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Li M, Wu X, Zou J, Lai Y, Niu X, Chen X, Kong Y, Wang G. Dietary α-lipoic acid alleviates deltamethrin-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress in northern snakehead (Channa argus) via Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:228-237. [PMID: 35738487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to determine the ameliorative effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) on deltamethrin (DEL)-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress in northern snakehead (Channa argus). The northern snakeheads (15.38 ± 0.09 g) were exposed to DEL (0.242 μg/L) and fed with diets supplemented α-LA at 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg. After the 28-day exposure test, we obtained the following results: i) α-LA alleviates DEL-induced liver injury by reversing the increase of the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver cytochrome P450 enzymes (Cytochrome P450 (cyp)1a and cyp1b) expression levels. ii) α-LA can reverse the DEL-induced reduction of serum complement 4 (C4), C3, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and lysozyme (LYS) levels and the increase of liver and intestine nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb) p65, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α, interleukin (il)-1β, il-8, and il-6 gene expressions, while il-10 expression levels showed the opposite result. iii) α-LA reversed the reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the liver and intestine induced by DEL, while malondialdehyde (MDA) showed the opposite result. iv) α-LA reversed the reduction of Cu/Zn sod, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2), NAD (P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (nqo)1, and heme oxygenase (ho)-1 antioxidant gene expression levels in the liver and intestine induced by DEL. Therefore, our study indicated that optimal α-LA (600 mg/kg) could attenuate DEL-induced toxicity (including liver damage, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress) in northern snakehead via Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. This is the first research that explores the alleviated effects of α-LA on DEL-induced toxicity damage in fish. This study provides a positive measure to reduce the toxicity damage caused by DEL to aquatic animals, and provides a theoretical basis for exploring the regulation mechanism of α-LA in toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- South China Agricultural University, College of Marine Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingqian Lai
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiaotian Niu
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yidi Kong
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Mennillo E, Pretti C, Cappelli F, Luci G, Intorre L, Meucci V, Arukwe A. Novel organ-specific effects of Ketoprofen and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen on toxicological response transcripts and their functional products in salmon. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105677. [PMID: 33181407 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Racemic ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP) are widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and commonly detected in the aquatic environment. The present study has evaluated the toxicological effects of RS-KP and S(+)-KP on biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in gills and liver of Atlantic salmon. Fish were exposed for 10 days using different concentrations of RS-KP (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) and S(+)-KP (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L). Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses were analysed at both transcript and functional levels. In the gills, significant inhibitory effect at transcriptional and enzymatic levels were observed for biotransformation and oxidative stress responses. On the contrary, biotransformation responses were significantly increased at transcriptional and translational levels in the liver, while the associated enzymatic activities did not parallel this trend and were inhibited and further demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA). Our findings showed that both compounds produced comparable toxicological effects, by producing organ-specific effect differences. RS-KP and S(+)-KP did not bioaccumulate in fish muscle, either due to rapid metabolism or excretion as a result of their hydrophobic properties. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects observed in the gills suggest that these drugs may not undergo first pass metabolism, that might result to downstream differences in toxicological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, 57128, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelli
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
| | - Giacomo Luci
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Kryshchyshyn-Dylevych A, Kaminskyy D, Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Lesyk R, Gmiński J. Induction of Cyp450 enzymes by 4-thiazolidinone-based derivatives in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:915-927. [PMID: 33219472 PMCID: PMC8102453 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
4-Thiazolidinones and related derivatives are regarded as privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and a source of new drug-like compounds. To date it is known that thiazolidinones are able to induce CYP1A1 activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, to extend the knowledge of the mechanism of thiazolidinones in the cell, four chemically synthesized heterocycles were tested on 3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to Les-2194, Les-3640, Les-5935, and Les-6166. Our study showed that 1 μM βNF, Les-2194, and Les-6166 decreased the expression of Ahr mRNA. In turn, βNF, Les-2194, and Les-3640 increased the Cyp1a1 mRNA expression at the same time interval. On the other hand, Les-5935 was found to decrease the Cyp1a1 mRNA expression. Interestingly, the expression of Cyp1a2 mRNA was activated only by βNF and Les-2194. The expression of Cyp1b1 mRNA in the 3T3 cell line increased after the βNF and Les-2194 treatment but declined after the exposure to Les-5935 and Les-6166. Moreover, the Les-2194 and Les-5935 compounds were shown to increase the activity of EROD, MROD, and PROD. Les-3640 increased the activity of EROD and decreased the activity of PROD. In turn, the treatment with Les-6166 resulted in an increase in the activity of EROD and a decrease in the activity of MROD and PROD in the 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Kryshchyshyn-Dylevych
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.,Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland
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Antonucci M, Belghit I, Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Araujo P. Modeling the influence of time and temperature on the levels of fatty acids in the liver of Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antarctic fish (Trematomus bernacchii) are an ideal group for studying the effect of ocean warming on vital physiological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation, including changes in the fatty acid composition to higher heat tolerance in the sub-zero waters of the Southern Ocean. Despite the awareness of the impact of ocean warming on marine life, bioclimatic models describing the effect of temperature and time on fatty acid levels in marine species have not been considered yet. The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the concentrations of fatty acids in liver from T. bernacchii in response to an increase in temperature in the Antarctic region. Changes in the concentrations of fatty acids in liver from T. bernacchii were observed after varying simultaneously and systematically the temperature and time. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography prior to acclimation (− 1.8 °C) and after acclimation (0.0, 1.0, and 2.0 °C) at different times (1, 5, and 10 days). The observed changes were graphically visualized by expressing the fatty acid concentration in absolute units (mg g−1) as a function of the temperature and time using polynomial models. Major changes in fatty acid composition were observed at day 1 of exposition at all temperatures. At day 5, the fish seem to tolerate the new temperature condition. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids were almost constant throughout the various conditions. The concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (in particular 18:1n − 9) decrease at day 1 for all temperatures. In contrast, there was an increase in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (in particular 20:5n − 3 and 22:6n − 3) with increasing temperatures after 1, 5, and 10 days of exposure. The proposed models were in agreement with reported studies on polar and temperate fish, indicating possibly similar adaptation mechanisms for teleost to cope with global warming.
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Strobel A, Mark FC, Segner H, Burkhardt-Holm P. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes and superoxide dismutase in the Antarctic eelpout Pachycara brachycephalum exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1487-1495. [PMID: 29315775 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway mediates many, if not all, responses of fish to dioxin-like compounds. The Southern Ocean is progressively exposed to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants. Antarctic fish are known to accumulate those pollutants, yet nothing is known about their capability to induce chemical biotransformation via the AhR pathway. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether Antarctic eelpout, Pachycara brachycephalum, respond to anthropogenic pollutants by activation of the AhR and its target gene cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), and of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which served as a representative for oxidative stress. We exposed P. brachycephalum to 10 and 100 mg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)/kg body weight for 10 d and measured the expression of AhR, CYP1A, and SOD in liver tissue via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We identified two distinct AhR isoforms in the liver of P. brachycephalum. Antarctic eelpout responded to both BaP exposures by an up-regulation of AhR and SOD, and by a particularly strong induction of CYP1A expression, which remained high until day 10 of the exposure time. Our data suggest that P. brachycephalum possesses the potential to up-regulate xenobiotic biotransformation pathways, at least at the gene expression level. The time course of the AhR and CYP1A response points to an efficient but slow xenobiotics metabolism. Moreover, BaP exposure could include adverse effects such as oxidative stress. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1487-1495. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Strobel
- Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix C Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mennillo E, Krøkje Å, Pretti C, Meucci V, Arukwe A. Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in rat hepatic cell-line (H4IIE) exposed to racemic ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:199-207. [PMID: 29626791 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals such as racemate ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP) are highly detectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment and therefore are designated as one of the most emerging groups of pollutants that can affect environmental and human health. The potential impact of these pharmaceuticals was assessed for the first time in vitro using a rat hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (H4IIE). Cells were exposed to low and high concentrations of these drugs. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT reduction assay; CYP1A1 transcriptional and enzymatic levels together with canonical oxidative stress responsive markers (GPx, GR, GST and CAT) were also investigated. Cells exposed to RS-KP and S(+)-KP did not show cytotoxicity effect at the concentrations tested. However, this study highlighted differences between RS-KP and S(+)-KP in most of the evaluated markers, showing compound-, concentration- and time-specific effect patterns which suggest a potential stereo-selective toxicity of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Interuniversitary Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, 57128, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Szychowski KA, Wnuk A, Kajta M, Wójtowicz AK. Triclosan activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent apoptosis and affects Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 expression in mouse neocortical neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:106-114. [PMID: 27474938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent that is used extensively in personal care and in sanitizing products, such as soaps, toothpastes, and hair products. A number of studies have revealed the presence of TCS in human tissues, such as fat, liver and brain, in addition to blood and breast milk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of TCS on AhR and Cyp1a1/Cyp1b1 signaling in mouse neocortical neurons in primary cultures. In addition to the use of selective ligands and siRNAs, expression levels of mRNA and proteins as well as caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release have been measured. We also studied the involvement of the AhR in TCS-induced LDH release and caspase-3 activation as well as the effect of TCS on ROS generation. Cultures of neocortical neurons were prepared from Swiss mouse embryos on day 15/16 of gestation. The cells were cultured in phenol red-free Neurobasal medium with B27 and glutamine, and the neurons were exposed to 1 and 10µM TCS. Our experiments showed that the expression of AhR and Cyp1a1 mRNA decreased in cells exposed to 10µM TCS for 3 or 6h. In the case of Cyp1b1, mRNA expression remained unchanged compared with the control group following 3h of exposure to TCS, but after 6h, the mRNA expression of Cyp1b1 was decreased. Our results confirmed that the AhR is involved in the TCS mechanism of action, and our data demonstrated that after the cells were transfected with AhR siRNA, the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties of TCS were decreased. The decrease in Cyp1a1 mRNA and protein expression levels accompanied by a decrease in its activity. The stimulation of Cyp1a1 activity produced by the application of an AhR agonist (βNF) was attenuated by TCS, whereas the addition of AhR antagonist (αNF) reversed the inhibitory effects of TCS. In our experiments, TCS diminished Cyp1b1 mRNA and enhanced its protein expression. In case of Cyp1a1 we observed paradoxical effect of TCS action, which caused the decrease in activity and protein expression of Cyp1a1 and the increase in protein level of AhR. Therefore, we determined the effects of TCS on the production of ROS. Our results revealed that TCS increased the production of ROS and that this effect of TCS was reversed by 10µM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the ROS scavenger. To confirm an involvement of ROS in TCS-induced neurotoxicity we measured AhR, Cyp1a1, and Cyp1b1 mRNA expression levels in cells co-treated with TCS and NAC. In the presence of NAC, TCS enhanced mRNA expression of the cytochromes and AhR at 3 and 6h, respectively. We postulate that TCS exhibits primary and secondary effects. The primary effects such as impairment of Cyp1a1 signaling are mediated by TCS-induced ROS production, whereas secondary effects of TCS are due to transcriptional activity of AhR and estrogenic properties of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248 Krakow, Poland.
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Karami A, Courtenay SC. Glutathione S-transferase activities in African catfish injected with β-naphthoflavone: effects of ploidy, gender, dose, and sampling time. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:681. [PMID: 26452505 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are considered among the most controversial biomarkers of water pollutants in fish with little known about factors influencing their activities. The objective of this study was to investigate how gender, dose, ploidy, and sampling time alter hepatic GST activities in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) following β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) injection. Newly matured male and female diploid and triploid fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 0, 15, or 75 mg/kg of β-NF, and livers were excised 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. Results showed that hepatic GST activities were significantly inhibited by both doses of β-NF. Inhibition was greater in females than males, but no significant differences were observed between diploid and triploid fish. Enzymatic activities differed over time with lowest levels 72 h post-injection. These results extend our understanding of GST activity in fish and highlight the necessity of considering confounding factors when comparing different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S C Courtenay
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, Canadian Water Network, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Garofalo F, Amelio D, Gattuso A, Cerra MC, Pellegrino D. Cardiac contractility in Antarctic teleost is modulated by nitrite through xanthine oxidase and cytochrome p-450 nitrite reductase. Nitric Oxide 2015; 49:1-7. [PMID: 26045289 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, nitrite anion, the largest pool of intravascular and tissue nitric oxide storage, represents a key player of many biological processes, including cardiac modulation. As shown by our studies on Antarctic teleosts, nitrite-dependent cardiac regulation is of great relevance also in cold-blooded vertebrates. This study analysed the influence elicited by nitrite on the performance of the perfused beating heart of two Antarctic stenotherm teleosts, the haemoglobinless Chionodraco hamatus (icefish) and the red-blooded Trematomus bernacchii. Since haemoglobin is crucial in nitric oxide homeostasis, the icefish, a naturally occurring genetic knockout for this protein, provides exclusive opportunities to investigate nitric oxide/nitrite signaling. In vivo, nitrite conversion to nitric oxide requires the nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450, thus the involvement of these enzymes was also evaluated. We showed that, in C. hamatus and T. bernacchii, nitrite influenced cardiac performance by inducing a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect which was unaffected by nitric oxide scavenging by PTIO in C. hamatus, while it was abolished in T. bernacchii. Specific inhibition of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450 revealed, in the two teleosts, that the nitrite-dependent inotropism required the nitrite reductase activity of both enzymes. We also found that xanthine oxidase is more expressed in C. hamatus than in T. bernacchii, while the opposite was observed concerning cytochrome P-450. Results suggested that in the heart of C. hamatus and T. bernacchii, nitrite is an integral physiological source of nitric oxide with important signaling properties, which require the nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Garofalo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Daniela Amelio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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Corbett PA, King CK, Mondon JA. Application of a quantitative histological health index for Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii) from Davis Station, East Antarctica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 109:28-40. [PMID: 26070020 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative Histological Health Index (HHI) was applied to Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii) using gill, liver, spleen, kidney and gonad to assess the impact of wastewater effluent from Davis Station, East Antarctica. A total of 120 fish were collected from 6 sites in the Prydz Bay region of East Antarctica at varying distances from the wastewater outfall. The HHI revealed a greater severity of alteration in fish at the wastewater outfall, which decreased stepwise with distance. Gill and liver displayed the greatest severity of alteration in fish occurring in close proximity to the wastewater outfall, showing severe and pronounced alteration respectively. Findings of the HHI add to a growing weight of evidence indicating that the current level of wastewater treatment at Davis Station is insufficient to prevent impact to the surrounding environment. The HHI for T. bernacchii developed in this study is recommended as a useful risk assessment tool for assessing in situ, sub-lethal impacts from station-derived contamination in coastal regions throughout Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Corbett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.
| | - Catherine K King
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Julie A Mondon
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.
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Strobel A, Burkhardt-Holm P, Schmid P, Segner H. Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism and EROD and GST Biotransformation Activity in the Liver of Red- and White-Blooded Antarctic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8022-8032. [PMID: 25965896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic pollution are of increasing concern in remote areas such as Antarctica. The evolutionary adaptation of Antarctic notothenioid fish to the cold and stable Southern Ocean led to a low plasticity of their physiological functions, what may limit their capacity to deal with altered temperature regimes and pollution in the Antarctic environment. Using a biochemical approach, we aimed to assess the hepatic biotransformation capacities of Antarctic fish species by determining (i) the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and (ii) the metabolic clearance of benzo(a)pyrene by hepatic S9 supernatants. In addition, we determined the thermal sensitivity of the xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes. We investigated the xenobiotic metabolism of the red-blooded Gobionotothen gibberifrons and Notothenia rossii, the hemoglobin-less Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari, and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a reference. Our results revealed similar metabolic enzyme activities and metabolic clearance rates between red- and white-blooded Antarctic fish, but significantly lower rates in comparison to rainbow trout. Therefore, bioaccumulation factors for metabolizable lipophilic contaminants may be higher in Antarctic than in temperate fish. Likewise, the thermal adaptive capacities and flexibilities of the EROD and GST activities in Antarctic fish were significantly lower than in rainbow trout. As a consequence, increasing water temperatures in the Southern Ocean will additionally compromise the already low detoxification capacities of Antarctic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Strobel
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Peter Schmid
- ‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Gerger CJ, Thomas JK, Janz DM, Weber LP. Acute effects of β-naphthoflavone on cardiorespiratory function and metabolism in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:289-298. [PMID: 25186110 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists are known to cause lethal cardiovascular deformities in fish after developmental exposure. Acute adult fish toxicity of AhR agonists is thought to be minimal, but limited evidence suggests sublethal effects may also involve the cardiac system in fish. In the present study, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were aqueously exposed to solvent control or three nominal concentrations of the commonly used model AhR agonist, β-naphthoflavone (BNF), for 48 h. Following exposure, fish were subjected to echocardiography to determine cardiac function or swimming tests with concurrent oxygen consumption measurement. Critical swimming speed and standard metabolic rate were not significantly changed, while active metabolic rate decreased with increasing BNF exposure, reaching statistical significance at the highest BNF exposure. Factorial aerobic scope was the most sensitive end-point and was decreased at even lower BNF concentrations, indicating a reduced aerobic capacity after acute AhR agonist exposure in adult fish. The highest BNF concentration caused a significant decrease in cardiac output, while increasing the ratio of atrial to ventricular heart rate (indicating atrioventricular conduction blockade). In conclusion, the effect of acute BNF exposure on zebrafish metabolic capacity and cardiac function is likely to be physiologically important given that fish have a critical need for adequate oxygen to fuel essential survival behaviors such as swimming, growth, and reproduction. Future studies should be directed at examining the effects of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on fish cardiorespiratory function to determine whether their effects and modes of action are similar to BNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Gerger
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
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13
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Gerdol M, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Pallavicini A. Analysis and characterization of the head kidney transcriptome from the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii (Teleostea, Notothenioidea): a source for immune relevant genes. Mar Genomics 2014; 20:13-5. [PMID: 25557849 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe the de novo assembled head kidney transcriptome of the Antarctic notothenioid fish Trematomus bernacchii, an important model species for biochemical, environmental and immunological studies. RNA-seq data was generated using Illumina paired-end sequencing, obtaining ~7 Gbp of sequence data, which were assembled into 96,641 contigs and annotated with the Trinotate pipeline. Since this sequence collection is expected to contain a relevant number of immunity-related transcripts, it will be used as a reference for future immunological studies in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy.
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy.
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14
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Corbett PA, King CK, Stark JS, Mondon JA. Direct evidence of histopathological impacts of wastewater discharge on resident Antarctic fish (Trematomus bernacchii) at Davis Station, East Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 87:48-56. [PMID: 25173596 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the 2009/2010 summer, a comprehensive environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the wastewater discharge at Davis Station, East Antarctica was completed. As part of this, histological alteration of gill and liver tissue in Antarctic Rock-cod (Trematomus bernacchii) from four sites along a spatial gradient from the wastewater outfall were assessed. All fish within 800 m of the outfall exhibited significant histological changes in both tissues. Common pathologies observed in fish closest to the outfall include proliferation of epithelial cells with associated secondary lamellar fusion in the gills and multifocal granulomata with inflammation and necrosis as well as cysts in the liver. Fish from sites >800 m from the outfall also exhibited alterations but to a lesser degree, with prevalence and severity decreasing with increasing distance from the outfall. This study highlights the value of histopathological investigations as part of EIAs and provides the first evidence of sub-lethal alteration associated with wastewater discharge in East Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Corbett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.
| | - Catherine K King
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Jonathan S Stark
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Julie A Mondon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.
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15
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Regoli F, Giuliani ME. Oxidative pathways of chemical toxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 93:106-17. [PMID: 23942183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant system of marine organisms consists of low molecular weight scavengers and antioxidant enzymes which interact in a sophisticated network. Environmental pollutants can unbalance this system through closely related mechanisms, indirect relationships and cascade effects acting from pre-transcriptional to catalytic levels. Chemically-mediated pathways have the potential to greatly enhance intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); at the same time, excessive levels of oxyradicals down-regulate xenobiotics metabolism, with important environmental implications for organisms exposed to chemical mixtures. Interactions between different classes of chemicals, generation of ROS and onset of oxidative stress conditions are partly modulated by changes in levels and functions of redox-sensitive signaling proteins and transcription factors. The Nrf2-Keap1 pathway still remains largely unexplored in marine organisms, despite the elevated degree of identity and similarity with homolog transcripts and proteins from different species. Recent evidences on transcriptional up-regulation of this system are consistent with the capability to provide a prolonged expression of ARE-regulated cytoprotective genes, and to efficiently switch off this mechanism when oxidative pressure decreases. Although gene expression and catalytic activities of antioxidants are often measured as alternative biomarkers in monitoring biological effects of contaminants, conflicting results between molecular and biochemical responses are quite frequent. The links between effects occurring at various intracellular levels can be masked by non-genomic processes affecting mRNA stability and protein turnover, different timing for transcriptional and translational mechanisms, metabolic capability of tissues, post-transcriptional modifications of proteins, bi-phasic responses of antioxidant enzymes and interactions occurring in chemical mixtures. In this respect, caution should be taken in monitoring studies where mRNA levels of antioxidants could represent a snapshot of cell activity at a given time, not an effective endpoint of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri Monte d'Ago, Ancona 60100, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri Monte d'Ago, Ancona 60100, Italy
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Doering JA, Wiseman S, Beitel SC, Tendler BJ, Giesy JP, Hecker M. Tissue specificity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses and relative sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to an AhR agonist. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:125-133. [PMID: 22446824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons are endangered in some parts of the world. Due to their benthic nature and longevity sturgeon are at greater risk of exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants such as dioxin-like compounds that are associated with sediments. Despite their endangered status, little research has been conducted to characterize the relative responsiveness of sturgeon to dioxin-like compounds. In an attempt to study the biological effects and possible associated risks of exposure to dioxin-like compounds in sturgeon, the molecular and biochemical responses of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to a model aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, β-naphthoflavone (βNF) were investigated. White sturgeon were injected intraperitoneally with one of three doses of βNF (0, 50, or 500mg/kg, bw). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were used as a reference species since their responses have been well characterized in the past. Three days following injection with βNF, fish were euthanized and livers, gills, and intestines collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. White sturgeon exposed to βNF had significantly greater ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in liver (up to 37-fold), gill (up to 41-fold), and intestine (up to 36-fold) than did unexposed controls. Rainbow trout injected with βNF exhibited EROD activity that was significantly greater in liver (88-fold), than that of controls, but was undetectable in gills or intestine. Abundance of CYP1A transcript displayed a comparable pattern of tissue-specific induction with intestine (up to 189-fold), gills (up to 53-fold), and liver (up to 21-fold). Methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD) and pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (PROD) activities were undetectable in unexposed white sturgeon tissues while exposed tissues displayed MROD activity that was only moderately greater than the activity that could be detected. Differential inducibility among liver, gill, and intestine following exposure to an AhR agonist is likely associated with tissue-specific regulation of the AhR signalling pathway. Liver and gill of white sturgeon had significantly greater AhR transcript abundance than did the intestine, however following exposure to βNF, significantly greater induction in AhR transcript abundance was detected in intestine (up to 35-fold) compared to liver (up to 5-fold) or gills (up to 11-fold). It was shown that white sturgeon are responsive to AhR agonists in the liver, gill, and intestine and could be among the more sensitive fish species with regard to inducibility of CYP1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada.
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17
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Turcotte D, Headley JV, Abudulai NL, Hodson PV, Brown RS. Identification of phase II in vivo metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1585-1591. [PMID: 21907385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of xenobiotics is a two-step process that increases the polarity of compounds to facilitate their excretion. In previous work, the major in vitro phase I metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CYP enzymes were shown to be predominantly ring hydroxylated metabolites. Here, we present the first report on the identification of in vivo phase II metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes in juvenile rainbow trout. Bile was collected from trout injected with individual alkyl-anthracenes with, in some cases, a co-injection of β-naphthoflavone (BNF). Some samples were digested with the β-glucuronidase enzyme to confirm the presence of glucuronide conjugates. The metabolites were separated using a water-acetonitrile gradient on a HPLC system equipped with a C(18) column and a UV-diode array detector. Trout with endogenous and BNF-induced enzymes produced the same metabolites, but higher concentrations of metabolites were detected after enzyme induction. Alkyl-anthracenes were metabolized predominantly on the rings as evidenced by the UV spectral analysis. Likewise, mass spectrometry and UV spectral analysis confirmed a predominance of glucuronide conjugates for all systems investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Turcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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18
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Regoli F, Giuliani ME, Benedetti M, Arukwe A. Molecular and biochemical biomarkers in environmental monitoring: a comparison of biotransformation and antioxidant defense systems in multiple tissues. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:56-66. [PMID: 22099345 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 pathway and antioxidant responses are known for their responsiveness to environmental pollutants and are frequently used as biomarkers at the transcriptional, translational and catalytic levels. Although molecular responses are often assumed to reflect similar changes in enzyme function, several factors can influence intracellular effects, including mRNA stability and protein turnover, signal sensing and transduction, post-translational modifications of proteins, and multiple mode of action of chemicals in complex mixtures. The aim of this study was to use experimental data for a general discussion on the importance of mechanisms modulating transcriptional and catalytic responses of these pathways, and the resulting implications for environmental monitoring. The European eel Anguilla anguilla was selected as fish model to compare the effects of polluted sediments on gene expression and functional levels of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucoronosyl transferases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase in the liver and gills. The overall results confirmed significant changes in gene transcription related to biotransformation and oxyradical metabolism, but also supported the evidence of a frequent dissociation between mRNA expression and protein activity. More similar trends of variations and exposure-dependent relationships was observed in the liver for transcriptional and catalytic responses of those pathways closely regulated by specific interactions between substrate, transcription factors, gene and metabolizing protein (i.e. phase I and phase II). On the other hand, the lower metabolism and the cellular machinery of gill cells may prevent elevated transcriptional responsiveness to be translated to an adequate functional response of a protein. Relationships between transcriptional and catalytic effects were often inconsistent for antioxidant responses confirming the complexity of interactions between exposure to chemical pollutants and regulation of oxidative stress responses. Oxidative stress responses may not necessarily be associated with transcriptional variations of genes, but rather with post-translational modifications of proteins. These mechanisms are just beginning to be revealed in marine organisms, but their characterization will be fundamental for better understanding of the implications of variations in gene expressions according to system, tissue, intensity and duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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19
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Meland S, Farmen E, Heier LS, Rosseland BO, Salbu B, Song Y, Tollefsen KE. Hepatic gene expression profile in brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to traffic related contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1430-1443. [PMID: 21295820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been growing concern about highway runoff as a potential threat and a significant source of diffuse pollution to the aquatic environment. However, identifying ecotoxicological effects might be challenging, especially at sites where the traffic density is modest to low. Hence, there is a need for alternatives e.g. small-scale toxicity tests using conventional endpoints such as mortality and growth. The present paper presents result from a transcriptional (microarray) screening performed on liver from brown trout (Salmo trutta) acutely exposed (4h) to traffic-related contaminants during washing of a highway tunnel outside the city of Oslo, Norway. The results demonstrated that traffic-related contaminants caused a plethora of molecular changes that persisted several hours after the exposure (i.e. during recovery). Beside an evident transcriptional up-regulation of e.g. cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), and cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) involved in xenobiotic biotransformation, the observed responses were predominantly associated with immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and endocrine modulation. The observed responses were likely caused by an interaction of several contaminants including trace metals and organic micro-pollutants such as PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondre Meland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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20
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Zucchi S, Corsi I, Luckenbach T, Bard SM, Regoli F, Focardi S. Identification of five partial ABC genes in the liver of the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii and sensitivity of ABCB1 and ABCC2 to Cd exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2746-2756. [PMID: 20627496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several ABC transporters have been characterized from many aquatic organisms, but no information is yet available for Antarctic fish. The aim of this work was to identify the expression of genes for ABC proteins in Trematomus bernacchii, a bioindicator species of the Southern Ocean. Partial cDNA sequences of ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC4 and ABCC9 were cloned from liver. Using RACE technology, 3.5 and 2.2 kb contigs were obtained for ABCB1 and ABCC2. Considering the elevated natural bioavailability of cadmium at Terra Nova Bay, responsiveness of ABCB1 and ABCC2 to this element was investigated under laboratory conditions. ABCB1 and ABCC2 mRNA levels were approximately four-fold higher in Cd-exposed fish compared to the controls. Induction of ABCB1 protein was also found by western blot. This study provides the first identification of five ABC genes in the liver of an Antarctic key species, some of which may be involved in cellular detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zucchi
- Department of Environmental Sciences G. Sarfatti, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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21
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Jönsson ME, Gao K, Olsson JA, Goldstone JV, Brandt I. Induction patterns of new CYP1 genes in environmentally exposed rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:311-21. [PMID: 20371123 PMCID: PMC2892734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) gene family comprises four subfamilies in fish: CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C, and CYP1D. Only two CYP1 genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A3, are so far known in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The present study aimed to identify other CYP1 subfamily genes in rainbow trout, to establish methods for quantitative mRNA expression analysis of these genes, and to determine their basal and induced mRNA expression in gills and liver. Another goal was to examine their mRNA expression in environmentally exposed fish. We cloned four new transcripts, denoted rbCYP1B1, rbCYP1C1, rbCYP1C2, and rbCYP1C3. Levels of these and the previously known rbCYP1A transcripts were determined by real-time PCR in unexposed fish, fish exposed to the potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), and fish caged in various waters in the Uppsala region (Sweden). The mRNA expression patterns observed in unexposed rainbow trout (basal levels) were markedly similar to those reported for orthologous genes in other species. All six transcripts were induced by PCB126 in gills and liver, suggesting all genes to be AhR regulated. The caged fish showed clear rbCYP1 induction in gills at all monitoring sites (up to 70-fold the basal level), whereas the liver responses were weak; induction (up to 5-fold) was recorded only at the Uppsala municipal sewage treatment plant outlet. Gill filament EROD activity was induced at all caging sites. Most interestingly, the rbCYP1 gene response patterns in gills differed among caging sites and among subfamilies. The EROD induction seemed to only reflect induction of rbCYP1A transcription. Response patterns of multiple CYP1 genes in gills and liver could provide an improved monitoring strategy. Such patterns could be used to characterize complex mixtures of AhR agonists and antagonists in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sanden M, Olsvik PA. Intestinal cellular localization of PCNA protein and CYP1A mRNA in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. exposed to a model toxicant. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 9:3. [PMID: 19309504 PMCID: PMC2667469 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to examine the intestinal cellular localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cytochrome P450 A1 (CYP1A) expression in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. exposed to a model toxicant. The stress response was induced by intraperitoneal injection of four salmon with a single dose (50 mg/kg) of the CYP1A inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and intestinal tissue (mid and distal intestine; MI and DI) was sampled seven days later. Samples for histology and gene transcription analysis were collected from four exposed fish and four control fish. PCNA was assessed by immunohistochemistry, CYP1A mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization (ISH) and finally the transcription of five genes was quantified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (real-time RT-PCR); two detoxifying genes (CYP1A and glutathione S-transferase; GST), a stress marker gene (heat shock protein 70; HSP70), PCNA and a gene marker of apoptosis (caspase 6A). Results PCNA protein and CYP1A mRNA were successfully localized in the intestinal cells (MI) of both experimental groups. At the cellular level, BNF significantly lowered intestinal cell proliferation and increased the CYP1A mRNA levels compared to the control group. The real-time RT-PCR data, which showed an increased mRNA expression both in the MI and DI of 139- and 62-fold, respectively, confirmed the increased cellular CYP1A mRNA levels detected using ISH. HSP70 expression was also up-regulated in the exposed fish. The other examined genes did not show any differential regulation in the experimental fish group. Conclusion This study showed that CYP1A mRNA had a specific intestinal cellular transcription pattern in Atlantic salmon exposed to BNF. At the cellular level CYP1A mRNA expression was always observed at or around the cell nucleus close to the basolateral cell membrane and at the tissue level CYP1A mRNA expression was most frequently observed in the basal and apex area of the intestinal folds. Taken together, a link between the intestinal detoxification system (CYP1A) and cell renewal system (PCNA) is indicated with these two processes being inversely correlated in BNF exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanden
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Hernández-Moreno D, Soler-Rodríguez F, Míguez-Santiyán MP, Pérez-López M. Hepatic monooxygenase (CYP1A and CYP3A) and UDPGT enzymatic activities as biomarkers for long-term carbofuran exposure in tench (Tinca tinca L). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2008; 43:395-404. [PMID: 18576220 DOI: 10.1080/03601230802062117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a long-term exposure of tenchs to different concentrations (10 and 100 micro g/L) of the pesticide carbofuran has been evaluated. Microsomal hepatic cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A (CYP1A) and 3A (CYP3A) activities, as well as the phase II enzyme uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity were evaluated as adequate biomarkers of fish exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the pesticide carbofuran in freshwater ecosystems. A clear time-dependent inhibition of both CYP1A and UDPGT activities was observed in fish exposed to the highest dose of carbofuran with respect to controls, whereas in the case of CYP3A activity, values of exposed animals did not show a clear pattern of alteration during the experiment. The results of the present study demonstrated that hepatic CYP1A and UDPGT activities from tench could be considered as sensitive biomarkers for carbamate pesticides in polluted water, thus allowing future and ecologically relevant biomonitoring studies with this species.
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