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Pinto A, Botelho MJ, Churro C, Asselman J, Pereira P, Pereira JL. A review on aquatic toxins - Do we really know it all regarding the environmental risk posed by phytoplankton neurotoxins? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118769. [PMID: 37597370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxins are potent natural toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria and marine algae species during harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms (CyanoHABs and HABs, respectively). These harmful bloom events and the toxins produced during these events are a human and environmental health concern worldwide, with occurrence, frequency and severity of CyanoHABs and HABs being predicted to keep increasing due to ongoing climate change scenarios. These contexts, as well as human health consequences of some toxins produced during bloom events have been thoroughly reviewed before. Conversely, the wider picture that includes the non-human biota in the assessment of noxious effects of toxins is much less covered in the literature and barely covered by review works. Despite direct human exposure to aquatic toxins and related deleterious effects being responsible for the majority of the public attention to the blooms' problematic, it constitutes a very limited fraction of the real environmental risk posed by these toxins. The disruption of ecological and trophic interactions caused by these toxins in the aquatic biota building on deleterious effects they may induce in different species is paramount as a modulator of the overall magnitude of the environmental risk potentially involved, thus necessarily constraining the quality and efficiency of the management strategies that should be placed. In this way, this review aims at updating and consolidating current knowledge regarding the adverse effects of aquatic toxins, attempting to going beyond their main toxicity pathways in human and related models' health, i.e., also focusing on ecologically relevant model organisms. For conciseness and considering the severity in terms of documented human health risks as a reference, we restricted the detailed revision work to neurotoxic cyanotoxins and marine toxins. This comprehensive revision of the systemic effects of aquatic neurotoxins provides a broad overview of the exposure and the hazard that these compounds pose to human and environmental health. Regulatory approaches they are given worldwide, as well as (eco)toxicity data available were hence thoroughly reviewed. Critical research gaps were identified particularly regarding (i) the toxic effects other than those typical of the recognized disease/disorder each toxin causes following acute exposure in humans and also in other biota; and (ii) alternative detection tools capable of being early-warning signals for aquatic toxins occurrence and therefore provide better human and environmental safety insurance. Future directions on aquatic toxins research are discussed in face of the existent knowledge, with particular emphasis on the much-needed development and implementation of effective alternative (eco)toxicological biomarkers for these toxins. The wide-spanning approach followed herein will hopefully stimulate future research more broadly addressing the environmental hazardous potential of aquatic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano Pinto
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Howard MDA, Smith J, Caron DA, Kudela RM, Loftin K, Hayashi K, Fadness R, Fricke S, Kann J, Roethler M, Tatters A, Theroux S. Integrative monitoring strategy for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and toxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:586-604. [PMID: 35748667 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many coastal states throughout the USA have observed negative effects in marine and estuarine environments caused by cyanotoxins produced in inland waterbodies that were transported downstream or produced in the estuaries. Estuaries and other downstream receiving waters now face the dual risk of impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur in the coastal ocean as well as those originating in inland watersheds. Despite this risk, most HAB monitoring efforts do not account for hydrological connections in their monitoring strategies and designs. Monitoring efforts in California have revealed the persistent detection of cyanotoxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. These studies underscore the importance of inland waters as conduits for the transfer of cyanotoxins to the marine environment and highlight the importance of approaches that can monitor across hydrologically connected waterbodies. A HAB monitoring strategy is presented for the freshwater-to-marine continuum to inform HAB management and mitigation efforts and address the physical and hydrologic challenges encountered when monitoring in these systems. Three main recommendations are presented based on published studies, new datasets, and existing monitoring programs. First, HAB monitoring would benefit from coordinated and cohesive efforts across hydrologically interconnected waterbodies and across organizational and political boundaries and jurisdictions. Second, a combination of sampling modalities would provide the most effective monitoring for HAB toxin dynamics and transport across hydrologically connected waterbodies, from headwater sources to downstream receiving waterbodies. Third, routine monitoring is needed for toxin mixtures at the land-sea interface including algal toxins of marine origins as well as cyanotoxins that are sourced from inland freshwater or produced in estuaries. Case studies from California are presented to illustrate the implementation of these recommendations, but these recommendations can also be applied to inland states or regions where the downstream receiving waterbody is a freshwater lake, reservoir, or river. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:586-604. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D A Howard
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - David A Caron
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keith Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | | | - Jacob Kann
- Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences, Ashland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Avery Tatters
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Susanna Theroux
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
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Hidayat AS, Lefebvre KA, MacDonald J, Bammler T, Aluru N. Symptomatic and asymptomatic domoic acid exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) revealed distinct non-overlapping gene expression patterns in the brain. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106310. [PMID: 36198224 PMCID: PMC9701550 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a naturally produced neurotoxin synthesized by marine diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA accumulates in filter-feeders such as shellfish, and can cause severe neurotoxicity when contaminated seafood is ingested, resulting in Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans. Overt clinical signs of neurotoxicity include seizures and disorientation. ASP is a significant public health concern, and though seafood regulations have effectively minimized the human risk of severe acute DA poisoning, the effects of exposure at asymptomatic levels are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exposure to symptomatic and asymptomatic doses of DA on gene expression patterns in the zebrafish brain. We exposed adult zebrafish to either a symptomatic (1.1 ± 0.2 μg DA/g fish) or an asymptomatic (0.31 ± 0.03 µg DA/g fish) dose of DA by intracelomic injection and sampled at 24, 48 and 168 h post-injection. Transcriptional profiling was done using Agilent and Affymetrix microarrays. Our analysis revealed distinct, non-overlapping changes in gene expression between the two doses. We found that the majority of transcriptional changes were observed at 24 h post-injection with both doses. Interestingly, asymptomatic exposure produced more persistent transcriptional effects - in response to symptomatic dose exposure, we observed only one differentially expressed gene one week after exposure, compared to 26 in the asymptomatic dose at the same time (FDR <0.05). GO term analysis revealed that symptomatic DA exposure affected genes associated with peptidyl proline modification and retinoic acid metabolism. Asymptomatic exposure caused differential expression of genes that were associated with GO terms including circadian rhythms and visual system, and also the neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling KEGG pathway. Overall, these results suggest that transcriptional responses are specific to the DA dose and that asymptomatic exposure can cause long-term changes. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential downstream neurobehavioral impacts of DA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia S Hidayat
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA; Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Petroff RL, Williams C, Li JL, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Richards T, English CN, Baldessari A, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Harry GJ. Prolonged, Low-Level Exposure to the Marine Toxin, Domoic Acid, and Measures of Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:97003. [PMID: 36102641 PMCID: PMC9472675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excitotoxic molecule, domoic acid (DA), is a marine algal toxin known to induce overt hippocampal neurotoxicity. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies suggest adverse neurological effects at exposure levels near the current regulatory limit (20 ppm, ∼0.075-0.1mg/kg). At these levels, cognitive effects occur in the absence of acute symptoms or evidence of neuronal death. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify adverse effects on the nervous system from prolonged, dietary DA exposure in adult, female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. METHODS Monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075, and 0.15mg/kg per day for an average of 14 months. Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were analyzed in the blood. In-life magnetic resonance (MR) imaging assessed volumetric and tractography differences in and between the hippocampus and thalamus. Histology of neurons and glia in the fornix, fimbria, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus was evaluated. Hippocampal RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Enrichment of gene networks for neuronal health, excitotoxicity, inflammation/glia, and myelin were assessed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were not altered with DA exposure in nonhuman primates. Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus yielded 748 differentially expressed genes (fold change≥1.5; p≤0.05), reflecting differences in a broad molecular profile of intermediate early genes (e.g., FOS, EGR) and genes related to myelin networks in DA animals. Between exposed and control animals, MR imaging showed comparable connectivity of the hippocampus and thalamus and histology showed no evidence of hypomyelination. Histological examination of the thalamus showed a larger microglia soma size and an extension of cell processes, but suggestions of a GFAP+astrocyte response showed no indication of astrocyte hypertrophy. DISCUSSION In the absence of overt hippocampal excitotoxicity, chronic exposure of Macaca fascicularis monkeys to environmentally relevant levels of DA suggested a subtle shift in the molecular profile of the hippocampus and the microglia phenotype in the thalamus that was possibly reflective of an adaptive response due to prolonged DA exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Williams
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Marine Neurotoxins' Effects on Environmental and Human Health: An OMICS Overview. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010018. [PMID: 35049872 PMCID: PMC8778346 DOI: 10.3390/md20010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB), and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks. Marine wildlife can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain, which presents a threat to consumers’ health. Some of these toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), domoic acid (DA), ciguatoxin (CTX), brevetoxin (BTX), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), cause severe neurological symptoms in humans. Considerable information is missing, however, notably the consequences of toxin exposures on changes in gene expression, protein profile, and metabolic pathways. This information could lead to understanding the consequence of marine neurotoxin exposure in aquatic organisms and humans. Nevertheless, recent contributions to the knowledge of neurotoxins arise from OMICS-based research, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent research and of the available solutions to explore OMICS datasets in order to identify new features in terms of ecotoxicology, food safety, and human health. In addition, future perspectives in OMICS studies are discussed.
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Kelchner H, Reeve-Arnold KE, Schreiner KM, Bargu S, Roques KG, Errera RM. Domoic Acid and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Connected to Coastal Upwelling along Coastal Inhambane Province, Mozambique: A New Area of Concern. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:903. [PMID: 34941740 PMCID: PMC8704230 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally in frequency, persistence, and geographic extent, posing a threat to ecosystem and human health. To date, no occurrences of marine phycotoxins have been recorded in Mozambique, which may be due to absence of a monitoring program and general awareness of potential threats. This study is the first documentation of neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia along the east coast of Africa. Coastal Inhambane Province is a biodiversity hotspot where year-round Rhincodon typus (whale shark) sightings are among the highest globally and support an emerging ecotourism industry. Links between primary productivity and biodiversity in this area have not previously been considered or reported. During a pilot study, from January 2017 to April 2018, DA was identified year-round, peaking during Austral winter. During an intense study between May and August 2018, our research focused on identifying environmental factors influencing coastal productivity and DA concentration. Phytoplankton assemblage was diatom-dominated, with high abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Data suggest the system was influenced by nutrient pulses resulting from coastal upwelling. Continued and comprehensive monitoring along southern Mozambique would provide critical information to assess ecosystem and human health threats from marine toxins under challenges posed by global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kelchner
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Katie E. Reeve-Arnold
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Kathryn M. Schreiner
- Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MI 55812, USA;
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Sibel Bargu
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Kim G. Roques
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Reagan M. Errera
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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Blanco J, Moroño Á, Arévalo F, Correa J, Salgado C, Rossignoli AE, Lamas JP. Twenty-Five Years of Domoic Acid Monitoring in Galicia (NW Spain): Spatial, Temporal and Interspecific Variations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:756. [PMID: 34822540 PMCID: PMC8624277 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, impact on shellfish resources and interspecific, spatial, and temporal variabilities of domoic acid (DA) in bivalves from Galicia (NW Spain) have been studied based on more than 25 years of monitoring data. The maximum prevalence (samples in which DA was detected) (100%) and incidence (samples with DA levels above the regulatory limit) (97.4%) were recorded in Pecten maximus, and the minimum ones in Mytilus galloprovincialis (12.6 and 1.1%, respectively). The maximum DA concentrations were 663.9 mg kg-1 in P. maximus and 316 mg kg-1 in Venerupis corrugata. After excluding scallop P. maximusdata, DA was found (prevalence) in 13.3% of bivalve samples, with 1.3% being over the regulatory limit. In general, the prevalence of this toxin decreased towards the North but not the magnitude of its episodes. The seasonal distribution was characterized by two maxima, in spring and autumn, with the later decreasing in intensity towards the north. DA levels decreased slightly over the studied period, although this decreasing trend was not linear. A cyclic pattern was observed in the interannual variability, with cycles of 4 and 11 years. Intoxication and detoxification rates were slower than those expected from laboratory experiments, suggesting the supply of DA during these phases plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Jorge Correa
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Covadonga Salgado
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - J. Pablo Lamas
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
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Cuttler K, Hassan M, Carr J, Cloete R, Bardien S. Emerging evidence implicating a role for neurexins in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Open Biol 2021; 11:210091. [PMID: 34610269 PMCID: PMC8492176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are brain disorders characterized by dysfunctional synapses, which are specialized junctions between neurons that are essential for the transmission of information. Synaptic dysfunction can occur due to mutations that alter the structure and function of synaptic components or abnormal expression levels of a synaptic protein. One class of synaptic proteins that are essential to their biology are cell adhesion proteins that connect the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. Neurexins are one type of synaptic cell adhesion molecule that have, recently, gained more pathological interest. Variants in both neurexins and their common binding partners, neuroligins, have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the key physiological functions of the neurexin protein family and the protein networks they are involved in. Furthermore, examination of published literature has implicated neurexins in both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. There is a clear link between neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, multiple expression studies have also shown changes in neurexin expression in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review highlights the potential importance of neurexins in brain disorders and the importance of doing more targeted studies on these genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cuttler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maryam Hassan
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben Cloete
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ventoso P, Pazos AJ, Blanco J, Pérez-Parallé ML, Triviño JC, Sánchez JL. Transcriptional Response in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop ( Pecten maximus) After the Injection of Domoic Acid. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050339. [PMID: 34067146 PMCID: PMC8150855 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid. The depuration rate of domoic acid in Pecten maximus is very low; for this reason, king scallops generally contain high levels of domoic acid in their tissues. A transcriptomic approach was used to identify the genes differentially expressed in the P. maximus digestive gland after the injection of domoic acid. The differential expression analysis found 535 differentially expressed genes (226 up-regulated and 309 down-regulated). Protein–protein interaction networks obtained with the up-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, signal transduction, immune system process, RNA metabolic process, and autophagy, while networks obtained with the down-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as response to stress, immune system process, ribosome biogenesis, signal transduction, and mRNA processing. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 enzymes, glutathione S-transferase theta-1, glutamine synthase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2, and sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 were among the up-regulated genes. Therefore, a stress response at the level of gene expression, that could be caused by the domoic acid injection, was evidenced by the alteration of several biological, cellular, and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ventoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Antonio J. Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n Apdo. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - M. Luz Pérez-Parallé
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Juan C. Triviño
- Sistemas Genómicos, Ronda G. Marconi 6, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José L. Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
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Petroff R, Hendrix A, Shum S, Grant KS, Lefebvre KA, Burbacher TM. Public health risks associated with chronic, low-level domoic acid exposure: A review of the evidence. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107865. [PMID: 33930455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the causative agent for the human syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), is a potent, naturally occurring neurotoxin produced by common marine algae. DA accumulates in seafood, and humans and wildlife alike can subsequently be exposed when consuming DA-contaminated shellfish or finfish. While strong regulatory limits protect people from the acute effects associated with ASP, DA is an increasingly significant public health concern, particularly for coastal dwelling populations, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that there are significant health consequences following repeated exposures to levels of the toxin below current safety guidelines. However, gaps in scientific knowledge make it difficult to precisely determine the risks of contemporary low-level exposure scenarios. The present review characterizes the toxicokinetics and neurotoxicology of DA, discussing results from clinical and preclinical studies after both adult and developmental DA exposure. The review also highlights crucial areas for future DA research and makes the case that DA safety limits need to be reassessed to best protect public health from deleterious effects of this widespread marine toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia Hendrix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle,WA, USA.
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11
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Moriarty ME, Tinker MT, Miller MA, Tomoleoni JA, Staedler MM, Fujii JA, Batac FI, Dodd EM, Kudela RM, Zubkousky-White V, Johnson CK. Exposure to domoic acid is an ecological driver of cardiac disease in southern sea otters ✰. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101973. [PMID: 33526183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce toxins that bioaccumulate in the food web and adversely affect humans, animals, and entire marine ecosystems. Blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia can produce domoic acid (DA), a toxin that most commonly causes neurological disease in endothermic animals, with cardiovascular effects that were first recognized in southern sea otters. Over the last 20 years, DA toxicosis has caused significant morbidity and mortality in marine mammals and seabirds along the west coast of the USA. Identifying DA exposure has been limited to toxin detection in biological fluids using biochemical assays, yet measurement of systemic toxin levels is an unreliable indicator of exposure dose or timing. Furthermore, there is little information regarding repeated DA exposure in marine wildlife. Here, the association between long-term environmental DA exposure and fatal cardiac disease was investigated in a longitudinal study of 186 free-ranging sea otters in California from 2001 - 2017, highlighting the chronic health effects of a marine toxin. A novel Bayesian spatiotemporal approach was used to characterize environmental DA exposure by combining several DA surveillance datasets and integrating this with life history data from radio-tagged otters in a time-dependent survival model. In this study, a sea otter with high DA exposure had a 1.7-fold increased hazard of fatal cardiomyopathy compared to an otter with low exposure. Otters that consumed a high proportion of crab and clam had a 2.5- and 1.2-times greater hazard of death due to cardiomyopathy than otters that consumed low proportions. Increasing age is a well-established predictor of cardiac disease, but this study is the first to identify that DA exposure affects the risk of cardiomyopathy more substantially in prime-age adults than aged adults. A 4-year-old otter with high DA exposure had 2.3 times greater risk of fatal cardiomyopathy than an otter with low exposure, while a 10-year old otter with high DA exposure had just 1.2 times greater risk. High Toxoplasma gondii titers also increased the hazard of death due to heart disease 2.4-fold. Domoic acid exposure was most detrimental for prime-age adults, whose survival and reproduction are vital for population growth, suggesting that persistent DA exposure will likely impact long-term viability of this threatened species. These results offer insight into the pervasiveness of DA in the food web and raise awareness of under-recognized chronic health effects of DA for wildlife at a time when toxic blooms are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moriarty
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States; Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Tomoleoni
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | | | - Jessica A Fujii
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Francesca I Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Erin M Dodd
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Zubkousky-White
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Management Branch, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
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12
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Shum S, Jing J, Petroff R, Crouthamel B, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Isoherranen N. Maternal-fetal disposition of domoic acid following repeated oral dosing during pregnancy in nonhuman primate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115027. [PMID: 32360744 PMCID: PMC7445014 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine algal toxin that causes acute and chronic neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Prenatal exposure to DA has been associated with neuronal damage and cognitive and behavioral deficits in juvenile California sea lions, cynomolgus monkeys and rodents. Yet, the toxicokinetics (TK) of DA during pregnancy and the maternal-fetal disposition of DA have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the TK before, during, and after pregnancy and the maternal-fetal disposition of DA in 22 cynomolgus monkeys following daily oral doses of 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day of DA. The AUC0-τ of DA was not changed while the renal clearance of DA was increased by 30-90% during and after pregnancy when compared to the pre-pregnancy values. DA was detected in the infant plasma and in the amniotic fluid at delivery. The infant plasma concentrations correlated positively with both the maternal plasma and the amniotic fluid concentrations. The paired infant-to-maternal plasma DA concentration ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 and increased as a function of time which suggests placental efflux and longer apparent fetal half-life than the maternal half-life. The paired amniotic fluid-to-infant plasma DA concentration ratios ranged from 4.5 to 7.5 which indicates significant accumulation of DA in the amniotic fluid. A maternal-fetal TK model was developed to explore the processes that give the observed maternal-fetal disposition of DA. The final model suggests that placental transport and recirculation of DA between the fetus and amniotic fluid are major determining factors of the maternal-fetal TK of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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13
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RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiling of the Queen Scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) Digestive Gland after Exposure to Domoic Acid-Producing Pseudo-nitzschia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020097. [PMID: 30736356 PMCID: PMC6410316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Given that bivalve mollusks are filter feeders, they can accumulate these toxins in their tissues. To elucidate the transcriptional response of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia, the digestive gland transcriptome was de novo assembled using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Then, a differential gene expression analysis was performed. After the assembly, 142,137 unigenes were obtained, and a total of 10,144 genes were differentially expressed in the groups exposed to the toxin. Functional enrichment analysis found that 374 Pfam (protein families database) domains were significantly enriched. The C1q domain, the C-type lectin, the major facilitator superfamily, the immunoglobulin domain, and the cytochrome P450 were among the most enriched Pfam domains. Protein network analysis showed a small number of highly connected nodes involved in specific functions: proteasome components, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, protein translocases of mitochondrial membranes, cytochromes P450, and glutathione S-transferases. The results suggest that exposure to domoic acid-producing organisms causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The transcriptional response counteracts these effects with the up-regulation of genes coding for some mitochondrial proteins, proteasome components, and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases).
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Moyer CE, Hiolski EM, Marcinek DJ, Lefebvre KA, Smith DR, Zuo Y. Repeated low level domoic acid exposure increases CA1 VGluT1 levels, but not bouton density, VGluT2 or VGAT levels in the hippocampus of adult mice. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:74-86. [PMID: 30420019 PMCID: PMC6237202 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced during harmful algal blooms that accumulates in marine organisms that serve as food resources for humans. While acute DA neurotoxicity can cause seizures and hippocampal lesions, less is known regarding how chronic, subacute DA exposure in adulthood impacts the hippocampus. With more frequent occurrences of harmful algal blooms, it is important to understand the potential impact of repeated, low-level DA exposure on human health. To model repeated, low-dose DA exposure, adult mice received a single low-dose (0.75 ± 0.05 μg/g) of DA or vehicle weekly for 22 consecutive weeks. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the effects of repeated, low-level DA exposure on hippocampal cells and synapses. Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) immunoreactivity within excitatory boutons in CA1 of DA-exposed mice was increased. Levels of other vesicular transporter proteins (i.e., VGluT2 and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)) within boutons, and corresponding bouton densities, were not significantly altered in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus. There were no significant changes in neuron density or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity following chronic, low-dose exposure. This suggests that repeated low doses of DA, unlike high doses of DA, do not cause neuronal loss or astrocyte activation in hippocampus in adult mice. Instead, these findings demonstrate that repeated exposure to low levels of DA leads to subtle changes in VGluT1 expression within CA1 excitatory boutons, which may alter glutamatergic transmission in CA1 and disrupt behaviors dependent on spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moyer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - Emma M Hiolski
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Departments of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering, University of Washington, South Lake Union Campus, 850 Republican St., Brotman 142, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States.
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15
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Demars F, Clark K, Wyeth MS, Abrams E, Buckmaster PS. A single subconvulsant dose of domoic acid at mid-gestation does not cause temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:128-137. [PMID: 29625197 PMCID: PMC5940543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Harmful blooms of domoic acid (DA)-producing algae are a problem in oceans worldwide. DA is a potent glutamate receptor agonist that can cause status epilepticus and in survivors, temporal lobe epilepsy. In mice, one-time low-dose in utero exposure to DA was reported to cause hippocampal damage and epileptiform activity, leading to the hypothesis that unrecognized exposure to DA from contaminated seafood in pregnant women can damage the fetal hippocampus and initiate temporal lobe epileptogenesis. However, development of epilepsy (i.e., spontaneous recurrent seizures) has not been tested. In the present study, long-term seizure monitoring and histology was used to test for temporal lobe epilepsy following prenatal exposure to DA. In Experiment One, the previous study's in utero DA treatment protocol was replicated, including use of the CD-1 mouse strain. Afterward, mice were video-monitored for convulsive seizures from 2 to 6 months old. None of the CD-1 mice treated in utero with vehicle or DA was observed to experience spontaneous convulsive seizures. After seizure monitoring, mice were evaluated for pathological evidence of temporal lobe epilepsy. None of the mice treated in utero with DA displayed the hilar neuron loss that occurs in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in the mouse pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. In Experiment Two, a higher dose of DA was administered to pregnant FVB mice. FVB mice were tested as a potentially more sensitive strain, because they have a lower seizure threshold, and some females spontaneously develop epilepsy. Female offspring were monitored with continuous video and telemetric bilateral hippocampal local field potential recording at 1-11 months old. A similar proportion of vehicle- and DA-treated female FVB mice spontaneously developed epilepsy, beginning in the fourth month of life. Average seizure frequency and duration were similar in both groups. Seizure frequency was lower than that of positive-control pilocarpine-treated mice, but seizure duration was similar. None of the mice treated in utero with vehicle or DA displayed hilar neuron loss or intense mossy fiber sprouting, a form of aberrant synaptic reorganization that develops in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in pilocarpine-treated mice. FVB mice that developed epilepsy (vehicle- and DA-treated) displayed mild mossy fiber sprouting. Results of this study suggest that a single subconvulsive dose of DA at mid-gestation does not cause temporal lobe epilepsy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Demars
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VetAgro Sup, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lyon, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Kristen Clark
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Megan S Wyeth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emily Abrams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul S Buckmaster
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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16
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Jing J, Petroff R, Shum S, Crouthamel B, Topletz AR, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Isoherranen N. Toxicokinetics and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Shellfish Toxin Domoic Acid in Nonhuman Primates. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:155-165. [PMID: 29150543 PMCID: PMC5776359 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin, is produced by marine algae and has caused toxications worldwide in animals and humans. However, the toxicokinetics of DA have not been fully evaluated, and information is missing on the disposition of DA following oral exposures at doses that are considered safe for human consumption. In this study, toxicokinetics of DA were investigated in cynomolgus monkeys following single doses of 5 µg/kg DA intravenously, 0.075 mg/kg DA orally, and 0.15 mg/kg DA orally. After intravenous dosing, DA had a systemic clearance of 124 ± 71 (ml/h)/kg, volume of distribution at steady state of 131 ± 71 ml/kg and elimination half-life of 1.2 ± 1.1 hours. However, following oral dosing, the average terminal half-life of DA was 11.3 ± 2.4 hours, indicating that DA disposition follows flip-flop kinetics with slow, rate-limiting absorption. The absorption of DA was low after oral dosing with absolute bioavailability of 6% ± 4%. The renal clearance of DA was variable [21-152 (ml/h)/kg] with 42% ± 11% of the intravenous DA dose recovered in urine. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for DA in monkeys and humans that replicated the flip-flop kinetics observed after oral administration and allowed simulation of urinary excretion and brain and kidney distribution of DA following intravenous and oral dosing. This study is the first to characterize DA disposition at exposure levels close to the current estimated tolerable daily intake and to mechanistically model DA disposition in a model species, providing important information of the toxicokinetics of DA for human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Ariel R Topletz
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., S.S., A.R.T., N.I.), Department of and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (R.P., B.C., K.S.G., T.M.B.), Center on Human Development and Disability (K.S.G., T.M.B.), and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.S.G., T.M.B.)
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17
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Pazos AJ, Ventoso P, Martínez-Escauriaza R, Pérez-Parallé ML, Blanco J, Triviño JC, Sánchez JL. Transcriptional response after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon 2017; 140:60-71. [PMID: 29031804 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are filter feeding species that can accumulate biotoxins in their body tissues during harmful algal blooms. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) is caused by species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, which produces the toxin domoic acid. The Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland transcriptome was de novo assembled based on the sequencing of 12 cDNA libraries, six obtained from control mussels and six from mussels naturally exposed to domoic acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. After de novo assembly 94,727 transcripts were obtained, with an average length of 1015 bp and a N50 length of 761 bp. The assembled transcripts were clustered (homology > 90%) into 69,294 unigenes. Differential gene expression analysis was performed (DESeq2 algorithm) in the digestive gland following exposure to the toxic algae. A total of 1158 differentially expressed unigenes (absolute fold change > 1.5 and p-value < 0.05) were detected: 686 up-regulated and 472 down-regulated. Several membrane transporters belonging to the family of the SLC (solute carriers) were over-expressed in exposed mussels. Functional enrichment was performed using Pfam annotations obtained from the genes differentially expressed, 37 Pfam families were found to be significantly (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.1) enriched. Some of these families (sulfotransferases, aldo/keto reductases, carboxylesterases, C1q domain and fibrinogen C-terminal globular domain) could be putatively involved in detoxification processes, in the response against of the oxidative stress and in immunological processes. Protein network analysis with STRING algorithm found alteration of the Notch signaling pathway under the action of domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia. In conclusion, this study provides a high quality reference transcriptome of M. galloprovincialis digestive gland and identifies potential genes involved in the response to domoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ventoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Roi Martínez-Escauriaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - M Luz Pérez-Parallé
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n Apdo 13, Vilanova de Arousa, 36620, Spain
| | - Juan C Triviño
- Sistemas Genómicos, Ronda G. Marconi 6, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - José L Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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19
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Lefebvre KA, Kendrick PS, Ladiges W, Hiolski EM, Ferriss BE, Smith DR, Marcinek DJ. Chronic low-level exposure to the common seafood toxin domoic acid causes cognitive deficits in mice. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 64:20-29. [PMID: 28427569 PMCID: PMC5548283 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of one meal of seafood containing domoic acid (DA) at levels high enough to induce seizures can cause gross histopathological lesions in hippocampal regions of the brain and permanent memory loss in humans and marine mammals. Seafood regulatory limits have been set at 20mgDA/kg shellfish to protect human consumers from symptomatic acute exposure, but the effects of repetitive low-level asymptomatic exposure remain a critical knowledge gap. Recreational and Tribal-subsistence shellfish harvesters are known to regularly consume low levels of DA. The aim of this study was to determine if chronic low-level DA exposure, at doses below those that cause overt signs of neurotoxicity, has quantifiable impacts on cognitive function. To this end, female C57BL/6NJ mice were exposed to asymptomatic doses of DA (≈0.75mg/kg) or vehicle once a week for several months. Spatial learning and memory were tested in a radial water maze paradigm at one, six and 25 weeks of exposure, after a nine-week recovery period following cessation of exposure, and at three old age time points (18, 24 and 28 months old). Mice from select time points were also tested for activity levels in a novel cage environment using a photobeam activity system. Chronic low-level DA exposure caused significant spatial learning impairment and hyperactivity after 25 weeks of exposure in the absence of visible histopathological lesions in hippocampal regions of the brain. These cognitive effects were reversible after a nine-week recovery period with no toxin exposure and recovery was sustained into old age. These findings identify a new potential health risk of chronic low-level exposure in a mammalian model. Unlike the permanent cognitive impacts of acute exposure, the chronic low-level effects observed in this study were reversible suggesting that these deficits could potentially be managed through cessation of exposure if they also occur in human seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Preston S Kendrick
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma M Hiolski
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Bridget E Ferriss
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology and Department of Bioengineering and Pathology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ferriss BE, Marcinek DJ, Ayres D, Borchert J, Lefebvre KA. Acute and chronic dietary exposure to domoic acid in recreational harvesters: A survey of shellfish consumption behavior. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:70-79. [PMID: 28109640 PMCID: PMC5348270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin that is naturally produced by phytoplankton and accumulates in seafood during harmful algal blooms. As the prevalence of DA increases in the marine environment, there is a critical need to identify seafood consumers at risk of DA poisoning. DA exposure was estimated in recreational razor clam (Siliqua patula) harvesters to determine if exposures above current regulatory guidelines occur and/or if harvesters are chronically exposed to low levels of DA. Human consumption rates of razor clams were determined by distributing 1523 surveys to recreational razor clam harvesters in spring 2015 and winter 2016, in Washington, USA. These consumption rate data were combined with DA measurements in razor clams, collected by a state monitoring program, to estimate human DA exposure. Approximately 7% of total acute exposures calculated (including the same individuals at different times) exceeded the current regulatory reference dose (0.075mgDA·kgbodyweight-1·d-1) due to higher than previously reported consumption rates, lower bodyweights, and/or by consumption of clams at the upper range of legal DA levels (maximum 20mg·kg-1 wet weight for whole tissue). Three percent of survey respondents were potentially at risk of chronic DA exposure by consuming a minimum of 15 clams per month for at 12 consecutive months. These insights into DA consumption will provide an additional tool for razor clam fishery management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Ferriss
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Ayres
- WA State Department of Fish and Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Road, Montesano, WA 98563, USA
| | - Jerry Borchert
- WA State Department of Health, 243 Israel Road SE, Tumwater, WA 98501, USA
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Wang D, Zhao J, Li S, Shen G, Hu S. Quercetin attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:123-131. [PMID: 28277184 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1231438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is one of the best known marine toxins, causative of important neurotoxic alterations. DA effects are documented both in wildlife and experimental assays, showing that this toxin causes severe injuries principally in the hippocampal area. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in DA-induced cognitive functional impairment. Therefore, therapeutics targeted to improve mitochondrial function and increase oxidative stress defence could be beneficial. Quercetin, a bioflavanoid, has been reported to have potent neuroprotective effects and anti-oxidative ability, but its preventive effects on DA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment have not been well characterised. In this study, we evaluated the effects of quercetin on DA-induced cognitive deficits in mice and explored its potential mechanism. Our results showed that the oral administration of quercetin to DA-treated mice significantly improved their behavioural performance in a novel objective recognition task and a Morris water maze task. These improvements were mediated, at least in part, by a stimulation of PPARγ coactivator 1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis signalling and an amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, quercetin activated nuclear factorerythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated phase II enzymes and decreased reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation. Furthermore, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity significantly increased in the quercetin-treated group. Taken together, these findings suggest that a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction through the increase of AMPK activity, coupled with an increase in Nrf2 pathway mediated oxidative defence, may be one of the mechanisms by which quercetin improves cognitive impairment induced by DA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- a Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- b Department of Pathology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Guomin Shen
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Shu Hu
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
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Zabaglo K, Chrapusta E, Bober B, Kaminski A, Adamski M, Bialczyk J. Environmental roles and biological activity of domoic acid: A review. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bogomolni AL, Bass AL, Fire S, Jasperse L, Levin M, Nielsen O, Waring G, De Guise S. Saxitoxin increases phocine distemper virus replication upon in-vitro infection in harbor seal immune cells. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 51:89-96. [PMID: 28003064 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several marine mammal epizootics have been closely linked to infectious diseases, as well as to the biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). In two of three saxitoxin (STX) associated mortality events, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) or phocine distemper virus (PDV) was isolated in affected individuals. While STX is notorious for its neurotoxicity, immunotoxic effects have also been described. This study investigated the role of STX in altering immune function, specifically T lymphocyte proliferation, in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) upon in-vitro exposure. In addition, the study also examined whether exposure to STX could alter the susceptibility of harbor seal immune cells to PDV infection upon in-vitro exposure. STX caused an increase in harbor seal lymphocyte proliferation at 10ppb and exposure to STX significantly increased the amount of virus present in lymphocytes. These results suggest that low levels of STX within the range of those reported in northeast U.S. seals may affect the likelihood of systemic PDV infection upon in-vivo exposure in susceptible seals. Given the concurrent increase in morbillivirus epizootics and HAB events in the last 25 years, the relationship between low level toxin exposure and host susceptibility to morbillivirus needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Bogomolni
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Anna L Bass
- Department of Biology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Spencer Fire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Lindsay Jasperse
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Milton Levin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N6
| | - Gordon Waring
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2015; 2015:10.1017/S0025315415001733. [PMID: 26692586 PMCID: PMC4676275 DOI: 10.1017/s0025315415001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK ; Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP21105, Rue de l'lle d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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25
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Neely BA, Soper JL, Gulland FMD, Bell PD, Kindy M, Arthur JM, Janech MG. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Proteomics 2015; 15:4051-63. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | | | | | - P. Darwin Bell
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Veterans’ Affairs; Research Service; Charleston SC USA
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Nephrology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
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