1
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De Oro-Carretero P, Sanz-Landaluze J. In vitro approach to refine bioconcentration and biotransformation predictions of organic persistent pollutants using cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143020. [PMID: 39103099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The application of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation has recently concentrated its efforts on utilizing cellular systems to predict toxicity in organisms. In this context, while refining the data obtained from cell lines, this study assesses their bioaccumulation potential and various methods for extrapolating the in vitro metabolization rate constant to support modelled bioaccumulation assessments for fish and their limitations. For this purpose, the concentrations of the parent compound, phenanthrene, and its major metabolites within the cells and in the medium at various exposure times were quantified. A chemical distribution model (mass balance) was applied to calculate the concentrations of the cell-bioaccessible compounds (Cfree) based on the experimentally determined concentrations. An elevated matching was observed between the in vitro bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the in vivo BCFs reported in the literature for zebrafish liver cells (ZFL). This study demonstrates the importance of further investigating in vitro biotransformation kinetics. The results obtained with the approach developed here provide valuable information to enhance current models. Additionally, it underscores the potential of cell lines as a strategy for rapid, simple, and cost-effective predictions without the need for animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma De Oro-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jon Sanz-Landaluze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Constantine LA, Burden N, Davidson T, Dolan DG, Janer G, Häner A, Lee MR, Maynard SK, Nfon E, Nimrod Perkins A, Ryan JJ, Tell J. Evaluation of the EMA log kow trigger for fish BCF testing based on data for several human pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 151:105651. [PMID: 38825065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In the European Medicines Agency (EMA) "Guideline for Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use," a fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) study is triggered in Phase I for pharmaceuticals having log Kow >4.5, to support Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) screening, and in Phase II to assess secondary poisoning and bioaccumulation ('B') potential when log Kow ≥3. The standard sampling schedule outlined in OECD Test Guideline 305 (TG305) may require assessment of approximately 200 fish following exposure to low- and high-test concentrations and a negative control. We report experimental log Kow and BCF values for 64 human pharmaceuticals that were used to evaluate the current BCF testing trigger of log Kow ≥3, and whether a single BCF exposure concentration allows accurate classification of bioaccumulation potential. Our data support raising the BCF testing trigger to log Kow ≥4, and use of a single test concentration. The resulting reduction in the use of fish is consistent with the 3 R s principle and did not adversely affect classification accuracy. An assessment of potential risk of secondary poisoning was also conducted for three drugs classified as either B or vB, and no risks were identified.
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3
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Kolanczyk RC, Solem LE, Schmieder PK, McKim JM. A Comparative Study of Phase I and II Hepatic Microsomal Biotransformation of Phenol in Three Species of Salmonidae: Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenylglucuronide Formation. FISHES 2024; 9:1-20. [PMID: 39380839 PMCID: PMC11457070 DOI: 10.3390/fishes9070284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 °C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubations were optimized for time, cofactor concentration, pH, and microsomal protein concentration. Formation of Phase I ring-hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation metabolites was quantified using HPLC with dual-channel electrochemical and UV detection. The biotransformation of phenol over a range of substrate concentrations (1 to 180 mM) was quantified, and the Michaelis-Menten kinetics constants, Km and Vmax, for the formation of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenylglucuronide (PG) were calculated. Species differences were noted in the Km values for Phase I enzyme production of HQ and CAT, with the following rank order of apparent enzyme affinity for substrate: RBT > BKT = LKT. However, no apparent differences in the Km for Phase II metabolism of phenol to PG were detected. Conversely, while there were no apparent differences in Vmax between species for HQ or CAT formation, the apparent maximum capacity for PG formation was significantly less in LKT than that observed for RBT and BKT. These experiments provide a means to quantify metabolic activation and deactivation of xenobiotics in fish, to compare activation and deactivation reactions across species, and to act as a guide for future predictions of new chemical biotransformation pathways and rates in fish. These experiments provided the necessary rate and capacity (Km and Vmax) inputs that are required to parameterize a fish physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for a reactive chemical that is readily biotransformed, such as phenol. In the future, an extensive database of these rate and capacity parameters on important fish species for selected chemical structures will be needed to allow the effective use of predictive models for reactive, biotransformation chemicals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Kolanczyk
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great
Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804,
USA
| | - Laura E. Solem
- National Research Council, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth,
MN 55804, USA
| | - Patricia K. Schmieder
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great
Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804,
USA
| | - James M. McKim
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great
Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804,
USA
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4
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Carter LJ, Armitage JM, Brooks BW, Nichols JW, Trapp S. Predicting the Accumulation of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:502-512. [PMID: 35920339 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which chemicals bioaccumulate in aquatic and terrestrial organisms represents a fundamental consideration for chemicals management efforts intended to protect public health and the environment from pollution and waste. Many chemicals, including most pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), are ionizable across environmentally relevant pH gradients, which can affect their fate in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Existing mathematical models describe the accumulation of neutral organic chemicals and weak acids and bases in both fish and plants. Further model development is hampered, however, by a lack of mechanistic insights for PPCPs that are predominantly or permanently ionized. Targeted experiments across environmentally realistic conditions are needed to address the following questions: (1) What are the partitioning and sorption behaviors of strongly ionizing chemicals among species? (2) How does membrane permeability of ions influence bioaccumulation of PPCPs? (3) To what extent are salts and associated complexes with PPCPs influencing bioaccumulation? (4) How do biotransformation and other elimination processes vary within and among species? (5) Are bioaccumulation modeling efforts currently focused on chemicals and species with key data gaps and risk profiles? Answering these questions promises to address key sources of uncertainty for bioaccumulation modeling of ionizable PPCPs and related contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:502-512. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Carter
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom and Northern Ireland
| | | | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - John W Nichols
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Zhai Y, Wang H, Lin X, Xia X. Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) investigated with PBTK model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:116313-116324. [PMID: 37910354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lipophilicity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are easily accumulated in fish. However, the research on PAH bioaccumulation process in different fish tissues and the relevant effect mechanisms are still deficient. The bioconcentration of PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) in different zebrafish tissues (skin, fish muscle, gill, digestive tract, liver, gonad, and residual) was studied. It was found that there was a difference in the PAH concentrations in different zebrafish tissues. Compared with other tissues, the PAH concentration was highest in the skin and lowest in the fish muscle. For example, the steady-state concentration of phenanthrene in the skin was nearly five times higher than that in the muscle. PAH distribution was related with the lipid contents in different zebrafish tissues; however, the correlation was not significant (p > 0.05), indicating that the lipid content was not the determining factor for the PAH distribution. The distribution was also affected by the bioconcentration kinetics of PAHs in different zebrafish tissues, and the PAH hydrophobic properties. In addition, the physiological based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model showed good performance in predicting PAH internal concentrations, and it may be used to predict the concentrations of PAHs in different fish tissues in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, 834000, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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6
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Chen M, Du R, Zhang T, Li C, Bao W, Xin F, Hou S, Yang Q, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhu A. The Application of a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Model in Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:874. [PMID: 37888724 PMCID: PMC10611306 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics plays a crucial role in the health risk assessments of xenobiotics. Classical compartmental models are limited in their ability to determine chemical concentrations in specific organs or tissues, particularly target organs or tissues, and their limited interspecific and exposure route extrapolation hinders satisfactory health risk assessment. In contrast, physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models quantitatively describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals across various exposure routes and doses in organisms, establishing correlations with toxic effects. Consequently, PBTK models serve as potent tools for extrapolation and provide a theoretical foundation for health risk assessment and management. This review outlines the construction and application of PBTK models in health risk assessment while analyzing their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chutao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qiaomei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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7
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Hou R, Zhang S, Huang Q, Lin L, Li H, Li J, Liu S, Sun C, Xu X. Role of Gastrointestinal Microbiota from Crucian Carp in Microbial Transformation and Estrogenicity Modification of Novel Plastic Additives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11476-11488. [PMID: 37462611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion is a major exposure route for hydrophobic organic pollutants in fish, but the microbial transformation and estrogenic modification of the novel plastic additives by the gut microbiota of fish remain obscure. Using an in vitro approach, we provide evidence that structure-related transformation of various plastic additives by the gastric and intestinal (GI) microbiota from crucian carp, with the degradation ratio of bisphenols and triphenyl phosphate faster than those of brominated compounds. The degradation kinetics for these pollutants could be limited by oxygen and cometabolic substrates (i.e., glucose). The fish GI microbiota could utilize the vast majority of carbon sources in a Biolog EcoPlate, suggesting their high metabolic potential and ability to transform various organic compounds. Unique microorganisms associated with transformation of the plastic additives including genera of Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and some unclassified genera in Enterobacteriaceae were identified by combining high-throughput genetic analyses and metagenomic analyses. Through identification of anaerobic transformation products by high-resolution mass spectrometry, alkyl-cleavage was found the common transformation mechanism, and hydrolysis was the major pathway for ester-containing pollutants. After anaerobic incubation, the estrogenic activities of triphenyl phosphate and bisphenols A, F, and AF declined, whereas that of bisphenol AP increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
| | - Jingxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
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8
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McLachlan MS, Ebert A, Armitage JM, Arnot JA, Droge STJ. A framework for understanding the bioconcentration of surfactants in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1238-1251. [PMID: 37350243 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a class of chemicals released in large quantities to water, and therefore bioconcentration in fish is an important component of their safety assessment. Their structural diversity, which encompasses nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic molecules with a broad range of lipophilicity, makes their evaluation challenging. A strong influence of environmental pH adds a further layer of complexity to their bioconcentration assessment. Here we present a framework that penetrates this complexity. Using simple equations derived from current understanding of the relevant underlying processes, we plot the key bioconcentration parameters (uptake rate constant, elimination rate constant and bioconcentration factor) as a function of its membrane lipid/water distribution ratio and the neutral fraction of the chemical in water at pH 8.1 and at pH 6.1. On this chemical space plot, we indicate boundaries at which four resistance terms (perfusion with water, transcellular, paracellular, and perfusion with blood) limit transport of surfactants across the gills. We then show that the bioconcentration parameters predicted by this framework align well with in vivo measurements of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants in fish. In doing so, we demonstrate how the framework can be used to explore expected differences in bioconcentration behavior within a given sub-class of surfactants, to assess how pH will influence bioconcentration, to identify the underlying processes governing bioconcentration of a particular surfactant, and to discover knowledge gaps that require further research. This framework for amphiphilic chemicals may function as a template for improved understanding of the accumulation potential of other ionizable chemicals of environmental concern, such as pharmaceuticals or dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Ebert
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - James M Armitage
- AES Armitage Environmental Sciences, Inc., Ottawa, Ontario K1L 8C3, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting Inc., Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Team Environmental Risk Assessment, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Ivanova L, Fæste CK, Solhaug A. Atlantic Salmon Gill Epithelial Cell Line (ASG-10) as a Suitable Model for Xenobiotic Biotransformation. Metabolites 2023; 13:771. [PMID: 37367928 PMCID: PMC10303838 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are exposed to xenobiotics in the water. Uptake occurs mainly through the gills, which function as an exchange point with the environment. The gills' ability to detoxify harmful compounds by biotransformation is an essential protection mechanism. The enormous numbers of waterborne xenobiotics requiring ecotoxicological assessment makes it necessary to replace in vivo fish studies with predictive in vitro models. Here, we have characterized the metabolic capacity of the ASG-10 gill epithelial cell line from Atlantic salmon. Inducible CYP1A expression was confirmed by enzymatic assays and immunoblotting. The activities of important cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes were established using specific substrates and metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS). Metabolism of the fish anesthetic benzocaine (BZ) in ASG-10 confirmed esterase and acetyl transferase activities through the production of N-acetylbenzocaine (AcBZ), p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and p-acetaminobenzoic acid (AcPABA). Moreover, we were able to determine hydroxylamine benzocaine (BZOH), benzocaine glucuronide (BZGlcA) and hydroxylamine benzocaine glucuronide (BZ(O)GlcA) by LC high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) fragment pattern analysis for the first time. Comparison to metabolite profiles in hepatic fractions, and in plasma of BZ-euthanized salmon, confirmed the suitability of the ASG-10 cell line for investigating biotransformation in gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway; (C.K.F.); (A.S.)
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10
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Saunders LJ, Nichols JW, Arnot JA, Armitage JM, Wania F. An amended in vitro- in vivo extrapolation model that accounts for first pass clearance effects on chemical bioaccumulation in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:741-754. [PMID: 36876637 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance for fish may be extrapolated to the whole animal as a means of estimating a whole-body biotransformation rate constant (kB; d-1). This estimate of kB can then be used as an input to existing bioaccumulation prediction models. Most in vitro-in vivo extrapolation/bioaccumulation (IVIVE/B) modeling efforts to date have focused on predicting the chemical bioconcentration in fish (aqueous only exposure), with less attention paid to dietary exposures. Following dietary uptake, biotransformation in the gut lumen, intestinal epithelia, and liver can reduce chemical accumulation; however, current IVIVE/B models do not consider these first pass clearance effects on dietary uptake. Here we present an amended IVIVE/B model that accounts for first pass clearance. The model is then used to examine how biotransformation in the liver and intestinal epithelia (alone or combined) may impact chemical accumulation that occurs during dietary exposure. First pass clearance by the liver can greatly reduce dietary uptake of contaminants, but these effects are only apparent at rapid rates of in vitro biotransformation (first order depletion rate constant kDEP ≥ 10 h-1). The impact of first pass clearance becomes more pronounced when biotransformation in the intestinal epithelia is included in the model. Modelled results suggest that biotransformation in the liver and intestinal epithelia cannot entirely explain reduced dietary uptake reported in several in vivo bioaccumulation tests. This unexplained reduction in dietary uptake is attributed to chemical degradation in the gut lumen. These findings underscore the need for research to directly investigate luminal biotransformation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Saunders
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - John W Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M Armitage
- AES Armitage Environmental Sciences Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Attwa MW, Alanazi MM. Rapid LC-MS/MS Bosutinib Quantification with Applications in Metabolic Stability Estimation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041641. [PMID: 36838629 PMCID: PMC9965169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bosutinib (BOS) is FDA approved drug for the treatment of chronic phase (CP) Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We report a fast, sensitive, and simple LC-MS/MS method, validated for the determination of BOS in human liver microsomes, utilizing tofacitinib (TOF) as the internal standard. The separation of BOS and TOF was done using a 1.8 μm C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm) at room temperature using the isocratic elution system of acetonitrile-water (30:70, v/v) containing 0.1 M formic acid at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min, and a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (TQD-MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source that was operated in the positive ion mode. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency, and the rapid and specific quantification of BOS in human liver microsomes was achieved in the range of 5-200 ng/mL, with a determination coefficient of 0.999. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision values were <4% in all cases. The procedure is rapid, specific, reliable, and can be applied in metabolic stability evaluations since it is the first LC-MS/MS method specific to BOS quantification. The metabolic stability assessment of BOS showed high CLint (34.3 µL/min/mg) and short in vitro t1/2 values of 20.21 min, indicating that BOS may be rapidly eliminated from the blood by the liver.
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12
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Saunders LJ, Nichols JW. Models Used to Predict Chemical Bioaccumulation in Fish from in Vitro Biotransformation Rates Require Accurate Estimates of Blood-Water Partitioning and Chemical Volume of Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:33-45. [PMID: 36282023 PMCID: PMC10824487 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methods for extrapolating measured in vitro intrinsic clearance to a whole-body biotransformation rate constant (kB ) have been developed to support modeled bioaccumulation assessments for fish. The inclusion of extrapolated kB values into existing bioaccumulation models improves the prediction of chemical bioconcentration factors (BCFs), but there remains a tendency for these methods to overestimate BCFs relative to measured values. Therefore, a need exists to evaluate the extrapolation procedure to assess potential sources of error in predicted kB values. We examined how three different approaches (empirically based, composition based, and polyparameter linear free energy relationships [ppLFERs]) used to predict chemical partitioning in vitro (liver S9 system; KS9W ), in blood (KBW ), and in whole fish tissues (KFW ) impact the prediction of a chemical's hepatic clearance binding term (fU ) and apparent volume of distribution (VD ), both of which factor into the calculation of kB and the BCF. Each approach yielded different KS9W , KBW , and KFW values, but resulted in fU values that were of similar magnitude and remained relatively constant at log octanol-water partition ratios (KOW ) greater than 4. This is because KBW and KS9W values predicted by any given approach exhibit a similar dependence on log KOW (i.e., regression slope), which results in a cancelation of "errors" when fU is calculated. In contrast, differences in KBW values predicted by the three approaches translate to differences in VD , and by extension kB and the BCF, which become most apparent at log KOW greater than 6. There is a need to collect KBW and VD data for hydrophobic chemicals in fish that can be used to evaluate and improve existing partitioning prediction approaches in extrapolation models for fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:33-45. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Liu YH, Yao L, Huang Z, Zhang YY, Chen CE, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Enhanced prediction of internal concentrations of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and their metabolites in fish by a physiologically based toxicokinetic incorporating metabolism (PBTK-MT) model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120290. [PMID: 36180004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and triclosan (TCS) are phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are widely detected in aquatic environments and further bioaccumulated and metabolized in fish. Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models have been used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of parent compounds in fish, whereas the metabolites are less explored. In this study, a PBTK incorporating metabolism (PBTK-MT) model for BPA, 4-NP, and TCS was established to enhance the performance of the traditional PBTK model. The PBTK-MT model comprised 16 compartments, showing great accuracy in predicting the internal concentrations of three compounds and their glucuronidated and sulfated conjugates in fish. The impact of typical hepatic metabolism on the PBTK-MT model was successfully resolved by optimizing the mechanism for deriving the partition coefficients between the blood and liver. The PBTK-MT model exhibited a potential data gap-filling capacity for unknown parameters through a backward extrapolation approach of parameters. Model sensitivity analysis suggested that only five parameters were sensitive in at least two PBTK-MT models, while most parameters were insensitive. The PBTK-MT model will contribute to a well understanding of the environmental behavior and risks of pollutants in aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lee YS, Cole TR, Jhutty MS, Cantu MA, Chee B, Stelmaschuk SC, Gobas FAPC. Bioaccumulation Screening of Neutral Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Air-Breathing Organisms Using In Vitro Rat Liver S9 Biotransformation Assays. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2565-2579. [PMID: 35856879 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To advance methods for bioaccumulation assessment of organic substances in air-breathing organisms, the present study developed an in vitro approach for screening neutral hydrophobic organic substances for their bioaccumulation potential in air-breathing organisms consisting of (1) depletion assays for chemicals in rat liver S9 subcellular fractions, (2) in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, and (3) whole-organism bioaccumulation modeling to assess the biomagnification potential of neutral organic substances in the rat. Testing of the in vitro method on 14 test chemicals of potentially biomagnifying substances showed that the bioassays could be conducted with a high level of reproducibility and that in vitro-derived elimination rate constants were in good agreement with in vivo-determined elimination rate constants in the rat. Exploring the potential of the in vitro approach for screening organic chemicals for bioaccumulation in air-breathing organisms indicated that chemical substances that exhibit a depletion rate constant in the S9 in vitro bioassay ≥0.3 h-1 are not expected to biomagnify in rats independent of their octanol-water partitioning coefficient (KOW ) or octanol-air partitioning coefficient (KOA ). The high level of reproducibility achieved in the test, combined with the good agreement between in vitro-derived and in vivo-determined depuration rates, suggests that the in vitro approach in combination with a KOA - and KOW -based screening approach has good potential for screening chemicals in commerce for their bioaccumulation potential in air-breathing organisms in a cost-effective and expedient manner, especially if the bioassay can be automated. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2565-2579. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shan Lee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Talia R Cole
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manpreet S Jhutty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Cantu
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beatrice Chee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie C Stelmaschuk
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Zhang J, Tan QG, Huang L, Ye Z, Wang X, Xiao T, Wu Y, Zhang W, Yan B. Intestinal uptake and low transformation increase the bioaccumulation of inorganic arsenic in freshwater zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128904. [PMID: 35452982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenate [As(V)] is the main form of arsenic (As) present in freshwater taken up by freshwater fish. Data on the main uptake tissue, biotransformation, and bioaccumulation in freshwater fish exposed to As(V) were limited, and the reasons for its bioaccumulation in the muscle tissue of freshwater fish remain undetermined. Accordingly, we simulated bioaccumulation and depuration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to waterborne As(V) by employing a six-compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and As speciation analysis. Modeling and biotransformation suggested that intestines were the main uptake site for waterborne As(V), instead of the gills. This novel finding was evidenced by the higher As transfer constant from water to intestines (k03 = 1.52 × 10-4 L d-1) compared to gills (k02 = 5.28 × 10-5 L d-1). The low concentration and percentage of arsenobetaine (AsB) in the intestines suggested a weak ability to synthesize AsB. Our results showed a substantial proportion of inorganic As in intestines and a relatively substantial percentage in muscle tissue. Therefore, high As(V) uptake in the intestines and lack of biotransformation contributed to high bioaccumulation of inorganic As in freshwater fish. Inorganic As posed concerns due to the human health risks associated with consuming As(V)-contaminated fish and should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zijun Ye
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Mit C, Bado-Nilles A, Daniele G, Giroud B, Vulliet E, Beaudouin R. The toxicokinetics of bisphenol A and its metabolites in fish elucidated by a PBTK model. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 247:106174. [PMID: 35462154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical of major concern due to its endocrine disrupting function, high production volume, and persistence in the aquatic environment. Consequently, organisms such as fish are subject to chronic exposure to BPA. However, physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models, which are valuable tools to improve the understanding of a chemical's fate in an organism, have never been specifically adapted to model BPA toxicokinetics (TK) in fish. In our work, an existing PBTK developed for four different fish species was modified to model BPA ADME processes (absorption, distribution, metabolization and excretion). The metabolization of BPA into BPA-monoglucuronide (BPA gluc) and BPA-monosulfate (BPA sulf) and their TK in various organs was taking into account in the model. Experiments were performed to generate BPA TK data in a model species commonly used in ecotoxicology, the stickleback. The model structure had to include two sites of metabolization to simulate BPA TK accurately in stickleback organs. Thus, the fish liver may not be the only site of the metabolization of BPA: plasma or gills could also play a role in BPA metabolization. The PBTK model predictive performance evaluated on literature data in zebrafish and rainbow trout concurs with this conclusion. Finally, a calibration mixing data from the three species was compared to the calibration on stickleback data only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mit
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit, INERIS, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil en Halatte 65550, France; Ecotoxicology of Substances and Fields Unit, INERIS, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil en Halatte 65550, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Fields Unit, INERIS, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil en Halatte 65550, France
| | - Gaëlle Daniele
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Barbara Giroud
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit, INERIS, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil en Halatte 65550, France.
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17
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Ribbenstedt A, Armitage JM, Günther F, Arnot JA, Droge STJ, McLachlan MS. In Vivo Bioconcentration of 10 Anionic Surfactants in Rainbow Trout Explained by In Vitro Data on Partitioning and S9 Clearance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6305-6314. [PMID: 35467837 PMCID: PMC9118553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in rainbow trout were measured for 10 anionic surfactants with a range of alkyl chain lengths and different polar head groups. The BCFs ranged from 0.04 L kg-1 ww (for C10SO3) to 1370 L kg-1 ww (C16SO3). There was a strong correlation between the log BCF and log membrane lipid-water distribution ratio (DMLW, r2 = 0.96), and biotransformation was identified as the dominant elimination mechanism. The strong positive influence of DMLW on BCF was attributed to two phenomena: (i) increased partitioning from water into the epithelial membrane of the gill, leading to more rapid diffusion across this barrier and more rapid uptake, and (ii) increased sequestration of the surfactant body burden into membranes and other body tissues, resulting in lower freely dissolved concentrations available for biotransformation. Estimated whole-body in vivo biotransformation rate constants kB-BCF are within a factor three of rate constants estimated from S9 in vitro assays for six of the eight test chemicals for which kB-BCF could be determined. A model-based assessment indicated that the hepatic clearance rate of freely dissolved chemicals was similar for the studied surfactants. The dataset will be useful for evaluation of in silico and in vitro methods to assess bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ribbenstedt
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M. Armitage
- AES
Armitage Environmental Sciences, Inc., Ottawa, Ontario K1L 8C3, Canada
| | - Felix Günther
- Department
of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon A. Arnot
- ARC
Arnot Research and Consulting Inc., Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Steven T. J. Droge
- Institute
for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. McLachlan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Wang J, Nolte TM, Owen SF, Beaudouin R, Hendriks AJ, Ragas AM. A Generalized Physiologically Based Kinetic Model for Fish for Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6500-6510. [PMID: 35472258 PMCID: PMC9118555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of pharmaceuticals found in the environment potentially impose adverse effects on organisms such as fish. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are essential risk assessment tools, allowing a mechanistic approach to understanding chemical effects within organisms. However, fish PBK models have been restricted to a few species, limiting the overall applicability given the countless species. Moreover, many pharmaceuticals are ionizable, and fish PBK models accounting for ionization are rare. Here, we developed a generalized PBK model, estimating required parameters as functions of fish and chemical properties. We assessed the model performance for five pharmaceuticals (covering neutral and ionic structures). With biotransformation half-lives (HLs) from EPI Suite, 73 and 41% of the time-course estimations were within a 10-fold and a 3-fold difference from measurements, respectively. The performance improved using experimental biotransformation HLs (87 and 59%, respectively). Estimations for ionizable substances were more accurate than any of the existing species-specific PBK models. The present study is the first to develop a generalized fish PBK model focusing on mechanism-based parameterization and explicitly accounting for ionization. Our generalized model facilitates its application across chemicals and species, improving efficiency for environmental risk assessment and supporting an animal-free toxicity testing paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M. Nolte
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca,
Global Sustainability, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut
national de l’environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - A. Jan Hendriks
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M.J. Ragas
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen 6419 AT, The Netherlands
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19
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Chang X, Tan YM, Allen DG, Bell S, Brown PC, Browning L, Ceger P, Gearhart J, Hakkinen PJ, Kabadi SV, Kleinstreuer NC, Lumen A, Matheson J, Paini A, Pangburn HA, Petersen EJ, Reinke EN, Ribeiro AJS, Sipes N, Sweeney LM, Wambaugh JF, Wange R, Wetmore BA, Mumtaz M. IVIVE: Facilitating the Use of In Vitro Toxicity Data in Risk Assessment and Decision Making. TOXICS 2022; 10:232. [PMID: 35622645 PMCID: PMC9143724 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in vitro assays, in silico models, read-across, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are being developed to reduce, refine, or replace whole animal testing, encouraging the judicious use of time and resources. Some of these methods have advanced past the exploratory research stage and are beginning to gain acceptance for the risk assessment of chemicals. A review of the recent literature reveals a burst of IVIVE publications over the past decade. In this review, we propose operational definitions for IVIVE, present literature examples for several common toxicity endpoints, and highlight their implications in decision-making processes across various federal agencies, as well as international organizations, including those in the European Union (EU). The current challenges and future needs are also summarized for IVIVE. In addition to refining and reducing the number of animals in traditional toxicity testing protocols and being used for prioritizing chemical testing, the goal to use IVIVE to facilitate the replacement of animal models can be achieved through their continued evolution and development, including a strategic plan to qualify IVIVE methods for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul C. Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Lauren Browning
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jeffery Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Shruti V. Kabadi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-275, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Annie Lumen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Heather A. Pangburn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, 2729 R Street, Area B, Building 837, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Emily N. Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Alexandre J. S. Ribeiro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Nisha Sipes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Beavercreek, OH 45432, Assigned to Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Ronald Wange
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of the Associate Director for Science, 1600 Clifton Road, S102-2, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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20
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Franco ME, Ramirez AJ, Johanning KM, Matson CW, Lavado R. In vitro-in vivo biotransformation and phase I metabolite profiling of benzo[a]pyrene in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) populations with different exposure histories. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106057. [PMID: 34942459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to pollution may lead populations to display evolutionary adaptations associated with cellular and physiological mechanisms of defense against xenobiotics. This could result in differences in the way individuals of the same species, but inhabiting different areas, cope with chemical exposure. In the present study, we explore two Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) populations with different exposure histories for potential differences in the biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and conduct a comparative evaluation of in vitro and in vivo approaches to describe the applicability of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for biotransformation assessments. Pollution-adapted and non-adapted F. grandis were subjected to intraperitoneal (IP) injections of BaP in time-course exposures, prior to measurements of CYP biotransformation activity, BaP liver concentrations, and the identification and quantification of phase I metabolites. Additionally, substrate depletion bioassays using liver S9 fractions were employed for measurements of intrinsic hepatic clearance and to evaluate the production of metabolites in vitro. Pollution-adapted F. grandis presented significantly lower CYP1A activity and intrinsic clearance rates that were 3 to 4 times lower than non-adapted fish. The metabolite profiling of BaP showed the presence of 1‑hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene in both the in vitro and in vivo approaches but with no significant population differences. Contrarily, 9‑hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol, only identified through the in vivo approach, presented higher concentrations in the bile of pollution-adapted fish relative to non-adapted individuals. These observations further the understanding of the evolutionary adaptation of F. grandis inhabiting heavily polluted environments in the Houston Ship Channel, TX, USA, and highlight the need to consider the evolutionary history of populations of interest during the implementation of NAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Alejandro J Ramirez
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, United States
| | | | - Cole W Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States.
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21
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Droge ST, Armitage JM, Arnot JA, Fitzsimmons PN, Nichols JW. Biotransformation Potential of Cationic Surfactants in Fish Assessed with Rainbow Trout Liver S9 Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3123-3136. [PMID: 34379820 PMCID: PMC9187044 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation may substantially reduce the extent to which organic environmental contaminants accumulate in fish. Presently, however, relatively little is known regarding the biotransformation of ionized chemicals, including cationic surfactants, in aquatic organisms. To address this deficiency, a rainbow trout liver S9 substrate depletion assay (RT-S9) was used to measure in vitro intrinsic clearance rates (CLint ; ml min-1 g liver-1 ) for 22 cationic surfactants that differ with respect to alkyl chain length and degree of methylation on the charged nitrogen atom. None of the quaternary N,N,N-trimethylalkylammonium compounds exhibited significant clearance. Rapid clearance was observed for N,N-dimethylalkylamines, and slower rates of clearance were measured for N-methylalkylamine analogs. Clearance rates for primary alkylamines were generally close to or below detectable levels. For the N-methylalkylamines and N,N-dimethylalkylamines, the highest CLint values were measured for C10 -C12 homologs; substantially lower clearance rates were observed for homologs containing shorter or longer carbon chains. Based on its cofactor dependency, biotransformation of C12 -N,N-dimethylamine appears to involve one or more cytochrome P450-dependent reaction pathways, and sulfonation. On a molar basis, N-demethylation metabolites accounted for up to 25% of the N,N-dimethylalkylamines removed during the 2-h assay, and up to 55% of the removed N-methylalkylamines. These N-demethylation products possess greater metabolic stability in the RT-S9 assay than the parent structures from which they derive and may contribute to the overall risk of ionizable alkylamines. The results of these studies provide a set of consistently determined CLint values that may be extrapolated to whole trout to inform in silico bioaccumulation assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3123-3136. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T.J. Droge
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jon A. Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research and ConsultingTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Patrick N. Fitzsimmons
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and DevelopmentUS Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesota
| | - John W. Nichols
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and DevelopmentUS Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesota
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22
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Mangold-Döring A, Grimard C, Green D, Petersen S, Nichols JW, Hogan N, Weber L, Hollert H, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. A Novel Multispecies Toxicokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Chemical Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9109-9118. [PMID: 34165962 PMCID: PMC9066611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Standardized laboratory tests with a limited number of model species are a key component of chemical risk assessments. These surrogate species cannot represent the entire diversity of native species, but there are practical and ethical objections against testing chemicals in a large variety of species. In previous research, we have developed a multispecies toxicokinetic model to extrapolate chemical bioconcentration across species by combining single-species physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. This "top-down" approach was limited, however, by the availability of fully parameterized single-species models. Here, we present a "bottom-up" multispecies PBTK model based on available data from 69 freshwater fishes found in Canada. Monte Carlo-like simulations were performed using statistical distributions of model parameters derived from these data to predict steady-state bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for a set of well-studied chemicals. The distributions of predicted BCFs for 1,4-dichlorobenzene and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane largely overlapped those of empirical data, although a tendency existed toward overestimation of measured values. When expressed as means, predicted BCFs for 26 of 34 chemicals (82%) deviated by less than 10-fold from measured data, indicating an accuracy similar to that of previously published single-species models. This new model potentially enables more environmentally relevant predictions of bioconcentration in support of chemical risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mangold-Döring
- Department for Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Derek Green
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Stephanie Petersen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - John W. Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804, USA
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lynn Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department for Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dr. Markus Brinkmann, 44 Campus Drive, S7N 5B3 Canada, Phone: +1 (306) 966 1204,
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23
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Krause S, Goss KU. Relevance of desorption kinetics and permeability for in vitro-based predictions of hepatic clearance in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105825. [PMID: 33857871 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of desorption kinetics and permeation kinetics on in vitro-based predictions of in vivo hepatic blood clearances is investigated in the present study. Most commonly, possible limitations due to slow desorption of chemicals from albumin or slow permeation of chemicals through cellular membranes are not considered when in vivo clearances are predicted from in vitro biotransformation rate constants. To evaluate whether the most commonly used extrapolation models might thus overlook important kinetic limitations, we compare predictions of in vivo clearance that explicitly consider desorption and permeation kinetics with predictions of in vivo clearance that neglect these aspects. Our results show that strong limitations due to slow permeation kinetics are possible depending on the assumed permeability value. While permeability values estimated with a mechanistic approach are fast enough to avoid significant limitations, other experimentally derived permeability values lead to dramatically decreased in vivo clearance predictions. These latter values lead to unrealistically low in vivo biotransformation estimates. Furthermore, we also evaluated the implications of desorption kinetics using experimentally determined desorption rate constants. These evaluations show that slow desorption kinetics are unlikely to limit in vivo clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
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24
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Black SR, Nichols JW, Fay KA, Matten SR, Lynn SG. Evaluation and comparison of in vitro intrinsic clearance rates measured using cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout. Toxicology 2021; 457:152819. [PMID: 33984406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in silico methods that can reduce the need for animal testing are being used with increasing frequency to assess chemical risks to human health and the environment. The rate of hepatic biotransformation is an important species-specific parameter for determining bioaccumulation potential and extrapolating in vitro bioactivity to in vivo effects. One approach to estimating hepatic biotransformation is to employ in vitro systems derived from liver tissue to measure chemical (substrate) depletion over time which can then be translated to a rate of intrinsic clearance (CLint). In the present study, cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout were used to measure CLint values for 54 industrial and pesticidal chemicals at starting test concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μM. A data evaluation framework that emphasizes the behavior of Heat-Treated Controls (HTC) was developed to identify datasets suitable for rate reporting. Measured or estimated ("greater than" or "less than") CLint values were determined for 124 of 226 (55 %) species-chemical-substrate concentration datasets with acceptable analytical chemistry. A large percentage of tested chemicals exhibited low HTC recovery values, indicating a substantial abiotic loss of test chemical over time. An evaluation of KOW values for individual chemicals suggested that in vitro test performance declined with increasing chemical hydrophobicity, although differences in testing devices for mammals and fish also likely played a role. The current findings emphasize the value of negative controls as part of a rigorous approach to data quality assessment for in vitro substrate depletion studies. Changes in current testing protocols can be expected to result in the collection of higher quality data. However, poorly soluble chemicals are likely to remain a challenge for CLint determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry R Black
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC 27709 USA.
| | - John W Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA.
| | - Kellie A Fay
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), William Jefferson Clinton Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA.
| | - Sharlene R Matten
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), William Jefferson Clinton Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA.
| | - Scott G Lynn
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), William Jefferson Clinton Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA.
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25
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Nichols JW, Hoffman AD, Swintek JA, Droge ST, Fitzsimmons PN. Addition of Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride Increases the Working Lifetime of the Trout Liver S9 Substrate Depletion Assay, Resulting in Improved Detection of Low Intrinsic Clearance Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:148-161. [PMID: 33045099 PMCID: PMC7901806 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of a trout liver S9 substrate depletion assay has been shown to decline over time, presumably due to proteolytic degradation of biotransformation enzymes. To address this problem, assay performance was evaluated following the addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or a general-purpose protease inhibitor cocktail to liver homogenization buffers and/or S9 reaction mixtures. Addition of PMSF to liver homogenization buffers and/or S9 reaction mixtures had little or no effect on clearance of phenanthrene, a model cytochrome P450 substrate, in short-term (25 or 30 min) depletion experiments but resulted in significant improvements in retention of this initial activity over time. The protease inhibitor cocktail strongly inhibited initial activity when added to homogenization buffers or reaction mixtures. Taking into consideration potential effects on liver carboxylesterases, the treatment approach determined to be optimal was addition of 10 µM PMSF to the S9 reaction mixture. Addition of 10 µM PMSF to the mixture resulted in significantly higher rates of phenanthrene clearance in 2-h incubations relative to those obtained in the absence of PMSF and a 6-fold increase in the working lifetime of the preparation. The results of a statistical power analysis suggest that by increasing the working lifetime of the assay, addition of PMSF to the reaction mixture could result in substantially improved detection of low in vitro clearance rates when compared to current practice. These findings demonstrate the value of adding PMSF to the trout S9 preparation and may have broad implications for use of this assay to support chemical bioaccumulation assessments for fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:148-161. © 2020 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | - Alex D. Hoffman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Steven T.J. Droge
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Patrick N. Fitzsimmons
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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26
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Grimard C, Mangold-Döring A, Schmitz M, Alharbi H, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. In vitro-in vivo and cross-life stage extrapolation of uptake and biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105616. [PMID: 33039795 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding internal dose metrics is integral to adequately assess effects environmental contaminants might have on aquatic wildlife, including fish. In silico toxicokinetic (TK) models are a leading approach for quantifying internal exposure metrics for fishes; however, they often do not adequately consider chemicals that are actively biotransformed and have not been validated against early-life stages (ELS) that are often considered the most sensitive to the exposure to contaminants. To address these uncertainties, TK models were parameterized for the rapidly biotransformed chemical benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in embryo-larval and adult life stages of fathead minnows. Biotransformation of B[a]P was determined through measurements of in vitro clearance. Using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, in vitro clearance was integrated into a multi-compartment TK model for adult fish and a one-compartment model for ELS. Model predictions were validated using measurements of B[a]P metabolites from in vivo flow-through exposures to graded concentrations of water-borne B[a]P. Significantly greater amounts of B[a]P metabolites were observed with exposure to greater concentrations of parent compound in both life stages. However, when assessing biotransformation capacity, no differences in phase I or phase II biotransformation were observed with greater exposures to B[a]P. Results of modelling suggested that biotransformation of B[a]P can be successfully implemented into in silico models to accurately predict life stage-specific abundances of B[a]P metabolites in either whole-body larvae or the bile of adult fish. Models developed increase the scope of applications in which TK models can be used to support environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Annika Mangold-Döring
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitz
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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27
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Saunders LJ, Fitzsimmons PN, Nichols JW, Gobas FAPC. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of hepatic and gastrointestinal biotransformation rates of hydrophobic chemicals in rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105629. [PMID: 33002683 PMCID: PMC7962060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic in vitro biotransformation assays, in combination with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and bioaccumulation modeling, can be used to support regulatory bioaccumulation assessments. In most applications, however, these methods ignore the possibility of extrahepatic metabolism. Here we evaluated intestinal biotransformation in rainbow trout using S9 fractions prepared from the upper intestinal (GIT) epithelium. Measured levels of activity determined using standard substrates for phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes were within 2-fold of activities measured in hepatic S9 fractions. In vitro intrinsic clearance rates for 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC; an organic sunscreen agent) and two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene [PYR] and benzo(a)pyrene [BAP]) were significantly higher in liver S9 fractions than in GIT S9 fractions. For octocrylene (OCT; a second sunscreen agent), however, in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were higher in GIT S9 fractions compared to liver S9 fractions. An existing 'liver only' IVIVE model was expanded to consider biotransformation in both the liver and GIT. Relevant IVIVE scaling factors were developed by morphological, histological, and biochemical evaluation of trout intestines. For chemicals biotransformed at higher rates by hepatic S9 fractions (i.e., BAP, PYR, EHMC), the 'liver & GIT' model yielded whole-body biotransformation rate constants (kMET) that were within 1.2 to 1.4-fold of those estimated using the 'liver only' model. In contrast to these findings, the mean kMET for OCT obtained using the 'liver & GIT' model was 3.3 times higher than the mean kMET derived using the 'liver only' model and was in good agreement with empirical kMET estimates determined previously for trout (<20 % difference). The results of this study suggest that current 'liver only' IVIVE approaches may underestimate in vivo biotransformation rates for chemicals that undergo substantial biotransformation in the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - John W Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Krause S, Goss KU. Comparison of a simple and a complex model for BCF prediction using in vitro biotransformation data. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127048. [PMID: 32446001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A promising approach for bioaccumulation assessment with reduced animal use is the prediction of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) using in vitro biotransformation data. However, it has been recognized that the BCFs predicted using current models often are in poor agreement with experimental BCFs. Furthermore, extrahepatic biotransformation (e.g. in gill or GIT) is usually not accounted for. Here, we compare two BCF prediction models: a simple one-compartment and a more advanced multi-compartment model. Both models are implemented in a two-in-one calculation tool for the prediction of BCFs using in vitro data. Furthermore, both models were set up in a way that in vitro data for extrahepatic biotransformation can be easily considered, if desired. The models differ in their complexity: the one-compartment model is attractive because its simplicity, while the multi-compartment model is characterized by its refined closeness to reality. A comparison of the results shows that both models yield almost identical results for the presently evaluated cases with plausible physiological data. For regulatory purposes, there is thus no reason not to use the simple one-compartment model. However, if it is desired to represent special in vivo characteristics, e.g. first-pass effects or the direct GIT-to-liver blood flow, the multi-compartment model should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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29
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Kosfeld V, Fu Q, Ebersbach I, Esser D, Schauerte A, Bischof I, Hollender J, Schlechtriem C. Comparison of Alternative Methods for Bioaccumulation Assessment: Scope and Limitations of In Vitro Depletion Assays with Rainbow Trout and Bioconcentration Tests in the Freshwater Amphipod Hyalella azteca. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1813-1825. [PMID: 32495970 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation assessment predominantly relies on the bioconcentration factor (BCF) as the sole decisive metric. The test guideline 305 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provides the standard procedure for deriving this in vivo fish BCF, which is not only expensive and labor-intensive, but also requires many animals. Accordingly, there is a great need for and interest in alternative methods that can help to reduce, replace, and refine vertebrate tests, as described in the 3R principles. Two alternative approaches have been developed: the bioconcentration test with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca and the OECD test guideline 319 which provides a method to determine experimentally derived in vitro metabolism rates that can then be incorporated into in silico prediction models for rainbow trout BCF calculation. In the present study both alternative methods were applied to 5 substances of different physicochemical characteristics. The results were compared with literature values of fish in vivo BCFs and additional BCFs obtained with the alternative methods, if available. Potential differences between the results of the test methods are discussed utilizing information such as in vivo metabolism rates. The currently available data set suggests that these 2 alternative methods pose promising alternatives to predict bioaccumulation in fish, although defined applicability domains have yet to be determined. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1813-1825. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kosfeld
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ina Ebersbach
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Dana Esser
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schauerte
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Ina Bischof
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Department Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schlechtriem
- Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department Chemistry and Biology, "Ecotoxicology" Work Group, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Brinkmann M, Alharbi H, Fuchylo U, Wiseman S, Morandi G, Peng H, Giesy JP, Jones PD, Hecker M. Mechanisms of pH-Dependent Uptake of Ionizable Organic Chemicals by Fish from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water (OSPW). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9547-9555. [PMID: 32639732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and effects of ionizable organic chemicals (IOCs) that are weak acids in aqueous solution by fish can differ as a function of pH. While the pH-dependent behavior of select IOCs is well-understood, complex mixtures of IOCs, e.g., from oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), have not yet been studied systematically. Here, we established an in vitro screening method using the rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, to investigate pH-dependent cytotoxicity and permeation of IOCs across cultured epithelia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The assay was benchmarked using model chemicals and technical mixtures, and then used to characterize fractions and reconstituted extracts of field-collected OSPW. Significant pH-dependent cytotoxicity of individual IOCs, acidic fractions, and reconstituted extracts of OSPW was observed. In vitro data were in good agreement with data from a 96 h in vivo exposure experiment with juvenile rainbow trout. Permeation of some IOCs from OSPW was mediated by active transport, as revealed by studies in which inhibitors of these active transport mechanisms were applied. We conclude that the RTgill-W1 in vitro assay is useful for the screening of pH-dependent uptake of IOCs in fish, and has applications for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, and prioritization of chemicals in nontarget screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Global Institutes for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulyana Fuchylo
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Paul D Jones
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5C8, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
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31
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Kwon JH, Lee HJ, Escher BI. Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals on an in vitro metabolic transformation using rat liver S9 fraction. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang W, Song D, Tan QG, Wang WX, Zhang L. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Biotransportation of Arsenic in Marine Medaka ( Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7485-7493. [PMID: 32401018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of arsenic (As) targets specific tissues of organisms, while the biotransportation of As among the tissues of fish remains poorly understood. In the present study, radiotracer techniques followed by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling were applied to simulate the biotransportation (absorption, distribution, and elimination) of 73As(V) and biotransformation of As(V) in the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma after waterborne As exposure. Fish were simulated by a six-compartment model by assuming that blood was the intermediate exchange among different compartments (gill, intestine, liver, head, and carcass). Modeling suggested that intestine and gill were the uptake, exchange, as well as elimination sites of waterborne As, while carcass and head were the main storage sites. Intestine played a vital role in the metabolism of As(V) by biotransforming inorganic As into arsenobetaine (AsB), possibly because of the important role of gut microbiota. The correlation between the PBPK model constants and the As speciation (e.g., AsB %, inorganic As %, and methylated As %) indicated that AsB tended to be stored in the tissues rather than being depurated, while inorganic and methylated As were more easily transferred from tissues to the blood and eliminated. Modeling simulation coupling with biotransformation for the first time demonstrated that the fish intestine was the main metabolic site, and synthesis of AsB as mediated by the microbiota in the intestine contributed to the high As bioaccumulation in marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Dongdong Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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33
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Weeks J, Li AP, Doshi U, Johanning K, Guiney PD. In vitro evaluation of the metabolic stability of nine fragrance chemicals in trout and human hepatocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1421-1434. [PMID: 32488907 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro metabolic stability of nine fragrance chemicals: p-tolyl acetate, cashmeran, ethylene brassylate, celestolide, galaxolide, traseolide, ambretone, tonalide and pentadecanolide, was evaluated in trout and human hepatocytes. The compounds were incubated with trout hepatocytes at 12°C and human hepatocytes at 37°C. Quantification of compound disappearance with time was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance values were calculated from the in vitro data. Significant metabolism was observed with trout hepatocytes for five of the nine fragrance chemicals, while all nine were metabolized significantly with human hepatocytes. Previously published models were used to examine expected bioaccumulation and persistence in whole organisms. Calculated half-lives due to metabolism of the nine chemicals are significantly shorter for humans than trout: <1 hour and <1 day, respectively. For all chemicals with demonstrated hepatic metabolism, the models indicate a lack of accumulation. For those where metabolism was demonstrated in trout, calculated bioconcentration factors would not be classified as bioaccumulative under prevailing regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weeks
- S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin, US
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, Maryland, US
| | - Utkarsh Doshi
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, Maryland, US.,Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, Virginia, US
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34
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Wang H, Xia X, Liu R, Wang Z, Lin X, Muir DCG, Wang WX. Multicompartmental Toxicokinetic Modeling of Discrete Dietary and Continuous Waterborne Uptake of Two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Zebrafish Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1054-1065. [PMID: 31841317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a multicompartmental toxicokinetic model for two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and anthracene) in their deuterated form (PAHs-d10) in zebrafish considering continuous waterborne uptake and discrete dietary uptake. We quantified the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and depuration of these two PAHs-d10 in zebrafish, and then estimated the kinetic parameters by fitting the model into the experimental data. The experimental and fitting results both showed that there was a peak concentration in each compartment of zebrafish after every dietary uptake, while the peak value depended on the ingestion amount of the PAH-d10 and varied among different compartments. The PAH-d10 amount in the blood reached 20-27% of the total amount bioaccumulated in zebrafish at steady-state, followed by skin (20-26%), and fillet (16-22%). The rank of PAH-d10 steady-state concentrations in each compartment showed inconsistency with its lipid contents, indicating that the distribution of the PAHs-d10 in zebrafish was not merely affected by the lipid content in each compartment, but also affected by their kinetics and biotransformation. This study suggests that discrete dietary uptake caused by intermittent food ingestion significantly affects the bioaccumulation of PAHs in fish. Further studies are needed to investigate such effect on other toxicants that are more resistant to biotransformation than PAHs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Mathematics , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SWT 802 , China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , China
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
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35
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Weeks J, Guiney P, Johanning K. In vitro and in vivo metabolic stability of various fragrance materials and insect repellent in rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
). J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:763-779. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Weeks
- SC Johnson and Son, Inc. Racine Wisconsin
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36
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Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. QSAR/QSPR models based on quantum chemistry for risk assessment of pesticides according to current European legislation. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:49-72. [PMID: 31766890 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1692368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, agencies and official organizations involved in the pesticide control such as the EFSA, ECHA, JRC and ECETOC or even the OECD are pointing out that the software tools based on quantitative structure relationship models, i.e. QSAR and QSPR, have a huge potential to improve the pesticide risk assessment process. In this sense, these non-animal test methods can promote the competitiveness of agriculture in this region: the consumer safety is increased with them due to the possibility of perform an overall better risk assessment of the degradation products and metabolites from pesticides. However, the use of theses computational-based (in silico) tools must be much more systematised and harmonised, improving their validation and including case studies to test them. To open databases, incorporating critical data in an orderly manner for building the models, becomes also necessary. Moreover, quantum chemistry through the Density Functional Theory should be promoted as tool for calculation of quantum descriptors, especially for the study of similar compounds with the same carbon skeleton but differing substitution patterns, e.g. isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C López-Goti
- Unit of Plant Protection Products, INIA, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Franco ME, Lavado R. Applicability of in vitro methods in evaluating the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish: Advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:685-695. [PMID: 30939321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biochemical mechanisms involved in such process continue to be intensively studied in the fields of environmental science and toxicology. The investigation of PAH biotransformation in fish is fundamental to understand how piscine species cope with PAH exposure, as these compounds are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and impact different levels of biological organization. New approaches are continuously developed in the field of ecotoxicology, allowing live animal testing to be combined with and, in some cases, replaced with novel in vitro systems. Many in vitro techniques have been developed and effectively applied in the investigation of the biochemical pathways driving the biotransformation of PAH in fish. In vitro experimentation has been fundamental in the advancement of not only understanding PAH-mediated toxicity, but also in highlighting suitable cell-based models for such investigations. Therefore, the present review highlights the value and applicability of in vitro systems for PAH biotransformation studies, and provides up-to-date information on the use of in vitro fish models in the evaluation of PAH biotransformation, common biomarkers, and challenges encountered when developing and applying such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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38
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen J. Physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) models for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:793-801. [PMID: 30612048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are regarded as "pseudo-persistent" pollutants due to their being continuously loaded into the aquatic environment. Physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) models that can quantitatively describe absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes of chemicals in biota are of importance to predict internal exposure (e.g. doses at specific target tissues/organs) from external exposure concentrations. In this study, PBTK models with up to six compartments including brain, liver, kidney, gills, richly perfused tissues and poorly perfused tissues, were developed for predicting internal distribution of 10 PPCPs in wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The PBTK predicted concentrations were close to the measured ones, with deviations less than 1 log unit for most of PPCPs. Sensitivity analysis showed that various partition coefficients of the chemicals exerted significant influence on model outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
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39
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Tebby C, Brochot C, Dorne JL, Beaudouin R. Investigating the interaction between melamine and cyanuric acid using a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic model in rainbow trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:184-195. [PMID: 30922832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Following outbreaks of feed and food adulterations with a melamine and cyanuric acid mixture in 2007 and melamine in 2008 respectively, the kinetics and toxicodynamics of the mixture have been investigated particularly in sensitive species such as the rainbow trout. Tissue concentrations and intensity of the adverse effect, melamine-cyanurate crystal formation in kidney, were reported in similar experimental conditions. Here, a recent PBTK model for rainbow trout has been applied to model the kinetics of both single compounds based on residue levels in tissues. Both PBTK models for the single compounds were combined and a model of crystal formation for the mixture melamine-cyanuric acid was also added to predict the intensity of crystal formation under the assumptions that crystals formed either in urine or in kidney tissue. Modelling the kinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid provided a better understanding and prediction of intensity of crystal formation in case of sequential exposures with varying intensity or co-exposure. This study demonstrates, for the first time, how fish PBTK models can play a key role in the understanding and prediction of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of mixtures. This study also illustrates how adverse effects may potentially occur even when the compounds are not administered together as a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Tebby
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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40
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Saunders LJ, Fontanay S, Nichols JW, Gobas FA. Concentration dependence of in vitro biotransformation rates of hydrophobic organic sunscreen agents in rainbow trout S9 fractions: Implications for bioaccumulation assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:548-560. [PMID: 30569498 PMCID: PMC6477924 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation studies were performed to support the bioaccumulation assessment of 3 hydrophobic organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and octocrylene. In vitro depletion rate constants (kdep ) were determined for each UVF using rainbow trout liver S9 fractions. Incubations performed with and without added cofactors showed complete (4-MBC) or partial (EHMC and octocrylene) dependence of kdep on addition of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), suggesting that hydrolysis of EHMC and octocrylene by NADPH-independent enzymes (e.g., carboxylesterases) is an important metabolic route. The concentration dependence of kdep was then evaluated to estimate Michaelis-Menten parameters (KM and Vmax ) for each UVF. Measured kdep values were then extrapolated to apparent whole-body biotransformation rate constants using an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) calculated from kdep values measured at concentrations well below KM were closer to empirical BCFs than those calculated from kdep measured at higher test concentrations. Modeled BCFs were sensitive to in vitro binding assumptions employed in the IVIVE model, highlighting the need for further characterization of chemical binding effects on hepatic clearance. The results suggest that the tested UVFs are unlikely to accumulate to levels exceeding the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction regulation criterion for bioaccumulative substances (BCF > 2000 L kg-1 ). However, consideration of appropriate in vitro test concentrations and binding correction factors are important when IVIVE methods are used to refine modeled BCFs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:548-560. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Fontanay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John W. Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Grech A, Tebby C, Brochot C, Bois FY, Bado-Nilles A, Dorne JL, Quignot N, Beaudouin R. Generic physiologically-based toxicokinetic modelling for fish: Integration of environmental factors and species variability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:516-531. [PMID: 30243171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of environmental risk assessment is to protect the whole ecosystem from adverse effects resulting from exposure to chemicals. Many research efforts have aimed to improve the quantification of dose-response relationships through the integration of toxicokinetics. For this purpose, physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models have been developed to estimate internal doses from external doses in a time-dependent manner. In this study, a generic PBTK model was developed and adapted for rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). New mechanistic approaches were proposed for including the effects of growth and temperature in the model. Physiological parameters and their inter-individual variability were estimated based on the results of extensive literature searches or specific experimental data. The PBTK model was implemented for nine environmental contaminants (with log kow from -0.9 to 6.8) to predict whole-body concentrations and concentrations in various fish's organs. Sensitivity analyses were performed for a lipophilic and a hydrophilic compound to identify which parameters have most impact on the model's outputs. Model predictions were compared with experimental data according to dataset-specific exposure scenarios and were accurate: 50% of predictions were within a 3-fold factor for six out of nine chemicals and 75% of predictions were within a 3-fold factor for three of the most lipophilic compounds studied. Our model can be used to assess the influence of physiological and environmental factors on the toxicokinetics of chemicals and provide guidance for assessing the effect of those critical factors in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Grech
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Analytica Laser, 3 rue de l'arrivée, 75015 Paris, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cleo Tebby
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Frédéric Y Bois
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Quignot
- Analytica Laser, 3 rue de l'arrivée, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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42
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Grisoni F, Consonni V, Vighi M. Acceptable-by-design QSARs to predict the dietary biomagnification of organic chemicals in fish. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:51-63. [PMID: 30447095 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first-time QSAR approach to predict the laboratory-based fish biomagnification factor (BMF) of organic chemicals, to be used as a supporting tool for assessing bioaccumulation at the regulatory level. The developed strategy is based on 2 levels of prediction, with a varying trade-off between interpretability and performance according to the user's needs. We designed our models to be intrinsically acceptable at the regulatory level (in what we defined as "acceptable-by-design" strategy), by (i) complying with OECD principles directly in the approach development phase, (ii) choosing easy-to-apply modeling techniques, (iii) preferring simple descriptors when possible, and (iv) striving to provide data-driven mechanistic insights. Our novel tool has an error comparable to the observed experimental inter- and intraspecies variability and is stable on borderline compounds (root mean square error [RMSE] ranging from RMSE = 0.45 to RMSE = 0.45 log units on test data). Additionally, the models' molecular descriptors are carefully described and interpreted, allowing us to gather additional mechanistic insights into the structural features controlling the dietary bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish. To improve the transparency and promote the application of the model, the data set and the stand alone prediction tool are provided free of charge at https://github.com/grisoniFr/bmf_qsar Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:51-63. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grisoni
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Consonni
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalà de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Nichols JW, Ladd MA, Fitzsimmons PN. Measurement of kinetic parameters for biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by trout liver S9 fractions: Implications for bioaccumulation assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:365-378. [PMID: 31179352 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro substrate depletion methods developed by the pharmaceutical industry are being used with increasing frequency to support chemical bioaccumulation assessments for fish. However, the application of these methods to high log K ow chemicals poses special challenges. Biotransformation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured using trout liver S9 fractions. Measured activity declined with incubation time and was reduced by acetone (used as a spiking solvent) at concentrations greater than 0.5%. Addition of alamethicin, a pore-forming peptide used to support UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity, also reduced activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The substrate concentration dependence of activity was evaluated to estimate K M and V max values for each compound. Derived kinetic constants suggested that all three PAHs are transformed by the same reaction pathway and indicated an inverse correlation between K M and chemical log K ow. Binding effects on activity were evaluated by measuring unbound chemical concentrations across a range of S9 protein levels. Reaction rates were proportional to the unbound concentration except when these concentrations approached saturating levels, providing a direct demonstration of the free chemical hypothesis. These findings suggest that previous in vitro work with high log K ow compounds was conducted at inappropriately high substrate concentrations resulting in underestimation of true in vivo activity. Preliminary calculations also indicate that PAH metabolism in fish may approach saturation during standardized in vivo testing efforts, potentially resulting in concentration-dependent accumulation and/or steady-state levels of accumulation greater than those which occur in a natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Melanie A Ladd
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patrick N Fitzsimmons
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Fitzsimmons PN, Hoffman AD, Fay KA, Nichols JW. Allometric scaling of hepatic biotransformation in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 214:52-60. [PMID: 30172734 PMCID: PMC6349251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation may substantially impact the toxicity and accumulation of xenobiotic chemicals in fish. However, this activity can vary substantially within and among species. In this study, liver S9 fractions from rainbow trout (4-400 g) were used to evaluate relationships between fish body mass and the activities of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. An analysis of log-transformed data, expressed per gram of liver (g liver-1), showed that total cytochrome P450 (CYP) concentration, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity exhibited small but significant inverse relationships with fish body weight. In contrast, in vitro intrinsic clearance rates (CLIN VITRO,INT) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased with increasing body weight. Weight normalized liver mass also decreased inversely with body weight, suggesting a need to express hepatic metabolism data per gram of body weight (g BW-1) in order to reflect the metabolic capabilities of the whole animal. When the data were recalculated in this manner, negative allometric relationships for CYP concentration, UGT activity, and GST activity became more pronounced, while CLIN VITRO,INT rates for the three PAHs showed no significant differences across fish sizes. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity normalized to tissue weight (g liver-1) or body weight (g BW-1) exhibited a non-monotonic pattern with respect to body weight. The results of this study may have important implications for chemical modeling efforts with fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Fitzsimmons
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America.
| | - Alex D Hoffman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
| | - Kellie A Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
| | - John W Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, United States of America
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Nichols J, Fay K, Bernhard MJ, Bischof I, Davis J, Halder M, Hu J, Johanning K, Laue H, Nabb D, Schlechtriem C, Segner H, Swintek J, Weeks J, Embry M. Reliability of In Vitro Methods Used to Measure Intrinsic Clearance of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals by Rainbow Trout: Results of an International Ring Trial. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:563-575. [PMID: 29767801 PMCID: PMC6061802 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays are widely employed to obtain intrinsic clearance estimates used in toxicokinetic modeling efforts. However, the reliability of these methods is seldom reported. Here we describe the results of an international ring trial designed to evaluate two in vitro assays used to measure intrinsic clearance in rainbow trout. An important application of these assays is to predict the effect of biotransformation on chemical bioaccumulation. Six laboratories performed substrate depletion experiments with cyclohexyl salicylate, fenthion, 4-n-nonylphenol, deltamethrin, methoxychlor, and pyrene using cryopreserved hepatocytes and liver S9 fractions from trout. Variability within and among laboratories was characterized as the percent coefficient of variation (CV) in measured in vitro intrinsic clearance rates (CLIN VITRO, INT; ml/h/mg protein or 106 cells) for each chemical and test system. Mean intralaboratory CVs for each test chemical averaged 18.9% for hepatocytes and 14.1% for S9 fractions, whereas interlaboratory CVs (all chemicals and all tests) averaged 30.1% for hepatocytes and 22.4% for S9 fractions. When CLIN VITRO, INT values were extrapolated to in vivo intrinsic clearance estimates (CLIN VIVO, INT; l/d/kg fish), both assays yielded similar levels of activity (<4-fold difference for all chemicals). Hepatic clearance rates (CLH; l/d/kg fish) calculated using data from both assays exhibited even better agreement. These findings show that both assays are highly reliable and suggest that either may be used to inform chemical bioaccumulation assessments for fish. This study highlights several issues related to the demonstration of assay reliability and may provide a template for evaluating other in vitro biotransformation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nichols
- ORD, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Kellie Fay
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- CSRA Inc, Duluth, Minnesota
| | | | - Ina Bischof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany, 57392
| | - John Davis
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, 48674
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, I-21027
| | - Jing Hu
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, 48674
| | | | - Heike Laue
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 8600
| | - Diane Nabb
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware
| | - Christian Schlechtriem
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany, 57392
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3001
| | - Joe Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - John Weeks
- Weeks Entox, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37931
| | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005
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Rehberger K, Kropf C, Segner H. In vitro or not in vitro: a short journey through a long history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:23. [PMID: 30009109 PMCID: PMC6018605 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of ecotoxicology is to study toxic effects on constituents of ecosystems, with the protection goal being populations and communities rather than individual organisms. In this ecosystem perspective, the use of in vitro methodologies measuring cellular and subcellular endpoints at a first glance appears to be odd. Nevertheless, more recently in vitro approaches gained momentum in ecotoxicology. In this article, we will discuss important application domains of in vitro methods in ecotoxicology. One area is the use of in vitro assays to replace, reduce, and refine (3R) in vivo tests. Research in this field has focused mainly on the use of in vitro cytotoxicity assays with fish cells as non-animal alternative to the in vivo lethality test with fish and on in vitro biotransformation assays as part of an alternative testing strategy for bioaccumulation testing with fish. Lessons learned from this research include the importance of a critical evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and exposure conditions of in vitro assays, as well as the availability of appropriate in vitro-in vivo extrapolation models. In addition to this classical 3R application, other application domains of in vitro assays in ecotoxicology include the screening and prioritization of chemical hazards, the categorization of chemicals according to their modes of action and the provision of mechanistic information for the pathway-based prediction of adverse outcomes. The applications discussed in this essay may highlight the potential of in vitro technologies to enhance the environmental hazard assessment of single chemicals and complex mixtures at a reduced need of animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Ng CA, Ritscher A, Hungerbuehler K, von Goetz N. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Accumulation in Farmed Salmon Evaluated Using a Dynamic Sea-Cage Production Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6965-6973. [PMID: 29697249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food is an important source of human exposure to hazardous chemicals. Chemical concentration in a food item depends on local environmental contamination, production conditions, and, for animal-derived foods, on feed. Here, we investigate these influences on the accumulation of individual polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs) in farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). We develop a dynamic model over a full sea-cage salmon production cycle. To assess the influence of metabolic debromination on PBDE congener profiles, in vitro measurements of debromination rates in fish liver cells were extrapolated to whole-body metabolic rate constants. Model results indicate that the dominant factors governing PBDE concentration in Atlantic salmon fillet are uptake via contaminated feed and fish growth, whereas the influence of metabolic debromination is minor. PBDE concentrations in fish feed depend on several factors, including the geographic origin of fish feed ingredients, which are produced and traded globally. Human exposure to PBDE via salmon consumption is less influenced by environmental concentrations at the location of salmon farming than by environmental concentrations influencing feed components. This dependence of PBDE concentrations in salmon on the origin and composition of feed reveals the complexity of predicting contaminant concentrations in globally traded food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , 3700 O'Hara Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Amélie Ritscher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbuehler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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48
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Sneddon LU, Halsey LG, Bury NR. Considering aspects of the 3Rs principles within experimental animal biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3007-3016. [PMID: 28855318 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3Rs - Replacement, Reduction and Refinement - are embedded into the legislation and guidelines governing the ethics of animal use in experiments. Here, we consider the advantages of adopting key aspects of the 3Rs into experimental biology, represented mainly by the fields of animal behaviour, neurobiology, physiology, toxicology and biomechanics. Replacing protected animals with less sentient forms or species, cells, tissues or computer modelling approaches has been broadly successful. However, many studies investigate specific models that exhibit a particular adaptation, or a species that is a target for conservation, such that their replacement is inappropriate. Regardless of the species used, refining procedures to ensure the health and well-being of animals prior to and during experiments is crucial for the integrity of the results and legitimacy of the science. Although the concepts of health and welfare are developed for model organisms, relatively little is known regarding non-traditional species that may be more ecologically relevant. Studies should reduce the number of experimental animals by employing the minimum suitable sample size. This is often calculated using power analyses, which is associated with making statistical inferences based on the P-value, yet P-values often leave scientists on shaky ground. We endorse focusing on effect sizes accompanied by confidence intervals as a more appropriate means of interpreting data; in turn, sample size could be calculated based on effect size precision. Ultimately, the appropriate employment of the 3Rs principles in experimental biology empowers scientists in justifying their research, and results in higher-quality science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne U Sneddon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, The BioScience Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Nic R Bury
- University of Suffolk, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, James Hehir Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, Suffolk, UK
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Franco ME, Sutherland GE, Lavado R. Xenobiotic metabolism in the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B: Biomarkers of CYP450 activity and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 206-207:32-40. [PMID: 29496489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of fish cell cultures has proven to be an effective tool in the study of environmental and aquatic toxicology. Valuable information can be obtained from comparisons between cell lines from different species and organs. In the present study, specific chemicals were used and biomarkers (e.g. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) were measured to assess the metabolic capabilities and cytotoxicity of the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the fish gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B. These cell lines were exposed to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the pharmaceutical tamoxifen (TMX), and the organic peroxide tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP). Cytotoxicity in gill cell lines was significantly higher than in hepatic cells, with BNF and TMX being the most toxic compounds. CYP1-like associated activity, measured through EROD activity, was only detected in hepatic cells; Hepa-E1 cells showed the highest activity after exposure to both BNF and BaP. Significantly higher levels of CYP3A-like activity were also observed in Hepa-E1 cells exposed to TMX, while gill cell lines presented the lowest levels. Measurements of ROS and antioxidant enzymes indicated that peroxide levels were higher in gill cell lines in general. However, levels of superoxide were significantly higher in RTH-149 cells, where no distinctive increase of superoxide-related antioxidants was observed. The present study demonstrates the importance of selecting adequate cell lines in measuring specific metabolic parameters and provides strong evidence for the fish hepatocarcinoma Hepa-E1 cells to be an excellent alternative in assessing metabolism of xenobiotics, and in expanding the applicability of fish cell lines for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Grace E Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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Arnot JA, Pawlowski S, Champ S. A weight-of-evidence approach for the bioaccumulation assessment of triclosan in aquatic species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1506-1518. [PMID: 29029804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation assessment of chemicals is challenging because of various metrics and criteria, multiple lines of evidence and underlying uncertainty in the data. Measured in vivo laboratory and field bioaccumulation data are generally considered preferable; however, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), mass balance models and in vitro data can also be considered. This case study critically evaluates in vivo, in vitro and in silico data and provides new data for the bioaccumulation assessment of triclosan (TCS). The review focusses on measured fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) because this is the most commonly used regulatory metric. Reported measured fish BCFs range from about 20 to 8700L/kg-ww spanning a range of possible bioaccumulation assessment outcomes, i.e. from "not bioaccumulative" to "very bioaccumulative". Estimated biotransformation rate constants for fish obtained from in vivo, in vitro and in silico methods show general consensus fostering confidence in the selection of plausible values to confront uncertainty in the measured fish BCF tests. Other measurements (lines of evidence) from various species are also collected and reviewed. The estimated biotransformation rate constants and selected chemical property data are used to parameterize bioaccumulation models for aquatic species. Collectively the available lines of evidence are presented using a weight of evidence approach for assessing the bioaccumulation of TCS in aquatic species. Acceptable quality measured data and model predictions for TCS BCFs and bioaccumulation factors are lower than 2000L/kg. Biomagnification factors are <1 (kg/kg). The general consistency in the acceptable quality data is largely explained by the relatively efficient rates of TCS biotransformation in a range of species including measurements of significant in vitro activity of phase II conjugation reactions. The review demonstrates the value of combining models and measurements and, when necessary, applying multiple lines of evidence for chemical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting Inc., 36 Sproat Avenue, Toronto, ON M4M 1W4, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | | | - Samantha Champ
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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