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Proudfoot KL, Ternman E. Methods used for estimating sleep in dairy cattle. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:374-378. [PMID: 39310836 PMCID: PMC11410481 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Sleep serves several essential functions in all mammals including dairy cattle. Researchers are beginning to estimate sleep in dairy cattle using a combination of physiological measurements (e.g., polysomnography) as well as changes in behavior (e.g., different resting postures). Sleep may provide unique insight into how cows and calves respond to, and cope with, their environments, as a complement to other common measurements such as lying time. Although each of the methods to assess sleep in cattle has its advantages, there remain several challenges with each approach. The objective of this narrative mini-review is to describe current methods for estimating sleep in dairy cattle, including some of the advantages and limitations with each method. We will start with describing the research to date on adult cows, followed by preweaning dairy calves. We end the review with recommendations for researchers interested in assessing sleep in dairy cattle and ideas for future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Proudfoot
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, C1A4P3 PEI
| | - Emma Ternman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway
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2
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Wang K, Ruiz-González A, Räisänen SE, Ouellet V, Boucher A, Rico DE, Niu M. Dietary supplementation of vitamin D 3 and calcium partially recover the compromised time budget and circadian rhythm of lying behavior in lactating cows under heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1707-1718. [PMID: 37863290 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) impedes cattle behavior and performance and is an animal comfort and welfare issue. The objective of this study was to characterize the time budget and circadian rhythm of lying behavior in dairy cows during HS and to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83 ± 27 d in milk) housed in tiestalls were used in a split-plot design with the concentration of dietary vitamin E and Se as main plots (LESe: 11.1 IU/kg and 0.55 mg/kg, and HESe: 223 IU/kg and 1.8 mg/kg, respectively). Within each plot cows were randomly assigned to (1) HS with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS, 1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively), (2) HS with high concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS+D3/Ca; 3,764 IU/kg and 0.97%, respectively), or (3) thermoneutral pair-fed (TNPF) with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively) in a Latin square design with 14-d periods and 7-d washouts. Lying behavior was measured with HOBO Loggers in 15-min intervals. Overall, cows in HS spent less time lying per day relative to TNPF from d 7 to 14. Daily lying time was positively correlated with milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and feed efficiency, and was negatively correlated with rectal temperature, respiratory rate, fecal calprotectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. A treatment by time interaction was observed for lying behavior: the time spent lying was lesser for cows in HS than in TNPF in the early morning (0000-0600 h) and in the night (1800-2400 h). The circadian rhythm of lying behavior was characterized by fitting a cosine function of time into linear mixed model. Daily rhythmicity of lying was detected for cows in TNPF and HS+D3/Ca, whereas only a tendency in HS cows was observed. Cows in TNPF had the highest mesor (the average level of diurnal fluctuations; 34.2 min/h) and amplitude (the distance between the peak and mesor; 17.9 min/h). Both the mesor and amplitude were higher in HS+D3/Ca relative to HS (26.6 vs. 25.2 min/h and 3.91 min/h vs. 2.18 min/h, respectively). The acrophase (time of the peak) of lying time in TNPF, HS, and HS+D3/Ca were 0028, 0152, and 0054 h, respectively. Lastly, a continuous increase in daily lying time in TNPF was observed during the first 4 d of the experimental period in which DMI was gradually restricted, suggesting that intake restrictions may shift feeding behavior and introduce biases in the behavior of animals. In conclusion, lying behavior was compromised in dairy cows under HS, characterizing reduced daily lying time and disrupted circadian rhythms, and the compromised lying behavior can be partially restored by supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Further research may be required for a more suitable model to study behavior of cows under HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - A Ruiz-González
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, G0A 1S0, Canada; Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A Boucher
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - D E Rico
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, G0A 1S0, Canada.
| | - M Niu
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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Pavlenko A, Kaart T, Lidfors L, Arney DR, Aland A. Changes in dairy cows' behaviour, health, and production after transition from tied to loose housing. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:29. [PMID: 37391805 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transition of dairy cows from a tied to a loose housing system may affect their behaviour, health and production. Such housing system changes have become more frequent in Estonia but knowledge is lacking on how cows adapt to a new system. The aim of this study was to evaluate how cows' behaviour, milk production and composition, and different aspects of their health changed after transition from tied to loose housing. RESULTS A herd of 400 dairy cows was moved to a new system on the same farm, so that effects of transport were not confounding factors. Behavioural observations were made for approximately 4 months following transition. Milk production data were recorded from 12 months before to 12 months after transition. Examination for skin alterations and cleanliness, as well as body condition scoring were carried out before transition, and thereafter monthly throughout the study. Significant effects on behaviour were observed just after the transition, with increases in the behaviour indicative of poor welfare, such as vocalisation and aggression, and decreases in those indicative of a good state of welfare, such as ruminating, resting and grooming. These effects were of short duration, with most returning to a steady state after the first week. Milk production declined already before the transition but fell significantly after transition, and this fall lasted longer in older cows. Likewise, somatic cell counts were higher in all cows following transition, but older cows were affected significantly more than cows in the first lactation. The frequency of lameness and skin alterations increased on average after transition. Body condition scores fell after transition but recovered by the second month. Therefore, there were adverse effects on the behaviour, health and production of the dairy cows transferred, although, apart from older cows, of short duration. CONCLUSION The transition from tied to loose housing first had negative impacts on the welfare of the cows, although by the tenth day the behavioural indicators had returned to normal values. Impacts were more severe in higher parity cows, indicating that the change was more of a challenge for older cows. The findings of this study suggest that animals' behaviour and health should be more carefully observed within about 2 weeks after transition. It is quite likely that more and more farmers in Estonia and elsewhere will recognize the benefits of keeping their dairy cattle in loose housing, aimed at improving animal welfare and the value of the production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pavlenko
- Baltic Vianco Trading OÜ, Sänna Village, Rõuge Municipality, 66710, Võru County, Estonia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lena Lidfors
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, 53223, Skara, Sweden
| | - David Richard Arney
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Aland
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia.
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Schork IG, Manzo IA, Oliveira MRBD, Costa FV, Young RJ, De Azevedo CS. Testing the Accuracy of Wearable Technology to Assess Sleep Behaviour in Domestic Dogs: A Prospective Tool for Animal Welfare Assessment in Kennels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091467. [PMID: 37174504 PMCID: PMC10177158 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a physiological process that has been shown to impact both physical and psychological heath of individuals when compromised; hence, it has the potential to be used as an indicator of animal welfare. Nonetheless, evaluating sleep in non-human species normally involves manipulation of the subjects (i.e., placement of electrodes on the cranium), and most studies are conducted in a laboratory setting, which limits the generalisability of information obtained, and the species investigated. In this study, we evaluated an alternative method of assessing sleep behaviour in domestic dogs, using a wearable sensor, and compared the measurements obtained to behavioural observations to evaluate accuracy. Differences between methods ranged from 0.13% to 59.3% for diurnal observations and 0.1% to 95.9% for nocturnal observations for point-by-point observations. Comparisons between methods showed significant differences in certain behaviours, such as inactivity and activity for diurnal recordings. However, total activity and total sleep recorded did not differ statistically between methods. Overall, the wearable technology tested was found to be a useful, and a less-time consuming, tool in comparison to direct behavioural observations for the evaluation of behaviours and their indication of wellbeing in dogs. The agreement between the wearable technology and directly observed data ranged from 75% to 99% for recorded behaviours, and these results are similar to previous findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Schork
- School of Sciences, Engineering & Environment, Peel Building, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Isabele Aparecida Manzo
- Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Beiral de Oliveira
- Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vieira Costa
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Bloco E, s/n, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Robert John Young
- School of Sciences, Engineering & Environment, Peel Building, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Cristiano Schetini De Azevedo
- Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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Kendall-Bar JM, Williams TM, Mukherji R, Lozano DA, Pitman JK, Holser RR, Keates T, Beltran RS, Robinson PW, Crocker DE, Adachi T, Lyamin OI, Vyssotski AL, Costa DP. Brain activity of diving seals reveals short sleep cycles at depth. Science 2023; 380:260-265. [PMID: 37079694 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a crucial part of the daily activity patterns of mammals. However, in marine species that spend months or entire lifetimes at sea, the location, timing, and duration of sleep may be constrained. To understand how marine mammals satisfy their daily sleep requirements while at sea, we monitored electroencephalographic activity in wild northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) diving in Monterey Bay, California. Brain-wave patterns showed that seals took short (less than 20 minutes) naps while diving (maximum depth 377 meters; 104 sleeping dives). Linking these patterns to accelerometry and the time-depth profiles of 334 free-ranging seals (514,406 sleeping dives) revealed a North Pacific sleepscape in which seals averaged only 2 hours of sleep per day for 7 months, rivaling the record for the least sleep among all mammals, which is currently held by the African elephant (about 2 hours per day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Kendall-Bar
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Terrie M Williams
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ritika Mukherji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel A Lozano
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel R Holser
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Keates
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Patrick W Robinson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Taiki Adachi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Oleg I Lyamin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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6
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Putyora E, Brocklehurst S, Tuyttens F, Sandilands V. The Effects of Mild Disturbances on Sleep Behaviour in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071251. [PMID: 37048507 PMCID: PMC10093027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive welfare of commercial animals presents many benefits, making the accurate assessment of welfare important. Assessments frequently use behaviour to determine welfare state; however, nighttime behaviours are often ignored. Sleep behaviour may offer new insights into welfare assessments. This study aimed to establish a baseline for sleep behaviour in laying hens and to then apply mild short-term disturbances and observe the subsequent effects. Twelve laying hens were divided into four batches and were surgically implanted with electroencephalogram (EEG) devices to record their brain activity. The batches were subjected to undisturbed, disturbed and recovery types of nights. Disturbed nights consisted of systematic sequences of disturbance application (wind, 90 dB noise or 20 lux light) applied one at a time for 5 min every 30 min from 21:00 to 03:00 (lights off period: 19:00-05:00). Sleep state was scored using EEG data and behaviour data from infrared cameras. Over all the types of night hens engaged in both SWS (58%) and REM sleep (18%) during lights off. When applied, the disturbances were effective at altering the amounts of wakefulness and SWS (Time × Type of Night, p < 0.001, p = 0.017, respectively), whereas REM sleep was unaltered (p = 0.540). There was no evidence of carry-over effects over the following day or night. Laying hens may be resilient to short-term sleep disruption by compensating for this in the same night, suggesting that these disturbances do not impact their long-term welfare (i.e., over days). Sleep behaviour potentially offers a unique means of assessing an aspect of animal welfare that, to date, has been poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Putyora
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Frank Tuyttens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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7
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El Allali K, Beniaich Y, Farsi H, M′hani MEM, Jabal MS, Piro M, Achaâban MR, Ouassat M, Challet E, Besson M, Mounach J, Pévet P, Satté A. Sleep pattern in the dromedary camel: a behavioral and polysomnography study. Sleep 2022; 45:6580315. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
To investigate sleep patterns in the camel by combining behavioral and polysomnography (PSG) methods.
Methods
A noninvasive PSG study was conducted over four nights on four animals. Additionally, video recordings were used to monitor the sleep behaviors associated with different vigilance states.
Results
During the night, short periods of sporadic sleep-like behavior corresponding to a specific posture, sternal recumbency (SR) with the head lying down on the ground, were observed. The PSG results showed rapid shifts between five vigilance states, including wakefulness, drowsiness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM (NREM) sleep, and rumination. The camels typically slept only 1.7 hours per night, subdivided into 0.5 hours of REM sleep and 1.2 hours of NREM sleep. Camels spent most of the night being awake (2.3 hours), ruminating (2.4 hours), or drowsing (1.9 hours). Various combinations of transitions between the different vigilance states were observed, with a notable transition into REM sleep directly from drowsiness (9%) or wakefulness (4%). Behavioral postures were found to correlate with PSG vigilance states, thereby allowing a reliable prediction of the sleep stage based on SR and the head position (erected, motionless, or lying down on the ground). Notably, 100% of REM sleep occurred during the Head Lying Down-SR posture.
Conclusions
The camel is a diurnal species with a polyphasic sleep pattern at night. The best correlation between PSG and ethogram data indicates that sleep duration can be predicted by the behavioral method, provided that drowsiness is considered a part of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Allali
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Younes Beniaich
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Hicham Farsi
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Mehdi M′hani
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Mohamed Sobhi Jabal
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Mohammed Piro
- Medicine and Surgical Unit of Domestic Animals, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Mohamed Rachid Achaâban
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ouassat
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Mireille Besson
- Cognitive Neurosciences Laboratory, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Jamal Mounach
- Department of Neurophysiology, Military Hospital Mohammed V , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Paul Pévet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Amal Satté
- Department of Neurophysiology, Military Hospital Mohammed V , Rabat , Morocco
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Reicher V, Bálint A, Újváry D, Gácsi M. Non-invasive sleep EEG measurement in hand raised wolves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9792. [PMID: 35697910 PMCID: PMC9191399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep research greatly benefits from comparative studies to understand the underlying physiological and environmental factors affecting the different features of sleep, also informing us about the possible evolutionary changes shaping them. Recently, the domestic dog became an exceedingly valuable model species in sleep studies, as the use of non-invasive polysomnography methodologies enables direct comparison with human sleep data. In this study, we applied the same polysomnography protocol to record the sleep of dog’s closest wild relative, the wolf. We measured the sleep of seven captive (six young and one senior), extensively socialized wolves using a fully non-invasive sleep EEG methodology, originally developed for family dogs. We provide the first descriptive analysis of the sleep macrostructure and NREM spectral power density of wolves using a completely non-invasive methodology. For (non-statistical) comparison, we included the same sleep data of similarly aged dogs. Although our sample size was inadequate to perform statistical analyses, we suggest that it may form the basis of an international, multi-site collection of similar samples using our methodology, allowing for generalizable, unbiased conclusions. As we managed to register both macrostructural and spectral sleep data, our procedure appears to be suitable for collecting valid data in other species too, increasing the comparability of non-invasive sleep studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. .,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Bálint
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Újváry
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Attachment towards the Owner Is Associated with Spontaneous Sleep EEG Parameters in Family Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070895. [PMID: 35405884 PMCID: PMC8997010 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs have been shown to form attachment bonds towards their owners analogous to the human infant-parent attachment. In humans, the neurological background of variation in attachment and similar trait-like social behaviors has been described. It is known that certain sleep parameters are in association with an individual’s attachment-related traits. In the current study, we provide the first evidence that dogs’ attachment towards their owner is also associated to dogs’ sleep structure (the time they spend in the different sleep stages) as well as to their brain activity during sleep. Thus, as in humans, when dogs sleep in a novel environment (in the presence of their owners), differences in their attachment bond are reflected in their sleep EEG characteristics. Abstract Affective neuroscience studies have demonstrated the impact of social interactions on sleep quality. In humans, trait-like social behaviors, such as attachment, are related to sleep brain activity patterns. Our aim was to investigate associations between companion dogs’ spontaneous brain activity during sleep (in the presence of the owner) and their relevant behavior in a task-free social context assessing their attachment towards the owner. In random order, each dog participated in a non-invasive sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement and in the Strange Situation Test (SST) to assess their attachment behavior. We found that higher attachment scores were associated with more time spent in NREM sleep, lower NREM alpha power activity and lower NREM alpha–delta anticorrelation. Our results reveal that, when dogs sleep in a novel environment in the company of their owners, differences in their attachment are reflected in their sleep EEG characteristics. This could be best explained by the different degree that owners could be used as a safe haven in an unfamiliar environment and during the unusual procedure of the first EEG measurement.
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10
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EEG readings in dogs depending on their living condition and training. Preliminary study. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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UPADHYAY DEEPAK, SINGH MUKESH, GAUR GYANENDRAKUMAR, BHARTI PANCHKISHOR, VERMA MEDRAM. Effect of flooring system on maintenance behaviours of cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i8.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of floor on maintenance behaviours of cow in loose housing system, four groups, viz. T0 (concrete in covered and brick-paved in open area), T1 (concrete in covered and sand bed in open), T2 (rubber mat in covered and sand bed in open) and T3 (rubber mat in covered and brick-paved in open) were studied. Feeding was the major activity (39–44%) of day, with significant difference between groups. In covered area, lying and standing rumination, while in open area idling, were significantly different between groups during day. During night lying-rumination was major activity (62–69%). Night idling, standing-rumination, lying and lying-rumination behaviour, were significantly different between groups. Overall most of the time in each group was devoted to lying-rumination (45–53%) and feeding (18–21%). Area wise, open area was more occupied and posture wise sitting posture dominated in all the groups. Overall feeding, idling and standing-rumination in open, lying-rumination (in open or covered area), sleeping, total standing time and total sitting time were significantly different between groups. Feeding time showed positive trend in rubber matted floor (T2, T3). More lying-rumination and sleeping time was seen in rubber matted covered area. Sand bedding in open area reduced the standing and standingrumination activity, while promoting the sitting/lying time. Rubber matting in covered area and sand bedding in open area, was found favourable for maintenance behaviour of dairy cows.
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Hunter LB, O’Connor C, Haskell MJ, Langford FM, Webster JR, Stafford KJ. Lying posture does not accurately indicate sleep stage in dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scheurwater J, Hostens M, Nielen M, Heesterbeek H, Schot A, van Hoeij R, Aardema H. Pressure measurement in the reticulum to detect different behaviors of healthy cows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254410. [PMID: 34292996 PMCID: PMC8297788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between reticulorumen contractions and monitored cow behaviors. A purpose-built pressure measuring device was used and shown to be capable of detecting the known contraction patterns in the reticulorumen of four rumen-fistulated cows. Reticular pressure data was used to build a random forest algorithm, a learning algorithm based on a combination of decision trees, to detect rumination and other cow behaviors. In addition, we developed a peak-detection algorithm for rumination based on visual inspection of patterns in reticular pressure. Cow behaviors, differentiated in ruminating, eating, drinking, sleeping and ‘other’, as scored from video observation, were used to develop and test the algorithms. The results demonstrated that rumination of a cow can be detected by measuring pressure differences in the reticulum using either the random forest algorithm or the peak-detection algorithm. The random forest algorithm showed very robust performances for detecting rumination with an accuracy of 0.98, a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.99. The peak-detection algorithm could detect rumination robustly, with an accuracy of 0.92, a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.90. In addition, we provide proof of principle that a random forest algorithm can also detect eating, drinking and sleeping behavior from the same data with performances above 0.90 for all measures. The measurement device used in this study needed rumen-fistulated cows, but the results indicate that behavior detection using algorithms based on only measurements in the reticulum is feasible. This is promising as it may allow future wireless sensor techniques in the reticulum to continuously monitor a range of important behaviors of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje Scheurwater
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Heesterbeek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Schot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilde Aardema
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Hunter LB, Haskell MJ, Langford FM, O’Connor C, Webster JR, Stafford KJ. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Change with Sleep Stage in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2095. [PMID: 34359221 PMCID: PMC8300193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes to the amount and patterns of sleep stages could be a useful tool to assess the effects of stress or changes to the environment in animal welfare research. However, the gold standard method, polysomnography PSG, is difficult to use with large animals such as dairy cows. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to predict sleep stages in humans and could be useful as an easier method to identify sleep stages in cows. We compared the mean HR and HRV and lying posture of dairy cows at pasture and when housed, with sleep stages identified through PSG. HR and HRV were higher when cows were moving their heads or when lying flat on their side. Overall, mean HR decreased with depth of sleep. There was more variability in time between successive heart beats during REM sleep, and more variability in time between heart beats when cows were awake and in REM sleep. These shifts in HR measures between sleep stages followed similar patterns despite differences in mean HR between the groups. Our results show that HR and HRV measures could be a promising alternative method to PSG for assessing sleep in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Hunter
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Marie J. Haskell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Fritha M. Langford
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Cheryl O’Connor
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
| | - James R. Webster
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Kevin J. Stafford
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
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15
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Caplen G, Held SDE. Changes in social and feeding behaviors, activity, and salivary serum amyloid A in cows with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10991-11008. [PMID: 34253363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify detailed changes in behavior, and in salivary serum amyloid A (SAA), associated with subclinical mastitis. This included standard sickness behaviors, such as decreased activity, feeding and drinking (here labeled "core maintenance" behaviors), and less well-studied social, grooming, and exploratory behaviors (here labeled "luxury" behaviors). Luxury behaviors are biologically predicted to change at lower levels of mastitis infection and are, therefore, particularly relevant to detecting subclinical mastitis. Salivary serum amyloid A is a physiological marker of systemic inflammation, with levels in milk and serum already known to increase during subclinical mastitis. We investigated whether the same was true for SAA in cow saliva. Data were collected for 17 matched pairs of commercial barn-housed Holstein-Friesian cows. Each pair comprised a cow with subclinical mastitis (SCM) and a healthy control (CTRL), identified using somatic cell count (SCC; SCM: SCC >200 × 1,000 cells/mL; CTRL: SCC <100 × 1,000 cells/mL). SCM cows were selected for study ad hoc, at which point they were paired with a CTRL cow, based upon parity and calving date; consequently, the full data set was accrued over several months. Data were collected for each pair over 3 d: SCC (d 1), behavior (d 2), salivary SAA (d 3). All behaviors performed by the focal cows over a single 24-h period were coded retrospectively from video footage, and differences between the SCM and CTRL groups were investigated using the main data set and a subset of data corresponding to the hour immediately following morning food delivery. Saliva was collected using cotton swabs and analyzed for SAA using commercially available ELISA kits. We report, for the first time, that an increase in salivary SAA occurs during subclinical mastitis; SAA was higher in SCM cows and demonstrated a positive (weak) correlation with SCC. The behavioral comparisons revealed that SCM cows displayed reductions in activity (behavioral transitions and distance moved), social exploration, social reactivity (here: likelihood to be displaced following receipt of agonism), performance of social grooming and head butts, and the receipt of agonistic noncontact challenges. In addition, SCM cows received more head swipes, and spent a greater proportion of time lying with their head on their flank than CTRL cows. The SCM cows also displayed an altered feeding pattern; they spent a greater proportion of feeding time in direct contact with 2 conspecifics, and a lower proportion of feeding time at self-locking feed barriers, than CTRL cows. Behavioral measures were found to correlate, albeit loosely, with serum SAA in a direction consistent with predictions for sickness behavior. These included positive correlations with lying duration and the receipt of all agonistic behavior, and negative correlations with feeding, drinking, the performance of all social and all agonistic behavior, and social reactivity. We conclude that changes in salivary SAA, social behavior, and activity offer potential in the detection of subclinical mastitis and recommend further investigation to substantiate and refine our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caplen
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - S D E Held
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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16
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Beaver A, Strazhnik E, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. The Freestall Reimagined: Effects on Stall Hygiene and Space Usage in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061711. [PMID: 34201108 PMCID: PMC8228901 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern freestall barns for dairy cattle have been constructed with considerations for dairy cow cleanliness; partitions and other stall features such as neck rails are designed to reduce manure contamination of bedding and decrease farm labor. However, cows prefer to lie in more open spaces, including on bedded packs and pasture. We created an "alternative" housing area by modifying a traditional freestall pen and including flexible partitions to create larger lying areas. We assessed cattle lying behaviour, including lying postures, in this alternative pen (ALT) compared to an open pack (OP) and freestalls (FS) with different stocking densities. We also assessed levels of manure contamination across systems. Cleanliness was highest in FS, but ALT provided substantial improvement compared to OP. Cattle spent more time lying down in OP and ALT compared to FS. There were few differences in postures (such as lying with limbs outstretched) between OP and ALT, but cows in both of these systems more often lay in extended positions compared to when they were housed in FS. Housing in OP and ALT was associated with reduced perching for cows with high body weight; perching has been linked to an increased prevalence of both hoof lesions and lameness. Thus, alternative lying areas can offer a solution for producers seeking to provide cattle with the advantages of a more open lying area, while improving hygiene relative to an open pack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Beaver
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Health and Animal Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Emma Strazhnik
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
| | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.A.G.v.K.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Hunter LB, Baten A, Haskell MJ, Langford FM, O'Connor C, Webster JR, Stafford K. Machine learning prediction of sleep stages in dairy cows from heart rate and muscle activity measures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10938. [PMID: 34035392 PMCID: PMC8149724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is important for cow health and shows promise as a tool for assessing welfare, but methods to accurately distinguish between important sleep stages are difficult and impractical to use with cattle in typical farm environments. The objective of this study was to determine if data from more easily applied non-invasive devices assessing neck muscle activity and heart rate (HR) alone could be used to differentiate between sleep stages. We developed, trained, and compared two machine learning models using neural networks and random forest algorithms to predict sleep stages from 15 variables (features) of the muscle activity and HR data collected from 12 cows in two environments. Using k-fold cross validation we compared the success of the models to the gold standard, Polysomnography (PSG). Overall, both models learned from the data and were able to accurately predict sleep stages from HR and muscle activity alone with classification accuracy in the range of similar human models. Further research is required to validate the models with a larger sample size, but the proposed methodology appears to give an accurate representation of sleep stages in cattle and could consequentially enable future sleep research into conditions affecting cow sleep and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Hunter
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand. .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand. .,Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Abdul Baten
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Bioinformatics, Sydney Local Health District, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Marie J Haskell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Fritha M Langford
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Cheryl O'Connor
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - James R Webster
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Stafford
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
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18
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The effects of heat stress on the behaviour of dairy cows – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Heat stress in livestock is a function of macro- and microclimatic factors, their duration and intensity, the environments where they occur and the biological characteristics of the animal. Due to intense metabolic processes, high-producing dairy cows are highly vulnerable to the effects of heat stress. Disturbances in their thermoregulatory capability are reflected by behavioural, physiological and production changes. Expression of thermoregulatory behaviour such as reduction of activity and feed intake, searching for a cooler places or disturbances in reproductive behaviours may be very important indicators of animal welfare. Especially maintain of standing or lying position in dairy cattle may be a valuable marker of the negative environmental impact. Highly mechanized farms with large numbers of animals have the informatic system can detect alterations automatically, while small family farms cannot afford these type of equipments. Therefore, observing and analysing behavioural changes to achieve a greater understanding of heat stress issue may be a key factor for developing the effective strategies to minimize the effects of heat stress in cattle. The aim of this review is to present the state of knowledge, over the last years, regarding behavioural changes in dairy cows (Bos Taurus) exposed to heat stress conditions and discuss some herd management strategies provided mitigation of the overheat consequences.
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19
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Proudfoot KL, Kull JA, Krawczel PD, Bewley JM, O'Hara BF, Donohue KD, Pighetti GM. Effects of acute lying and sleep deprivation on metabolic and inflammatory responses of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4764-4774. [PMID: 33663819 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows that are restricted from lying down have a reduced ability to sleep. In other species, sleep loss is a key risk factor for disease, mediated by changes in metabolic and inflammatory responses. The cumulative effect of lying and sleep deprivation on cow health is unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of lying and sleep deprivation on metabolic and inflammatory responses of dairy cows. Data were collected from 8 multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating cows (199 ± 44 d in milk, 77 ± 30 d pregnant; mean ± standard deviation) enrolled in a study using a crossover design. Each cow was exposed to 2 treatments meant to induce sleep loss: (1) human disturbance (imposed by researchers making noise or physical contact when the cow's posture suggested sleep) and (2) lying deprivation (imposed by a wooden grid placed on the pen floor). Cows experienced a 24-h baseline period (d -1) followed by a 24-h treatment period (d 0), with a 12-d washout period between treatments. Baseline and treatment periods were imposed from 2100 to 2059 h. Cows were housed in individual pens during the acclimation period (d -3 and -2), d -1, and d 0. Nonesterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were measured at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2059 h on d -1 and 0. Proinflammatory cytokine mRNA [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1B (IL1B), and interleukin-6 (IL6)] abundance in whole-blood leukocytes, both nonstimulated and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, were assessed at 2059 h on d -1 (end of baseline) and d 0 (end of treatment). Nonesterified fatty acids and glucose varied by time of day but were not affected by treatment or day. The abundances of TNF and IL1B from both stimulated and nonstimulated cells were higher following 24 h of lying deprivation (d 0) compared with baseline (d -1). Abundance of IL6 was increased in nonstimulated cells after lying deprivation compared with baseline. In contrast, human disturbance for 24 h did not alter TNF, IL1B, or IL6 abundance relative to baseline levels. These results suggest that a short period of lying deprivation generally increases inflammatory responses but not metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Proudfoot
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1B1L2.
| | | | - P D Krawczel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland FI-00014
| | - J M Bewley
- Holstein Association USA Inc., Brattleboro, VT, 05301
| | - B F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506
| | - K D Donohue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506
| | - G M Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996.
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20
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Sleep in two free-roaming blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus), with observations on the agreement of polysomnographic and actigraphic techniques. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:142-152. [PMID: 34179868 PMCID: PMC8211919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies examining sleep in mammals are done under controlled conditions in laboratory/zoological facilities with few studies being conducted in their natural environment. It is not always possible to record sleep polysomnographically (PSG) from animals in their natural environments, as PSG is invasive, requiring the surgical implantation of electrodes on the surface of the brain. In contrast, actigraphy (ACT) has been shown to be a minimally-invasive method to objectively measure overall sleep times in some mammals, although not revealing specific sleep states. The aim of this study is two-fold, first, to measure sleep polysomnographically in free-roaming blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) under the most natural conditions possible, and second, to establish the degree of concordance between ACT and PSG recordings undertaken simultaneously in the same individuals. Here we examined sleep in the blue wildebeest, in a naturalistic setting, using both polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy (ACT). PSG showed that total sleep time (TST) in the blue wildebeest for a 24-h period was 4.53 h (±0.12 h), 4.26 h (±0.11 h) spent in slow wave (non-REM) sleep and 0.28 h (±0.01 h) spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with 19.47 h (±0.12 h) spent in Wake. ACT showed that the blue wildebeest spent 19.23 h (±0.18 h) Active and 4.77 h (±0.18 h) Inactive. For both animals studied, a fair agreement between the two techniques for sleep scoring was observed, with approximately 45% of corresponding epochs analyzed being scored as both sleep (using PSG) and inactive (using ACT).
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21
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Pereira FC, Teixeira DL, Boyle LA, Pinheiro Machado Filho LC, Williams SRO, Enriquez-Hidalgo D. The Equipment Used in the SF 6 Technique to Estimate Methane Emissions Has No Major Effect on Dairy Cow Behavior. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:620810. [PMID: 33585608 PMCID: PMC7880162 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.620810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural behavior of animals can be disrupted by the techniques and materials of research methodologies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the equipment used in the SF6 tracer technique to estimate enteric methane emissions on the behavior of lactating dairy cows. The cows (n = 24) were allocated to one of two diets: CONTROL and experimental diet (MIX). Behavior was assessed through video recordings between milking times during four phases: 3 days before fitting the cows with the SF6 equipment (PRE), first 2 days after the cows were fitted with the SF6 equipment (ADAP), 3 days during methane emission measurements (MEAS), and 2 days after the SF6 equipment removal (POST). The behaviors recorded included eating, ruminating or idling, resting, and others. Affiliative or agonistic and discomfort behaviors (scratching or pushing the equipment) were also recorded. Lying time was recorded over 14 days using dataloggers fitted to the cows' leg. Milk production and feed intake were recorded daily. MIX cows ruminated more than CONTROL cows (P = 0.05). The cows ruminated more at MEAS than in any other phase (P < 0.01). Time spent idling gradually decreased from PRE to MEAS for MIX cows (P < 0.01). The cows were lying down longer in MEAS than in ADAP and POST (P < 0.01). The time spent lying with the head down was shorter during PRE and ADAP than during POST (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the occurrence of discomfort or agonistic behaviors (P > 0.05). Affiliative behaviors occurred more often in ADAP than in MEAS (P < 0.05). There was no difference between phases in daily lying time, number of lying bouts per day, or mean bout duration (P > 0.05). Milk production was not influenced by the SF6 equipment (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was higher for CONTROL cows (P < 0.01), and it decreased from PRE to MEAS (P < 0.01). However, milk yield did not differ between cows wearing the SF6 equipment and those without it (P > 0.05). We conclude that the SF6 equipment had a minimal effect on dairy cow behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiellen Cristina Pereira
- Laboratorio de Etología Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayane Lemos Teixeira
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile.,Animal Welfare Program, IRTA, Veïnat de Síes, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | | | | | - Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford Campus, Langford, United Kingdom.,Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, United Kingdom
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22
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Tucker CB, Jensen MB, de Passillé AM, Hänninen L, Rushen J. Invited review: Lying time and the welfare of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:20-46. [PMID: 33162094 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adequate time lying down is often considered an important aspect of dairy cow welfare. We examine what is known about cows' motivation to lie down and the consequences for health and other indicators of biological function when this behavior is thwarted. We review the environmental and animal-based factors that affect lying time in the context of animal welfare. Our objective is to review the research into the time that dairy cows spend lying down and to critically examine the evidence for the link with animal welfare. Cows can be highly motivated to lie down. They show rebound lying behavior after periods of forced standing and will sacrifice other activities, such as feeding, to lie down for an adequate amount of time. They will work, by pushing levers or weighted gates, to lie down and show possible indicators of frustration when lying behavior is thwarted. Some evidence suggests that risk of lameness is increased in environments that provide unfavorable conditions for cows to lie down and where cows are forced to stand. Lameness itself can result in longer lying times, whereas mastitis reduces it. Cow-based factors such as reproductive status, age, and milk production influence lying time, but the welfare implications of these differences are unknown. Lower lying times are reported in pasture-based systems, dry lots, and bedded packs (9 h/d) compared with tiestalls and freestalls (10 to 12 h/d) in cross-farm research. Unfavorable conditions, including too few lying stalls for the number of cows, hard or wet lying surfaces, inadequate bedding, stalls that are too small or poorly designed, heat, and rain all reduce lying time. Time constraints, such as feeding or milking, can influence lying time. However, more information is needed about the implications of mediating factors such as the effect of the standing surface (concrete, pasture, or other surfaces) and cow behavior while standing (e.g., being restrained, walking, grazing) to understand the effect of low lying times on animal welfare. Many factors contribute to the difficulty of finding a valid threshold for daily lying time to use in the assessment of animal welfare. Although higher lying times often correspond with cow comfort, and lower lying times are seen in unfavorable conditions, exceptions occur, namely when cows lie down for longer because of disease or when they spend more time standing because of estrus or parturition, or to engage in other behaviors. In conclusion, lying behavior is important to dairy cattle, but caution and a full understanding of the context and the character of the animals in question is needed before drawing firm conclusions about animal welfare from measures of lying time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra B Tucker
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
| | - Margit Bak Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie de Passillé
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Laura Hänninen
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare and Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Jeffrey Rushen
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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23
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Wang C, Guerriero LE, Huffman DM, Ajwad AA, Brooks TC, Sunderam S, Seifert AW, O'Hara BF. A comparative study of sleep and diurnal patterns in house mouse (Mus musculus) and Spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10944. [PMID: 32616800 PMCID: PMC7331618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most published sleep studies use three species: human, house mouse, or Norway rat. The degree to which data from these species captures variability in mammalian sleep remains unclear. To gain insight into mammalian sleep diversity, we examined sleep architecture in the spiny basal murid rodent Acomys cahirinus. First, we used a piezoelectric system validated for Mus musculus to monitor sleep in both species. We also included wild M. musculus to control for alterations generated by laboratory-reared conditions for M. musculus. Using this comparative framework, we found that A. cahirinus, lab M. musculus, and wild M. musculus were primarily nocturnal, but exhibited distinct behavioral patterns. Although the activity of A. cahirinus increased sharply at dark onset, it decreased sharply just two hours later under group and individual housing conditions. To further characterize sleep patterns and sleep-related variables, we set up EEG/EMG and video recordings and found that A. cahirinus sleep significantly more than M. musculus, exhibit nearly three times more REM, and sleep almost exclusively with their eyes open. The observed differences in A. cahirinus sleep architecture raise questions about the evolutionary drivers of sleep behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanung Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren E Guerriero
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Dillon M Huffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Asmaa A Ajwad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Trae C Brooks
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Sridhar Sunderam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA. .,Signal Solutions LLC, 145 Graham Ave., Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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Cook NB. Symposium review: The impact of management and facilities on cow culling rates. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:3846-3855. [PMID: 31837782 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This symposium review examines the association between comfort and cow longevity, with a particular emphasis on optimizing resting behavior in confinement-housed systems. Housed dairy cattle demonstrate a variety of negative behavioral and physiological effects when lying time is restricted, with cows prioritizing the recovery of rest over feeding when both are deprived. There is, however, wide individual-cow variation in daily lying times, influenced by an array of cow-, housing-, and management-related factors. Cow-related factors include individual preference, parity, stage of lactation cycle, milk yield, ill health, and lameness. Lying time tends to increase with age and days in milk and during periods of ill health, whereas milk yield is negatively correlated with lying time. The effect of lameness is complicated by severity and by interactions with bedding type, which modifies the cows' ability to rise and lie down. Generally, lame cows suffer prolonged lying bouts of greater variability in length and take fewer bouts per day. Often this results in an overall increase in lying time. Thus, higher standards of cow comfort and improved cow health are not always reflected by longer lying times. Housing and management factors that influence resting behavior include the design of the resting area, access to the resting space, and the thermal microenvironment of the lying area. Provision of dry, deep loose bedding, stocking cows to allow each animal access to a resting space, allowing sufficient time to access the resting area, and providing heat abatement to reduce heat load optimize resting behavior. Because lameness and poor body condition are commonly found in culled dairy cattle, the link between cow comfort and culling is likely mediated through lameness onset and management. Optimal comfort helps prevent the onset of lameness and facilitates recovery once cows become lame, which limits the effect of lameness on feeding behavior and reduces the risk for other health-related disorders, poor reproductive performance, and early herd removal. Cow comfort cannot be assessed by measuring the duration of lying time alone. Rather, comfort is reflected by the optimization of resting behavior, providing facilities and management to allow cows to lie down when they choose to do so for as long as they need to.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Cook
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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Effects of acute lying and sleep deprivation on the behavior of lactating dairy cows. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212823. [PMID: 31461439 PMCID: PMC6713338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of sleep or lying deprivation on the behavior of dairy cows. Data were collected from 8 multi- and 4 primiparous cows (DIM = 199 ± 44 (mean ± SD); days pregnant = 77 ± 30). Using a crossover design, each cow experienced: 1) sleep deprivation implemented by noise or physical contact when their posture suggested sleep, and 2) lying deprivation imposed by a grid placed on the pen floor. One day before treatment (baseline), and treatment day (treatment) were followed by a 12-d washout period (with the first 7 d used to evaluate recovery). Study days were organized from 2100 to 2059. During habituation (d -3 and -2 before treatment), baseline (d -1), and trt (d 0), housing was individual boxstalls (mattress with no bedding). After treatment, cows returned to sand-bedded freestalls for a 7-d recovery period (d 1 to 7) where data on lying behaviors were collected. Following the recovery period, an additional 5-d period was provided to allow the cows a 12-d period between exposures to treatments. Daily lying time, number lying bouts, bout duration, and number of steps were recorded by dataloggers attached to the hind leg of cows throughout the study period. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including fixed effects of treatment (sleep deprivation vs. sleep and lying deprivation), day, and their interaction with significant main effects separated using a PDIFF statement (P ≤ 0.05). Interactions between treatment and day were detected for daily lying time and the number of bouts. Lying time was lower for both treatments during the treatment period compared to baseline. Lying time increased during the recovery period for both lying and sleep deprived cows. However, it took 4 d for the lying deprived cows to fully recover their lying time after treatment, whereas it took the sleep deprived cows 2 d for their lying time to return to baseline levels. Results suggest that both sleep and lying deprivation can have impact cow behavior. Management factors that limit freestall access likely reduce lying time and sleep, causing negative welfare implications for dairy cows.
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Ternman E, Nilsson E, Nielsen PP, Pastell M, Hänninen L, Agenäs S. Rapid eye movement sleep time in dairy cows changes during the lactation cycle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5458-5465. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Krawczel PD, Lee AR. Lying Time and Its Importance to the Dairy Cow. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ramanoon SZ, Sadiq MB, Mansor R, Syed-Hussain SS, Mossadeq WMS. The Impact of Lameness on Dairy Cattle Welfare: Growing Need for Objective Methods of Detecting Lame Cows and Assessment of Associated Pain. Anim Welf 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ternman E, Pastell M, Hänninen L, Agenäs S, Nielsen PP. First-night effect on sleep time in dairy cows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195593. [PMID: 29652904 PMCID: PMC5898734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human sleep studies, the probability of discomfort from the electrodes and the change in environment usually results in first-night recordings being discarded. Sleep recordings from the first night in human subjects often differ in amount of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and the overall sleep architecture. This study investigated whether recordings of sleep states in dairy cows also show a first-night effect. Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings were carried out on nine cows of the Swedish Red breed during three consecutive 24-hour periods (recording days 1–3). Overall, cows spent 12.9 ± 1.4 hours awake, 8.2 ± 1 hours ruminating, 57.2 ± 20.3 min drowsing, 44.1 ± 20.2 min in REM sleep and 64.3 ± 38.1 min in NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep (mean ± SD) and there were no significant differences between recording days in total duration for any of the sleep and awake states. However, the bouts of REM sleep and rumination were longer, and the awake bouts were shorter, at night time compared to daytime, regardless of recording day. The awake bouts also showed an interaction effect with longer bouts at daytime during day 1 compared to daytime on day 3. Data on sleep and awake states recorded in adult dairy cows during three consecutive 24-h periods showed great variation in sleep time between cows, but total time for each state was not significantly affected by recording day. Further and more detailed studies of how sleep architecture is affected by recording day is necessary to fully comprehend the first-night effect in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ternman
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Matti Pastell
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Hänninen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland and Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sigrid Agenäs
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per P. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
The five freedoms offer a framework for discussion of lameness and its impact on the welfare of cows. Altered feeding behavior is a cause of reduced body condition, smaller digital cushion, and lameness. Providing a comfortable environment is critical to recovery and welfare. Pain associated with injury or disease of feet or legs is manifested by lameness. Pain management is an important part of therapy. In cases of severe lameness, euthanasia may be preferred. Lameness interferes with an animal's ability to exhibit natural behaviors by altering lying time, social interaction, ovarian activity and estrus intensity, and rumination behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rebecca Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - J K Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2436 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Klefot J, Murphy J, Donohue K, O’Hara B, Lhamon M, Bewley J. Development of a noninvasive system for monitoring dairy cattle sleep. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8477-8485. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Woods BJ, Millman ST, da Silva NA, Dewell RD, Parsons RL, Wang C, O'Connor AM. Pain and sickness behavior associated with corneal lesions in dairy calves. F1000Res 2015; 4:546. [PMID: 26949517 PMCID: PMC4758373 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6649.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries. Behavioral observations were collected from 29 Holstein calves 8 to 12 weeks of age randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) corneal scarification only, (2) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovoculi and (3) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovis. Behavior was continuously observed between time 1230 - 1730 h on day -1 (baseline time period) and day 0 (scarification time period). Corneal scarification and inoculation occurred between 0800 - 1000 h on day 0. Frequency of head-directed behaviors (head shaking, head rubbing, head scratching) and durations of head rubbing, feeding, standing with head lifted, lying with head lifted and sleeping were compared between study days and groups. Following scarification, the frequency of head-directed behavior significantly increased (p = 0.0001), as did duration of head rubbing (p=0.02). There was no significant effect of trial, trial day, treatment or treatment-day interaction on other behaviors studied. Our study demonstrated that head-directed behavior, such as head shaking, rubbing and scratching, was associated with scarification of eyes using an IBK challenge model, but sickness behavior was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Woods
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Suzanne T Millman
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Natalia A da Silva
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Reneé D Dewell
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rebecca L Parsons
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Marchant-Forde JN. The Science of Animal Behavior and Welfare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Global Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:16. [PMID: 26664945 PMCID: PMC4672293 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Marchant-Forde
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit , West Lafayette, IN , USA
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Rajapaksha E, Tucker C. Stepping behavior and muscle activity of dairy cows on uncomfortable standing surfaces presented under 1 or 4 legs. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:295-304. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ternman E, Pastell M, Agenäs S, Strasser C, Winckler C, Nielsen PP, Hänninen L. Agreement between different sleep states and behaviour indicators in dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mexicano G, Montoya-Loaiza B, Ayala-Guerrero F. Sleep characteristics in the quail Coturnix coturnix. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:167-72. [PMID: 24582668 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As mammals, birds exhibit two sleep phases, slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep characterized by presenting different electrophysiological patterns of brain activity. During SWS a high amplitude slow wave pattern in brain activity is observed. This activity is substituted by a low amplitude fast frequency pattern during REM sleep. Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) is an animal model that has provided information related to different physiological mechanisms present in man. There are reports related to its electrophysiological brain activity, however the sleep characteristics that have been described are not. The objectives of this study is describing the sleep characteristics throughout the nychthemeral cycle of the common quail and consider this bird species as an avian model to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of sleep. Experiments were carried out in implanted exemplars of C. coturnix. Under general anesthesia induced by ether inhalation, stainless steel electrodes were placed to register brain activity from the anterior and posterior areas during 24 continuous hours throughout the sleep-wake cycle. Ocular and motor activities were visually monitored. Quail showed four electrophysiologically and behaviorally different states of vigilance: wakefulness (53.28%), drowsiness (14.27%), slow wave sleep (30.47%) and REM sleep (1.98%). The animals presented 202 REM sleep episodes throughout the nychthemeral cycle. Sleep distribution was polyphasic; however sleep amount was significantly greater during the period corresponding to the night. The number of nocturnal REM sleep episodes was significantly greater than that of diurnal one. CONCLUSION The quail C. coturnix shows a polyphasic distribution of sleep; however the amount of this state of vigilance is significantly greater during the nocturnal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Mexicano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico
| | - Bibiana Montoya-Loaiza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico
| | - Fructuoso Ayala-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico.
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Burd NA, Hamer HM, Pennings B, Pellikaan WF, Senden JMG, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. Substantial Differences between Organ and Muscle Specific Tracer Incorporation Rates in a Lactating Dairy Cow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68109. [PMID: 23826365 PMCID: PMC3694909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to produce intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine labeled milk and beef for subsequent use in human nutrition research. The collection of the various organ tissues after slaughter allowed for us to gain insight into the dynamics of tissue protein turnover in vivo in a lactating dairy cow. One lactating dairy cow received a constant infusion of L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine (450 µmol/min) for 96 h. Plasma and milk were collected prior to, during, and after the stable isotope infusion. Twenty-four hours after cessation of the infusion the cow was slaughtered. The meat and samples of the various organ tissues (liver, heart, lung, udder, kidney, rumen, small intestine, and colon) were collected and stored. Approximately 210 kg of intrinsically labeled beef (bone and fat free) with an average L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichment of 1.8±0.1 mole percent excess (MPE) was obtained. The various organ tissues differed substantially in L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments in the tissue protein bound pool, the highest enrichment levels were achieved in the kidney (11.7 MPE) and the lowest enrichment levels in the skeletal muscle tissue protein of the cow (between 1.5-2.4 MPE). The estimated protein synthesis rates of the various organ tissues should be regarded as underestimates, particularly for the organs with the higher turnover rates and high secretory activity, due to the lengthened (96 h) measurement period necessary for the production of the intrinsically labeled beef. Our data demonstrates that there are relatively small differences in L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments between the various meat cuts, but substantial higher enrichment values are observed in the various organ tissues. We conclude that protein turnover rates of various organs are much higher when compared to skeletal muscle protein turnover rates in large lactating ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Burd
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M. Hamer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan M. G. Senden
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P. Gijsen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Törnqvist H, Kujala MV, Somppi S, Hänninen L, Pastell M, Krause CM, Kujala J, Vainio O. Visual event-related potentials of dogs: a non-invasive electroencephalography study. Anim Cogn 2013; 16:973-82. [PMID: 23572066 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously, social and cognitive abilities of dogs have been studied within behavioral experiments, but the neural processing underlying the cognitive events remains to be clarified. Here, we employed completely non-invasive scalp-electroencephalography in studying the neural correlates of the visual cognition of dogs. We measured visual event-related potentials (ERPs) of eight dogs while they observed images of dog and human faces presented on a computer screen. The dogs were trained to lie still with positive operant conditioning, and they were neither mechanically restrained nor sedated during the measurements. The ERPs corresponding to early visual processing of dogs were detectable at 75-100 ms from the stimulus onset in individual dogs, and the group-level data of the 8 dogs differed significantly from zero bilaterally at around 75 ms at the most posterior sensors. Additionally, we detected differences between the responses to human and dog faces in the posterior sensors at 75-100 ms and in the anterior sensors at 350-400 ms. To our knowledge, this is the first illustration of completely non-invasively measured visual brain responses both in individual dogs and within a group-level study, using ecologically valid visual stimuli. The results of the present study validate the feasibility of non-invasive ERP measurements in studies with dogs, and the study is expected to pave the way for further neurocognitive studies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Törnqvist
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,
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