wells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Lucas A Luna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Alex E Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - David Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA 91910, USA.
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Christal D Sohl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Byron W Purse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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31
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Development of a fluorescence-based method for the rapid determination of Zika virus polymerase activity and the screening of antiviral drugs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5397. [PMID: 30932009 PMCID: PMC6444013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that has been associated with large numbers of cases of severe neurologic disease, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Despite its recent establishment as a serious global public health concern there are no licensed therapeutics to control this virus. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop methods for the high-throughput screening of antiviral agents. We describe here a fluorescence-based method to monitor the real-time polymerization activity of Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). By using homopolymeric RNA template molecules, de novo RNA synthesis can be detected with a fluorescent dye, which permits the specific quantification and kinetics of double-strand RNA formation. ZIKV RdRp activity detected using this fluorescence-based assay positively correlated with traditional assays measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled nucleotides. We also validated this method as a suitable assay for the identification of ZIKV inhibitors targeting the viral polymerase using known broad-spectrum inhibitors. The assay was also successfully adapted to detect RNA polymerization activity by different RdRps, illustrated here using purified RdRps from hepatitis C virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. The potential of fluorescence-based approaches for the enzymatic characterization of viral polymerases, as well as for high-throughput screening of antiviral drugs, are discussed.
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32
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Chalupska D, Różycki B, Humpolickova J, Faltova L, Klima M, Boura E. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) forms highly flexible heterocomplexes that include ACBD3, 14-3-3, and Rab11 proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:567. [PMID: 30679637 PMCID: PMC6345845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) is a key enzyme of the Golgi system because it produces its lipid hallmark - the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). It is recruited to Golgi by the Golgi resident ACBD3 protein, regulated by 14-3-3 proteins and it also serves as an adaptor because it recruits the small GTPase Rab11. Here, we analyzed the protein complexes formed by PI4KB in vitro using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and we discovered that these protein complexes are highly flexible. The 14-3-3:PI4KB:Rab11 protein complex has 2:1:1 stoichiometry and its different conformations are rather compact, however, the ACBD3:PI4KB protein complex has both, very compact and very extended conformations. Furthermore, in vitro reconstitution revealed that the membrane is necessary for the formation of ACBD3:PI4KB:Rab11 protein complex at physiological (nanomolar) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jana Humpolickova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Faltova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic.
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33
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Rusanov T, Kent T, Saeed M, Hoang TM, Thomas C, Rice CM, Pomerantz RT. Identification of a Small Interface between the Methyltransferase and RNA Polymerase of NS5 that is Essential for Zika Virus Replication. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17384. [PMID: 30478404 PMCID: PMC6255901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused an international health emergency due to its ability to cause microcephaly in infants. Yet, our knowledge of how ZIKV replicates at the molecular level is limited. For example, how the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) performs replication, and in particular whether the N-terminal methytransferase (MTase) domain is essential for the function of the C-terminal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) remains unclear. In contrast to previous reports, we find that MTase is absolutely essential for all activities of RdRp in vitro. For instance, the MTase domain confers stability onto the RdRp elongation complex (EC) and and is required for de novo RNA synthesis and nucleotide incorporation by RdRp. Finally, structure function analyses identify key conserved residues at the MTase-RdRp interface that specifically activate RdRp elongation and are essential for ZIKV replication in Huh-7.5 cells. These data demonstrate the requirement for the MTase-RdRp interface in ZIKV replication and identify a specific site within this region as a potential site for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Rusanov
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trung M Hoang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crystal Thomas
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Development and Validation of a Phenotypic High-Content Imaging Assay for Assessing the Antiviral Activity of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Zika Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00725-18. [PMID: 30061280 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00725-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to the development of microcephaly in newborns, as well as Guillain-Barré syndrome. There are currently no drugs available to treat ZIKV infection, and accordingly, there is an unmet medical need for the discovery of new therapies. High-throughput drug screening efforts focusing on indirect readouts of cell viability are prone to a higher frequency of false positives in cases where the virus is viable in the cell but the cytopathic effect (CPE) is reduced or delayed. Here, we describe a fast and label-free phenotypic high-content imaging assay to detect cells affected by the virus-induced CPE using automated imaging and analysis. Protection from the CPE correlates with a decrease in viral antigen production, as observed by immunofluorescence. We trained our assay using a collection of nucleoside analogues with activity against ZIKV; the previously reported antiviral activities of 2'-C-methylribonucleosides and ribavirin against the Zika virus in Vero cells were confirmed using our developed method. To validate the ability of our assay to reveal new anti-ZIKV compounds, we profiled a novel library of 24 natural product derivatives and found compound 1 to be an inhibitor of the ZIKV-induced cytopathic effect; the activity of the compound was confirmed in human fetal neural stem cells (NSCs). The described technique can be easily leveraged as a primary screening assay for profiling of the activities of large compound libraries against ZIKV and can be expanded to other ZIKV strains and other cell lines displaying morphological changes upon ZIKV infection.
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35
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Šebera J, Dubankova A, Sychrovský V, Ruzek D, Boura E, Nencka R. The structural model of Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in complex with RNA for rational design of novel nucleotide inhibitors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11132. [PMID: 30042483 PMCID: PMC6057956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a global health threat due to significantly elevated risk of fetus malformations in infected pregnant women. Currently, neither an effective therapy nor a prophylactic vaccination is available for clinical use, desperately necessitating novel therapeutics and approaches to obtain them. Here, we present a structural model of the Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ZIKV RdRp) in complex with template and nascent RNAs, Mg2+ ions and accessing nucleoside triphosphate. The model allowed for docking studies aimed at effective pre-screening of potential inhibitors of ZIKV RdRp. Applicability of the structural model for docking studies was illustrated with the NITD008 artificial nucleotide that is known to effectively inhibit the function of the ZIKV RdRp. The ZIKV RdRp – RNA structural model is provided for all possible variations of the nascent RNA bases pairs to enhance its general utility in docking and modelling experiments. The developed model makes the rational design of novel nucleosides and nucleotide analogues feasible and thus provides a solid platform for the development of advanced antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Šebera
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Prague, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Dubankova
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Prague, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sychrovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Prague, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Prague, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.
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36
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Qadir A, Riaz M, Saeed M, Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S. Potential targets for therapeutic intervention and structure based vaccine design against Zika virus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:444-460. [PMID: 30015077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing number of reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and associated severe clinical manifestations, including autoimmune abnormalities and neurological disorders such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have created alarming situation in various countries. To date, no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine is available against ZIKV. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the potential therapeutic targets and describes viral epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in vaccine design perspective. Interactions between ZIKV envelope glycoprotein E and cellular receptors mediate the viral fusion and entry to the target cell. Blocking these interactions by targeting cellular receptors or viral structural proteins mediating these interactions or viral surface glycans can inhibit viral entry to the cell. Similarly, different non-structural proteins of ZIKV and un-translated regions (UTRs) of its RNA play essential roles in viral replication cycle and potentiate for therapeutic interventions. Structure based vaccine design requires identity and structural description of the epitopes of bNAbs. We have described different conserved bNAb epitopes present in the ZIKV envelope as potential targets for structure based vaccine design. This review also highlights successes, unanswered questions and future perspectives in relation to therapeutic and vaccine development against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Qadir
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shahzad-Ul-Hussan
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
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Mottin M, Borba JVVB, Braga RC, Torres PHM, Martini MC, Proenca-Modena JL, Judice CC, Costa FTM, Ekins S, Perryman AL, Horta Andrade C. The A-Z of Zika drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1833-1847. [PMID: 29935345 PMCID: PMC7108251 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), there are still no approved treatments, and early-stage compounds are probably many years away from approval. A comprehensive A-Z review of the recent advances in ZIKV drug discovery efforts is presented, highlighting drug repositioning and computationally guided compounds, including discovered viral and host cell inhibitors. Promising ZIKV molecular targets are also described and discussed, as well as targets belonging to the host cell, as new opportunities for ZIKV drug discovery. All this knowledge is not only crucial to advancing the fight against the Zika virus and other flaviviruses but also helps us prepare for the next emerging virus outbreak to which we will have to respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mottin
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Joyce V V B Borba
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho C Braga
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Pedro H M Torres
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Matheus C Martini
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Carla C Judice
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Alexander L Perryman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil; Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil.
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Species-specific disruption of STING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by the Zika virus NS2B3 protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6310-E6318. [PMID: 29915078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803406115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited host tropism of numerous viruses causing disease in humans remains incompletely understood. One example is Zika virus (ZIKV), an RNA virus that has reemerged in recent years. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV efficiently infects fibroblasts from humans, great apes, New and Old World monkeys, but not rodents. ZIKV infection in human-but not murine-cells impairs responses to agonists of the cGMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) signaling pathway, suggesting that viral mechanisms to evade antiviral defenses are less effective in rodent cells. Indeed, human, but not mouse, STING is subject to cleavage by proteases encoded by ZIKV, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus, but not that of yellow fever virus. The protease cleavage site, located between positions 78/79 of human STING, is only partially conserved in nonhuman primates and rodents, rendering these orthologs resistant to degradation. Genetic disruption of STING increases the susceptibility of mouse-but not human-cells to ZIKV. Accordingly, expression of only mouse, not human, STING in murine STING knockout cells rescues the ZIKV suppression phenotype. STING-deficient mice, however, did not exhibit increased susceptibility, suggesting that other redundant antiviral pathways control ZIKV infection in vivo. Collectively, our data demonstrate that numerous RNA viruses evade cGAS/STING-dependent signaling and affirm the importance of this pathway in shaping the host range of ZIKV. Furthermore, our results explain-at least in part-the decreased permissivity of rodent cells to ZIKV, which could aid in the development of mice model with inheritable susceptibility to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Elfiky AA, Ismail AM. Molecular docking revealed the binding of nucleotide/side inhibitors to Zika viral polymerase solved structures. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:409-418. [PMID: 29652194 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1454981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak started in 2015. According to the World Health Organization, 84 countries confirmed ZIKV infection. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was an appealing target for drug designers during the last two decades. Through molecular docking, we screened 16 nucleotide/side inhibitors against ZIKV RdRp. While the mode of interaction with ZIKV is different from that in the hepatitis C virus (HCV), nucleotide/side inhibitors in this study (mostly anti-HCV) showed promising binding affinities (-6.2 to -9.7 kcal/mol calculated by AutoDock Vina) to ZIKV RdRp. Setrobuvir, YAK and, to a lesser extent, IDX-184 reveal promising results compared to other inhibitors in terms of binding ZIKV RdRp. These candidates would be powerful anti-ZIKV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Elfiky
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- b Quantitative Life Science Department, The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics , Strada Costiera , Trieste , Italy
- c Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - A M Ismail
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- d Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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40
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Robinson JI, Beverley SM. Concentration of 2'C-methyladenosine triphosphate by Leishmania guyanensis enables specific inhibition of Leishmania RNA virus 1 via its RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6460-6469. [PMID: 29511088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a widespread trypanosomatid protozoan parasite causing significant morbidity and mortality in humans. The endobiont dsRNA virus Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) chronically infects some strains, where it increases parasite numbers and virulence in murine leishmaniasis models, and correlates with increased treatment failure in human disease. Previously, we reported that 2'-C-methyladenosine (2CMA) potently inhibited LRV1 in Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) and Leishmania braziliensis, leading to viral eradication at concentrations above 10 μm Here we probed the cellular mechanisms of 2CMA inhibition, involving metabolism, accumulation, and inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). Activation to 2CMA triphosphate (2CMA-TP) was required, as 2CMA showed no inhibition of RDRP activity from virions purified on cesium chloride gradients. In contrast, 2CMA-TP showed IC50 values ranging from 150 to 910 μm, depending on the CsCl density of the virion (empty, ssRNA-, and dsRNA-containing). Lgy parasites incubated in vitro with 10 μm 2CMA accumulated 2CMA-TP to 410 μm, greater than the most sensitive RDRP IC50 measured. Quantitative modeling showed good agreement between the degree of LRV1 RDRP inhibition and LRV1 levels. These results establish that 2CMA activity is due to its conversion to 2CMA-TP, which accumulates to levels that inhibit RDRP and cause LRV1 loss. This attests to the impact of the Leishmania purine uptake and metabolism pathways, which allow even a weak RDRP inhibitor to effectively eradicate LRV1 at micromolar concentrations. Future RDRP inhibitors with increased potency may have potential therapeutic applications for ameliorating the increased Leishmania pathogenicity conferred by LRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Robinson
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been approximately 70 years since the discovery of the Zika virus (ZIKV). It had been established that the virus causes mild infections and is confined to Africa and Asia; however, major changes in the clinical and epidemiologic patterns of ZIKV infection have occurred in recent years. The virus has attracted intense interest because of the possible association of several autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS We present a summary of the articles that attempt to explain the ZIKV unknowns and strengthen the association with some disorders that are thought to be related to ZIKV, by describing the discovery milestones from the initial identification of the virus to the present day. RESULTS New evidence strengthens the association between ZIKV infections and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), microcephaly and various neurodevelopmental and ophthalmologic disorders as a result of numerous new clinical and experimental studies. CONCLUSIONS The World Health Organization declared the end of the "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" in December 2016, but ZIKV and associated consequences remain a significant enduring public health challenge.
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Development of small-molecule viral inhibitors targeting various stages of the life cycle of emerging and re-emerging viruses. Front Med 2017; 11:449-461. [PMID: 29170916 PMCID: PMC7089273 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, unexpected outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by emerging and re-emerging viruses have become more frequent, which is possibly due to environmental changes. These outbreaks result in the loss of life and economic hardship. Vaccines and therapeutics should be developed for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest progress in the development of small-molecule viral inhibitors against highly pathogenic coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Ebola virus, and Zika virus. These viruses can interfere with the specific steps of viral life cycle by blocking the binding between virus and host cells, disrupting viral endocytosis, disturbing membrane fusion, and interrupting viral RNA replication and translation, thereby demonstrating potent therapeutic effect against various emerging and re-emerging viruses. We also discuss some general strategies for developing small-molecule viral inhibitors.
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Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
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Escape of Tick-Borne Flavivirus from 2'- C-Methylated Nucleoside Antivirals Is Mediated by a Single Conservative Mutation in NS5 That Has a Dramatic Effect on Viral Fitness. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01028-17. [PMID: 28814513 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes a severe and potentially fatal neuroinfection in humans. Despite its high medical relevance, no specific antiviral therapy is currently available. Here we demonstrate that treatment with a nucleoside analog, 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7-deaza-2'-CMA), substantially improved disease outcomes, increased survival, and reduced signs of neuroinfection and viral titers in the brains of mice infected with a lethal dose of TBEV. To investigate the mechanism of action of 7-deaza-2'-CMA, two drug-resistant TBEV clones were generated and characterized. The two clones shared a signature amino acid substitution, S603T, in the viral NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain. This mutation conferred resistance to various 2'-C-methylated nucleoside derivatives, but no cross-resistance was seen with other nucleoside analogs, such as 4'-C-azidocytidine and 2'-deoxy-2'-beta-hydroxy-4'-azidocytidine (RO-9187). All-atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the S603T RdRp mutant repels a water molecule that coordinates the position of a metal ion cofactor as 2'-C-methylated nucleoside analogs approach the active site. To investigate its phenotype, the S603T mutation was introduced into a recombinant TBEV strain (Oshima-IC) generated from an infectious cDNA clone and into a TBEV replicon that expresses a reporter luciferase gene (Oshima-REP-luc2A). The mutants were replication impaired, showing reduced growth and a small plaque size in mammalian cell culture and reduced levels of neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in rodent models. These results indicate that TBEV resistance to 2'-C-methylated nucleoside inhibitors is conferred by a single conservative mutation that causes a subtle atomic effect within the active site of the viral NS5 RdRp and is associated with strong attenuation of the virus.IMPORTANCE This study found that the nucleoside analog 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7-deaza-2'-CMA) has high antiviral activity against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a pathogen that causes severe human neuroinfections in large areas of Europe and Asia and for which there is currently no specific therapy. Treating mice infected with a lethal dose of TBEV with 7-deaza-2'-CMA resulted in significantly higher survival rates and reduced the severity of neurological signs of the disease. Thus, this compound shows promise for further development as an anti-TBEV drug. It is important to generate drug-resistant mutants to understand how the drug works and to develop guidelines for patient treatment. We generated TBEV mutants that were resistant not only to 7-deaza-2'-CMA but also to a broad range of other 2'-C-methylated antiviral medications. Our findings suggest that combination therapy may be used to improve treatment and reduce the emergence of drug-resistant viruses during nucleoside analog therapy for TBEV infection.
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Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. Current status of therapeutic and vaccine approaches against Zika virus. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 44:12-18. [PMID: 28797534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a global threat because it is spreading at an alarming rate because of its wider range of transmission routes. The neuroteratogenic nature of ZIKV infection is posing serious threats to unborn lives therefore, it is necessary to develop an ideal ZIKV prophylactic or therapeutic agent urgently. Researchers are having tough time finding a treatment for ZIKV in part because of serious consequences of vaccines and drugs to unborn lives and pregnant women. However, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of DNA vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, and ZIKV purified inactivated vaccine offers hope for human protection. Large number of food and drug administration (FDA) approved drugs as wells as compounds with anti-ZIKV activity offer valuable opportunity to control the massive bio-burden of this catastrophic epidemic. Some evidences suggest that immunotherapeutics might prove to be winning strategy in pregnant females. Here, we review the recent advances and current knowledge regarding therapeutic interventions against ZIKV infection. This article will provide baseline data and roadmap to prosecute further research for the development of novel therapeutic strategy to curb the explosive rise in ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan.
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Abrams RPM, Solis J, Nath A. Therapeutic Approaches for Zika Virus Infection of the Nervous System. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:1027-1048. [PMID: 28952036 PMCID: PMC5722777 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus has spread rapidly in the Americas and has caused devastation of human populations affected in these regions. The virus causes teratogenic effects involving the nervous system, and in adults and children can cause a neuropathy similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome, an anterior myelitis, or, rarely, an encephalitis. While major efforts have been undertaken to control mosquito populations that spread the virus and to develop a vaccine, drug development that directly targets the virus in an infected individual to prevent or treat the neurological manifestations is necessary. Rational and targeted drug development is possible since the viral life cycle and the structure of the key viral proteins are now well understood. While several groups have identified therapeutic candidates, their approaches differ in the types of screening processes and viral assays used. Animal studies are available for only a few compounds. Here we provide an exhaustive review and compare each of the classes of drugs discovered, the methods used for drug discovery, and their potential use in humans for the prevention or treatment of neurological complications of Zika virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P M Abrams
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Solis
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Chalupska D, Eisenreichova A, Różycki B, Rezabkova L, Humpolickova J, Klima M, Boura E. Structural analysis of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) - 14-3-3 protein complex reveals internal flexibility and explains 14-3-3 mediated protection from degradation in vitro. J Struct Biol 2017; 200:36-44. [PMID: 28864297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) is responsible for the synthesis of the Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) pool of phosphatidylinositol 4-phospahte (PI4P). PI4P is the defining lipid hallmark of Golgi and TGN and also serves as a signaling lipid and as a precursor for higher phosphoinositides. In addition, PI4KB is hijacked by many single stranded plus RNA (+RNA) viruses to generate PI4P-rich membranes that serve as viral replication organelles. Given the importance of this enzyme in cells, it has to be regulated. 14-3-3 proteins bind PI4KB upon its phosphorylation by protein kinase D, however, the structural basis of PI4KB recognition by 14-3-3 proteins is unknown. Here, we characterized the PI4KB:14-3-3 protein complex biophysically and structurally. We discovered that the PI4KB:14-3-3 protein complex is tight and is formed with 2:2 stoichiometry. Surprisingly, the enzymatic activity of PI4KB is not directly modulated by 14-3-3 proteins. However, 14-3-3 proteins protect PI4KB from proteolytic degradation in vitro. Our structural analysis revealed that the PI4KB:14-3-3 protein complex is flexible but mostly within the disordered regions connecting the 14-3-3 binding site of the PI4KB with the rest of the PI4KB enzyme. It also predicted no direct modulation of PI4KB enzymatic activity by 14-3-3 proteins and that 14-3-3 binding will not interfere with PI4KB recruitment to the membrane by the ACBD3 protein. In addition, the structural analysis explains the observed protection from degradation; it revealed that several disordered regions of PI4KB become protected from proteolytical degradation upon 14-3-3 binding. All the structural predictions were subsequently biochemically validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Eisenreichova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jana Humpolickova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Bueno-Marí R, Salomón OD, Villamil-Jiménez LC, Heukelbach J, Alencar CH, Armstrong PK, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Mendez-Otero R, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Pimentel-Coelho PM. Zika Virus: What Have We Learnt Since the Start of the Recent Epidemic? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1554. [PMID: 28878742 PMCID: PMC5572254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika is a viral disease transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In recent years, it has expanded geographically, changing from an endemic mosquito-borne disease across equatorial Asia and Africa, to an epidemic disease causing large outbreaks in several areas of the world. With the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the Americas, the disease has become a focus of attention of public health agencies and of the international research community, especially due to an association with neurological disorders in adults and to the severe neurological and ophthalmological abnormalities found in fetuses and newborns of mothers exposed to ZIKV during pregnancy. A large number of studies have been published in the last 3 years, revealing the structure of the virus, how it is transmitted and how it affects human cells. Many different animal models have been developed, which recapitulate several features of ZIKV disease and its neurological consequences. Moreover, several vaccine candidates are now in active preclinical development, and three of them have already entered phase I clinical trials. Likewise, many different compounds targeting viral and cellular components are being tested in in vitro and in experimental animal models. This review aims to discuss the current state of this rapidly growing literature from a multidisciplinary perspective, as well as to present an overview of the public health response to Zika and of the perspectives for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Laboratorios LokímicaValencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of CearáFortaleza, Brazil
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, TownsvilleQLD, Australia
| | - Carlos H. Alencar
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of CearáFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paul K. Armstrong
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, PerthWA, Australia
| | - Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. Rosado-de-Castro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e EnsinoRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cai L, Sun Y, Song Y, Xu L, Bei Z, Zhang D, Dou Y, Wang H. Viral polymerase inhibitors T-705 and T-1105 are potential inhibitors of Zika virus replication. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2847-2853. [PMID: 28597088 PMCID: PMC5563514 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, 69 countries and territories have reported evidence of vector-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission. Currently, there are no effective licensed vaccines or drugs available for the treatment or prevention of ZIKV infection. We tested a series of compounds for their ability to inhibit ZIKV replication in cell culture. The compounds in T-705 (favipiravir) and T-1105 were found to have antiviral activity, suggesting that these compounds are promising candidates for further development as specific antiviral drugs against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yabin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Likun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhuchun Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China.
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De novo RNA synthesis catalyzed by the Zika Virus RNA polymerase domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2697. [PMID: 28577343 PMCID: PMC5457451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito- and tick-borne pathogens including Chikungunya, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow fever and Zika virus, represent a new economic and public health challenge. In the absence of effective vaccines and specific therapies, only supportive regimens are administrated for most of these infections. Thus, the development of a targeted therapy is mandatory to stop the rapid progression of these pathogens and preoccupant associated burdens such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, microcephaly. For this, it is essential to develop biochemical tools to help study and target key viral enzymes involved in replication such as helicase complexes, methyl-transferases and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Here, we show that a highly purified ZIKV polymerase domain is active in vitro. Importantly, we show that this isolated domain is capable of de novo synthesis of the viral genome and efficient elongation without terminal nucleotide transferase activity. Altogether, this isolated polymerase domain will be a precious tool to screen and optimize specific nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors to fight against Zika infections.
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