1
|
Han W, Song Z, Shan D, Shi Q. Fetal origins of obesity: a novel pathway of regulating appetite neurons in the hypothalamus of growth-restricted rat offspring. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:2411-2419. [PMID: 37378669 PMCID: PMC11147910 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fetal growth restriction causes a series of sequelae, some of which, such as hyperphagia, reduced satiety and postnatal obesity, are believed to be associated with embryonic hypothalamic neurons impairment. The mechanisms underlying the linkage of fetal brain injuries to break the energy homeostasis have not been elucidated completely. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of intrauterine energy restriction on remodeling appetite neurons in the hypothalamus of fetal and postnatal infant rats. METHODS Low-protein (8%) diet combined with 75% energy restriction was used to establish an animal model. Rats offspring brain tissues, harvested from embryo day 18 and postnatal infant day 1, were sampled for dependent regulator analyses and master neuron assessment. RESULTS Growth-restricted rats showed the increased expression of Bsx and NPY in the hypothalamus as well as remodeling hypothalamic neurons differentiation compared to controls. Intriguingly, in cells cultured in vitro test, we found that activated effects of Bsx and NPY could be exacerbated by DNMT1 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS In embryonic and early postnatal stage of FGR rats, we detected high concentrations of orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus. DNMT1 activity is correlated with early embryonic neurogenesis by mediating the expression of Bsx and NPY. It may be one of the reasons for the abnormal development of the appetite regulation pathway and higher susceptibility to obesity in FGR offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yao Jia Yuan Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Zhaoyi Song
- STI-Zhilian Research Institute for Innovation and Digital Health, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yao Jia Yuan Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100026, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The People's Hospital of Yongcheng, Dongcheng District, Yongcheng City, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingyun Shi
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yao Jia Yuan Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dawid M, Pich K, Mlyczyńska E, Respekta-Długosz N, Wachowska D, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Kurowska P, Rak A. Adipokines in pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:172-269. [PMID: 38797542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta-Długosz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominka Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
M N N, J K, S R S, Raavi V. Methylation Status of IGF-Axis Genes in the Placenta of South Indian Neonates with Appropriate and Small for Gestational Age. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2024; 43:5-20. [PMID: 37975569 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2280660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered methylation patterns of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis genes in small for gestational age (SGA) have been reported in different populations. In the present study, we analyzed the methylation status of IGF-axis genes in the placenta of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and SGA neonates of South Indian women. METHODS Placental samples were collected from AGA (n = 40) and SAG (n = 40) neonates. The methylation of IGF-axis genes promoter was analyzed using MS-PCR. RESULTS IGF2, H19, IGF1, and IGFR1 genes promoter methylation was 2.5, 1.5, 5, and 7.5% lower in SGA compared to AGA, respectively. Co-methylation of IGF-axis genes promoter was 40% and 20% in AGA and SGA, respectively. IGF-axis gene promoter methylation significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the levels of IGFBP3 protein, birth weight, mitotic index, gestational weeks, and IGFR1 and IGFR2 gene expression. CONCLUSION IGF-axis genes methylation was lower in SGA than in AGA, and the methylation significantly influenced the IGF-axis components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya M N
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnappa J
- Department of Paediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheela S R
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
M N N, J K, S R S, Raavi V. The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-Axis and Mitotic Index in South Indian Neonates with Small for Gestational Age. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:216-226. [PMID: 35712880 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2086950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-axis and mitotic capacity of cells play a vital role in fetal growth. We compared IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 protein levels, mitotic indices, IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA expression in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates of Indian women. METHODS Cord blood (n = 80) and placental samples (n = 40) were collected from AGA and SGA neonates. Plasma IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 proteins were measured by ELISA. IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA expression in the placenta were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cord blood was cultured in vitro and mitotic index was obtained. RESULTS IGF1 (p = 1), and IGF2 (p = 0.69) protein levels did not differ, whereas IGFBP3 (p = 0.02) was significantly less in SGA compared to AGA neonates. Down-regulation of IGFR1 (3.9-folds) and IGFR2 (2.8-folds) mRNA and reduced mitotic index of lymphocytes was observed in SGA (p = 0.001) compared to AGA neonates. CONCLUSION Our results showed that, SGA neonates displayed down-regulated IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA, decreased IGFBP3 protein and mitotic index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya M N
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnappa J
- Department of Paediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheela S R
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yalinbas EE, Akcilar R. Serum adiponectin levels and adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism in newborns with large and small birth weights. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:10638-10646. [PMID: 36415042 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2150073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adiponectin may be an important indicator in the regulation of fetal and neonatal growth due to its metabolism, energy balance, and insulin-sensitizing action. The current study's goal was to determine if there is a link between adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism and serum adiponectin level in newborns classified as appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), or large for gestational age (LGA). METHODS The study included newborns classified as AGA (n = 65), SGA (n = 65), or LGA (n = 65) according to their gestational age or birth weight. To determine the presence of adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism, genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of adiponectin in the blood. RESULTS The SGA newborns had significantly lower levels of serum adiponectin than the AGA and LGA newborns. There were statistically significant differences between the genotype frequencies (GG, GT, TT) of the SGA newborns (29.9%, 45.1%, 13.9%), the AGA newborns (41.6%, 20.7%, 44.4%), and the LGA newborns (28.6%, 34.1%, 41.7%) (chi-square = 15.8; degree of freedom = 4; p = .003). The newborns carrying the GT genotype had an increased risk of being SGA compared to those carrying the GG and TT genotypes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07; confidence interval [CI] = 95% (1.38-6.64); p = .005 and OR = 6.96; CI = 95% (2.19-22.1); p < .001, respectively). The newborns carrying the GG and TT genotypes had better protection against being SGA than those carrying the GT genotype (OR = 0.33; CI = 95% (0.15-0.72); p = .005 and OR = 0.14; CI = 95% (0.05-0.46); p < .001, respectively). The newborns carrying the GT genotype had lower birth weights, head circumferences, and ponderal indices than those carrying the TT genotype (p < .001). The serum adiponectin levels between adiponectin +276 G/T genotypes did not differ significantly (p = .429). In addition, serum adiponectin level showed a significant positive correlation with birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and ponderal index in all newborns. CONCLUSION The results of the current study suggest that the adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism was associated with an increased chance of being born SGA or LGA. The effect of this polymorphism on newborn birth size was independently associated with serum adiponectin levels. Adiponectin may play a role in fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziye Akcilar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cissé AH, Taine M, Tafflet M, de Lauzon‐Guillain B, Clément K, Khalfallah O, Davidovic L, Lioret S, Charles MA, Heude B. Cord blood leptin level and a common variant of its receptor as determinants of the BMI trajectory: The EDEN mother-child cohort. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12955. [PMID: 35747935 PMCID: PMC9787343 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood leptin is an indicator of neonatal fat mass and could shape postnatal adiposity trajectories. Investigating genetic polymorphisms of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) could help understand the mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association of cord blood leptin level and the LEPR rs9436303 polymorphism, with body mass index (BMI) at adiposity peak (AP) and age at adiposity rebound (AR). METHODS In the EDEN cohort, BMI at AP and age at AR were estimated with polynomial mixed models, for 1713 and 1415 children, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models allowed for examining the associations of cord blood leptin level and LEPR rs9436303 genotype with BMI at AP and age at AR adjusted for potential confounders including birth size groups. We also tested interactions between cord blood leptin level and rs9436303 genotype. RESULTS Increased leptin level was associated with reduced BMI at AP and early age at AR (comparing the highest quintile of leptin level to the others). Rs9436303 G-allele carriage was associated with increased BMI at AP and later age at AR but did not modulate the association with leptin level. CONCLUSION These results illustrate the role of early life body composition and the intrauterine environment in the programming of adiposity in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aminata H. Cissé
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Marion Taine
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Muriel Tafflet
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | | | - Karine Clément
- NutriOmics Research Unit, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hopital, Nutrition Department ParisSorbonne Université, INSERMParisFrance
| | - Olfa Khalfallah
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, UMR7275, UMR_SValbonneFrance
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, UMR7275, UMR_SValbonneFrance
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Marie A. Charles
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Barbara Heude
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salmi IA, Hannawi S. Birth Weight Predicts Anthropometric and Body Composition Assessment Results in Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:279-288. [PMID: 34446614 PMCID: PMC8526299 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A poor intrauterine environment is associated with increased risks of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and/or diabetes. This study evaluated relationships between birth weight and body habitus in a representative sample of the general population. METHODS Adult participants were asked to complete a birth weight questionnaire. Associations between various current anthropometric and body composition measurements and birth weight were investigated. RESULTS Of 7,157 respondents, 4,502 reported their birth weight, which ranged from 0.4 to 7.0 kg with a mean and standard deviation of 3.37±0.7 kg; of these, 384 had low birth weights (LBWs; <2.5 kg). In females, lower birth weights were associated with lower height, weight, lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW), fat mass (FM), fat%, and fat-free mass (FFM) than those of higher older birth weights (quintiles); however, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were similar across quintiles. In males, LBW was similarly associated with lower height, weight, LBM, TBW, FM, fat%, and FFM, and also with lower WC and HC. The obesity markers such as WC, WHR, and body mass index (BMI) were 47%, 61%, and 45% greater, respectively, in LBW females compared to normal birth weight females, while these associations showed non-significant trend in males with LBW. CONCLUSION In adult male and female respondents, LBW was associated with lower body habitus: central obesity and body fatness (BMI, FM, fat%, FFM, FM/FFM, and FM/FFM2) were more pronounced in females than males, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. These findings indicate LBW may contribute to high blood pressure, dysglycemia and metabolic-abnormalities in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issa Al Salmi
- Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
- Medicine Department, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
- Corresponding author Issa Al Salmi, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-5972, Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, 23 July St., P.O. Box 1331,, code 111, Muscat, Oman, Tel: +968-927-09000, Fax: +968-245-99966, E-mail:
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Medicine Department, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Golden TN, Simmons RA. Immune dysfunction in developmental programming of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:235-245. [PMID: 33526907 PMCID: PMC7969450 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication of pregnancy and increases the risk of the offspring developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life. Alterations in the immune system are implicated in the pathogenesis of IUGR-induced T2DM. The development of the fetal immune system is a delicate balance as it must remain tolerant of maternal antigens whilst also preparing for the post-birth environment. In addition, the fetal immune system is susceptible to an altered intrauterine milieu caused by maternal and placental inflammatory mediators or secondary to nutrient and oxygen deprivation. Pancreatic-resident macrophages populate the pancreas during fetal development, and their phenotype is dynamic through the neonatal period. Furthermore, macrophages in the islets are instrumental in islet development as they influence β-cell proliferation and islet neogenesis. In addition, cytokines, derived from β-cells and macrophages, are important to islet homeostasis in the fetus and adult and, when perturbed, can cause islet dysfunction. Several activated immune pathways have been identified in the islets of people who experienced IUGR, with alternations in the levels of IL-1β and IL-4 as well as changes in TGFβ signalling. Leptin levels are also altered. Immunomodulation has shown therapeutic benefit in T2DM and might be particularly useful in IUGR-induced T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea N Golden
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bagias C, Sukumar N, Weldeselassie Y, Oyebode O, Saravanan P. Cord Blood Adipocytokines and Body Composition in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041897. [PMID: 33669328 PMCID: PMC7920289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic. Early identification of high-risk groups will allow for the development of prevention strategies. Cord blood adipocytokines have been previously examined as biomarkers predicting future obesity. We conducted a systematic review looking at the association between cord blood leptin and adiponectin with adiposity up to 5 years of age. A literature review was performed between January 1994 and August 2020 using two bibliographic databases (Medline/Pubmed and EMBASE) and was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017069024). Studies using skinfold thickness and direct methods of assessing body composition in full term neonates were considered. Partial correlation and multiple regression models were used to present the results. Meta-analysis was performed, were possible, using a random effects model. Cochran’s Q test was used to assess heterogeneity and I2 statistics to calculate the percentage of variation across studies. The potential for publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. Data from 22 studies were retrieved and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Cord blood leptin was positively associated with adiposity at birth (r = 0.487; 95% CI: 0.444, 0.531) but was inversely related to adiposity up to 3 years of age. The association was not sustained at 5 years. There was a weak positive association between adiponectin in cord blood and adiposity at birth (r = 0.201; 95% CI: 0.125, 0.277). No correlation was found between cord blood adiponectin in young children, but data were limited. This review supports that cord blood leptin and adiponectin are associated with adiposity at birth. The results of this study provide insight into the role of adipocytokines at birth on future metabolic health and their potential use as risk stratification tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Bagias
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Population Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV7 7HL, UK; (C.B.); (N.S.); (Y.W.); (O.O.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nithya Sukumar
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Population Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV7 7HL, UK; (C.B.); (N.S.); (Y.W.); (O.O.)
- Academic Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton CV10 7DJ, UK
| | - Yonas Weldeselassie
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Population Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV7 7HL, UK; (C.B.); (N.S.); (Y.W.); (O.O.)
| | - Oyinlola Oyebode
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Population Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV7 7HL, UK; (C.B.); (N.S.); (Y.W.); (O.O.)
| | - Ponnusamy Saravanan
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Population Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV7 7HL, UK; (C.B.); (N.S.); (Y.W.); (O.O.)
- Academic Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton CV10 7DJ, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pheiffer C, Dias S, Jack B, Malaza N, Adam S. Adiponectin as a Potential Biomarker for Pregnancy Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1326. [PMID: 33572712 PMCID: PMC7866110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, mainly attributed to its insulin-sensitizing properties. Accumulating studies have reported that adiponectin concentrations are decreased during metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, with an emerging body of evidence providing support for its use as a biomarker for pregnancy complications. The identification of maternal factors that could predict the outcome of compromised pregnancies could act as valuable tools that allow the early recognition of high-risk pregnancies, facilitating close follow-up and prevention of pregnancy complications in mother and child. In this review we consider the role of adiponectin as a potential biomarker of disorders associated with pregnancy. We discuss common disorders associated with pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm birth and abnormal intrauterine growth) and highlight studies that have investigated the potential of adiponectin to serve as biomarkers for these disorders. We conclude the review by recommending strategies to consider for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Babalwa Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Nompumelelo Malaza
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sumaiya Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Influence of pre-pregnancy body mass index (p-BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on DNA methylation and protein expression of obesogenic genes in umbilical vein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226010. [PMID: 31794592 PMCID: PMC6890247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that affect obesogenic genes expression in newborns is essential for early prevention efforts, but they remain unclear. Our study aimed to explore whether the maternal p-BMI and GWG were associated with regulatory single-locus DNA methylation in selected obesogenic genes. For this purpose, DNA methylation was assayed by Methylation-Sensitive High Resolution Melting (MS-HRM) technique and Sanger allele-bisulfite sequencing in fifty samples of umbilical vein to evaluate glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2 (GNPDA2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and leptin receptor (LEPR) genes. Correlations between DNA methylation levels and indicators of maternal nutritional status were carried out. Western blotting was used to evaluate protein expression in extracts of the same samples. Results indicated that GNPDA2 and PGC1α genes have the same level of DNA methylation in all samples; however, a differential DNA methylation of LEPR gene promoter was found, correlating it with GWG and this correlation is unaffected by maternal age or unhealthy habits. Furthermore, leptin receptor (Lep-Rb) was upregulated in samples that showed the lowest levels of DNA methylation. This study highlights the association between poor GWG and adjustments on obesogenic genes expression in newborn tissues with potential consequences for development of obesity in the future.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu Y, Chen S, Yang H, Gong F, Wang L, Jiang Y, Yan C, Zhu H, Pan H. Decreased insulin sensitivity and abnormal glucose metabolism start in preadolescence in low-birth-weight children-Meta-analysis and systematic review. Prim Care Diabetes 2019; 13:391-398. [PMID: 31031134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our meta-analysis aimed to analyze glucose and insulin abnormalities in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or low-birth-weight (LBW) young people. METHODS Our data were collected from several databases, including PubMed, AMED and so on. Cohort studies in English were included. SGA or LBW participants comprised the case group, while non-SGA or non-LBW participants comprised the control group. All subjects were younger than 45 years old. RESULTS Sixteen studies and 10,060 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The case group showed higher levels of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h glucose (mean difference (MD) = 0.32 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.52 mmol/L, P = 0.0009) and fasting and OGTT 2-h insulin than the control group (respectively, MD = 7.47 pmol/L, 95% CI 1.77-13.17 pmol/L, P = 0.01 and MD = 105.55 pmol/L, 95% CI 65.43-145.66 pmol/L, P < 0.00001). In the preadolescence group (maximum age or 95% CI of age ≤10 years old), the OGTT 2-h glucose in the case group had an upward tendency compared to the control group, while the OGTT 2-h insulin in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (MD = 118.51 pmol/L, 95% CI 56.80-180.22 pmol/L, P = 0.0002). In the adolescence group (minimum age >10 years old and maximum age≤20 years old or 10 years old<95% CI of age≤20 years old), subjects in the case group showed significantly higher fasting and OGTT 2-h glucose than did the control group (respectively, MD = 0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.04-0.24 mmol/L, P = 0.005 and MD = 0.40 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.08-0.71 mmol/L, P = 0.01). However, fasting and OGTT 2-h insulin in the case group were not significantly different from those in the control group (respectively, MD = 6.56 pmol/L, 95% CI -4.54-17.65 pmol/L, P = 0.25 and MD = 65.89 pmol/L, 95% CI -50.00-181.78 pmol/L, P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Decreased insulin sensitivity and abnormal glucose metabolism began early in preadolescence. Furthermore, glucose tolerance was worse in adolescence. LBW or SGA status affects glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity beginning in preadolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsheng Yan
- Hebei Center for Women and Children's Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Intrauterine growth restriction: the controversial role of perinatal adipocytokines in the prediction of metabolic adult disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2577-2582. [PMID: 31530060 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1669556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
"Prenatal/fetal programming," implying structural/functional disorders of developing tissues/organs, consequent to an adverse intrauterine environment leading to asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), predisposes to metabolic syndrome and noncommunicable diseases in adulthood, in the framework of the "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease" (DOHaD) concept. DOHaD consequences are associated with adipose tissue, particularly the visceral one, occurring in relative abundance in IUGR infants. Adipose tissue secretes numerous hormones, collectively called adipocytokines, as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, omentin, vaspin, preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1), fatty acid-binding protein-4, lipocalin-2, and others, implicated in fetal growth, body metabolism, energy homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Early identification of adipocytokines as biomarkers predicting later metabolic disorders/diseases in IUGR individuals, enabling relevant protective interventions, would be of utmost importance. Current data do not support this perspective, due to controversial results in the literature, with the eventual exception of visfatin and possibly Pref-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Briana
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important cause of fetal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. IUGR occurs because of multiple reasons. Neonates with IUGR experience acute problems in the perinatal and early neonatal period that can be life-threatening. The unfavorable uterine environment causing growth restriction results in programming that predisposes IUGR infants to long-term health issues such as poor physical growth, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neurodevelopmental impairment and endocrine abnormalities, warranting careful monitoring. It is imperative to strike the balance between achieving optimal catch-up to promote normal development, while preventing the onset of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in the long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpashri Kesavan
- Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, B2-413 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 22-412 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Theyab NA, Donovan TJ, Eiby YA, Colditz PB, Lingwood BE. Fat trajectory after birth in very preterm infants mimics healthy term infants. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12472. [PMID: 30257276 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants born very preterm experience poor postnatal growth relative to intrauterine growth, but at term equivalent age, they have increased percentage body fat compared with infants born at term. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess body composition in very preterm infants born before 32 weeks postmenstrual age and to compare this with infants born at 32-36 weeks of gestation. METHODS Percentage fat, fat mass and fat-free mass were measured in 87 very preterm infants born <32 weeks of gestation and studied at 32-36 weeks and in 88 control infants born at 32-36 weeks of gestation and measured on days 2-5 postnatally. RESULTS At 32-36 weeks, very preterm infants were lighter and shorter, had significantly greater percentage fat and absolute fat mass and had a significantly lower absolute fat-free mass than the control group. The trajectory in percentage fat over increasing postnatal age in very preterm infants was closely aligned to that in term infants. CONCLUSIONS Infants born very preterm accumulate fat rapidly after birth and have a deficit in fat-free mass. Fat accumulation may be triggered by birth or associated events. If this rapid fat accretion is not taken into account, assessment of growth based on weight alone will underestimate the deficit in fat-free mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Al-Theyab
- Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T J Donovan
- Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y A Eiby
- Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P B Colditz
- Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - B E Lingwood
- Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goto E. Maternal and Cord Blood Adiponectin Concentrations in Small for Gestational Age: A Meta-Analysis. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017; 72:57-64. [DOI: 10.1159/000485748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adiponectin, which may have a growth-promoting effect through its insulin-sensitizing action, is thought to play a key role in fetal growth. This study was performed to determine whether maternal and/or cord blood adiponectin concentrations differ between small for gestational age (SGA) and healthy controls. Methods: Databases were searched to identify good quality English language studies providing the number of SGA and healthy controls, and the means and standard deviations of maternal or cord blood adiponectin concentration in both groups. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the standardized mean differences (SMDs) in maternal and cord blood adiponectin concentrations between SGA and healthy controls. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in maternal blood adiponectin concentration between SGA and healthy controls (n = 8, p = 0.951). However, cord blood adiponectin concentration was significantly lower in SGA than in healthy controls (n = 6, p = 0.028), and the effect was large (i.e., SMD >0.7). Conclusions: Maternal blood adiponectin concentration is not low in SGA compared with healthy controls. However, SGA shows lower cord blood adiponectin concentration than healthy controls.
Collapse
|
18
|
El-Mazary AAM, Nasif KA, Abdel-Hakeem GL, Sherif T, Farouk E, El-Gezawy EM. Adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels at birth and in early postnatal life in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14:87. [PMID: 26629481 PMCID: PMC4666056 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in one to three per 1000 live full-term births. Fifteen to twenty percent will die in the postnatal period, and an additional 25 % will develop severe and permanent neuropsychological sequalae. The control of growth and nutritional status in the fetus and neonate is a complex mechanism, in which also hormones produced by adipose tissue, such as adiponectin and leptin are involved. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin in neonates with HIE at birth and in early postnatal life and comparing them with normal healthy AGA and SGA neonates Methods This study carried out on 80 full-term neonates born in Minia university hospital during the period from May 2013 to December 2014. They were divided into group I included 25 neonates with HIE and group II included 55 normal healthy neonates (30 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 25 small for gestational age (SGA)). Weight, length, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), glucose, adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels were measured for all neonates. Adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels were compared between neonates with HIE and normal healthy neonates as well as between AGA and SGA neonates at birth, 2nd and 6th days of life. Results Adiponectin and leptin levels were significantly higher at birth then began to decrease during the first postnatal week in all neonates while insulin level increased during the same period. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower while serum leptin and insulin levels were significantly higher in neonates with HIE than healthy neonates. In all neonates, the serum adiponectin level was positively correlated at birth with weight, length, BMI and leptin levels but not with insulin level. In neonates with HIE, serum adiponectin level was not correlated with weight, BMI, leptin level or insulin level. In all neonates, the serum leptin level was positively correlated at birth with body weight, height and BMI. In neonates with HIE serum leptin levels were not correlated with weight, BMI or insulin level after birth. There were no correlations between either leptin or adiponectin serum levels or any of the studied parameters in neonates with HIE Conclusions Neonates who are suffering from HIE had lower serum levels of adiponectin and higher serum levels of leptin and insulin than normal healthy neonates at birth and during the early postnatal period. The decline of leptin and increased the insulin levels after birth in all neonates may be important for the stimulation of feeding behavior and the acquisition of energy homeostasis during the early postnatal life. Positive significant correlations between adiponectin, leptin, body weight and body mass indices were present in normal healthy neonates but not in neonates with HIE reflecting the effect of hypoxia on the regulatory mechanisms controlling the adipose tissue functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid A Nasif
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | | | - Tahra Sherif
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Farouk
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam M El-Gezawy
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pertierra-Cortada A, Ramon-Krauel M, Iriondo-Sanz M, Iglesias-Platas I. Instability of glucose values in very preterm babies at term postmenstrual age. J Pediatr 2014; 165:1146-1153.e2. [PMID: 25260622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if very preterm (VPT) babies are capable of maintaining glucose levels within normal ranges at or near term postmenstrual age. STUDY DESIGN Glucose levels were intermittently or continuously monitored during 48 hours in a cohort of 60 VPT infants near hospital discharge. Hypoglycemic (≤45 mg/dL, 2.5 mmol/L) and hyperglycemic (≥140 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L, severe if ≥180 mg/dL or 10 mmol/L) episodes were considered relevant if they lasted longer than 30 minutes. Feeding regimes followed current practice. RESULTS With intermittent capillary, 2 hypoglycemic values and another 3 that were abnormally high were detected. With continuous monitoring, 6 babies (10.0%) had isolated hypoglycemia ≤45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) (3 of them reaching 40 mg/dL, 2.2 mmol/L), 14 (23.3%) had isolated hyperglycemia, and 8 (13.3%) had episodes of both. The mean duration of hypoglycemia per patient was 2.8 ± 2.9 hours and 4.68 ± 4.35 hours in the case of hyperglycemia, with 12 infants becoming severely hyperglycemic. Of the 12 severely hyperglycemic patients, 5 also developed severe hypoglycemia. No specific characteristics identified the hypoglycemic babies. A history of intrauterine growth restriction (P = .037) and female sex (P = .063) seemed to increase the risk of severe hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS VPT infants continue to have abnormal glucose values, especially hyperglycemia, by the time of hospital discharge. No specific factors identify babies at higher risk for hypoglycemia, and intrauterine growth restriction and female sex seemed to predispose to hyperglycemia.
Collapse
|
20
|
Maternal distress in early life predicts the waist-to-hip ratio in schoolchildren. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 2:72-80. [PMID: 25140921 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on life course stress determinants of overweight in children, using data from the longitudinal follow-up of the nested case-control arm of the SAGE (study of asthma genes and the environment) birth cohort in Manitoba, Canada. Waist and hip measurements were obtained during a clinic visit at age 9-11 years. Multiple linear regression was conducted to determine the relationship between the waist-to-hip ratio and maternal smoking during pregnancy, postpartum maternal distress and stress reactivity in children (cortisol, cortisol-DHEA [dihydroepiandrostrenone] ratio quartiles) following a clinic stressor at age 8-10 years. We found waist-to-hip risk at age 9-11 years to be elevated among boys and girls whose mothers had experienced distress in the postnatal period. This association varied by gender and asthma status. In healthy girls, postpartum distress increased waist-to-hip ratio by a factor of 0.034 (P < 0.01), independent of the child's stage of puberty and adrenarche, cortisol-DHEA ratio and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Among girls with asthma, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased waist-to-hip ratio, if the mother also experienced distress in the postpartum period (0.072, P = 0.038). Among asthmatic boys, an association between maternal distress and waist-to-hip ratio was evident at the highest cortisol-DHEA ratios. Stress-induced changes to leptin and infant over-eating pathways were proposed to explain the postnatal maternal distress effects. Drawing on the theories of evolutionary biology, our findings underscore the significance of postnatal stress in disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in infants and increasing risk for child overweight.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is responsible for the higher rates of fetal, perinatal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This review details the IUGR risk factors, its short and long-term sequel, the mechanism underlying the long-term consequences, and the strategies to tackle IUGR burden. RECENT FINDINGS Short-term consequences of IUGR involve metabolic, thermal, and hematological disturbances leading to morbidities. Long term consequences due to changes in the fetal nutritional environment is associated with increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, systolic hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes type II in adulthood. There are no effective therapies to reverse IUGR, and antenatal management is aimed at determining the ideal time and mode of delivery. In order to prevent complications associated with IUGR, it is important to first detect the condition and institute appropriate surveillance to assess fetal well-being coupled with suitable intervention in case of fetal distress. SUMMARY Reliable prediction of IUGR may be achieved by combining clinical risk factors with Doppler abnormalities, fetal growth, and biomarkers. If this can be achieved, there is potential to reduce future perinatal morbidity, mortality and long-term consequences, but steps geared toward the prevention of IUGR are of unparalleled importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehana A Salam
- aDivision of Woman and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan bProgram for Global Pediatric Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sabri A, Lai D, D'Silva A, Seeho S, Kaur J, Ng C, Hyett J. Differential placental gene expression in term pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction and macrosomia. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 36:173-80. [PMID: 24685769 DOI: 10.1159/000360535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extremes of fetal growth are associated with increased perinatal mortality and morbidity and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes in later life. We aimed to identify changes in placental gene expression in pregnancies with evidence of growth dysfunction and candidate genes that may be used to identify abnormal patterns of growth prior to delivery. METHODS Growth-restricted (n = 4), macrosomic (n = 6) and normal term (n = 5) placentas were selected from a banked series (n = 200) collected immediately after caesarean section. RNA was extracted prior to microarray analysis using Affymetrix HG-U219 arrays to determine variation in gene expression. Genes of interest were confirmed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS 338 genes in the growth-restricted and 41 genes in the macrosomic group were identified to be significantly dysregulated (>2-fold change; p < 0.05). CPXM2 and CLDN1 were upregulated and TXNDC5 and LRP2 downregulated in fetal growth restriction. In macrosomia, PHLDB2 and CLDN1 were upregulated and LEP and GCH1 were downregulated. DISCUSSION Dysfunctional growth is associated with differential placental gene expression and affects genes with a whole spectrum of developmental and cellular functions. Better elucidation of these pathways may allow the development of biomarkers to identify growth abnormalities and effective prenatal intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sabri
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, The University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lesseur C, Armstrong DA, Paquette AG, Koestler DC, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ. Tissue-specific Leptin promoter DNA methylation is associated with maternal and infant perinatal factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:160-7. [PMID: 23911897 PMCID: PMC3795868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin a regulator of body weight is involved in reproductive and developmental functions. Leptin promoter DNA methylation (LEP) regulates gene expression in a tissue-specific manner and has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In non-pathologic human pregnancies, we assessed LEP methylation, genotyped the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2167270 in placental (n=81), maternal and cord blood samples (n=60), and examined the association between methylation, genotype, and perinatal factors. Maternal blood LEP methylation was lower in pre-pregnancy obese women (P=0.01). Cord blood LEP methylation was higher in small for gestational age (SGA) (P=4.6×10(-3)) and A/A genotype (P=1.6×10(-4)), lower (-1.47, P=0.03) in infants born to pre-pregnancy obese mothers and correlated (P=0.01) with maternal blood LEP. Gender was associated with placental LEP methylation (P=0.05). These results suggest that LEP epigenetic control may be influenced by perinatal factors including: maternal obesity, infant growth, genotype and gender in a tissue-specific manner and may have multigenerational implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A. Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alison G. Paquette
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Devin C. Koestler
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, 7927 Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - James F. Padbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & infants Hospital of RI, Brown University, Box G-WIH, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, 7927 Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elhddad AS, Lashen H. Fetal growth in relation to maternal and fetal IGF-axes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:997-1006. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agzail S.A. Elhddad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Medicine; Omar Al-Mukhtar University; Albeida Libya
| | - Hany Lashen
- Department of Human Metabolism; Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
In utero programming of later adiposity: the role of fetal growth restriction. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:134758. [PMID: 23251802 PMCID: PMC3518064 DOI: 10.1155/2012/134758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is strongly associated with obesity in adult life. The mechanisms contributing to the onset of IUGR-associated adult obesity have been studied in animal models and humans, where changes in fetal adipose tissue development, hormone levels and epigenome have been identified as principal areas of alteration leading to later life obesity. Following an adverse in utero development, IUGR fetuses display increased lipogenic and adipogenic capacity in adipocytes, hypoleptinemia, altered glucocorticoid signalling, and chromatin remodelling, which subsequently all contribute to an increased later life obesity risk. Data suggest that many of these changes result from an enhanced activity of the adipose master transcription factor regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and its coregulators, increased lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and activity, and upregulation of glycolysis in fetal adipose tissue. Increased expression of fetal hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), altered hypothalamic leptin receptor expression and partitioning, reduced adipose noradrenergic sympathetic innervations, enhanced adipose glucocorticoid action, and modifications in methylation status in the promoter of hepatic and adipose adipogenic and lipogenic genes in the fetus also contribute to obesity following IUGR. Therefore, interventions that inhibit these fetal developmental changes will be beneficial for modulation of adult body fat accumulation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for the fact that early life environment in human beings are associated with future development of various metabolic diseases. Fetal programming and perinatal events appear to exert effects on later life that are independent of environmental risk factors in adults. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms are limited and remains unclear. However several animal models and epidemiological studies have shown this association, and it is assumed secondary to the penalties of developmental plasticity. In this review, we amalgamate facts from several disciplines to support this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mathew
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Vageesh Ayyar
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Karakosta P, Chatzi L, Plana E, Margioris A, Castanas E, Kogevinas M. Leptin levels in cord blood and anthropometric measures at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:150-63. [PMID: 21281328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of intrauterine environment in the development of obesity is increasingly recognised. Adipokines and specifically leptin have been examined as potential biomarkers predicting early development of obesity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence for the association between leptin levels in cord blood and anthropometric measurements at birth in healthy mother-newborn pairs. A PubMed search was performed between 1994 and 2009 and manual search of reference lists of retrieved articles. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria set. All studies reported a positive correlation between leptin levels and birthweight. The combined correlation coefficient (r) was 0.46 [95%CI 0.43, 0.50]. Leptin levels explained 21% of variation in birthweight. Results were similar in males (r=0.55; 0.40, 0.68) and females (r=0.60; 0.50, 0.69), and between Caucasians (r=0.45; 0.39, 0.51) and eastern Asian populations (r=0.47; 0.37, 0.55). Statistically significant positive correlations were also found for birth length (r=0.29; 0.23, 0.34) and ponderal index (r=0.36; 0.31, 0.41). There was no indication of publication bias (Egger's test P-value=0.23). This meta-analysis shows a clear but moderate correlation between leptin levels in cord blood and birthweight that is observed in different population groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Karakosta
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nanda S, Akolekar R, Sodre D, Vaikousi E, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum adiponectin at 11-13 weeks of gestation in pregnancies delivering small for gestation neonates. Fetal Diagn Ther 2011; 29:274-9. [PMID: 21293105 DOI: 10.1159/000323327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether maternal serum levels of adiponectin in the first trimester are altered in pregnancies that subsequently deliver small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. METHODS Maternal serum adiponectin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) were measured at 11-13 weeks' gestation in 50 singleton normotensive pregnancies that delivered SGA neonates and 300 non-SGA controls. The median adiponectin and PAPP-A levels in the SGA and non-SGA groups, expressed as multiple of the unaffected median (MoM), were compared. RESULTS The distribution of serum adiponectin was made gaussian by square root (sqrt) transformation. Regression analysis in the non-SGA group demonstrated that for sqrt adiponectin a significant independent contribution was provided by maternal age, weight, smoking status, African and South-Asian racial origin. Each value in the SGA and non-SGA group was then converted into a multiple of the non-SGA median (MoM) after adjustment for maternal characteristics. In the SGA group, compared to the non-SGA controls, median maternal serum PAPP-A was decreased (0.79, interquartile range [IQR] 0.54-1.06 MoM vs. 1.00, IQR 0.71-1.39 MoM) but adiponectin MoM was not significantly different (0.89, IQR 0.65-1.31 MoM vs. 1.02, IQR 0.70-1.29 MoM). CONCLUSION Maternal serum adiponectin is not a useful biochemical marker for early prediction of SGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Nanda
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Maternal lipid metabolism during normal pregnancy and its implications to fetal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
31
|
A meta-analysis of relationship between birth weight and cord blood leptin levels in newborns. World J Pediatr 2010; 6:311-6. [PMID: 20549405 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-010-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low cord blood leptin concentration is implicated as a risk factor for small for gestational age (SGA) babies. However, the association of strength, consistency, independence, and confounding factors of this affliction has not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE To determine if there is a difference in cord blood leptin concentration between SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns, and to observe whether the sample origins, GA, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and congenital malformation (CM) are confounding factors of the meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Relevant studies published between 1996 and 2007 were identified through literature searches using Ovid, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and VIP China Scientific Journal Database, based on the following key words: leptin, intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal growth restriction, and small for gestational age. DATA EXTRACTION A meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the difference of the cord blood leptin concentrations between SGA and AGA newborns. Then the stratified meta-analyses were repeated with a multivariate model to adjust for potential confounders, i.e., samples origin (Chinese newborns vs. non-Chinese newborns), GA (the term-newborns vs. the mixed GA newborns), PIH or CM (the newborns excluding PIH or CM vs. the newborns not excluding PIH or CM). DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty articles including 514 SGA newborns and 1006 AGA newborns were collected. The cord leptin concentrations of SGA newborns were lower than those of AGA newborns [WMD (95%CI), -4.42 (-5.54, -3.29) ng/ml; P<0.01; n=1520 newborns]. The results of stratified meta-analyses showed similar results in Chinese vs. non-Chinese newborns and term vs. mixed GA newborns, respectively. However, the newborns not excluding PIH or CM had a wider 95%CI than the newborns excluding PIH or CM [WMD (95%CI), -4.17 (-5.00, -3.33) ng/ml vs. -4.47 (-9.61, 0.67) ng/ml)], and there was no significant difference in cord blood leptin concentrations between SGA and AGA newborns in the newborns not excluding PIH or CM (P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS SGA babies have low cord leptin concentrations. Other factors that may influence cord leptin levels are maternal PIH and CM.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ogland B, Romundstad PR, Vefring H, Forman MR, Nilsen ST, Vatten LJ. Preeclampsia and adiponectin in cord blood. Horm Res Paediatr 2010; 74:92-7. [PMID: 20395665 PMCID: PMC2919428 DOI: 10.1159/000313376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare cord blood concentrations of total adiponectin in the offspring of pregnancies with and without preeclampsia. METHODS Using a Luminex analyzer, cord blood adiponectin was measured in 182 singleton pregnancies with preeclampsia and compared to adiponectin measured in 511 singleton pregnancies without preeclampsia. RESULTS Adiponectin levels in cord blood increased with increasing gestational age, but overall, crude levels were similar in pregnancies with and without preeclampsia. However, in pregnancies with early delivery (weeks 32-36), and in pregnancies with delivery after spontaneous contractions, adiponectin levels were higher in the preeclampsia group. CONCLUSION In preterm pregnancies and in pregnancies with spontaneous contractions, adiponectin levels in cord blood were higher in the preeclampsia group than in pregnancies without preeclampsia, maybe reflecting the need to optimize energy in preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Ogland
- Department of Pediatrics and the Central Laboratory, Stvanger University Hospital, Stavanger Norway.
| | - Pål R. Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hege Vefring
- Department of Pediatrics and the Central Laboratory, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger Norway
| | | | | | - Lars J. Vatten
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger Norway,Department of Public Health, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miras M, Ochetti M, Martín S, Silvano L, Sobrero G, Castro L, Onassis M, Tolosa de Talamoni N, Pérez A, Picotto G, Díaz de Barboza G, Muñoz L. Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in children born small for gestational age: relation to insulin sensitivity parameters. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:463-71. [PMID: 20662345 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are prone to developing obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Adiponectin and leptin are adipocytokines associated with insulin sensitivity parameters. We aimed to relate serum adiponectin and leptin levels with insulin sensitivity parameters in prepuberal SGA children with and without catch-up growth (SGA+CUG; SGA-CUG, respectively) and to analyze the usefulness of these adipocytokines as early markers of insulin resistance. We analysed adiponectin, proinsulin, leptin, growth factors, insulin, HOMA IR and HOMA beta(cell) in 23 SGA+CUG, 26 SGA-CUG children compared with 48 prepuberal appropiate for gestational age (AGA). SGA children had adiponectin levels comparable to AGA children. Leptin levels were different between sexes, showed to be higher in SGA+CUG group (p=0.040) and these were significantly correlated with insulin sensitivity parameters. These results suggest leptin resistance as an adaptive mechanism to increase energy balance, but an altered functional response of adipocytes cannot be discarded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Miras
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Niños de la Santisima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Role of adiponectin and leptin on body development in infants during the first year of life. Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:26. [PMID: 20298581 PMCID: PMC2851707 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of growth and nutritional status in the foetus and neonate is a complex mechanism, in which also hormones produced by adipose tissue, such as adiponectin and leptin are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin in appropriate (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) children during the 1st year of life and to correlate these with auxological parameters. METHODS In 33 AGA and 29 SGA infants, weight, length, head circumference, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and leptin levels were evaluated at the second day of life, and at one, six and twelve months, during which a portion of SGA could show catch-up growth (rapid growth in infants born small for their gestational age). RESULTS Both total and isoform adiponectin levels were comparable between AGA and SGA infants at birth and until age one year. These levels significantly increased from birth to the first month of life and then decreased to lower values at 1 year of age in all subjects. Circulating leptin concentrations were higher in AGA (2.1 +/- 4.1 ng/ml) than in SGA neonates (0.88 +/- 1.03 ng/ml, p < 0.05) at birth, then similar at the 1st and the 6th month of age, but they increased in SGA from six months to one year, when they showed catch-up growth. Circulating insulin levels were not statistically different in AGA and SGA neonates at any study time point. Insulin levels in both AGA and SGA infants increased over the study period, and were significantly lower at birth compared to one, six and 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS During the first year of life, in both AGA and SGA infants a progressive decrease in adiponectin levels was observed, while a difference in leptin values was correlated with the nutritional status.
Collapse
|
35
|
Baker Méio MDB, Lopes Moreira ME, Sichieri R, Moura AS. Reduction of IGF-binding protein-3 as a potential marker of intra-uterine growth restriction. J Perinat Med 2010; 37:689-93. [PMID: 19591553 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factor-binding proteins influence the growth of infants starting in utero. Adaptation of the fetus to an adverse uterine environment is associated with changes in the growth hormone-growth factor-insulin axis. AIMS To evaluate serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in small and appropriate for gestational age newborn infants. METHODS Fifty-four newborn infants, small (SGA, n=28) or appropriate (AGA, n=26) for gestational age were matched by gestational age and sex. Blood was collected on the first day of life, and anthropometric measurements were taken at birth. The serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were compared, and correlated with the anthropometric measurements. RESULTS On the first day of life, mean serum IGFBP-3 levels were significantly lower in SGA babies and correlated with weight, length, head circumference, and ponderal index (weight/length 3) (P<0.0001). In contrast, no associations were found between IGF-I serum levels and these anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSION Our data show that SGA babies have significantly reduced IGFBP-3 concentrations at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalva Barbosa Baker Méio
- Instituto Fernandes Figueira - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Nascimento Silva, 111/502 A, Ipanema - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Multiple Correlations Between Cord Blood Leptin Concentration and Indices of Neonatal Growth. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum leptin and adiponectin levels are strongly associated with lipid metabolism in adults. These adipocytokines play a role in intrauterine and postnatal growth but the association between cord blood levels of these adipocytokines and cholesterol at birth remains unclear. METHODS The study involved 52 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants (25 male, 27 female, 37-41 weeks of gestational age) born at Keiai Hospital without any maternal complications. Cord blood concentrations of leptin, total adiponectin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), other neonatal characteristics, and maternal factors were assessed to investigate the association between cord blood leptin or adiponectin levels and cholesterol levels. RESULTS Cord blood leptin levels were significantly higher in girls. Simple regression analysis indicated that cord blood leptin levels were significantly associated with birthweight, gestational age, birthweight SD score, body mass index (BMI), ponderal index, LDL-C, and TC; but total adiponectin levels were not significantly associated with any neonatal characteristics or maternal factors. A multiple regression analysis indicated that cord leptin levels were significantly associated with BMI (beta= 0.407, P= 0.001), LDL-C (beta=-0.345, P= 0.004), and infant's gender (beta=-0.332, P= 0.006); adiponectin levels were significantly associated with only gestational age (beta= 0.279, P= 0.047). CONCLUSION Cord leptin level is significantly associated with cord cholesterol level at birth, anthropometry, and infant gender. The present study suggests that cord blood leptin may be a key hormone for controlling fetal lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kyriakakou M, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Mastorakos G, Boutsikou T, Hassiakos D, Papassotiriou I, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. The role of IGF-1 and ghrelin in the compensation of intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:1193-200. [PMID: 19770497 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109344629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and ghrelin in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates in comparison to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) ones was investigated. Levels of IGF-1/insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), ghrelin, insulin, and cortisol were determined in 20 singleton, full-term IUGR and 20 respective AGA neonates at birth (umbilical cord-UC), on days 1 (d1) and 4 (d4) postnatally. The ratio of IGF-1 to birth weight was higher in IUGR than in AGA in both UC (18.2 +/- 1.2 vs14.4 +/- 0.9, P = .05) and d1 (9.6 +/- 0.5 vs 6.8 +/- 0.3, P = .05). A significant positive correlation was found between IGF-1 and ghrelin levels and a negative one between IGFBP3 and ghrelin only in IUGR. In both groups, fetal IGF-1 levels negatively correlated with fetal cortisol levels. Intrauterine growth restricted neonates demonstrate a relative IGF-1 resistance in an attempt to drive energy toward survival on the expense of growth. The observed correlations between ghrelin and IGF-1/IGFBP3 postnatally indicate that ghrelin might play a role in the compensation of intrauterine undernutrition, promoting postnatal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialena Kyriakakou
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Street ME, Volta C, Ziveri MA, Viani I, Bernasconi S. Markers of insulin sensitivity in placentas and cord serum of intrauterine growth-restricted newborns. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71:394-9. [PMID: 19226262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been related to a higher incidence of insulin resistance in adult life, which is associated with low adiponectin and high resistin, insulin and interleukin (IL)-6 serum concentrations. This study assessed cortisol, insulin, total insulin receptor, resistin, adiponectin and IL-6 concentrations, as markers of insulin sensitivity, in placental lysates and cord serum of IUGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns, to establish relationships among peptides and with growth parameters at birth. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Whole villous tissue and cord serum at birth were collected from 24 AGA and 18 IUGR newborns of comparable gestational age. MEASUREMENTS Hormonal and peptide concentrations were assayed in placental lysates and cord serum using specific commercial kits. Concentrations in lysates were adjusted per mg of total protein content. RESULTS Cortisol, insulin and resistin concentrations and the total amount of insulin receptor were similar in both groups. IL-6 concentration in lysates was significantly higher in IUGR compared with AGA newborns. Adiponectin was significantly lower in lysates from IUGR compared with AGA newborns. Placental insulin and resistin concentrations were positively correlated. Placental adiponectin concentration was positively correlated with the weight of the placenta, birthweight and head circumference. IL-6 concentration in lysates was negatively correlated with birth length, birthweight and head circumference. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the markers of insulin sensitivity in the placentas of subjects born IUGR, showing new potential roles for adiponectin and IL-6 in particular, and suggesting a role for the placenta in the programming of these hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Street
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Whitley NC, O'Brien DJ, Quinn RW, Keisler DH, Walker EL, Brown MA. Milk leptin in sows and blood leptin and growth of their offspring1,2. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1659-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
41
|
Jelks A, Belkacemi L, Han G, Chong WL, Ross MG, Desai M. Paradoxical increase in maternal plasma leptin levels in food-restricted gestation: contribution by placental and adipose tissue. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:665-75. [PMID: 19372589 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109334257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal food restriction (FR) during pregnancy results in decreased body weight with increased plasma leptin. To address this paradox, we investigated the effects of FR during pregnancy on growth and leptin levels in maternal, placental, and fetal sites. From embryonic day E10, control pregnant rats received ad libitum (AdLib) food, whereas study rats were 50% FR. At gestational ages, E16 and E20, the alterations in maternal body composition, retroperitoneal versus subcutaneous adipose leptin expression, and plasma leptin levels were studied. Furthermore, these changes were related to non-pregnant (NP) status and placental/fetal growth and leptin levels. As compared to NP, both FR and AdLib dams showed a progressive increase in body and lean body mass. However, total body fat was reduced in FR dams but remained unchanged in AdLib dams. Furthermore, plasma leptin levels in FR dams were markedly increased at E20 unlike AdLib dams, which showed moderate increments at E16 and E20. Additionally, FR dams showed significantly decreased leptin expression in subcutaneous and notably unaltered levels in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, suggesting an alternate source of elevated maternal plasma leptin. More importantly, the FR dams had reduced placental weights with paradoxical increased leptin expression at both gestations. Thus, increased plasma leptin levels at E20 in maternal FR pregnancies may be explained, in part, by upregulation of placental leptin. Despite maternal and placental hyperleptinemia during FR pregnancies, the growth-restricted FR fetus had reduced leptin levels. These findings have important implications for pregnancy outcome and fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jelks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mazaki-Tovi S, Kanety H, Pariente C, Hemi R, Yinon Y, Wiser A, Schiff E, Sivan E. Adiponectin and leptin concentrations in dichorionic twins with discordant and concordant growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:892-8. [PMID: 19066299 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Discordant twin gestation, in which one fetus is growth restricted, is a unique model that can elucidate the mechanism(s) by which the intrauterine environment affects fetal growth. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the cord blood adiponectin and leptin concentrations and evaluate their association with birth weight in dichorionic twins, with and without growth discordance. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In this cross-sectional study, arterial cord blood adiponectin and leptin concentrations were determined in two groups of newborns: 1) discordant twins, in which one of the twins is growth restricted (small for gestation age and abnormal umbilical arteries Doppler) and the other is appropriate for gestation age (AGA) (n = 14 pairs); and 2) concordant twins, in which both twins are AGA (n = 15 pairs). RESULTS Results were: 1) within the discordant twins group, the median adiponectin concentration was significantly lower in the growth-restricted newborns than in their cotwins (P = 0.004); 2) within the concordant twin group, there was no significant difference in the median cord blood adiponectin concentration between the two AGA twins; 3) the median leptin concentration did not differ between the twins pairs in both study groups; 4) a positive correlation between cord blood adiponectin concentrations and both birth weight (r = 0.7, P < 0.001) and gestational age (r = 0.6, P < 0.02) was found only in the small-for-gestational-age newborns; 5) linear regression model revealed that birth weight is independently associated with circulating adiponectin concentration. CONCLUSIONS Low circulating adiponectin concentrations, previously reported in adults, children, and infants who were born small for gestational age, characterize fetuses with growth restriction and are independently associated with birth weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 52621
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Intrauterine growth restriction and adult disease: the role of adipocytokines. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160:337-47. [PMID: 19095781 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure of the fetus to achieve his/her intrinsic growth potential, due to anatomical and/or functional disorders and diseases in the feto-placental-maternal unit. IUGR results in significant perinatal and long-term complications, including the development of insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome in adulthood. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis holds that intrauterine malnutrition leads to an adaptive response that alters the fetal metabolic and hormonal milieu designed for intrauterine survival. This fetal programming predisposes to an increased susceptibility for chronic diseases. Although the mechanisms controlling intrauterine growth are poorly understood, adipose tissue may play an important role in linking poor fetal growth to the subsequent development of adult diseases. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormones, called adipocytokines, important in modulating metabolism and recently involved in intrauterine growth. This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), visfatin, resistin, apelin) in early life, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which differential regulation of adipocytokines in IUGR may influence the risk for development of chronic diseases in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Briana
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Metabolic parameters in cord blood of newborns of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008; 92:277-82. [PMID: 18555232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess metabolic parameters in the cord blood of newborns of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to correlate these parameters with those of mothers with PCOS during midgestation. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Unit of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine. PATIENT(S) Thirty newborns of mothers with PCOS (PCOSn) and 34 newborns of control mothers (Cn) were studied. INTERVENTION(S) A sample of cord blood was obtained at delivery. In all mothers, an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) with measurement of glucose and insulin was performed at 22-28 weeks of gestation. In cord blood and in the fasting sample of the oGTT, serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were determined. RESULT(S) PCOSn showed significantly higher leptin concentrations than Cn. Moreover, in PCOSn, leptin concentrations in cord blood were correlated with birth weight (r = 0.495) and body mass index of the mother at midpregnancy (r = 0.644). CONCLUSION(S) The metabolic parameters in the cord blood of PCOSn are similar to those observed in controls, except for leptin concentrations, which are significantly higher. The latter could be related to the fetal adiposity or the metabolic condition of the mother.
Collapse
|
45
|
Segal P, Hamilton JK, Sermer M, Connelly PW, Hanley AJG, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Maternal obesity and familial history of diabetes have opposing effects on infant birth weight in women with mild glucose intolerance in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21:73-9. [PMID: 18175247 DOI: 10.1080/14767050701827148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnant women with an abnormal screening glucose challenge test (GCT) but without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are at increased risk of delivering macrosomic and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates. We thus sought to evaluate the maternal constitutional and biochemical factors that determine infant birth weight in this patient population. METHODS Women with an abnormal GCT were evaluated at the time of their OGTT in late pregnancy. This analysis was restricted to Caucasian women without GDM (N = 86). Maternal demographic and biochemical factors were evaluated in relation to infant birth weight and LGA. RESULTS After adjustment for length of gestation, birth weight was positively associated with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.31, p = 0.0063) and negatively correlated with maternal serum levels of the insulin-sensitizing protein adiponectin (r = -0.30, p = 0.0084). On multiple linear regression analysis, pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain in pregnancy were positive independent determinants of infant birth weight, while family history of diabetes emerged as a negative independent correlate. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that pre-pregnancy BMI was a positive predictor of LGA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.49), whereas family history of diabetes was again identified as a negative determinant (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.59). In contrast, neither measures of glycemia nor insulin resistance/sensitivity were independently associated with birth weight or LGA. CONCLUSION In pregnant women with an abnormal GCT but without GDM, pre-gravid maternal obesity predicts increased infant birth weight, whereas family history of diabetes is independently associated with decreased infant size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Segal
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vela-Huerta MM, San Vicente-Santoscoy EU, Guizar-Mendoza JM, Amador-Licona N, Aldana-Valenzuela C, Hernnández J. Leptin, insulin, and glucose serum levels in large-for-gestational-age infants of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008; 21:17-22. [PMID: 18404969 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2008.21.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that hyperleptinemia could be caused by hyperinsulinemia in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs). AIM To compare leptin, insulin, and glucose levels in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in IDMs, infants of non-diabetic mothers (INDM) and AGA infants. RESULTS Seventy-seven newborns were studied (11 IDM, 16 INDM, and 50 AGA infants). Leptin levels were significantly higher in LGA infants than in the AGA group and a trend for higher levels in IDM than NIDM was observed. Insulin levels and insulin resistance were significantly higher in IDMs. Glucose levels were lower in both groups of LGA infants. CONCLUSIONS We found insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism and hyperleptinemia in IDMs, and the trend of higher leptin levels in IDMs than INDMs shows that leptin could be related to insulin resistance in these infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Martha Vela-Huerta
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital of Gynecology-Pediatrics, Mexican Institute of Social Security, León, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wiernsperger N, Nivoit P, Bouskela E. Microcirculation in obesity: an unexplored domain. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2007; 79:617-38. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652007000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is traditionally linked to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Very recent experimental, clinical and epidemiological, sometimes provocative, data challenge this automaticity by showing that not the amount but the distribution of fat is the important determinant. Moderate abdominal fat accumulation may thus be more harmful than even consequent overweight. In view of the worldwide burden of obesity, factors leading to it in children and young adults must urgently be identified. Since obesity is a very complex cardiometabolic situation, this will require to focus investigations on uncomplicated obese subjects and adequate animal models. The recent discovery of intergenerational transmissions of obesity risk factors and also the key role played by gestational and perinatal events (epigenetic factors) give rise to completely new concepts and research avenues. Considering the potential close relationship between microcirculation and tissue metabolism, demonstrations of structural and/or functional abnormalities in microvascular physiology very early in life of subjects at risk for obesity might provide a solid basis for further investigations of such links. Microcirculation(arterioles, capillaries and venules) is conceivably a key compartment determining over one or several decades the translation of genetic and epigenetic factors into fat accumulation. Available animal models should serve to answer this cardinal question.
Collapse
|
48
|
Maiorana A, Del Bianco C, Cianfarani S. Adipose Tissue: A Metabolic Regulator. Potential Implications for the Metabolic Outcome of Subjects Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA). Rev Diabet Stud 2007; 4:134-46. [PMID: 18084671 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2007.4.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation and immune response. Abdominal obesity plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance because of the high lipolytic rate of visceral adipose tissue and its secretion of adipocytokines. Low birth weight subjects are prone to central redistribution of adipose tissue and are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Intrauterine adipogenesis may play a key role in the fetal origin of the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, knowledge of the behavior of visceral adipose tissue-derived stem cells could provide a greater understanding of the metabolic risk related to intrauterine growth retardation, with potential clinical implications for the prevention of long-term metabolic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Maiorana
- Rina Balducci Center of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Tor Vergata University, 00133-Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vela-Huerta M, Aguilera-López A, Alarcón-Santos S, Amador N, Aldana-Valenzuela C, Heredia A. Cardiopulmonary adaptation in large for gestational age infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96:1303-7. [PMID: 17718783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare cardiopulmonary adaptation in large for gestational age infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. METHODS Color Doppler echocardiography was performed in 113 (22 large for gestational age infants of diabetic mothers, 21 of nondiabetic mothers and 70 adequate for gestational age newborns) full-term infants. RESULTS Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly higher in infants of diabetic mothers than in those of nondiabetic mothers and normal infants at 24 h (38.5 vs. 32.5, and 35.5 mmHg, respectively). However, slow fall in this parameter was shown in all large for gestational age infants. Open ductus arteriosus was frequent in all large for gestational age infants, but its closure was significantly delayed in infants of diabetic mothers. Septal hypertrophy was higher in infants of diabetic mothers than in large for gestational age infants of nondiabetic mothers. CONCLUSION Large for gestational age infants born from nondiabetic mothers showed delayed fall in pulmonary arterial pressure similar to those born from diabetic mothers but showed lower proportion of septal hypertrophy. Patent ductus arteriosus persisted for longer period of time in all large for gestational age infants than in normal infants, but its closure was significantly delayed in infants of diabetic mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vela-Huerta
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Leon, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Malamitsi-Puchner A, Briana DD, Gourgiotis D, Boutsikou M, Puchner KP, Baka S, Marmarinos A, Hassiakos D. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin in normal and growth-restricted mother/infant pairs. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2007:42646. [PMID: 17497031 PMCID: PMC1852886 DOI: 10.1155/2007/42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin are essential for fetal growth. We investigated perinatal changes of both factors in 40 mothers and their 20 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 20 intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses and neonates on day 1 (N1) and day 4 (N4) postpartum. Fetal and N1, but not N4, IGF-I levels were increased in AGA (P < .001 and P = .037, resp.). N1 insulin levels were lower in IUGR (P = .048). Maternal, fetal, and N1 IGF-I, and fetal insulin levels positively correlated with
customized centiles (r = .374, P = .035, r = .608, P < .001, r = .485, P = .006, and r = .654, P = .021, resp.). Female infants presented elevated fetal and N4 IGF-I levels (P = .023 and P = .016, resp.). Positive correlations of maternal, fetal, and neonatal IGF-I levels, and fetal insulin levels with customized centiles underline implication of both hormones in fetal
growth. IUGR infants present gradually increasing IGF-I levels. Higher IGF-I levels are documented in
females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
- *Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner:
| | - Despina D. Briana
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Boutsikou
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Karl-Philipp Puchner
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Baka
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Hassiakos
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, 10682 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|