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Keramari V, Papadimou SG, Golia EE, Girousi S. Bismuth Film along with dsDNA-Modified Electrode Surfaces as Promising (bio)Sensors in the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soils. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38920614 PMCID: PMC11201461 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals constitute pollutants that are particularly common in air, water, and soil. They are present in both urban and rural environments, on land, and in marine ecosystems, where they cause serious environmental problems since they do not degrade easily, remain almost unchanged for long periods, and bioaccumulate. The detection and especially the quantification of metals require a systematic process. Regular monitoring is necessary because of seasonal variations in metal levels. Consequently, there is a significant need for rapid and low-cost metal determination methods. In this study, we compare and analytically validate absorption spectrometry with a sensitive voltammetric method, which uses a bismuth film-plated electrode surface and applies stripping voltammetry. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) represents a well-established analytical technique, while the applicability of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in complicated sample matrices such as soil samples is currently unknown. This sample-handling challenge is investigated in the present study. The results show that the AAS and ASV methods were satisfactorily correlated and showed that the metal concentration in soils was lower than the limit values but with an increasing trend. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal levels in the urban complex of a city is necessary and a matter of great importance. The limits of detection of cadmium (Cd) were lower when using the stripping voltammetry (SWASV) graphite furnace technique compared with those obtained with AAS when using the graphite furnace. However, when using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame-AAS), the measurements tended to overestimate the concentration of Cd compared with the values found using SWASV. This highlights the differences in sensitivity and accuracy between these analytical methods for detecting Cd. The SWASV method has the advantage of being cheaper and faster, enabling the simultaneous determination of heavy elements across the range of concentrations that these elements can occur in Mediterranean soils. Additionally, a dsDNA biosensor is suggested for the discrimination of Cu(I) along with Cu(II) based on the oxidation peak of guanine, and adenine residues can be applied in the redox speciation analysis of copper in soil, which represents an issue of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Keramari
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiria G. Papadimou
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Evangelia E. Golia
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Stella Girousi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sulthana SF, Iqbal UM, Suseela SB, Anbazhagan R, Chinthaginjala R, Chitathuru D, Ahmad I, Kim TH. Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Aqueous Medium: A Systematic Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25493-25512. [PMID: 38911761 PMCID: PMC11190924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are very harmful to the ecosystem when they are present in excess of the recommended limits. They are carcinogenic in nature and can cause serious health issues. So, it is important to detect the metal ions quickly and accurately. The metal ions arsenic (As3+), cadmium (Cd2+), chromium (Cr3+), lead (Pb2+), and mercury (Hg2+) are considered to be very toxic among other metal ions. Standard analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are used to detect HMIs. But these methods necessitate highly technical equipment and lengthy procedures with skilled personnel. So, electrochemical sensing methods are considered to be more advantageous because of their quick analysis with precision and simplicity to operate. They can detect a wide range of heavy metals providing real-time monitoring and are cost-effective and enable multiparametric detection. Various sensing applications necessitate severe regulation regarding the modification of electrode surfaces. Numerous nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles have been extensively explored as interface materials in electrode modifiers. These nanoparticles offer excellent electrical conductivity, distinctive catalytic properties, and high surface area resulting in enhanced electrochemical performance. This review examines different HMI detection methods in an aqueous medium by an electrochemical sensing approach and studies the recent developments in interface materials for altering the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fouziya Sulthana
- Department
of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - U. Mohammed Iqbal
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sreeja Balakrishnapillai Suseela
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centre for Medical Electronics,
College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Rajesh Anbazhagan
- School
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Ravikumar Chinthaginjala
- School
of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanamjayulu Chitathuru
- School of
Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tai-hoon Kim
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering Yeosu Campus, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do 59626, Republic of Korea
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Dinçer R, Ulubay Karabiberoğlu Ş, Dursun Z. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of trace Zinc(II), Cadmium(II) and Lead (II) in lipsticks using a novel electrode covered with bismuth / over-oxidized poly(xylenol blue) film. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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4
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Tesfaye E, Chandravanshi BS, Negash N, Tessema M. A new modified carbon paste electrode using N1-hydroxy-N1,N2-diphenylbenzamidine for the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) in environmental samples. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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El Hamdouni Y, El Hajjaji S, Szabó T, Trif L, Felhősi I, Abbi K, Labjar N, Harmouche L, Shaban A. Biomass valorization of walnut shell into biochar as a resource for electrochemical simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions in water and soil samples: Preparation, characterization, and applications. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Naseri M, Mohammadniaei M, Ghosh K, Sarkar S, Sankar R, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Qiao J, Bhattacharyya N, Sun Y. A robust electrochemical sensor based on butterfly‐shaped silver nanostructure for concurrent quantification of heavy metals in water samples. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koustuv Ghosh
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing- Kolkata INDIA
| | - Subrata Sarkar
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing- Kolkata INDIA
| | - Ravi Sankar
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing- Kolkata INDIA
| | | | - Souvik Pal
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing- Kolkata INDIA
| | | | | | - Yi Sun
- Technical University of Denmark DENMARK
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Bankole OE, Verma DK, Chávez González ML, Ceferino JG, Sandoval-Cortés J, Aguilar CN. Recent trends and technical advancements in biosensors and their emerging applications in food and bioscience. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Oliveira C, Maciel JV, Christ-Ribeiro A, Guarda A, Dias D. A Voltammetric Approach for the Simultaneous Determination of Cd and Pb in Water Applying Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Bismuth Film. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Salhi O, Ez-zine T, Oularbi L, El Rhazi M. Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite Ions Using Modified Electrode by Poly 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene/Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Front Chem 2022; 10:870393. [PMID: 35372268 PMCID: PMC8966090 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.870393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor based on conducting polymer and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was reported for the detection of nitrite ions (NO2−). The hybrid material poly 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (poly 1,8-DAN)/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) was prepared by using a simple electrochemical approach which is based on the deposition of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) on the surface of the electrode followed by the electropolymerization of 1,8-DAN using cyclic voltammetry. The morphology and the electro-catalytic properties of the obtained electrodes were investigated with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) showing an improvement of the electronic transfer due to the synergic effect between the proprieties of poly 1,8-DAN and f-MWCNT. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the poly 1,8-DAN/f-MWCNT/CPE exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity towards nitrite detection. The nitrite anodic peak potential decreased by 210 mV compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. The calibration plot of nitrite detection was linear in the range of concentration from 300 to 6500 nM with a low detection limit of 75 nM.
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Salhi O, Ez-zine T, Oularbi L, El Rhazi M. Cysteine combined with carbon black as support for electrodeposition of poly (1,8-Diaminonaphthalene): Application as sensing material for efficient determination of nitrite ions. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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11
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Vu T, Nguyen M, Do T, Nguyen LH, Nguyen VA, Nguyen DT. Adsorption of copper ions onto poly(1,8‐diaminonaphthalene)/graphene film for voltammetric determination of pyridoxine. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trong Vu
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology VIET NAM
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology VIET NAM
| | - Thuy Do
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials VIET NAM
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12
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El Attar A, Chemchoub S, Diallo Kalan M, Oularbi L, El Rhazi M. Designing New Material Based on Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Cu(OH)2–Cu2O/Polypyrrole Catalyst for Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium. Front Chem 2022; 9:805654. [PMID: 35186892 PMCID: PMC8854777 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.805654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, copper(II) hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) and copper oxide (Cu2O) nanostructures are deposited on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole to report an efficient electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium. In the first step, the deposition of functionalized multi-walled nanotubes of carbon (F-MWCNTs) on the electrode surface was carried out using drop casting mode followed by the electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) using galvanostatic mode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed in order to study the morphology and the structure of the elaborated catalysts. Electrochemical characterization conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that the introduction of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhances the electric properties of the nanocomposites and offers a large active surface area. The prepared electrocatalyst was then tested in a solution of 0.1 M NaOH containing 0.2 M of ethanol showing high performance (7 mA cm−2 at 0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl) and good stability (over 1800 s) toward ethanol oxidation.
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13
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Simple laser-induced graphene fiber electrode fabrication for high-performance heavy-metal sensing. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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A sensitive electrochemical analysis for cadmium and lead based on Nafion-Bismuth film in a water sample. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Ganash AA, Alghamdi RA. Fabrication of a novel polyaniline/green‐synthesized, silver‐nanoparticle‐modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical sensing of lead ions. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A. Ganash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem A. Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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16
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Gupta AK, Khanna M, Roy S, Pankaj, Nagabooshanam S, Kumar R, Wadhwa S, Mathur A. Design and development of a portable resistive sensor based on α-MnO 2 /GQD nanocomposites for trace quantification of Pb(II) in water. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 15:505-511. [PMID: 34694759 PMCID: PMC8675782 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of heavy metal ions in food chain is appearing to be a major problem for mankind. The traces of heavy metals, especially Pb(II) ions present in water bodies remains undetected, untreated, and it remains in the food cycle causing serious health hazards for human and livestock. The consumption of Pb(II) ions may lead to serious medical complications including multiple organ failure which can be fatal. The conventional methods of heavy metal detection are costly, time-consuming and require laboratory space. There is an immediate need to develop a cost-effective and portable sensing system which can easily be used by the common man without any technical knowhow. A portable resistive device with miniaturized electronics is developed with microfluidic well and α-MnO2 /GQD nanocomposites as a sensing material for the sensitive detection of Pb(II). α-MnO2 /GQD nanocomposites which can be easily integrated with the miniaturized electronics for real-time on-field applications. The proposed sensor exhibited a tremendous potential to be integrated with conventional water purification appliances (household and commercial) to give an indication of safety index for the drinking water. The developed portable sensor required low sample volume (200 µL) and was assessed within the Pb(II) concentration range of 0.001 nM to 1 uM. The Limit of Detection (LoD) and sensitivity was calculated to be 0.81 nM and 1.05 kΩ/nM/mm2 , and was validated with the commercial impedance analyser. The shelf-life of the portable sensor was found to be ∼45 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Gupta
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mansi Khanna
- Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAmity School of EngineeringAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Souradeep Roy
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Pankaj
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | | | - Ranjit Kumar
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Chemistry, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
| | - Shikha Wadhwa
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Chemistry, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Physics, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
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Salhi O, Ez‐zine T, El Rhazi M. Hybrid Materials Based on Conducting Polymers for Nitrite Sensing: A Mini Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ouissal Salhi
- Laboratory of Materials Membranes and Environment Morocco Faculty of Sciences and Technologies University Hassan II Casablanca P.B. 146 Mohammedia 20800 Morocco
| | - Tarik Ez‐zine
- Laboratory of Materials Membranes and Environment Morocco Faculty of Sciences and Technologies University Hassan II Casablanca P.B. 146 Mohammedia 20800 Morocco
| | - Mama El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Materials Membranes and Environment Morocco Faculty of Sciences and Technologies University Hassan II Casablanca P.B. 146 Mohammedia 20800 Morocco
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El Attar A, Oularbi L, Chemchoub S, El Rhazi M. Effect of electrochemical activation on the performance and stability of hybrid (PPy/Cu2O nanodendrites) for efficient ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Bodkhe GA, Hedau BS, Deshmukh MA, Patil HK, Shirsat SM, Phase DM, Pandey KK, Shirsat MD. Detection of Pb(II): Au Nanoparticle Incorporated CuBTC MOFs. Front Chem 2020; 8:803. [PMID: 33195028 PMCID: PMC7593771 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, copper benzene tricarboxylate metal organic frameworks (CuBTC MOF) and Au nanoparticle incorporated CuBTC MOF (Au@CuBTC) were synthesized by the conventional solvothermal method in a round bottom flask at 105°C and kept in an oil bath. The synthesized CuBTC MOF and Au@CuBTC MOFs were characterized by structure using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic methods including Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). We also characterized them using morphological techniques such as Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and electrochemical approaches that included cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We examined thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) and N2 adsorption—desorption isotherm by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area method. Both materials were tested for the detection of lead (II) ions in aqueous media. Au nanoparticle incorporated CuBTC MOF showed great affinity and selectivity toward Pb2+ ions and achieved a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM/L by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique, which is far below than MCL for Pb2+ ions (0.03 μM/L) suggested by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan A Bodkhe
- RUSA Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Bhavna S Hedau
- RUSA Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Megha A Deshmukh
- RUSA Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Harshada K Patil
- RUSA Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sumedh M Shirsat
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad, India
| | - Devdatta M Phase
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Indore, India
| | - Krishan K Pandey
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahendra D Shirsat
- RUSA Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
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21
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Scandurra A, Ruffino F, Urso M, Grimaldi MG, Mirabella S. Disposable and Low-Cost Electrode Based on Graphene Paper-Nafion-Bi Nanostructures for Ultra-Trace Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1620. [PMID: 32824875 PMCID: PMC7466693 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a huge demand for rapid, reliable and low-cost methods for the analysis of heavy metals in drinking water, particularly in the range of sub-part per billion (ppb). In the present work, we describe the preparation, characterization and analytical performance of the disposable sensor to be employed in Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) for ultra-trace simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead. The electrode consists of graphene paper-perfluorosulfonic ionomer-bismuth nano-composite material. The electrode preparation implies a key step aimed to enhance the Bi3+ adsorption into nafion film, prior to the bismuth electro-deposition. Finely dispersed bismuth nanoparticles embedded in the ionomer film are obtained. The electrode was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode shows a linear response in the 5-100 ppb range, a time-stability tested up to almost three months, and detection limits up to 0.1 ppb for both Pb2+ and Cd2+. The electrode preparation method is simple and low in cost and the obtained analytical performance is very competitive with the state of art for the SWASV determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scandurra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Ruffino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Urso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Grimaldi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Single and simultaneous voltammetric sensing of lead(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) using a bimetallic Hg-Bi supported on poly(1,2-diaminoanthraquinone)/glassy carbon modified electrode. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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23
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Sall ML, Fall B, Diédhiou I, Dièye EH, Lo M, Diaw AKD, Gningue-Sall D, Raouafi N, Fall M. Toxicity and Electrochemical Detection of Lead, Cadmium and Nitrite Ions by Organic Conducting Polymers: A Review. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pudza MY, Abidin ZZ, Abdul-Rashid S, Yasin FM, Noor ASM, Abdullah J. Selective and simultaneous detection of cadmium, lead and copper by tapioca-derived carbon dot-modified electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13315-13324. [PMID: 32020456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The need for the sensing of environmental pollutants cannot be overemphasized in the twenty-first century. Herein, a sensor has been developed for the sensitive and selective detection of copper (Cu2+), lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) as major heavy metals polluting water environment. A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was successfully fabricated for sensing Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were deployed for the analysis of ternary analytes. CV was set at a potential range of - 0.8 to + 0.2 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, and DPV at a potential range of - 0.8 to + 0.1 V, scan rate of 50 mV/s, pulse rate of 0.2 V and pulse width of 50 ms. DPV technique was applied through the modified electrode for sensitive and selective determination of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ at a concentration range of 0.01 to 0.27 ppm for Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. Tolerance for the highest possible concentration of foreign substances such as Mg2+, K+, Na+, NO3-, and SO42- was observed with a relative error less than ± 3%. The sensitivity of the modified electrode was at 0.17, 0.42 and 0.18 ppm for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively, while the limits of detection (LOD) achieved for cadmium, lead and copper were 0.0028, 0.0042 and 0.014 ppm, respectively. The quality of the modified electrode for sensing Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ at trace levels is in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water regulation standard. The modified SPCE provides a cost-effective, dependable and stable means of detecting heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) in an aqueous solution. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Yahaya Pudza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Suraya Abdul-Rashid
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Md Yasin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Shukri Muhammad Noor
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaafar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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25
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Yu L, Cui X, Yue X, Yu Z. A ratiometric electrochemical sensor for lead ions based on bismuth film coated porous silicon nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions was developed based on porous silicon nanoparticles with in situ plated bismuth to improve the accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization
- Weifang University of Science and Technology
- Weifang
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Xin Cui
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization
- Weifang University of Science and Technology
- Weifang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Yue
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization
- Weifang University of Science and Technology
- Weifang
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Yu
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization
- Weifang University of Science and Technology
- Weifang
- P. R. China
- China UnionPay Data Services Company
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26
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Dias AA, Chagas CLS, Silva-Neto HDA, Lobo-Junior EO, Sgobbi LF, de Araujo WR, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing of Flexible Graphite Electrodes for a Wearable Device Monitoring Zinc in Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39484-39492. [PMID: 31524381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors based on graphite and polymers have emerged as powerful analytical tools for bioanalytical applications. However, most of the fabrication processes are not environmentally friendly because they often involve the use of toxic reagents and generate waste. This study describes an alternative method to produce flexible electrodes in plastic substrates using graphite powder and thermal laminating sheets by solid-solid deposition through hot compression, without the use of hazardous chemical reagents. The electrodes developed through the proposed approach have successfully demonstrated flexibility, robustness, reproducibility (relative standard deviation around 6%), and versatility. The electrodes were thoroughly characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As a proof of concept, the electrode surfaces were modified with bismuth and used for zinc analysis in sweat. The modified electrodes presented linearity (R2 = 0.996) for a wide zinc concentration range (50-2000 ppb) and low detection limit (4.31 ppb). The proposed electrodes were tested using real sweat samples and the achieved zinc concentrations did not differ statistically from the data obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. To allow wearable applications, a 3D-printed device was fabricated, integrated with the proposed electrochemical system, and fixed at the abdomen by using an elastic tape to collect, store, and analyze the sweat sample. The matrix effect test was performed, spiking the real sample with different zinc levels, and the recovery values varied between 85 and 106%, thus demonstrating adequate accuracy and robustness of the flexible electrodes developed based on the proposed fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A Dias
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Eulício O Lobo-Junior
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Lívia F Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - William R de Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
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27
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Gold and silver nanoparticles in resonance Rayleigh scattering techniques for chemical sensing and biosensing: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:667. [PMID: 31485856 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review (with 116 refs.) summarizes the state of the art in resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS)-based analytical methods. Following an introduction into the fundamentals of RRS and on the preparation of metal nanoparticles, a first large section covers RRS detection methods based on the use of gold nanoparticles, with subsections on proteins (albumin, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, glycoproteins, folate receptors, iron binding-proteins, G-proteins-coupled receptors, transmembrane proteins, epidermal growth factor receptors), on pesticides, saccharides, vitamins, heavy metal ions (such as mercury, silver, chromium), and on cationic dyes. This is followed by a section on RRS methods based on the use of silver nanoparticles, with subsections on the detection of nucleic acids and insecticides. Several Tables are presented where an RRS method is compared to the performance of other methods. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical Abstract Change in the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity when mixing the nanoparticles with the specific analyte.
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28
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Voltammetric determination of cadmium(II), lead(II) and copper(II) with a glassy carbon electrode modified with silver nanoparticles deposited on poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene). Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Petrović S, Guzsvány V, Ranković N, Beljin J, Rončević S, Dalmacija B, Ashrafi AM, Kónya Z, Švancara I, Vytřas K. Trace level voltammetric determination of Zn(II) in selected nutrition related samples by bismuth-oxychloride-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite based electrode. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen using a practical carbon paste electrode modified with a graphene oxide-Y2O3 nanocomposite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Wang H, Xu R, Chen H, Yuan Q. Synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped yolk-shell porous carbon microspheres and their application for Pb(II) detection in fish serum. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Recent progress in nanocomposites based on conducting polymer: application as electrochemical sensors. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-018-0238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Salih FE, Oularbi L, Halim E, Elbasri M, Ouarzane A, El Rhazi M. Conducting Polymer/Ionic Liquid Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Carbaryl in Real Samples. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ezzahra Salih
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
| | - Larbi Oularbi
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
| | - El Halim
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
| | - Miloud Elbasri
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
| | - Aicha Ouarzane
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
| | - Mama El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of sciences and Technologies -BP 146 Mohammedia 20650; University Hassan II of Casablanca; Morocco
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34
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Hassan KM, Gaber SE, Altahan MF, Azzem MA. Novel Sensor Based on Poly (1,2-Diaminoanthraquinone) for Individual and Simultaneous Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Cd2+
, Pb2+
, Cu2+
and Hg2+. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmoud Hassan
- Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Physics and Mathematics Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering; Menoufia University; Menof 23952 Egypt
| | - Seleem Elsaid Gaber
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring; National Water Research Center; El-Qanater El-Khairia 13621 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Fatehy Altahan
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring; National Water Research Center; El-Qanater El-Khairia 13621 Egypt
| | - Magdi Abdel Azzem
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Shibin El-Kom 32511 Egypt
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35
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Ashwin Karthick N, Thangappan R, Arivanandhan M, Gnanamani A, Jayavel R. A Facile Synthesis of Ferrocene Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensing of Lead. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Salih FE, Achiou B, Ouammou M, Bennazha J, Ouarzane A, Younssi SA, El Rhazi M. Electrochemical sensor based on low silica X zeolite modified carbon paste for carbaryl determination. J Adv Res 2017; 8:669-676. [PMID: 28948047 PMCID: PMC5602751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new and simple approach for carbaryl determination in natural sample was proposed using Low Silica X (LSX) zeolite modified carbon paste electrode. LSX zeolite with a porous structure was incorporated into carbon paste electrode in the appropriate portion. The prepared electrode was then characterized using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Various experimental parameters as the zeolite amounts, pH, accumulation time, and differential pulse voltammetric parameters were optimized. Under optimal conditions, a linear response was obtained in the range of 1-100 µM of carbaryl using differential pulse voltammetry with detection limit of 0.3 µM (S/N = 3). The sensors showed good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility and has been successfully applied for detection of carbaryl in tomato samples with good recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mama El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
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37
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Oularbi L, Turmine M, El Rhazi M. Electrochemical determination of traces lead ions using a new nanocomposite of polypyrrole/carbon nanofibers. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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A Simple, Cost-Effective Sensor for Detecting Lead Ions in Water Using Under-Potential Deposited Bismuth Sub-Layer with Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). SENSORS 2017; 17:s17050950. [PMID: 28441356 PMCID: PMC5461074 DOI: 10.3390/s17050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research has developed a simple to use, cost effective sensor system for the detection of lead ions in tap water. An under-potential deposited bismuth sub-layer on a thin gold film based electrochemical sensor was designed, manufactured, and evaluated. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurement technique was employed in this detection. Tap water from the Cleveland, OH, USA regional water district was the test medium. Concentrations of lead ion in the range of 8 × 10−7 M to 5 × 10−4 M were evaluated, showing a good sensitivity over this concentration range. The calibration curve for the DPV measurements of lead ions in tap water showed excellent reproducibility with R2 value of 0.970. This DPV detection system required 3–6 min to complete the detection measurement. A longer measurement time of 6 min was used for the lower lead ion concentration. The selectivity of this lead ion sensor was very good, and Fe III, Cu II, Ni II, and Mg II at a concentration level of 5 × 10−4 M did not interfere with the lead ion measurement.
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39
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Efficient Use of Porous Hybrid Materials in a Selective Detection of Lead(II) from Aqueous Solutions: An Electrochemical Study. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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