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Rosner A, Ballarin L, Barnay-Verdier S, Borisenko I, Drago L, Drobne D, Concetta Eliso M, Harbuzov Z, Grimaldi A, Guy-Haim T, Karahan A, Lynch I, Giulia Lionetto M, Martinez P, Mehennaoui K, Oruc Ozcan E, Pinsino A, Paz G, Rinkevich B, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Cambier S. A broad-taxa approach as an important concept in ecotoxicological studies and pollution monitoring. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:131-176. [PMID: 37698089 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates play a pivotal role in (eco)toxicological assessments because they offer ethical, cost-effective and repeatable testing options. Additionally, their significance in the food chain and their ability to represent diverse aquatic ecosystems make them valuable subjects for (eco)toxicological studies. To ensure consistency and comparability across studies, international (eco)toxicology guidelines have been used to establish standardised methods and protocols for data collection, analysis and interpretation. However, the current standardised protocols primarily focus on a limited number of aquatic invertebrate species, mainly from Arthropoda, Mollusca and Annelida. These protocols are suitable for basic toxicity screening, effectively assessing the immediate and severe effects of toxic substances on organisms. For more comprehensive and ecologically relevant assessments, particularly those addressing long-term effects and ecosystem-wide impacts, we recommended the use of a broader diversity of species, since the present choice of taxa exacerbates the limited scope of basic ecotoxicological studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of (eco)toxicological studies, focusing on major aquatic invertebrate taxa and how they are used to assess the impact of chemicals in diverse aquatic environments. The present work supports the use of a broad-taxa approach in basic environmental assessments, as it better represents the natural populations inhabiting various ecosystems. Advances in omics and other biochemical and computational techniques make the broad-taxa approach more feasible, enabling mechanistic studies on non-model organisms. By combining these approaches with in vitro techniques together with the broad-taxa approach, researchers can gain insights into less-explored impacts of pollution, such as changes in population diversity, the development of tolerance and transgenerational inheritance of pollution responses, the impact on organism phenotypic plasticity, biological invasion outcomes, social behaviour changes, metabolome changes, regeneration phenomena, disease susceptibility and tissue pathologies. This review also emphasises the need for harmonised data-reporting standards and minimum annotation checklists to ensure that research results are findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR), maximising the use and reusability of data. The ultimate goal is to encourage integrated and holistic problem-focused collaboration between diverse scientific disciplines, international standardisation organisations and decision-making bodies, with a focus on transdisciplinary knowledge co-production for the One-Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- Sorbonne Université; CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice, 28 avenue Valombrose, Nice, F-06107, France
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Embryology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya embankment 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1111, Slovenia
| | - Maria Concetta Eliso
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, 80121, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Zoya Harbuzov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
- Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Koushy Ave., Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, Varese, 3-21100, Italy
| | - Tamar Guy-Haim
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli-Mersin, PO 28, 33731, Turkey
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via prov. le Lecce -Monteroni, Lecce, I-73100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, Palermo, I-90133, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Kahina Mehennaoui
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Elif Oruc Ozcan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Balcali, Saricam, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy
| | - Guy Paz
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
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Drago L, Perin G, Santovito G, Ballarin L. The stress granule component TIAR during the non-embryonic development of the colonial ascidian Botryllusschlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:108999. [PMID: 37604264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
TIAR, is a nucleic acid binding protein involved in the formation of cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules, in which mRNA translation is temporarily blocked in response to stressful conditions. TIAR is used as stress granules molecular marker in vertebrates, but it is not so deeply investigated in invertebrates, especially in marine organisms. In the present work, we investigated the role of TIAR in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri during its non-embryonic development, featured by the cyclical renewal of the colony. We studied the extent of transcription during the colonial blastogenetic cycle and the location of the transcripts in Botryllus tissues. Using an anti-TIAR antibody specific for ascidians, by immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry assays, we studied the expression of the protein in haemolymph cells and body tissues and by transmission electron microscopy we identified its subcellular localisation. The anti-TIAR antibody was also microinjected in the circulatory system of B. schlosseri to study its effect on non-embryonic development and immune responses. Results indicate a delay in the progression of the blastogenetic cycle in injected colonies. In addition, degranulation of circulating cytotoxic cells and phagocytosis by professional, circulating phagocytes, two fundamental processes of innate immunity, were also negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Perin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Kaur H, Tashima, Singh S, Kumar P. Reconditioning of plant metabolism by arbuscular mycorrhizal networks in cadmium contaminated soils: Recent perspectives. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127293. [PMID: 36586201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most perilous nonessential heavy metal for plants, owing to its high water solubility and obstruction with various physiological and biochemical processes. It enters food chain via plant uptake from contaminated soil, posing a grave menace to ecosystem and mankind. Green remediation comprises approaches intended at prudent use of natural resources for increasing profits to humans and environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered a promising green technological tool for remedial of Cd-polluted soils. They are naturally associated with root system of plants in Cd-contaminated soils, evidencing their tolerance to Cd. AM can decrease Cd uptake by plants broadly through two strategies: (1) extracellular mechanisms involving Cd chelation by root exudates, binding to fungal cell wall/structures or to the glycoprotein glomalin; (2) intracellular means involving transfer via hyphal network, detoxification and vacuolar sequestration mediated by complexation of Cd with glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), metallothioneins (MTs) and polyphosphate granules. Additionally, mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates reconditioning of plants' metabolism primarily through dilution effect, increased water and mineral uptake. Recently, AM-induced remodelling of root cell wall synthesis has been reported to improve plant vigor and survival under Cd stressed environments. The present article highlights Cd impacts on AM growth, its diversity in Cd contaminated soils, and variations among diverse AM fungal species for imparting plant Cd tolerance. The most recent perspectives on AM-mediated Cd tolerance mechanisms in plants, including cellular and molecular studies have also been reviewed for successful utilization of these beneficial microbes in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanjit Kaur
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India..
| | - Tashima
- Department of Botany, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab 151302, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Botany, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab 144004, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Manduwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Phytochelatins: Sulfur-Containing Metal(loid)-Chelating Ligands in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2430. [PMID: 36768751 PMCID: PMC9917255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal(loid)s via SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal(loid)s, PCs are mainly involved in the detoxification of cadmium and arsenic (III), as well as mercury, zinc, lead, and copper ions, which have high affinities for S-containing ligands. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent data on PC biosynthesis, structure, and role in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in the vacuoles of plant cells. A comparative analysis of PC accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their shoots, and in the excluders, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their roots, investigates the question of whether the endogenous PC concentration determines a plant's tolerance to metal(loid)s. Summarizing the available data, it can be concluded that PCs are not involved in metal(loid) hyperaccumulation machinery, though they play a key role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological role of metal(loid)-binding ligands is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology, plant physiology, ionomics, and toxicology, and is important for the development of technologies used in phytoremediation, biofortification, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Auguste M, Melillo D, Corteggio A, Marino R, Canesi L, Pinsino A, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Methodological Approaches To Assess Innate Immunity and Innate Memory in Marine Invertebrates and Humans. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:842469. [PMID: 35295223 PMCID: PMC8915809 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.842469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the impact of drugs and contaminants on immune responses requires methodological approaches able to represent real-life conditions and predict long-term effects. Innate immunity/inflammation is the evolutionarily most widespread and conserved defensive mechanism in living organisms, and therefore we will focus here on immunotoxicological methods that specifically target such processes. By exploiting the conserved mechanisms of innate immunity, we have examined the most representative immunotoxicity methodological approaches across living species, to identify common features and human proxy models/assays. Three marine invertebrate organisms are examined in comparison with humans, i.e., bivalve molluscs, tunicates and sea urchins. In vivo and in vitro approaches are compared, highlighting common mechanisms and species-specific endpoints, to be applied in predictive human and environmental immunotoxicity assessment. Emphasis is given to the 3R principle of Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research and to the application of the ARRIVE guidelines on reporting animal research, in order to strengthen the quality and usability of immunotoxicology research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Marino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Italiani, ; Diana Boraschi,
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Paola Italiani, ; Diana Boraschi,
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6
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Drago L, Ferro D, Bakiu R, Ballarin L, Santovito G. Typical 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins as a Defense Mechanism against Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Solitary Ascidian Ciona robusta. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010093. [PMID: 35052596 PMCID: PMC8772837 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prdxs) are proteins with antioxidant properties belonging to the thioredoxin peroxidase family. With their peroxidase activity, they contribute to the homeostatic control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, therefore, participate in various physiological functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although Prdxs have been shown to be potential biomarkers for monitoring aquatic environments, minimal scientific attention has been devoted to describing their molecular architecture and function in marine invertebrates. Our study aims to clarify the protective role against stress induced by exposure to metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) of three Prdxs (Prdx2, Prdx3, and Prdx4) in the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate. Here, we report a detailed pre- and post-translational regulation of the three Prdx isoforms. Data on intestinal mRNA expression, provided by qRT-PCR analyses, show a generalized increase for Prdx2, -3, and -4, which is correlated to metal accumulation. Furthermore, the increase in tissue enzyme activity observed after Zn exposure is slower than that observed with Cu and Cd. The obtained results increase our knowledge of the evolution of anti-stress proteins in invertebrates and emphasize the importance of the synthesis of Prdxs as an efficient way to face adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Diana Ferro
- Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tiranë, Albania;
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (G.S.)
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Vingiani GM, Gasulla F, Barón-Sola Á, Sobrino-Plata J, Henández LE, Casano LM. Physiological and Molecular Alterations of Phycobionts of Genus Trebouxia and Coccomyxa Exposed to Cadmium. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:334-343. [PMID: 33452613 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on aeroterrestrial microalgae are unravelling their resistance mechanisms to different abiotic stressors, including hazardous metals, pointing to their future role as bioremediation microorganisms. In the present study, physiological and molecular alterations of four phycobionts of genus Trebouxia (T. TR1 and T. TR9) and Coccomyxa (C. subellipsoidea and C. simplex) exposed to Cd were studied. Cd accumulation and subcellular distribution, cell wall structure, production of biothiols (GSH and phytochelatins), reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, expression of key antioxidant genes and ROS-related enzymes were evaluated to determine the physiological differences among the four microalgae, with the aim to identify the most suitable microorganism for further biotechnological applications. After 7 days of Cd exposure, Coccomyxa algae showed higher capacity of Cd intake than Trebouxia species, with C. subellipsoidea being the highest Cd accumulator at both intracellular and, especially, cell wall level. Cd induced ROS formation in the four microalgae, but to a greater extent in both Coccomyxa algae. Trebouxia TR9 showed the lowest Cd-dependent oxidative stress probably due to glutathione reductase induction. All microalgae synthetized phytochelatins in response to Cd but in a species-specific and a dose-dependent manner. Results from this study agree with the notion that each microalga has evolved a distinct strategy to detoxify hazardous metals like Cd and to cope with oxidative stress associated with them. Coccomyxa subellipsoidea and Trebouxia TR9 appear as the most interesting candidates for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Maria Vingiani
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Barón-Sola
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sobrino-Plata
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis E Henández
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Laura D, Anna P, Nicola F, Loriano B, Rigers B, Gianfranco S. Stress granules in Ciona robusta: First evidences of TIA-1-related nucleolysin and tristetraprolin gene expression under metal exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108977. [PMID: 33465518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules are non-membranous cytoplasmic foci, composed of non-translating messenger ribonucleoproteins, translational initiation factors and other additional proteins. They represent a primary mechanism to rapidly modulate gene expression when cells are subjected to adverse environmental conditions. Very few works have been devoted to study the presence of the molecular components of stress granules in invertebrates. In this work, we characterized the transcript sequences for two important protein components of stress granules, TIA-1-related nucleolysin (TIAR) and tristetraprolin (TTP), in the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate, and carried out the first studies on their gene expression under stress conditions induced by metals (Cu, Zn and Cd). Data on mRNA expression levels, provided by qRT-PCR analyses, show a generalized decrease at the second day of metal-exposure for both tiar and ttp, suggesting that metal accumulation induces acute stress and the inhibition of the transcription for the two studied proteins. In-situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that TIAR and TTP antisense riboprobes recognize circulating granular amoebocytes in the hemolymph, in both blood lacunae and tunic. The results obtained in this work increase our knowledge on the evolution of anti-stress proteins in metazoans and emphasize the importance of the transcription of tiar and ttp, which represents an efficient physiological response allowing organisms to survive in the environment under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Laura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peronato Anna
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franchi Nicola
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ballarin Loriano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Bakiu Rigers
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Santovito Gianfranco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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9
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Santovito G, Trentin E, Gobbi I, Bisaccia P, Tallandini L, Irato P. Non-enzymatic antioxidant responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Insights into the physiological role against metal-induced oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108909. [PMID: 33022382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to metals is known to generate oxidative stress in living organisms, which can result in the induction of protective antioxidant defences, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. This work aims to obtain new data on the existing links among several non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system, that are physiologically related to both metal sequestration and defense against metal-induced oxidative stress, using the blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a model organism. Specimens of this marine bivalve were experimentally exposed to cadmium (Cd), used as oxidative stress inducer. Cd, metallothionein (MT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in gills and in digestive glands were assessed at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The obtained results provide new data about the relationships among the non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular components considered in this study. These constitute the prompt physiological responses to the oxidative stress in blue mussels exposed to Cd in controlled laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilaria Gobbi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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10
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Phytoremediation of Cadmium: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070177. [PMID: 32708065 PMCID: PMC7407403 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals in the environment, and has noxious effects on plant growth and production. Cd-accumulating plants showed reduced growth and productivity. Therefore, remediation of this non-essential and toxic pollutant is a prerequisite. Plant-based phytoremediation methodology is considered as one a secure, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach for toxic metal remediation. Phytoremediating plants transport and accumulate Cd inside their roots, shoots, leaves, and vacuoles. Phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated sites through hyperaccumulator plants proves a ground-breaking and profitable choice to combat the contaminants. Moreover, the efficiency of Cd phytoremediation and Cd bioavailability can be improved by using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Emerging modern molecular technologies have augmented our insight into the metabolic processes involved in Cd tolerance in regular cultivated crops and hyperaccumulator plants. Plants’ development via genetic engineering tools, like enhanced metal uptake, metal transport, Cd accumulation, and the overall Cd tolerance, unlocks new directions for phytoremediation. In this review, we outline the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in Cd phytoremediation. Further, a focus on the potential of omics and genetic engineering strategies has been documented for the efficient remediation of a Cd-contaminated environment.
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11
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Chatzidimitriou E, Bisaccia P, Corrà F, Bonato M, Irato P, Manuto L, Toppo S, Bakiu R, Santovito G. Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase from the Crocodile Icefish Chionodraco hamatus: Antioxidant Defense at Constant Sub-Zero Temperature. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040325. [PMID: 32316382 PMCID: PMC7222407 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the purification and molecular characterization of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Chionodraco hamatus, an Antarctic teleost widely distributed in many areas of the Ross Sea that plays a pivotal role in the Antarctic food chain. The primary sequence was obtained using biochemical and molecular biology approaches and compared with Cu,Zn SODs from other organisms. Multiple sequence alignment using the amino acid sequence revealed that Cu,Zn SOD showed considerable sequence similarity with its orthologues from various vertebrate species, but also some specific substitutions directly linked to cold adaptation. Phylogenetic analyses presented the monophyletic status of Antartic Teleostei among the Perciformes, confirming the erratic differentiation of these proteins and concurring with the theory of the "unclock-like" behavior of Cu,Zn SOD evolution. Expression of C. hamatus Cu,Zn SOD at both the mRNA and protein levels were analyzed in various tissues, highlighting the regulation of gene expression related to environmental stress conditions and also animal physiology. The data presented are the first on the antioxidant enzymes of a fish belonging to the Channichthyidae family and represent an important starting point in understanding the antioxidant systems of these organisms that are subject to constant risk of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Paola Bisaccia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Francesca Corrà
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Marco Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Laura Manuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.T.)
- CRIBI Biotech Centre, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tiranë, Albania;
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang WX, Meng J, Weng N. Trace metals in oysters: molecular and cellular mechanisms and ecotoxicological impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:892-912. [PMID: 29774338 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are important benthic bivalves in coastal and estuarine environments. They are widely farmed due to their rapid growth and taste; they are also widely applied in environmental monitoring of coastal pollution due to their accumulation of contaminants. Most importantly, oysters are among the few marine organisms that are considered to be hyper-accumulators of many toxic metals, such as cadmium, copper and zinc. As such, there is a tremendous call to study the interactions between metals and oysters, especially due to the increasing metal pollution in many coastal and estuarine waters. Over the past decades, many studies have focused on metal accumulation in oysters as well as the ecotoxicological effects of metals on oysters. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of metal accumulation, sequestration and toxicity in oysters. Applications of modern technologies such as omics and nanoscale imaging have added significantly to our knowledge of metal biology in oysters. Variations between different metals also demonstrate the diversity of the interactions between oysters and metals. Despite this recent progress, however, there is a need for further study of the molecular mechanisms of metal uptake and toxicity as well as the joint effects of metal mixtures on oyster populations. Oysters have higher numbers of stress responsive genes than most animals, which may have been induced by gene duplication during the evolution of their intertidal environmental adaptations. The divergent expression of stress responsive genes may explain the different tolerances for metals among different species. These fundamental studies may eventually provide promising solutions for reducing toxic metal concentrations in oysters for safe consumption by humans. To conclude, the complexity of life history and metal chemistry of oysters coupled with emerging pollution and application of modern techniques represents an important and exciting research area in modern ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Wang
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Ferro D, Franchi N, Bakiu R, Ballarin L, Santovito G. Molecular characterization and metal induced gene expression of the novel glutathione peroxidase 7 from the chordate invertebrate Ciona robusta. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:1-7. [PMID: 29253620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the identified and characterized the gene and the transcript of a novel glutathione peroxidase-7 (GPx7) from the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate widely distributed in temperate shallow seawater. The putative nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with those of GPx7 from other metazoans and phylogenetic analysis suggests the presence of a high evolutionary pressure in the contest of neutral evolution. The mRNA of CrGPx7 is located in hemocytes and ovarian follicular cells, as revealed by in situ hybridization. The time course of CrGPx7 mRNA levels in the presence of Cd, Cu and Zn, showed upregulation in the final stages of the experiments, suggesting a role of GPx7 in late protection from oxidative stress. Our in silico analyses of the crgpx7 promoter region revealed putative consensus sequences similar to mammalian metal-responsive elements (MRE) and xenobiotic-responsive elements (XRE), suggesting that the transcription of these genes directly depends on metals. Cell-free extract from C. robusta tissues show the presence of selenium-independent GPx activity that is inhibited by the presence of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - N Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - L Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - G Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Zhang X, Rui H, Zhang F, Hu Z, Xia Y, Shen Z. Overexpression of a Functional Vicia sativa PCS1 Homolog Increases Cadmium Tolerance and Phytochelatins Synthesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:107. [PMID: 29467781 PMCID: PMC5808204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) catalyzed by phytochelatin synthases (PCS) are important for the detoxification of metals in plants and other living organisms. In this study, we isolated a PCS gene (VsPCS1) from Vicia sativa and investigated its role in regulating cadmium (Cd) tolerance. Expression of VsPCS1 was induced in roots of V. sativa under Cd stress. Analysis of subcellular localization showed that VsPCS1 was localized in the cytoplasm of mesophyll protoplasts of V. sativa. Overexpression of VsPCS1 (35S::VsPCS1, in wild-type background) in Arabidopsis thaliana could complement the defects of Cd tolerance of AtPCS1-deficent mutant (atpcs1). Compared with atpcs1 mutants, 35S::VsPCS1/atpcs1 (in AtPCS1-deficent mutant background) transgenic plants significantly lowered Cd-fluorescence intensity in mesophyll cytoplasm, accompanied with enhanced Cd-fluorescence intensity in the vacuoles, demonstrating that the increased Cd tolerance may be attributed to the increased PC-based sequestration of Cd into the vacuole. Furthermore, overexpressing VsPCS1 could enhance the Cd tolerance in 35S::VsPCS1, but have no effect on Cd accumulation and distribution, showing the same level of Cd-fluorescence intensity between 35S::VsPCS1 and wild-type (WT) plants. Further analysis indicated this increased tolerance in 35S::VsPCS1 was possibly due to the increased PCs-chelated Cd in cytosol. Taken together, a functional PCS1 homolog from V. sativa was identified, which hold a strong catalyzed property for the synthesis of high-order PCs that retained Cd in the cytosol rather the vacuole. These findings enrich the original model of Cd detoxification mediated by PCS in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyun Rui
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Fenqin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Xia,
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Role of Phytochelatins (PCs), Metallothioneins (MTs), and Heavy Metal ATPase (HMA) Genes in Heavy Metal Tolerance. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77386-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Ferro K, Ferro D, Corrà F, Bakiu R, Santovito G, Kurtz J. Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Tribolium castaneum: Evolution, Molecular Characterisation, and Gene Expression during Immune Priming. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1811. [PMID: 29375546 PMCID: PMC5763126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a normal consequence of the aerobic cell metabolism. Despite their high and potentially detrimental reactivity with various biomolecules, the endogenous production of ROS is a vital part of physiological, immunological, and molecular processes that contribute to fitness. The role of ROS in host-parasite interactions is frequently defined by their contribution to innate immunity as effectors, promoting parasite death during infections. In vertebrates, ROS and antioxidant system enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) are also involved in acquired immune memory, where they are responsible for T-cell signalling, activation, proliferation, and viability. Based on recent findings, ROS are now also assumed to play a role in immune priming, i.e., a form of memory in invertebrates. In this study, the potential involvement of Cu,Zn SODs in immunity of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is described for the first time, applying an approach that combines an in silico gene characterisation with an in vivo immune priming experiment using the Gram-positive entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We identified an unusually high number of three different transcripts for extracellular SOD and found that priming leads to a fine-tuned modulation of SOD expression, highlighting the potential of physiological co-adaptations for immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Meng J, Wang WX, Li L, Zhang G. Respiration disruption and detoxification at the protein expression levels in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) under zinc exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:34-41. [PMID: 28780297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) can accumulate high levels of zinc (Zn) without obvious toxicity, but the related molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, C. gigas were exposed to excess Zn for 9days and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were examined using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method. In total, 2667 proteins containing at least two peptides and detected in both replicates were used for proteomic analysis. Among these DEPs, 332 were up-regulated and 282 were down-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEPs revealed that Zn exposure mainly distrubed 'tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle', 'electron transport chain (ETC)' and 'glutathione (GSH) metabolism' processes in oysters. Further key protein expressions enriched in these metabolism pathways were analyzed. In TCA cycle, Zn inhibited the Fe-containing protein expressions, which may lead to the accumulation of succinate and induce anaerobiosis. In ETC metabolism process, Zn inhibited ETC complex protein expressions, including complex I-IV, which may affect the electron transport process. Furthermore, Zn induced phytochelatin (PC) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) expression in GSH catabolism. The proteins play important roles in Zn detoxification and ROS elimination process. The transcriptional expressions of genes encoding these proteins were observed using real-time PCR analysis, and there was good consistency between these two datasets. Overall, we provide direct evidence for Zn toxicity and detoxification mechanisms at protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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Cima F, Peronato A, Ballarin L. The haemocytes of the colonial aplousobranch ascidian Diplosoma listerianum: Structural, cytochemical and functional analyses. Micron 2017; 102:51-64. [PMID: 28889072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diplosoma listerianum is a colonial aplousobranch ascidian of the family Didemnidae that is native to the northeast Atlantic and exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate waters. It lacks a shared colonial circulation crossing the tunic, and the zooids are connected only by the common tunic. In the present study, the haemocytes of this ascidian were analysed via light and electron microscopy. Their phagocytic and enzymatic activities, staining and immunostaining properties, and lectin affinity were examined with various classical methods reconsidered and modified for small marine invertebrates. Eight morphotypes were identified in reference to corresponding cell types described in other ascidians: undifferentiated cells (haemoblasts), storage cells for nitrogenous catabolites (nephrocytes) and immunocytes. The immunocytes are involved in immune responses, acting as (1) phagocytes, rich in hydrolases and involved in the clearance of both foreign particles and effete cells (hyaline amoebocytes and macrophage-like cells); (2) cytotoxic cells, able to degranulate and induce cytotoxicity through the release of the enzyme phenoloxidase after an immune stimulus (granular amoebocytes and morula cells); and (3) basophilic cells with an affinity for ConA and NPA that contain heparin and histamine and that show sensitivity to the compound 48/80, promoting their degranulation (mast cell-like granulocytes). In addition, a particular cell type showing exceptional development of the Golgi apparatus and large vacuoles containing a filamentous material has been recognised (spherule cell), for which a role in tunic repair and fibrogenesis has been hypothesised.
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19
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Franchi N, Ballin F, Ballarin L. Protection from Oxidative Stress in Immunocytes of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Transcript Characterization and Expression Studies. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 232:45-57. [PMID: 28445096 DOI: 10.1086/691694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Botryllus schlosseri is a cosmopolitan colonial ascidian that undergoes cyclical generation changes, or take-overs, during which adult zooids are resorbed and replaced by their buds. At take-over, adult tissues undergo diffuse apoptosis and effete cells are massively ingested by circulating phagocytes, with a consequent increase in oxygen consumption and in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter are responsible for the death of phagocytes involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and corpses by phagocytosis-induced apoptosis. However, the majority of phagocytes and hemocytes do not die, even if they experience oxidative stress. This fact suggests the presence of detoxification mechanisms assuring their protection. To test this assumption, we searched for transcripts of genes involved in detoxification in the transcriptome of B. schlosseri. We identified and characterized transcripts for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM), glutathione synthase (GS), and two glutathione peroxidases (i.e., GPx3 and GPx5), all involved in protection from ROS. We also carried out a phylogenetic analysis of the putative amino acid sequences, confirming their similarity to their vertebrate counterparts, and studied the location of their mRNAs by in situ hybridization on hemocyte monolayers. We also analyzed gene transcription during the colonial blastogenetic cycle, which is the interval of time between one take-over and the next, by qRT-PCR. In addition, we investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd), an inducer of oxidative stress, on gene transcription. Our results indicated that i) antioxidant gene expression is modulated in the course of the blastogenetic cycle and upon exposure to Cd, and ii) hemocytes synthesize both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, in line with the idea that they represent a major detoxification system for ascidians.
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Key Words
- AG, adenine guanine (splicing consensus signal)
- ATG, start signal
- CDS, coding sequences
- Cd, cadmium
- Cu/Zn SOD, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase
- EST, expressed sequence tag
- FSW, filtered seawater
- GCL, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLC, catalytic subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLM, modulatory subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, glutathione synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GT, guanine timine (splicing consensus signal)
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MC, mid-cycle
- ME, minimum evolution
- ML, maximum likelihood
- MP, maximum parsimony
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NJ, neighbor-joining
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PO, phenoloxidase
- RACE, rapid amplification of the cDNA ends
- ROS: reactive oxygen species
- SEC, selenocysteine
- SECIS, selenocysteine insertion sequence
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SODb, type B SOD
- TAG, stop codon
- TGA, thymine, guanine, and adenine nucleotides (stop codon)
- TO, take-over
- UPGMA, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean
- UTR, untranslated region
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Li Z, Qi X, Fan X, Du Z, Hu C, Zhao Z, Isa Y, Liu Y. Amending the seedling bed of eggplant with biochar can further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:626-633. [PMID: 27567319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Untreated municipal sewage is a potential source of Cd but has been used for irrigating vegetables in many countries in recent years. In growing vegetables and fruits in greenhouses, seedling breeding method is generally used in which the seedlings are transplanted into soils together with their seedling culture. Biochar has been increasingly used to amend soils contaminated by heavy metals, but there are few studies on the effectiveness of different ways of applying the biochar. In this paper, we investigated the efficacy of immobilizing Cd by amending eggplant seedling bed with biochar before transplanting them to biochar-amended soil contaminated by Cd. The results showed that, in comparison with traditional seedling method (without adding biochar), amending the seedling bed by biochar not only had a positive effect on plant growth and production, but further reduced the Cd concentration in the roots, shoots and the fruits by 12.2%, 12.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Furthermore, it increased the pH in rhizosphere to 8.83, reduced the exchangeable Cd concentration in soil by 28.6%, and decreased the Cd bio-accumulation factor from 0.36 to 0.32. Phytochelatin synthesis could be induced when plants are exposed to Cd and it has been used in the literature as a biomarker for evaluating metal toxicity. Our results showed that the seedling culture amended with biochar reduced phytochelatin synthesis in both roots and shoots. It can therefore be concluded that amending the eggplant seedlings bed with biochar can further enhance the effectiveness of remediating Cd contamination in soil after transplanting the plants into soil also amended with biochar. CAPSULE ABSTRACT We found a new method to further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils by amending the seedling bed with biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Li
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Xiangyang Fan
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Zhenjie Du
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhao
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Yunusa Isa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Yuan Liu
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
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Sf G, Sk D, Bennett M, Raab A, Feldmann J, Kille P, Loureiro S, Dj S, Jg B. Sub-lethal cadmium exposure increases phytochelatin concentrations in the aquatic snail Lymnaea stagnalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1054-1058. [PMID: 27358197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins are metal-binding metabolites found in almost all plant species and some animal groups, including nematodes and annelids, where they can play an important role in detoxifying metals such as cadmium. Species from several other taxa contain a phytochelatin synthase (PCS) gene orthologue, including molluscs, indicating they may have the potential to synthesize phytochelatins. However, the presence of a gene alone does not demonstrate that it plays a functional role in metal detoxification. In the present study, we show that the aquatic snail Lymnaea stagnalis produced both penta- and heptapeptide phytochelatins (i.e. phytochelatin-2 and phytochelatin-3), and their levels increased in response to sub-lethal levels of cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalves Sf
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Davies Sk
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - A Raab
- TESLA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - J Feldmann
- TESLA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - P Kille
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | - S Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Spurgeon Dj
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Bundy Jg
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Kühnlenz T, Westphal L, Schmidt H, Scheel D, Clemens S. Expression of Caenorhabditis elegans PCS in the AtPCS1-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana cad1-3 mutant separates the metal tolerance and non-host resistance functions of phytochelatin synthases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2239-47. [PMID: 25764348 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthases (PCS) play key roles in plant metal tolerance. They synthesize small metal-binding peptides, phytochelatins, under conditions of metal excess. Respective mutants are strongly cadmium and arsenic hypersensitive. However, their ubiquitous presence and constitutive expression had long suggested a more general function of PCS besides metal detoxification. Indeed, phytochelatin synthase1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPCS1) was later implicated in non-host resistance. The two different physiological functions may be attributable to the two distinct catalytic activities demonstrated for AtPCS1, that is the dipeptidyl transfer onto an acceptor molecule in phytochelatin synthesis, and the proteolytic deglycylation of glutathione conjugates. In order to test this hypothesis and to possibly separate the two biological roles, we expressed a phylogenetically distant PCS from Caenorhabditis elegans in an AtPCS1 mutant. We confirmed the involvement of AtPCS1 in non-host resistance by showing that plants lacking the functional gene develop a strong cell death phenotype when inoculated with the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, we found that the C. elegans gene rescues phytochelatin synthesis and cadmium tolerance, but not the defect in non-host resistance. This strongly suggests that the second enzymatic function of AtPCS1, which remains to be defined in detail, is underlying the plant immunity function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kühnlenz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Lore Westphal
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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Bundy JG, Kille P. Metabolites and metals in Metazoa--what role do phytochelatins play in animals? Metallomics 2015; 6:1576-82. [PMID: 24926533 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins are sulfur-rich metal-binding peptides, and phytochelatin synthesis is one of the key mechanisms by which plants protect themselves against toxic soft metal ions such as cadmium. It has been known for a while now that some invertebrates also possess functional phytochelatin synthase (PCS) enzymes, and that at least one species, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, produces phytochelatins to help detoxify cadmium, and probably also other metal and metalloid ions including arsenic, zinc, selenium, silver, and copper. Here, we review recent studies on the occurrence, utilization, and regulation of phytochelatin synthesis in invertebrates. The phytochelatin synthase gene has a wide phylogenetic distribution, and can be found in species that cover almost all of the animal tree of life. The evidence to date, though, suggests that the occurrence is patchy, and even though some members of particular taxonomic groups may contain PCS genes, there are also many species without these genes. For animal species that do possess PCS genes, some of them (e.g. earthworms) do synthesize phytochelatins in response to potentially toxic elements, whereas others (e.g. Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic helminth) do not appear to do so. Just how (and if) phytochelatins in invertebrates complement the function of metallothioneins remains to be elucidated, and the temporal, spatial, and metal specificity of the two systems is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bundy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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