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Liang YQ, Zhong L, Jiang M, Lu M, Li C, Dong Z, Lin Z. Physiological and transcriptional effects in the male western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) following exposure to dexamethasone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114722. [PMID: 36870310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely found in a variety of aquatic environments and has potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. This study was to assess the toxic effects of exposure to different concentrations (0, 5 and 50 μg/L) of DEX for 60 days on adult male mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Morphological analyses of skeleton and anal fin, histological effects of testes and livers, and transcriptional expression levels of genes related to reproductive and immune system were determined. The results showed that exposure to DEX significantly increased 14L and 14D values of hemal spines, which suggested DEX could affect skeleton development and result in more masculine characteristics in male fish. In addition, the damage to testis and liver tissue was observed after DEX treatment. It also enhanced mRNA expression of Erβ gene in the brain and Hsd11b1 gene in the testis. The findings of this study reveal physiological and transcriptional effects of DEX on male mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Lishan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Mixue Lu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China.
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China.
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2
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Paschoalini AL, Savassi LA, Weber AA, Moreira DP, Ribeiro YM, Rizzo E, Bazzoli N. Evaluation of the oestrogenic potential of oestrone and bisphenol-A on the reproduction of Astyanax bimaculatus males after subacute exposure. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:797-810. [PMID: 33665751 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, oestrogenic compounds have often been reported in environmentally relevant concentrations in aquatic environments around the world. Most laboratory studies of oestrogens try to understand the effects of a single contaminant, but in natural environments, the effects may be quite different due to interactions with other compounds. The present study aimed to compare the action of oestrone (E1) and bisphenol-A (BPA), acting singularly and in combination, on the spermatogenesis of Astyanax bimaculatus. After exposure to 100 ng/L of E1, BPA and a mixture of the two for 15 days, our results showed that E1 and the E1 + BPA mixture significantly altered the number of spermatogenic cells. BPA presented high cytotoxicity when compared to other treatments. Analysis of the two oestrogenic compounds suggests that the E1 + BPA mixture has no additive or synergistic effects. Together, the results of the present study indicate that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) analysed alone may behave differently than when administered with other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Loureiro Paschoalini
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação de Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30535-610, Brazil
| | - Lourenço Almeida Savassi
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - André Alberto Weber
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Tukey Lab, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Davidson Peruci Moreira
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Yves Moreira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universdidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação de Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30535-610, Brazil.
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3
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Zhong L, Liang YQ, Lu M, Pan CG, Dong Z, Zhao H, Li C, Lin Z, Yao L. Effects of dexamethasone on the morphology, gene expression and hepatic histology in adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129797. [PMID: 33545586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), including natural hormones as well as synthetic chemicals, can pose influences on physiological performance, development and reproduction of fish. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used as pharmaceutical and usually exists in effluents with varying degrees of concentrations. In this study, adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were treated by DEX at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L for 60 days. Morphological parameters of anal fin and skeleton, mRNA expression abundance, and histological alterations of liver were investigated to assess effects of DEX on mosquitofish. The results showed that DEX increased number of sections of ray 3 in anal fin and decreased 16L, 15D and 16D in skeletal parameters, which indicates DEX could potentially lead to weak masculinization. Furthermore, transcriptional expression levels of ARα, ARβ, ERβ, VTGC and CYP19A genes were notably down-regulated by DEX, which will contribute to weak masculinization in females. In addition, the damage to liver tissue was also induced by DEX. Taken together, this research demonstrated that aquatic environments contaminated by DEX have negative effects on mosquitofish at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524000, PR China.
| | - Mixue Lu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524000, PR China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, PR China
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4
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Yu Q, Geng J, Ren H. Occurrence and fate of androgens in municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124371. [PMID: 31369902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns about potential ecological risks of androgens discharged to the environment through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has resulted in an increased interest regarding the occurrence and fate of androgens in WWTPs. In this study, the occurrence and removal of eight androgens from 12 municipal WWTPs distributed in eleven cities in China were investigated. The composition profiles of eight androgens in influent, effluent, and excess sludge were studied. Multiple factor analyses were performed to reveal the factors affecting the distribution of androgens in WWTP influent. Results showed similar composition profiles of androgens in the studied WWTPs, with androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone confirmed as the dominant androgens. The distributions of androgens in WWTP influent were related to the chemical oxygen demand in influent and the gross domestic product (GDP) of WWTP-associated cities. The target androgens have high aqueous removal rates, with a mean removal rate of >90%. Additionally, the behaviors of androgens were evaluated by mass balance along anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) processes in a WWTP, in which many of the androgens were eliminated mainly in the anaerobic tank. Further, 15 biotransformation products of testosterone were identified under anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic sludge, respectively. Based on these metabolites, a general biotransformation pathway of testosterone under anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic sludge is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Huang GY, Liu YS, Liang YQ, Shi WJ, Yang YY, Liu SS, Hu LX, Chen HX, Xie L, Ying GG. Endocrine disrupting effects in western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis in two rivers impacted by untreated rural domestic wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:61-70. [PMID: 31129332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewaters are an important source of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the receiving aquatic environment. Most rural domestic wastewaters (RDWs) in China have been directly discharged into the aquatic environment without any treatment. Here we studied the effects of RDWs on the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from two rural rivers receiving untreated RDWs. Mosquitofish samples were collected at 5 sampling sites along two rivers during dry and wet seasons. Sex ratios, secondary sex characteristics and transcriptional levels of target genes related to the endocrine system in adult females and males were determined. In parallel, various pollutants including steroid hormones, phenolic compounds, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in the water samples at all sites. The results showed that the androgenic effects in the fish were evidenced by significant increase in male to female ratio in fish populations at two sampling sites and by the presence of modified hemal spines in females at four sampling sites when compared to the reference site. The males from the two rivers had increased Vtg mRNA expressions with a maximal 6.2-fold increase relative to the reference site and a delayed development of hemal spines. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that some physiological parameters were related to steroid hormones, phenolic compounds and PAHs. The findings from this study suggest that RDWs can lead to masculinization in females and feminization in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hong-Xing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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6
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Weber AA, Moreira DP, Melo RMC, Vieira ABC, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. Stage-specific testicular protein levels of the oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and Cyp19 and association with oestrogenic contamination in the lambari Astyanax rivularis (Pisces: Characidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34403-34413. [PMID: 30306442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogens participate in various biological processes such as oogenesis, vitellogenesis and testicular development, but studies regarding the distribution and protein levels of oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and aromatase (Cyp19) in testis are rarely investigated in fish species. The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression pattern of ERα, ERβ and Cyp19 in testis of Astyanax rivularis and, in addition, to verify if oestrogenic contamination interferes in the expression levels of these proteins. Quarterly, field samplings were carried out during a reproductive cycle in a stream of the Upper Velhas River with a good conservation status (site S1). In the gonadal maturation peak (June), when ripe stage was most abundant, fish collection was made in three streams: S1, reference site, and S2 and S3, sites contaminated by untreated sewage. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrated labelling of Cyp19 in Leydig cells and acidophilic granulocytes, but spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, spermatids and spermatozoa were also labelled. ERα was more widely distributed than ERβ being found in all developmental germ cell phases. On the other hand, ERβ was found only in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. During testicular maturation, ELISA levels for Cyp19, ERα and ERβ followed the gonadosomatic index (GSI) with significant higher values in the ripe stage. Regarding to endocrine disruption, the males exposed to domestic sewage presented significant higher expression of Cyp19 and ERα when compared to the non-exposed fish. Together, our results demonstrate expression patterns of Cyp19, ERα and ERβ in the testis of A. rivularis. In addition, we indicate ERα and Cyp19 as sensitive biomarkers for monitoring of oestrogenic contamination in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Alberto Weber
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, C.P.486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Davidson Peruci Moreira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, C.P.486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Magno Costa Melo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, C.P.486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Augusto Bicalho Cruz Vieira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, C.P.486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30535-610, Brazil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, C.P.486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
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7
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Vidal N, Loureiro M, Hued AC, Eguren G, de Mello FT. Female masculinization and reproductive success in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Cyprinodontiforme: Poeciliidae) under anthropogenic impact. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1331-1340. [PMID: 30244326 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are exposed to a myriad of chemical compounds, with particular concerns focused on endocrine disruptors. Growing scientific evidence indicates that these compounds interfere with normal endocrine function and could affect the reproductive system of humans and wildlife. We analyzed the proportion of masculinized females, defined by elongation and fusion of the anal fin rays, and the extent of masculinization, masculinization index, defined by anal fin length divided by the standard length, of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus resident to areas of agricultural and urban-industrial activities in the Arroyo Colorado basin. Additionally, a bioassay was carried out to assess the potential effects of masculinization on reproductive success, measured as the number of viable progenies, using pregnant females from the site downstream of the urban-industrial zone. Masculinized females were observed in all sampling sites, particularly downstream of the urban-industrial area, where over 80% of females presented abnormal sexual characteristics and the highest masculinization index was registered. In the laboratory, masculinized adult females showed male mating behavior, and survival of their progeny was lower than those of normal females. To our knowledge, this is the first report of endocrine disruption in field-collected C. decemmaculatus, and the first evaluation of the reproductive success of masculinized females. Finally, our results support C. decemmaculatus as an excellent sentinel species due to its wide distribution, easy culture in laboratory conditions, and its potential capability to respond to sources of pollution, particularly endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Vidal
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó entre Saravia y Bvar. Artigas, Maldonado, CP, 20000, Uruguay.
- Departamento de Ecología & Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Marcelo Loureiro
- Departamento de Ecología & Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Cecilia Hued
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, CP, 5000, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Eguren
- Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, CP, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Franco Teixeira de Mello
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó entre Saravia y Bvar. Artigas, Maldonado, CP, 20000, Uruguay.
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Zhang JN, Ying GG, Yang YY, Liu WR, Liu SS, Chen J, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ. Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of androgens in ten wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers of South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:644-654. [PMID: 29547853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are one class of steroids that could cause endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic organisms. However, little information is available about androgens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment technologies. Here we investigated the occurrence, removal, and fate of fourteen natural and synthetic androgens in ten WWTPs of Guangdong province, south China. The results showed detection of ten androgens in the influents of the ten WWTPs, with concentrations up to 4650 ng/L (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione). But only three androgens androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17β-boldenone were detected in the final effluents of the ten WWTPs, while six androgens androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (N.D. to 43.0 ng/g), 4-androstene-3,17-dione (2.06-42.7 ng/g), epi-androsterone (N.D. to 506 ng/g), testosterone (0.29-4.24 ng/g), 17β-boldenone (N.D. to 2.05 ng/g) and methyl testosterone (N.D. to 0.70 ng/g) were found in activated sludge. The aqueous phase removal rates for most androgens in the WWTPs exceeded 95% except for 4-androstene-3,17-dione with its removal rates varying between 79.5% and 100%. The removal of androgens in the WWTPs could be attributed mainly to biodegradation while removal by precipitation, volatilization, sludge absorption and oxidation was very limited. Eight androgens were also found in five receiving rivers. The risk quotients of some androgens (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, methyl testosterone, 17α-trenbolone) exceeded 1 in the receiving rivers, showing high risks to aquatic organisms. Further studies are needed to understand the origin of these high risk androgens and ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Vázquez-Euán R, Escalante-Herrera KS, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Partial Gene Sequencing of CYP1A, Vitellogenin, and Metallothionein in Mosquitofish Gambusia yucatana and Gambusia sexradiata. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:41-45. [PMID: 27913826 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ground characteristics in the Yucatan Peninsula make recovery and treatment of wastewater very expensive. This situation has contributed to an increase of pollutants in the aquifer. Unfortunately, studies related to the effects of those pollutants in native organisms are scarce. The aim of this work was to obtain partial sequences of widely known genes used as biomarkers of pollutant effect in Gambusia yucatana and Gambusia sexradiata. The studied genes were: cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A); vitellogenin (VTG); metallothionein (MT), and two housekeeping genes, 18S and β-actin. From reported sequences of Gambusia affinis, primers were designed and amplification was done in the local Gambusia species exposed for 48 h to gasoline (100 µL/L, stirred for 24 h pre-exposure). Preliminary results revealed partial sequences of all genes with an approximate average length of 200 bp. BLAST analysis of found sequences indicated a minimum of 97% identity with reported sequences for G. affinis or Gambusia holbrooki showing great similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez-Euán
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
- CONACYT-Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Karla S Escalante-Herrera
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, 97356, Sisal, YUC, Mexico.
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10
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Huang GY, Liu YS, Chen XW, Liang YQ, Liu SS, Yang YY, Hu LX, Shi WJ, Tian F, Zhao JL, Chen J, Ying GG. Feminization and masculinization of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) observed in rivers impacted by municipal wastewaters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20884. [PMID: 26876344 PMCID: PMC4753483 DOI: 10.1038/srep20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Municipal wastewaters have been known to contain various estrogens and androgens. Little is known about the joint action of these chemicals from wastewaters on fishes in the aquatic environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the estrogenic and/or androgenic effects in wild mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) of two effluent-impacted rivers in South China by determining morphological changes and hepatic mRNA expression levels of relevant genes such as vitellogenin (Vtg), estrogen receptor (ERα) and androgen receptors (ARα and ARβ), and to assess the linkages of those morphological changes and hepatic mRNA expression levels to the chemical concentrations measured by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. The results showed a significant induction of Vtg and ERα mRNA in the livers of the males and a gonopodium-like anal fin in the females collected at the majority of sites. Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the chemical concentrations obtained by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis had significant correlations with some of the endpoints for the estrogenic and/or androgenic effects in mosquitofish. The findings from this study indicate that the estrogens and androgens present in the two rivers could cause the observed estrogenic and androgenic effects in mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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11
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Vajda AM, Kumar A, Woods M, Williams M, Doan H, Tolsher P, Kookana RS, Barber LB. Integrated assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluent estrogenicity in the Upper Murray River, Australia, using the native Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1078-1087. [PMID: 25645549 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of major continental river systems by endocrine-active chemicals (EACs) derived from the discharge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can affect human and ecosystem health. As part of a long-term effort to develop a native fish model organism for assessment of endocrine disruption in Australia's largest watershed, the Murray-Darling River Basin, the present study evaluated endocrine disruption in adult males of the native Australian Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) exposed to effluent from an activated sludge WWTP and water from the Murray River during a 28-d, continuous-flow, on-site experiment. Analysis of the WWTP effluent and river water detected estrone and 17β-estradiol at concentrations up to approximately 25 ng L(-1) . Anti-estrogenicity of effluent samples was detected in vitro using yeast-based bioassays (yeast estrogen screen) throughout the experiment, but estrogenicity was limited to the first week of the experiment. Histological evaluation of the testes indicated significant suppression of spermatogenesis by WWTP effluent after 28 d of exposure. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations and expression of vitellogenin messenger RNA in liver were not significantly affected by exposure to WWTP effluent. The combination of low contaminant concentrations in the WWTP effluent, limited endocrine disrupting effects in the Murray rainbowfish, and high in-stream dilution factors (>99%) suggest minimal endocrine disruption impacts on native Australian fish in the Murray River downstream from the WWTP outfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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12
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Bahamonde PA, Fuzzen ML, Bennett CJ, Tetreault GR, McMaster ME, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. Whole organism responses and intersex severity in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) following exposures to municipal wastewater in the Grand River basin, ON, Canada. Part A. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:290-301. [PMID: 25543172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs) contain anthropogenic substances that can exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity. These complex mixtures have been observed to exert adverse effects on fish. Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum, RBD) is a small benthic fish that is widespread throughout the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, and has been previously shown to be adversely affected by MWWE exposure in this watershed. The objectives of this study were to quantify biological responses in this sentinel species and intersex severity in male fish, in relation to the area of urbanization. It focused on RBD populations adjacent to wastewater outfalls in the Grand River watershed. In May 2011, nine sites across the urban gradient were selected to evaluate the impact of MWWEs. Endpoints for energy storage (i.e. condition factor, k; liversomatic index, LSI) as well as reproductive endpoints (i.e. gonadosomatic index, GSI; gonad development, hormone production), and intersex were assessed in the fish. Rainbow darter showed a high incidence of intersex downstream of the wastewater outfalls, especially below the largest treatment plant outfall at Kitchener (∼85%). We applied an intersex index (score from 0 to 7) that considers the number of eggs within the testis and the stage of maturation of the egg. RBD exposed downstream of the largest wastewater outfall at Kitchener had a score of 3.81±0.37 compared to upstream to the urban areas where there were no intersex males found other than a single individual with a score 1 (average intersex score of site 0.06±0.06). In addition, several fish associated with the Kitchener outfall had macroscopic vitellogenic eggs in the testes (intersex scores 5 and 6). The sub-population of fish located at the wastewater outfall also showed a tendency towards skewed sex ratios (greater proportion of females to male fish) compared to the population at the reference sites. Male fish inhabiting the urbanized area of the Grand River also showed reduced levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). Intersex males had the lower levels of 11KT relative to the upstream reference fish but could not be distinguished from normal males collected at the exposed sites. Despite the high levels of intersex at these sites, no relationships were evident among intersex severity and other measured endpoints such as GSI, LSI or in vitro steroid production. The effects observed appear to be associated with urbanization and exposure to treated MWWEs in the watershed. Although intersex incidence and severity was a very good indicator of wastewater exposure, intersex could not be directly linked to other effects in this wild population. The effects of MWWEs on transcriptional changes in adult RBD exposed to the effluents are reported in the corresponding report (Part B).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
| | - M L Fuzzen
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Bennett
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - G R Tetreault
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M R Servos
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Current address: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and the Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
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13
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Chen R, Yin P, Zhao L, Yu Q, Hong A, Duan S. Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2340-2347. [PMID: 25458690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in river surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient (HQ) was also carried out and the HQ values ranged from 3.6×10(-5) to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ>1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Center of Analysis and Test, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qiming Yu
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Aihua Hong
- Center of Analysis and Test, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shunshan Duan
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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14
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Gong Y, Tian H, Wang L, Yu S, Ru S. An integrated approach combining chemical analysis and an in vivo bioassay to assess the estrogenic potency of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in Qingdao. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95597. [PMID: 24743634 PMCID: PMC3990707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adverse effects related to landfill leachate have made leachates an important issue in past decades, and it has been demonstrated that landfill leachate is an important source of environmental estrogens. In this study, we employed chemical analysis of some already evaluated estrogenic substances, in combination with a bioassay using several specific biomarkers (e.g., plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids, enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and gonadosomatic index) to evaluate the estrogenic activities in outlets from different stages of the leachate treatment process. The results indicated that 5 environmental estrogens (4-t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, di-ethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate) were detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the concentrations in leachate samples were 6153 ng/L, 3642 ng/L, 2139 ng/L, 5900 ng/L, and 9422 ng/L, respectively. Leachate (1∶200 diluted) induced the synthesis of plasma vitellogenin and led to decreased enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and gonadosomatic index in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) after a 28-day exposure, while increased circulating 17β-estradiol level was also observed in males exposed to treated effluent. Although the target EEs were partially removed with removal rates varying from 87.2% to 99.77% by the “membrane bioreactor+reverse osmosis+aeration zeolite biofilter” treatment process, the treated effluent is still estrogenic to fish. The method combined chemical techniques with the responses of test organisms allowing us to identify the group of estrogen-like chemicals so that we were able to evaluate the overall estrogenic effects of a complex mixture, avoiding false negative assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Qingdao Chengtou Xiaojianxi Leachate Treatment Corporation Limited, Qingdao, China
| | - Suping Yu
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bahamonde PA, Tetreault GR, McMaster ME, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. Molecular signatures in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) inhabiting an urbanized river reach receiving wastewater effluents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:211-220. [PMID: 24513783 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) is a small benthic fish species found in North America that are abundant and distributed throughout the Grand River watershed, ON, Canada. Rainbow darter exhibit intersex in males at sites adjacent to municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE). In October 2010, female and male rainbow darter were collected at 3 sites (1 upstream reference and 2 downstream exposed sites) in the Grand River near the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo. The primary objectives of this research were (1) to characterize the responses of whole organism endpoints (i.e. condition factor (K), liversomatic (LSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI), histopathology) to MWWEs and (2) to identify transcripts showing altered steady state abundance with exposure to MWWE in fish inhabiting municipal wastewater effluent-exposed areas. Genes measured in this study included vitellogenin, Sry-box containing protein 9 (sox9), forkhead box L2 (foxl2), doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (cyp11a) as well as estrogen (esr1, esrb) and androgen (ar) receptors. There were no changes in condition factor; however, there was a significant increase in LSI and a decrease in GSI in fish inhabiting downstream environments when compared with fish collected from the reference site. Males had a high incidence (∼ 70%) of intersex in downstream sites; characterized by the presence of oocytes within the testis. In the gonad, there were sex specific differences for genes related to sexual differentiation; dmrt1 was only expressed in males whereas foxl2 and sox9 were highly expressed in females compared to males. Expression levels of ar and esr1 were higher in females than males. Conversely, esrb was not differentially expressed between sexes or among sites. There were no differences detected for the genes investigated within sex among sites. This study is the first to report on gene expression changes in the rainbow darter, with emphasis on the differences in transcript abundance between sexes and how these changes relate to exposures to MWWEs. Molecular approaches are being investigated for their potential application to field ecotoxicology, and molecular bioassays for relevant, sentinel species in environmental monitoring programs are required to better understand the impact of anthropogenic impacts on species at risk in river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5.
| | - G R Tetreault
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6; University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - M E McMaster
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - M R Servos
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5
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16
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Kolpin DW, Schenzel J, Meyer MT, Phillips PJ, Hubbard LE, Scott TM, Bucheli TD. Mycotoxins: diffuse and point source contributions of natural contaminants of emerging concern to streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:669-676. [PMID: 24184544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of mycotoxins in streams, 116 water samples from 32 streams and three wastewater treatment plant effluents were collected in 2010 providing the broadest investigation on the spatial and temporal occurrence of mycotoxins in streams conducted in the United States to date. Out of the 33 target mycotoxins measured, nine were detected at least once during this study. The detections of mycotoxins were nearly ubiquitous during this study even though the basin size spanned four orders of magnitude. At least one mycotoxin was detected in 94% of the 116 samples collected. Deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin (77%), followed by nivalenol (59%), beauvericin (43%), zearalenone (26%), β-zearalenol (20%), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (16%), α-zearalenol (10%), diacetoxyscirpenol (5%), and verrucarin A (1%). In addition, one or more of the three known estrogenic compounds (i.e. zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol) were detected in 43% of the samples, with maximum concentrations substantially higher than observed in previous research. While concentrations were generally low (i.e. < 50 ng/L) during this study, concentrations exceeding 1,000 ng/L were measured during spring snowmelt conditions in agricultural settings and in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results of this study suggest that both diffuse (e.g. release from infected plants and manure applications from exposed livestock) and point (e.g. wastewater treatment plants and food processing plants) sources are important environmental pathways for mycotoxin transport to streams. The ecotoxicological impacts from the long-term, low-level exposures to mycotoxins alone or in combination with complex chemical mixtures are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St. Suite 269, Iowa City, IA 52244, United States.
| | - Judith Schenzel
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Research Station, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, KS 66049, United States
| | - Patrick J Phillips
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Laura E Hubbard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St. Suite 269, Iowa City, IA 52244, United States
| | - Tia-Marie Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Research Station, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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