1
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de Abreu RMF, Brockmann T, Villinger A, Ehlers P, Langer P. Synthesis and properties of 6-alkynyl-5-aryluracils. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:898-911. [PMID: 38711590 PMCID: PMC11070962 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of a new and straightforward chemoselective method for the synthesis of uracil-based structures by combining Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling is reported. The methodology was applied to synthesize a series of novel compounds. The tolerance of the combination of different functional groups was tested. The influence of different functional groups on the physical properties was studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, providing new insights into the potential applications of uracil-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Till Brockmann
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str.29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Mukhin EM, Savateev KV, Rusinov VL. Approaches to the synthesis of heterocyclic C-nucleosides. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72:425-481. [PMID: 37073401 PMCID: PMC10092924 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the synthetic strategies to heterocyclic C-nucleosides and covers the literature from 2011 to 2021. The main attention is paid to the following three approaches: the direct C-C coupling of a carbohydrate moiety with a preformed aglycon unit, the construction of a (pseudo)sugar residue on a pre-formed aglycon, and the construction of an aglycon on a pre-formed (pseudo)sugar. In each Section, the literature data are categorized in terms of the size of aglycon from simple to complex, the advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Mukhin
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - K. V. Savateev
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. L. Rusinov
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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3
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Shannon A, Canard B. Kill or corrupt: Mechanisms of action and drug-resistance of nucleotide analogues against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105501. [PMID: 36567022 PMCID: PMC9773703 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside/tide analogues (NAs) have long been used in the fight against viral diseases, and now present a promising option for the treatment of COVID-19. Once activated to the 5'-triphosphate state, NAs act by targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase for incorporation into the viral RNA genome. Incorporated analogues can either 'kill' (terminate) synthesis, or 'corrupt' (genetically or chemically) the RNA. Against coronaviruses, the use of NAs has been further complicated by the presence of a virally encoded exonuclease domain (nsp14) with proofreading and repair capacities. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of four promising anti-COVID-19 NAs; remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir and bemnifosbuvir. Their distinct mechanisms of action best exemplify the concept of 'killers' and 'corruptors'. We review available data regarding their ability to be incorporated and excised, and discuss the specific structural features that dictate their overall potency, toxicity, and mutagenic potential. This should guide the synthesis of novel analogues, lend insight into the potential for resistance mutations, and provide a rational basis for upcoming combinations therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Shannon
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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4
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Esposito A, Talarico G, De Fenza M, D'Alonzo D, Guaragna A. Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Cyclopentenyl Nucleosides by Palladium‐Assisted Allylic Reaction. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Esposito
- University of Naples Federico II Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples 80125 Napoli ITALY
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- University of Naples Federico II: Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Chemical Sciences ITALY
| | - Maria De Fenza
- University of Naples Federico II: Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Chemical Sciences ITALY
| | - Daniele D'Alonzo
- University of Naples Federico II: Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Chemical Sciences ITALY
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- University of Naples Federico II: Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering ITALY
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5
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Polysaccharides and Тheir Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Molecules. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020426. [PMID: 35216019 PMCID: PMC8879384 DOI: 10.3390/v14020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that our scientific resources and the medical community are not sufficiently developed to combat rapid viral spread all over the world. A number of viruses causing epidemics have already disseminated across the world in the last few years, such as the dengue or chinkungunya virus, the Ebola virus, and other coronavirus families such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The outbreaks of these infectious diseases have demonstrated the difficulty of treating an epidemic before the creation of vaccine. Different antiviral drugs already exist. However, several of them cause side effects or have lost their efficiency because of virus mutations. It is essential to develop new antiviral strategies, but ones that rely on more natural compounds to decrease the secondary effects. Polysaccharides, which have come to be known in recent years for their medicinal properties, including antiviral activities, are an excellent alternative. They are essential for the metabolism of plants, microorganisms, and animals, and are directly extractible. Polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their therapeutic properties, low toxicity, and availability, and seem to be attractive candidates as antiviral drugs of tomorrow.
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6
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Ojeda-Porras AC, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Chemical Approaches to Carbocyclic Nucleosides. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100307. [PMID: 35119191 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are at the forefront of antiviral therapy for last decades. To circumvent some of their limitations, based on their metabolism, and in order to improve their anti-viral potency and selectivity, several families of nucleoside analogues have been described through structural modifications at the sugar and heterocycles. The replacement of the oxygen of the nucleoside by a methylene has led to the family of carbocyclic (or cyclopentane) nucleoside analogues. Various potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV drugs belong to this family. Main syntheses of carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides used Diels-Alder reactions (in racemic or asymmetric series), but also started from carbohydrates (ribose, glucose), as a source of optically active compounds, which then had to be transformed into carbacycles under various conditions. The growing interest in carbocyclic nucleosides has led several groups, including ours, to develop new analogues and to explore novel routes. This article will review some of the recent chemistry developed on selected five-membered ring carbocyclic nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ojeda-Porras
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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7
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Samineni R, Eda V, Rao P, Sen S, Oruganti S. Grignard Reagents as Niche Bases in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Samineni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vishnuvardhana Eda
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Pallavi Rao
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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8
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Nucleosides and emerging viruses: a new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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9
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Huang B, Ginex T, Luque FJ, Jiang X, Gao P, Zhang J, Kang D, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Structure-Based Design and Discovery of Pyridyl-Bearing Fused Bicyclic HIV-1 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13604-13621. [PMID: 34496571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new pyridyl-bearing fused bicyclic analogues designed to target the dual-tolerant regions of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-binding pocket were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activities. Several compounds, such as 6, 14, 15, 21, 30, and 33, were found to be potent inhibitors against the wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain or multiple NNRTI-resistant strains at low nanomolar levels. Detailed structure-activity relationships were obtained by utilizing the variation of moieties within the corresponding pharmacophores. In vitro metabolic stability profiles and some drug-like properties of selected compounds were assessed, furnishing the preliminary structure-metabolic stability relationships. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies elucidated the binding modes of compounds 6, 15, 21, and 30 in the binding pocket of WT, E138K, K103N, or Y181C HIV-1 RTs. These promising compounds can be used as lead compounds and warrant further structural optimization to yield more active HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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10
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Pribut N, D'Erasmo M, Dasari M, Giesler KE, Iskandar S, Sharma SK, Bartsch PW, Raghuram A, Bushnev A, Hwang SS, Burton SL, Derdeyn CA, Basson AE, Liotta DC, Miller EJ. ω-Functionalized Lipid Prodrugs of HIV NtRTI Tenofovir with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12917-12937. [PMID: 34459598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is the cornerstone nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI) in many combination antiretroviral therapies prescribed to patients living with HIV/AIDS. Due to poor cell permeability and oral bioavailability, TFV is administered as one of two FDA-approved prodrugs, both of which metabolize prematurely in the liver and/or plasma. This premature prodrug processing depletes significant fractions of each oral dose and causes toxicity in kidney, bone, and liver with chronic administration. Although TFV exalidex (TXL), a phospholipid-derived prodrug of TFV, was designed to address this issue, clinical pharmacokinetic studies indicated substantial hepatic extraction, redirecting clinical development of TXL toward HBV. To circumvent this metabolic liability, we synthesized and evaluated ω-functionalized TXL analogues with dramatically improved hepatic stability. This effort led to the identification of compounds 21 and 23, which exhibited substantially longer t1/2 values than TXL in human liver microsomes, potent anti-HIV activity in vitro, and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pribut
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Michael D'Erasmo
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Madhuri Dasari
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kyle E Giesler
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sabrina Iskandar
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Savita K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Perry W Bartsch
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Akshay Raghuram
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anatoliy Bushnev
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Soyon S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Adriaan E Basson
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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11
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Tvrdoňová M, Elečko J, Gonda J. A convenient synthesis of branched-chain nucleoside isothiocyanates via aza-Claisen rearrangement. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:943-967. [PMID: 34455922 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1966799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled introduction of a nitrogen atom at either C-2' or C-3' positions of nucleosides derived from uridine, 4-N-benzoylcytidine and adenosine was investigated. An efficient and rapid procedure was employed for creating new chiral centers at C-2' and C-3' positions using [3,3]-sigmatropic aza-Claisen rearrangement of allyl thiocyanates under conventional and microwave conditions. Structure of isothiocyanate products was confirmed by 1-D and 2-D NMR spectral analyses including selective 1H 1-D-NOE experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tvrdoňová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Elečko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Gonda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
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12
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Matić J, Jukić M, Ismaili H, Saftić D, Ban Ž, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Opačak-Bernardi T, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Žinić B. 6-Morpholino- and 6-amino-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives. Synthesis, computational analysis, and biological activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:470-503. [PMID: 33709867 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1896001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel 6-chloro/morpholino/amino/-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives was accomplished in two ways, either (i) involving the condensation reaction of 6-chloropurine with commercially available arylsulfonyl chlorides in acetone and the presence of aqueous KOH at 0 °C, followed by the substitution of C6-chlorine with morpholine, or (ii) employing a reversed synthetic approach where 6-morpholinopurine and commercially available adenine bases were reacted with the corresponding alkyl, 2-arylethene and arylsulfonyl chlorides giving the N9 sulfonylated products, the latter particularly used where prior nonselective sulfonylation was observed. In both approaches, the sulfonylation reaction occurred regioselectively at the purine N9 position lacking any concurrent N7 derivatives, except in the case of a smaller methyl substituent on SO2 and the free amino group at C6 of the purine ring. The tautomeric features of initial N9 unsubstituted purines, as well as stability trends among the prepared N-9-sulfonylpurine derivates, were investigated using DFT calculations with an important conclusion that electron-donating C6 substituents are beneficial for the synthesis as they both promote the predominance of the desired N9 tautomers and help to assure the stability of the final products. The newly synthesized 6-morpholino and 6-amino-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives showed antiproliferative activity on human carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia cells. Among the tested compounds, 6-morpholino 17 and 6-amino 22 derivatives, with trans-β-styrenesulfonyl group attached at the N9 position of purine, proved to be the most effective antiproliferative agents, causing accumulation of leukemia cells in subG0 cell cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Matić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Jukić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hamit Ismaili
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Dijana Saftić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Ban
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tana Tandarić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Alkoxylalkyl Esters of Nucleotide Analogs Inhibit Polyomavirus DNA Replication and Large T Antigen Activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01641-20. [PMID: 33288638 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01641-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus infections occur commonly in humans and are normally nonfatal. However, in immunocompromised individuals, they are intractable and frequently fatal. Due to a lack of approved drugs to treat polyomavirus infections, cidofovir, a phosphonate nucleotide analog approved to treat cytomegalovirus infections, has been repurposed as an antipolyomavirus agent. Cidofovir has been modified in various ways to improve its efficacies as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. However, the actual mechanisms and targets of cidofovir and its modified derivatives as antipolyomavirus agents are still under research. Here, polyomavirus large tumor antigen (Tag) activities were identified as the viral target of cidofovir derivatives. The alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir efficiently inhibit polyomavirus DNA replication in cell-free human extracts and a viral in vitro replication system utilizing only purified proteins. We present evidence that DNA helicase and DNA binding activities of polyomavirus Tags are diminished in the presence of low concentrations of alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir, suggesting that the inhibition of viral DNA replication is at least in part mediated by inhibiting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding activities of Tags. These findings show that the alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir are effective in vitro without undergoing further conversions, and we conclude that the inhibitory mechanisms of nucleotide analog-based drugs are more complex than previously believed.
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14
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Oukhrib R, Abdellaoui Y, Berisha A, Abou Oualid H, Halili J, Jusufi K, Ait El Had M, Bourzi H, El Issami S, Asmary FA, Parmar VS, Len C. DFT, Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations for the prediction of corrosion inhibition efficiency of novel pyrazolylnucleosides on Cu(111) surface in acidic media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3771. [PMID: 33580143 PMCID: PMC7881149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Five novel pyrazolylnucleosides have been evaluated theoretically for their corrosion inhibition efficiency on the Cu(111) surface in acidic media. DFT calculations were carried out to exhibit the intrinsic properties such as lowest unoccupied (ELUMO) and highest occupied (EHOMO) molecular orbital energies, as well as energy gap (∆E), chemical hardness (η), chemical softness (σ), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity (ω) and nucleophilicity (ε). The theoretical FT-IR spectra were recorded to indicate the presence of the specific bonds in the studied molecules. The surface interactions between the inhibitor molecules and the metal surface were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. As a result, we have found that the inhibitor pyrazolylnucleosides 5a-e have strong interactions with Cu(111) surface, and therefore have excellent predictive inhibition power against copper corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Oukhrib
- Apply Chemistry-Physic Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Youness Abdellaoui
- Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Avni Berisha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematics Science, University of Prishtina, 10000, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Hicham Abou Oualid
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Green Enenrgy Park, IRESEN, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Jeton Halili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematics Science, University of Prishtina, 10000, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Kaltrina Jusufi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematics Science, University of Prishtina, 10000, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Mustapha Ait El Had
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, substances naturelles et Réactivité (URAC 16), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Faculty of Sciences and Technics Marrakech (FSTMG), Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Hassan Bourzi
- Apply Chemistry-Physic Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Souad El Issami
- Apply Chemistry-Physic Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Fatmah Ali Asmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11225, USA
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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A theoretical insight into the reducing properties of bicyclic dithia hydrocarbons and hetero-bicyclic dithiolopyrrolone compounds with rotation-restricted planar disulfide linkage. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Gonçalves BC, Lopes Barbosa MG, Silva Olak AP, Belebecha Terezo N, Nishi L, Watanabe MA, Marinello P, Zendrini Rechenchoski D, Dejato Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antiviral therapies: advances and perspectives. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:305-320. [PMID: 33011993 PMCID: PMC7675511 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause high morbidity and mortality, threaten public health, and impose a socioeconomic burden. We have seen the recent emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), the causative agent of COVID‐19 that has already infected more than 29 million people, with more than 900 000 deaths since its identification in December 2019. Considering the significant impact of viral infections, research and development of new antivirals and control strategies are essential. In this paper, we summarize 96 antivirals approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1987 and 2019. Of these, 49 (51%) are used in treatments against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), four against human papillomavirus, six against cytomegalovirus, eight against hepatitis B virus, five against influenza, six against herpes simplex virus, 17 against hepatitis C virus and one against respiratory syncytial virus. This review also describes future perspectives for new antiviral therapies such as nanotechnologies, monoclonal antibodies and the CRISPR‐Cas system. These strategies are suggested as inhibitors of viral replication by various means, such as direct binding to the viral particle, blocking the infection, changes in intracellular mechanisms or viral genes, preventing replication and virion formation. We also observed that a large number of viral agents have no therapy available and the majority of those approved in the last 32 years are restricted to some groups, especially anti‐HIV. Additionally, the emergence of new viruses and strains resistant to available antivirals has necessitated the formulation of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mário Gabriel Lopes Barbosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Silva Olak
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Belebecha Terezo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Nishi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Watanabe
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Daniele Zendrini Rechenchoski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Lígia Carla Faccin-Galhardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
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17
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Dentmon ZW, Kaiser TM, Liotta DC. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of a Series of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-thionucleoside Monophosphate Prodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E5165. [PMID: 33171951 PMCID: PMC7664256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4'-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (μM) to >200 μM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4'-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery W. Dentmon
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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18
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Efficient Synthesis of α-Branched Purine-Based Acyclic Nucleosides: Scopes and Limitations of the Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184307. [PMID: 32961820 PMCID: PMC7571146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient route to acylated acyclic nucleosides containing a branched hemiaminal ether moiety is reported via three-component alkylation of N-heterocycle (purine nucleobase) with acetal (cyclic or acyclic, variously branched) and anhydride (preferentially acetic anhydride). The procedure employs cheap and easily available acetals, acetic anhydride, and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf). The multi-component reaction is carried out in acetonitrile at room temperature for 15 min and provides moderate to high yields (up to 88%) of diverse acyclonucleosides branched at the aliphatic side chain. The procedure exhibits a broad substrate scope of N-heterocycles and acetals, and, in the case of purine derivatives, also excellent regioselectivity, giving almost exclusively N-9 isomers.
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19
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Matos de Souza MR, Cunha MS, Okon A, Monteiro FLL, Campanati L, Wagner CR, da Costa LJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Anti-Zika Virus Activity of ProTides of 2'-C-β-Methylguanosine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1650-1658. [PMID: 32525653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ProTide approach has emerged as a powerful tool to improve the intracellular delivery of nucleotide analogs with antiviral and anticancer activity. Here, we characterized the anti-ZIKV (ZIKV, Zika virus) activity of two ProTides of 2'-C-β-methylguanosine. ProTide UMN-1001 is a 2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate monoester, and ProTide UMN-1002 is a 2-(methylthio)-ethyl-2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate diester. UMN-1002 undergoes stepwise intracellular activation to the corresponding nucleotide monophosphate followed by P-N bond cleavage by intracellular histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (Hint1). UMN-1001 is activated by Hint1 but is less cell-permeable than UMN-1002. UMN-1001 and UMN-1002 were found to be more potent than 2'-C-β-methylguanosine against ZIKV in human-derived microvascular endothelial and neuroblastoma cells and in reducing ZIKV RNA replication. Studies with a newborn mouse model of ZIKV infection demonstrated that, while treatment with 2'-C-β-methylguanosine and UMN-1001 was lethal, treatment with UMN-1002 was nontoxic and significantly reduced ZIKV infection. Our data suggests that anchimeric activated ProTides of 2'-C-β-methyl nucleosides should be further investigated for their potential as anti-ZIKV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aniekan Okon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Abu-Zaied M, Hammad SF, Halaweish FT, Elgemeie GH. Sofosbuvir Thio-analogues: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of the First Novel Pyridine- and Pyrimidine-Based Thioglycoside Phosphoramidates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14645-14655. [PMID: 32596602 PMCID: PMC7315579 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiviral screening of the first reported series of pyridine- and pyrimidine-based thioglycoside phosphoramidates are herein reported. They were prepared through two synthetic steps: The first step is via coupling of mercapto-derivatized heterocyclic bases with the appropriate α-bromo per-acetylated sugars. The second one is the hydrolysis of the acetate esters under basic conditions that were consequently conjugated with the phosphoramidating reagent to afford the desired thioglycoside protides. Eight compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against different viral cell lines, namely, adenovirus 7, HAV (hepatitis A) HM175, Coxsackievirus B4, and HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1), in addition to the antiviral bioassay against ED-43/SG-Feo (VYG) replicon of HCV (hepatitis C virus) genotype 4a. Both compounds 5b and 11 showed notable antiviral activity against Coxsackie virus B4, reflected from the CC50 values of 17 and 20 μg/100 μL and IC50 values of 4.5 and 6.0 μg/100 μL, respectively. Same two compounds elicited remarkable activities toward herpes simplex virus type 1, represented by CC50 values of 17 and 16 μg/100 μL and IC50 values of 6.3 and 6.6 μg/100 μL, respectively. Combination of 11 with acyclovir elicited a notable synergistic activity in comparison with acyclovir alone, as inferred from herpes simplex polymerase enzyme inhibitory assay values of 2.64 and 4.78 μg/100 mL, respectively. Only compound 11 elicited a remarkable activity against HCV. Potential promising activities of compound 11 have been shown with respect to CC50, IC50, and enzyme assay inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherif F. Hammad
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Basic
and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan
University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O Box 179, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Fathi T. Halaweish
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota
State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Galal Hamza Elgemeie
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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21
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Chudinov MV. Nucleoside Analogs with Fleximer Nucleobase. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020; 56:636-643. [PMID: 32836313 PMCID: PMC7364132 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review article is devoted to the so-called fleximer nucleoside analogs, containing two or more planar moieties in the heterocyclic base, connected by a bond that permits rotation. Such analogs have been proposed as molecular probes for detecting enzyme–substrate interactions and studying the transcription and translation of nucleic acids, but subsequently have attracted the interest of researchers by their antiviral and antitumor activity. The methods used in the synthesis of such compounds, along with their structural features and also biological activity are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Chudinov
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnology, 78 Vernadsky Ave, Moscow, 119454 Russia
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22
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Prutkov AN, Chudinov MV, Matveev AV, Grebenkina LE, Akimov MG, Berezovskaya YV. 5-alkylvinyl-1,2,4-triazole nucleosides: Synthesis and biological evaluation. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:943-963. [PMID: 32126895 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1723624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Some 5-substituted ribavirin analogues have a high antiviral and anticancer activity, but their mechanisms of action are obviously not the same as their parent compound. The SAR studies performed on 3 (5)-substituted 1,2,4-triazole nucleosides have shown a high dependency between the structure of the 3 (5)-substituent and the level of antiviral/anticancer activity. The most active substances of the row contain coplanar with the 1,2,4-triazole ring aromatic substituent which is connected by a rigid ethynyl bond. However, the compounds with the trans-vinyl linker also had antiviral activity. We decided to study the antitumor activity of ribavirin analogues with alkyl/aryl vinyl substituents in the 5th position of the 1,2,4-triazole ring. Protected nucleoside analogues with various 5-alkylvinyl substituents were obtained by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction from the common precursor and converted to the nucleosides. Arylvinyl nucleosides were synthesised according the reported procedures. All compounds did not show significant antiproliferative activity on several tumour cell lines. Coplanar aromatic motif in the 5-substituent for the anticancer activity manifestation was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Prutkov
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Chudinov
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Matveev
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov E Grebenkina
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail G Akimov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Berezovskaya
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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23
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Yadav Y, Sharma D, Kaushik K, Kumar V, Jha A, Prasad AK, Len C, Malhotra SV, Wengel J, Parmar VS. Synthetic, Structural, and Anticancer Activity Evaluation Studies on Novel Pyrazolylnucleosides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213922. [PMID: 31671703 PMCID: PMC6864788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel pyrazolylnucleosides 3a–e, 4a–e, 5a–e, and 6a–e are described. The structures of the regioisomers were elucidated by using extensive NMR studies. The pyrazolylnucleosides 5a–e and 6a–e were screened for anticancer activities on sixty human tumor cell lines. The compound 6e showed good activity against 39 cancer cell lines. In particular, it showed significant inhibition against the lung cancer cell line Hop-92 (GI50 9.3 µM) and breast cancer cell line HS 578T (GI50 3.0 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
- SUN Pharmaceuticals R&D, Gurgaon, Sarhaul, Sector-18, Haryana-122 015, India.
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Sri Venkateswara College, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 021, India.
| | - Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 2170, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 1050A Arastradero Road, A252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Amitabh Jha
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Ashok K Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences-i-CLeHS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 2170, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 1050A Arastradero Road, A252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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24
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Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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The Human Cytomegalovirus UL38 protein drives mTOR-independent metabolic flux reprogramming by inhibiting TSC2. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007569. [PMID: 30677091 PMCID: PMC6363234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces several metabolic activities that are essential for viral replication. Despite the important role that this metabolic modulation plays during infection, the viral mechanisms involved are largely unclear. We find that the HCMV UL38 protein is responsible for many aspects of HCMV-mediated metabolic activation, with UL38 being necessary and sufficient to drive glycolytic activation and induce the catabolism of specific amino acids. UL38's metabolic reprogramming role is dependent on its interaction with TSC2, a tumor suppressor that inhibits mTOR signaling. Further, shRNA-mediated knockdown of TSC2 recapitulates the metabolic phenotypes associated with UL38 expression. Notably, we find that in many cases the metabolic flux activation associated with UL38 expression is largely independent of mTOR activity, as broad spectrum mTOR inhibition does not impact UL38-mediated induction of glycolysis, glutamine consumption, or the secretion of proline or alanine. In contrast, the induction of metabolite concentrations observed with UL38 expression are largely dependent on active mTOR. Collectively, our results indicate that the HCMV UL38 protein induces a pro-viral metabolic environment via inhibition of TSC2.
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26
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Eletskaya BZ, Gruzdev DA, Krasnov VP, Levit GL, Kostromina MA, Paramonov AS, Kayushin AL, Muzyka IS, Muravyova TI, Esipov RS, Andronova VL, Galegov GA, Charushin VN, Miroshnikov AI, Konstantinova ID. Enzymatic synthesis of novel purine nucleosides bearing a chiral benzoxazine fragment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:605-616. [PMID: 30561886 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides bearing 2-aminopurine as a nucleobase with 7,8-difluoro- 3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-[1,4]benzoxazine (conjugated directly or through an aminohexanoyl spacer) was synthesized using an enzymatic transglycosylation reaction. Nucleosides 3-6 were resistant to deamination under action of adenosine deaminase (ADA) Escherichia coli and ADA from calf intestine. The antiviral activity of the modified nucleosides was evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, strain L2). It has been shown that at sub-toxic concentrations, nucleoside (S)-4-[2-amino-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-purin-6-yl]-7,8-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-[1,4]benzoxazine exhibit significant antiviral activity (SI > 32) on the model of HSV-1 in vitro, including an acyclovir-resistant virus strain (HSV-1, strain L2/R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Z Eletskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gruzdev
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Victor P Krasnov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina L Levit
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maria A Kostromina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Paramonov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei L Kayushin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inessa S Muzyka
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Muravyova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman S Esipov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria L Andronova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology (Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy A Galegov
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology (Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly I Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina D Konstantinova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Rico L, Hanessian S. Synthesis of 1',2'-methano-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides as potential antivirals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:597-600. [PMID: 30612845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of constrained nucleosides has become an important tool to understand the SAR in the interaction between biological and synthetic nucleotides in the context of antisense oligonucleotide therapy. The incorporation of a cyclopropane into a furanose ring of a nucleoside induces some degree of constrain without affecting significantly the steric environment of a nucleoside. Here, we report a new, short and stereocontrolled synthesis of two constrained nucleosides analogues, 1',2'- methano-2',3'-dideoxyuridine 9, and the corresponding cytidine analog 12. X-ray crystallography revealed that the furanose ring in the constrained uridine and cytidine analogues was flattened with virtual loss of pseudorotation. The phosphoramidate esters of the novel constrained uridine and cytidine nucleosides, intended as prodrugs, were tested in cell-based assays for viral replication across the herpes virus family and HIV inhibition courtesy of Merck laboratories, Rahway. They were also tested in antiproliferative assays against colorectal and melanoma cell lines. Unfortunately, none of the compounds showed activity in these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rico
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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28
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Ching KC, F P Ng L, Chai CLL. A compendium of small molecule direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors as therapies against alphaviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2973-2989. [PMID: 28981632 PMCID: PMC7110243 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses were amongst the first arboviruses to be isolated, characterized and assigned a taxonomic status. They are globally widespread, infecting a large variety of terrestrial animals, birds, insects and even fish. Moreover, they are capable of surviving and circulating in both sylvatic and urban environments, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. The re-emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in almost every part of the world has caused alarm to many health agencies throughout the world. The mosquito vector for this virus, Aedes, is globally distributed in tropical and temperate regions and capable of thriving in both rural and urban landscapes, giving the opportunity for CHIKV to continue expanding into new geographical regions. Despite the importance of alphaviruses as human pathogens, there is currently no targeted antiviral treatment available for alphavirus infection. This mini-review discusses some of the major features in the replication cycle of alphaviruses, highlighting the key viral targets and host components that participate in alphavirus replication and the molecular functions that were used in drug design. Together with describing the importance of these targets, we review the various direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors, specifically small molecules that have been discovered and developed as potential therapeutics as well as their reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Ching
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, #04-06, Singapore 138648.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01T, Singapore 117599.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L697BE, UK
| | - Christina L L Chai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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29
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30
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment. This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs. It is written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, and for chemists unfamiliar with the field. Numerous modifications have been made to the nucleoside scaffold in order to impart therapeutic benefits. Nucleoside modifications led to the development of potent antivirals such as acyclovir, entecavir, and tenofovir. We examine thought processes, progress in synthetic chemistry and results of antiviral testing that led to approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Patejko M, Struck-Lewicka W, Siluk D, Waszczuk-Jankowska M, Markuszewski MJ. Urinary Nucleosides and Deoxynucleosides. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 83:1-51. [PMID: 29304899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urinary nucleosides and deoxynucleosides are mainly known as metabolites of RNA turnover and oxidative damage of DNA. For several decades these metabolites have been examined for their potential use in disease states including cancer and oxidative stress. Subsequent improvements in analytical sensitivity and specificity have provided a reliable means to measure these unique molecules to better assess their relationship to physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. In fact, some are currently used as antiviral and antitumor agents. In this review we provide insight into their molecular characteristics, highlight current separation techniques and detection methods, and explore potential clinical usefulness.
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32
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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33
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Wu H, Kwaaitaal M, Strugala R, Schaffrath U, Bednarek P, Panstruga R. Chemical suppressors of mlo-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171389. [PMID: 29127104 PMCID: PMC5725617 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function of barley mildew locus o (Mlo) confers durable broad-spectrum penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). Given the importance of mlo mutants in agriculture, surprisingly few molecular components have been identified to be required for this type of resistance in barley. With the aim to identify novel cellular factors contributing to mlo-based resistance, we devised a pharmacological inhibitor screen. Of the 41 rationally chosen compounds tested, five caused a partial suppression of mlo resistance in barley, indicated by increased levels of Bgh host cell entry. These chemicals comprise brefeldin A (BFA), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), 2-deoxy-d-glucose, spermidine, and 1-aminobenzotriazole. Further inhibitor analysis corroborated a key role for both anterograde and retrograde endomembrane trafficking in mlo resistance. In addition, all four ribonucleosides, some ribonucleoside derivatives, two of the five nucleobases (guanine and uracil), some guanine derivatives as well as various polyamines partially suppress mlo resistance in barley via yet unknown mechanisms. Most of the chemicals identified to be effective in partially relieving mlo resistance in barley also to some extent compromised powdery mildew resistance in an Arabidopsis mlo2 mlo6 double mutant. In summary, our study identified novel suppressors of mlo resistance that may serve as valuable probes to unravel further the molecular processes underlying this unusual type of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpo Wu
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roxana Strugala
- Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznán, Poland
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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34
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Rovira AR, Tor Y. Synthesis of unique spirocyclic orthoester-type derivatives of isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine nucleosides. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:342-344. [PMID: 28743975 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A set of unique nucleoside analogs, containing 'spirocyclic orthoester-type' scaffolds, were synthesized from a common isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-riboside precursor. The key reaction, using 1,2-di-heteroatomic nucleophiles (e.g., 1,2-ethandithiol) and BF3•OEt2, converts an exocyclic imine into the spirocyclic analogs. The novel structural scaffold is confirmed through the use of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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35
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Adamska A, Rumijowska-Galewicz A, Ruszczynska A, Studzińska M, Jabłońska A, Paradowska E, Bulska E, Munier-Lehmann H, Dziadek J, Leśnikowski ZJ, Olejniczak AB. Anti-mycobacterial activity of thymine derivatives bearing boron clusters. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Golla VM, Kurmi M, Shaik K, Singh S. Stability behaviour of antiretroviral drugs and their combinations. 4: Characterization of degradation products of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and comparison of its degradation and stability behaviour with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:146-155. [PMID: 27589032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, stress degradation behaviour of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), a novel prodrug of tenofovir, was investigated and compared with currently used prodrug congener, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), whose intrinsic stability was reported by us earlier [14]. Also, pH stability and gastrointestinal stability studies were conducted on both the drugs. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of stressed samples of TAF revealed formation of six degradation products (DPs) against twelve characterized earlier in the case of TDF (RSC Adv. 5(2015) 96117-96129). Like TDF, characterization of DPs of TAF was done by using sophisticated hyphenated liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) tools. pH-stability studies between pH 1.2-10 revealed greater stability of TAF, except in acidic conditions, where TAF was degraded extensively. Investigation of gastrointestinal stability in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and fed state simulated gastric fluid (FeSSGF) suggested that TAF must be administered in fed state, as the drug was practically stable in FeSSGF as compared to extensive loss at acidic pH and in SGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Madhyanapu Golla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67(,) S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Moolchand Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67(,) S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Karimullah Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67(,) S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67(,) S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India.
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