1
|
Di Cesare DM, Craig SL, Brooks AS, Doll K. Setting the Game Agenda: Reviewing the Emerging Literature on Video Gaming and Psychological Well-Being of Sexual and Gender Diverse Youth. GAMES AND CULTURE 2024; 19:933-953. [PMID: 39355233 PMCID: PMC11439583 DOI: 10.1177/15554120231178883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Video gaming is a popular youth pastime that has prompted scholarship into its relationship with psychological well-being. However, sexual and gender diverse youth (SGDY) who play video games are largely overlooked in this research. SGDY experience significant mental health challenges, but utilize coping strategies mediated by digital technologies, necessitating an examination of their video game playing and its effects on well-being. This literature review synthesizes the emerging evidence base by identifying key constructs related to SGDY well-being and video gaming. Five themes were derived from the literature: (a) SGDY identity development and self-expression in video games; (b) SGDY video gaming and coping skills; (c) Social support in SGDY video gaming communities; (d) SGDY digital microaggressions in video gaming; and (e) SGDY civic engagement through video gaming. The findings establish multiple risks and opportunities for harnessing video games to support SGDY's well-being. Recommendations for practice, research, and industry collaborations are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley L Craig
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley S Brooks
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitrin Doll
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhugra D, Liebrenz M, Ventriglio A, Ng R, Javed A, Kar A, Chumakov E, Moura H, Tolentino E, Gupta S, Ruiz R, Okasha T, Chisolm MS, Castaldelli-Maia J, Torales J, Smith A. World Psychiatric Association-Asian Journal of Psychiatry Commission on Public Mental Health. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 98:104105. [PMID: 38861790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Although there is considerable evidence showing that the prevention of mental illnesses and adverse outcomes and mental health promotion can help people lead better and more functional lives, public mental health remains overlooked in the broader contexts of psychiatry and public health. Likewise, in undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula, prevention and mental health promotion have often been ignored. However, there has been a recent increase in interest in public mental health, including an emphasis on the prevention of psychiatric disorders and improving individual and community wellbeing to support life trajectories, from childhood through to adulthood and into older age. These lifespan approaches have significant potential to reduce the onset of mental illnesses and the related burdens for the individual and communities, as well as mitigating social, economic, and political costs. Informed by principles of social justice and respect for human rights, this may be especially important for addressing salient problems in communities with distinct vulnerabilities, where prominent disadvantages and barriers for care delivery exist. Therefore, this Commission aims to address these topics, providing a narrative overview of relevant literature and suggesting ways forward. Additionally, proposals for improving mental health and preventing mental illnesses and adverse outcomes are presented, particularly amongst at-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Ng
- World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anindya Kar
- Advanced Neuropsychiatry Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Egor Chumakov
- Department of Psychiatry & Addiction, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Susham Gupta
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roxanna Ruiz
- University of Francisco Moaroquin, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang E, Zhang A, Yan J. Effects of Delivering an Animation-Based Inclusive Sex Education Curriculum for Adolescents in China. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:414-431. [PMID: 37018285 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2122360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that tailored inclusive sex education can be an effective response to prevent gender-based violence and promote an inclusive educational environment. This study examined the effects of an age-appropriate and animation-based inclusive sex education curriculum among Chinese adolescents. A total of 243 students from one comprehensive vocational high school participated in the study. Attitudes toward homosexuality and relevant knowledge were assessed using Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gays Scale and researcher-made questionnaires at the preintervention and postintervention. Results indicated that adolescents' attitudes and knowledge showed improvement after intervention; female students showed more positive attitudes toward homosexuals; and the animation-based inclusive sex education was welcomed by most participants. Implications of the findings and directions for future research were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Er Huang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eustaquio PC, Olansky E, Lee K, Marcus R, Cha S. Social Support and the Association Between Certain Forms of Violence and Harassment and Suicidal Ideation Among Transgender Women - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women, Seven Urban Areas, United States, 2019-2020. MMWR Suppl 2024; 73:61-70. [PMID: 38261633 PMCID: PMC10826681 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.su7301a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Violence and harassment toward transgender women are associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and social support might moderate such association. This analysis explored the association between certain forms of violence and harassment and suicidal ideation and moderation by social support. Better understanding of these associations could guide mental health services and structural interventions appropriate to lived experiences of transgender women. This cross-sectional analysis used data from CDC's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women. During 2019-2020, transgender women were recruited via respondent-driven sampling from seven urban areas in the United States for an HIV biobehavioral survey. The association between experiencing certain forms of violence and harassment (i.e., gender-based verbal and physical abuse or harassment, physical intimate partner abuse or harassment, and sexual violence) and suicidal ideation was measured using adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs generated from log-linked Poisson regression models controlling for respondent-driven sampling design and confounders. To examine moderation, the extents of social support from family, friends, and significant others were assessed for interaction with certain forms of violence and harassment; if p interaction was <0.05, stratified adjusted prevalence ratios were presented. Among 1,608 transgender women, 59.7% experienced certain forms of violence and harassment and 17.7% reported suicidal ideation during the past 12 months; 75.2% reported high social support from significant others, 69.4% from friends, and 46.8% from family. Experiencing certain forms of violence and harassment and having low-moderate social support from any source was associated with higher prevalence of suicidal ideation. Social support from family moderated the association between experiencing certain forms of violence and harassment and suicidal ideation (p interaction = 0.01); however, even in the presence of high family social support, experiencing certain forms of violence and harassment was associated with higher prevalence of suicidal ideation. Social support did not completely moderate the positive association between experiencing violence and harassment and suicidal ideation. Further understanding of the social support dynamics of transgender women might improve the quality and use of social support. Policymakers and health care workers should work closely with transgender women communities to reduce the prevalence of violence, harassment, and suicide by implementing integrated, holistic, and transinclusive approaches.
Collapse
|
5
|
Blackburn AM, Katz BW, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM. Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2297544. [PMID: 38197295 PMCID: PMC10783832 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2297544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities.Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward.Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members.Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical-Community Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health & Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rios O, Font-Palomar M, Flecha A, Valls R. Violence Against LGBTIQ+ People at Universities: The Need to Uncover a Silent Reality. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2680-2690. [PMID: 35762331 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Violence against LGBT community can manifest in different forms and exists in all spheres of society, including education. The main purpose of this article is to deepen the understanding of the state of the art about violence grounded in sexual orientation or gender identity in higher education in order to identify gaps for further research. The topic of this state-of-the-art literature review is the presence and magnitude of these forms of violence in the Spanish higher education system. For this reason, the inclusion criteria were empirical studies about the prevalence of violence against LGBTIQ+ individuals in the Spanish educational system. After analyzing the 25 articles that met the inclusion criteria, the main findings point that despite the existence of numerous international studies of the presence of violence against LGBTIQ+ people at colleges, little is known about this reality in Spain. The Spanish university system continues to remain hermetic, and violence against LGBTIQ+ people is silenced and hidden. Practice, policy and research implications of the findings are discussed in this article, highlighting the need of further research in this field. In this context, the research project Uni4Freedom, addresses this social and educational problem to contribute to the creation of safer universities for the LGBTIQ+ community and people who support them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Rios
- Department of Pedagogy, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Ainhoa Flecha
- Department of Sociology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Valls
- Department of Theories and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fernandes T, Alves B, Gato J. Between Resilience and Agency: A Systematic Review of Protective Factors and Positive Experiences of LGBTQ+ Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2098. [PMID: 37510539 PMCID: PMC10379181 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A negative school climate resulting from homophobic and transphobic bias and discrimination is associated with poor well-being and mental health among LGBTQ+ youth. However, protective factors and mechanisms may buffer against the impact of stigmatization. Drawing on the socio-ecological model, minority stress theory, and positive youth development and agency perspectives, we carried out a systematic review of research focusing on factors that can promote the well-being of LGBTQ+ students in educational settings, outlining the primary outcomes from studies published between 2012 and 2022. The PRISMA protocol was used for this review, and 64 articles were scrutinized. The results of the thematic analysis revealed that both external factors (school-inclusive policies and extracurricular activities; social support from school, family, and the community; and school connectedness) and internal factors (psychosocial characteristics and personal agency) promote positive school experiences, such as the exploration of sexual and gender identities in a safe environment. The present findings highlight the need for inclusive school policies and strategies and individual-level interventions that target the well-being and positive mental health outcomes of sexual and gender minority students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Telmo Fernandes
- Centre for Psychology, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Alves
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Gato
- Centre for Psychology, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castellini G, Rossi E, Cassioli E, Sanfilippo G, Ristori J, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Ricca V, Fisher AD. Internalized transphobia predicts worse longitudinal trend of body uneasiness in transgender persons treated with gender affirming hormone therapy: a 1-year follow-up study. J Sex Med 2023; 20:388-397. [PMID: 36763949 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the relationship between interiorized stigma and body image, it could be hypothesized that high levels of internalized transphobia (IT) might predict higher levels of body uneasiness in subjects with gender dysphoria (GD) and worse improvement of body image after gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). AIM We sought to evaluate the relationship between IT and body uneasiness in subjects with GD and the role of IT in moderating the improvement of body image after GAHT. METHODS In total, 200 individuals with GD performed the baseline assessment; 99 were re-evaluated 12 months after starting GAHT. At baseline participants were evaluated through a face-to-face interview and filled self-administered questionnaires to evaluate GD (Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale [UGDS]), IT attitudes (Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals [ATTI] Scale), body uneasiness (Body Uneasiness Test, part A [BUT-A]), and general psychopathology (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised [SCL 90-R]). The same questionnaires, except ATTI, were readministered at follow-ups. OUTCOMES Outcomes were based on measures of the associations between IT and baseline characteristics of the sample, the longitudinal trends of GD, body uneasiness, and general psychopathology; and IT as a moderator of the longitudinal trend of body uneasiness. RESULTS At baseline, IT correlated with lower level of education, higher GD, and more severe body uneasiness. Longitudinal analyses showed significant improvements in GD, body uneasiness, and general psychopathology during GAHT. Moderation analysis confirmed that participants with more transphobic attitudes showed less improvement after GAHT with regard to body uneasiness (bTime*ATTI = -.002, P = .040). The Johnson-Neyman technique revealed that no significant improvement in body uneasiness was found for participants with ATTI scores lower than 71.14. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The presence of IT should be investigated in subjects with GD who require gender affirming treatments to provide specific interventions aimed at targeting this dimension. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Strengths of this study include the mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal design and the dimensional evaluation of the investigated constructs. Limitations include the small sample size and the limited follow-up. Furthermore, the effects of gender affirming surgery were not evaluated. CONCLUSION The association of IT with both baseline body uneasinessand the longitudinal course of this dimension highlighted the clinical significance of body uneasiness and the importance of making continuous efforts to improve education and information to fight societal stigmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Sanfilippo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Daphne Fisher
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of the Prevention Program "HateLess. Together against Hatred" on Adolescents' Empathy, Self-efficacy, and Countering Hate Speech. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1115-1128. [PMID: 36840851 PMCID: PMC9959948 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of empirically evaluated prevention programs targeting hate speech among adolescents. This is problematic because hate speech jeopardizes adolescents' well-being and social integration. To this end, this study aims to evaluate the short-term effects of the newly developed anti-hate speech prevention program, "HateLess. Together against Hatred", on adolescents' empathy, self-efficacy, and counter-speech. Eight hundred and twenty adolescents between 12 and 16 (M = 13.27, SD = 1.04) from 11 German schools participated in this study. More specifically, 567 adolescents participated in the one-week prevention program, and 253 participants were assigned to the control group. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that HateLess was successful, as there was a significant increase in empathy, self-efficacy, and counter-speech in the intervention group from the pretest (T1) to the posttest (T2) one month after the intervention. In contrast, no changes were found among adolescents in the control group. A multilevel mediation model revealed that the effect of being a member of the intervention group on counter-speech was partially mediated via empathy and self-efficacy. The findings indicate that HateLess is an effective, cost-efficient approach to enhance adolescents' counter-speech directly and indirectly by altering the skills they need to become informed citizens in democratic societies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Njelesani J, Lai J, Gigante CM, Trelles J. Will You Protect Me or Make the Situation Worse?: Teachers' Responses to School Violence Against Students With Disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21723-NP21748. [PMID: 34937449 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
School violence is a global public health epidemic, with students with disabilities at a significantly greater risk than their non-disabled peers. Students with disabilities are more vulnerable to school violence from peers, teachers, and school staff due to stereotypes and prejudice. Teachers are pivotal in preventing violence and intervening, but literature on the role that teachers play in responding to disability-based violence is limited. Guided by the social-ecological framework of bullying, this qualitative study explored educators' responses to school violence against students with disabilities in Zambia. Data generation included document review, interviews, and focus groups with 33 teachers and 12 parents, and child-friendly methods with 90 students with disabilities. Findings illuminated that students with disabilities are less safe in schools. Teachers are not responding to violence seen or heard about due to stigmatizing beliefs and cultural norms surrounding disability and violence, with students with disabilities blamed for the violence and the response being their burden. Students with disabilities felt protected by special education teachers; however, disability-based stigma did not end with the student. By association, special education teachers were experiencing stigma from other teachers and were discouraged to respond. This stigma undermined the support special education teachers could provide to decrease school violence. Findings provide direction so teachers can respond to school violence in prosocial ways that create an environment where students with disabilities feel safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Njelesani
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 5894New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Lai
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 5894New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecilia M Gigante
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 5894New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Trelles
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 5894New York University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wong N, Yanagida T, Spiel C, Graf D. The Association between Appetitive Aggression and Social Media Addiction Mediated by Cyberbullying: The Moderating Role of Inclusive Norms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9956. [PMID: 36011592 PMCID: PMC9407729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Appetitive aggression, i.e., the motivation to obtain rewards through aggressive behaviors, has been suggested as a key driver of cyberbullying. Due to the contextual properties of cyberspace (e.g., anonymity), it is assumed that the negative effects of cyberbullying are masked, leading to a preponderance of its positive outcomes (e.g., thrill). Since cyberbullying occurs predominantly in social media, reward-learning effects may lead to problematic social media use, such as addiction. Anti-cyberbullying inclusive norms might act as a buffering factor to break this chain. However, while inclusive norms are known to reduce cyberbullying in general, their influence on the indirect effect of appetitive aggression via cyberbullying on social media addiction is yet unknown. The present study examined this indirect effect, while taking the moderating role of inclusive norms into account. A total of 1064 adolescents (42.05% male, Mage = 14.07, SD = 2.15) completed questionnaires. Results revealed the indirect effect of appetitive aggression on social media addiction through cyberbullying as expected. Surprisingly, this indirect effect was amplified with increasing anti-cyberbullying inclusive norms. Our findings indicate that appetitive aggression, which manifests in cyberbullying, contributes to the development of social media addiction. The unexpected results and the implications of our findings were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Takuya Yanagida
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Spiel
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Monaco S, Pezzella A. Coming out in the workplace: A comparative study between Italy and England. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2089428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
13
|
Ehlke SJ, Cohn AM, Boozary LK, Alexander AC, Waring JJC, Businelle MS, Kendzor DE. Discrimination, Substance Use, and Mental Health among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults Accessing Day Shelter Services. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1237-1247. [PMID: 35603487 PMCID: PMC10428822 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2076874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults are overrepresented in the population of individuals experiencing homelessness, and high rates of substance use are common in this group. Plausibly, poor mental health and discrimination may contribute to substance use among SGM adults experiencing homelessness. This study described participant characteristics, and the interrelations among sociodemographic variables, substance use, mental health, and discrimination experiences among 87 SGM adults seeking services at a day shelter in Oklahoma City, OK. Discrimination experiences were characterized by race (White vs. non-White), sex (female vs. male), sexual identity (heterosexual vs. sexual minority), and gender identity (gender conforming vs. gender minority). METHODS Participants reported their past 30-day tobacco (cigarette/cigarillos, alternative tobacco products [ATP]), alcohol, and marijuana use, as well as everyday and lifetime major discrimination experiences, substance use problems, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Independent samples t-tests examined differences in discrimination based on substance use and mental health. RESULTS Participants had high rates of tobacco and marijuana use, substance use problems, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Over 80% reported experiencing everyday or lifetime major discrimination. Depression and PTSD were associated with ATP use, and anxiety was associated with alcohol use. All mental health variables were associated with substance use problems and everyday discrimination. Depression was associated with lifetime major discrimination. CONCLUSIONS SGM adults accessing shelter services frequently experienced discrimination and poor mental health, and substance use was common. Future research should examine the causal impact of discrimination on mental health and substance use among SGM adults experiencing homelessness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Ehlke
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Amy M. Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laili K. Boozary
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Psychology, Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Adam C. Alexander
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph J. C. Waring
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S. Businelle
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Darla E. Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Waasdorp TE, Fu R, Clary LK, Bradshaw CP. School Climate and Bullying Bystander Responses in Middle and High School. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 80:101412. [PMID: 35444357 PMCID: PMC9015685 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bullying bystanders' reactions are important for either stopping or perpetuating bullying behaviors. Given school-based bullying programs' focus on bystanders, understanding the associations between school-level factors and individual bystander responses can improve intervention efficacy. Data from 64,670 adolescents were used to examine bullying bystander responses as a function of 13 school-climate dimensions within 3 main factors (Engagement, Environment, Safety) and individual-level factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, perceptions of student-teacher connectedness). Multi-level models showed schools with better Engagement and Safety had higher odds of defender behaviors, a better Environment was associated with lower odds of passive and assisting behaviors. Differences also varied by individual-level factors. For example, an aggressive climate was associated with passive behaviors more strongly in boys and high schoolers. Further, higher perceived parent-teacher and student-teacher connectedness were associated with positive bystander behaviors, and this was stronger for Black and Latinx youth, highlighting the importance of improving relationships as a crucial starting point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Evian Waasdorp
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Center for Violence Prevention. 3402 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Department of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui Fu
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Center for Violence Prevention. 3402 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Laura K Clary
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Catherine P Bradshaw
- University of Virginia, School of Education and Human Development. Bavaro Hall 112D, PO Box 400270, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Comacchio C, Antolini G, Ruggeri M, Colizzi M. Gender-Oriented Mental Health Prevention: A Reappraisal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1493. [PMID: 35162515 PMCID: PMC8835536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the impact of gender on mental health, but only a few have addressed gender differences in mental health risk and prevention. We conducted a narrative review to assess the current state of knowledge on gender-specific mental health preventive interventions, along with an analysis of gender-based risk factors and available screening strategies. Out of 1598 articles screened using a comprehensive electronic search of the PubMed, Web-of-Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases, 53 were included for review. Among risk factors for mental health problems, there are individual, familiar, social, and healthcare factors. Individual factors include childhood adversities, which show gender differences in distribution rates. However, current childhood abuse prevention programs are not gender-specific. Familiar factors for mental health problems include maternity issues and intimate partner violence, and for both, some gender-specific preventive interventions are available. Social risk factors for mental health problems are related to education, employment, discrimination, and relationships. They all display gender differences, but these differences are rarely taken into account in mental health prevention programs. Lastly, despite gender differences in mental health service use being widely known, mental health services appear to be slow in developing strategies that guarantee equal access to care for all individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Antolini
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Maternal-Child Integrated Care Department, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Marco Colizzi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Turban JL, King D, Li JJ, Keuroghlian AS. Timing of Social Transition for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth, K-12 Harassment, and Adult Mental Health Outcomes. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:991-998. [PMID: 34272170 PMCID: PMC8612964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth undergo a social transition in which they change their gender expression to align with their gender identity. Our objective was to examine associations between timing of social transition (during the prepubertal childhood period, adolescence, or adulthood) and adult mental health outcomes. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, a cross-sectional nonprobability survey of 27,715 TGD adults in the United States. Based on self-reports, participants were categorized as having undergone social transition during childhood (ages 3-9 years), adolescence (ages 10-17 years), or adulthood (ages ≥18 years). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between timing of social transition and adult mental health outcomes. RESULTS After adjusting for demographic and potential confounding variables, childhood social transition was associated with lower odds of lifetime marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio .7, 95% confidence interval = .5-.8, p < .0001) when compared with adult social transition. Before adjusting for K-12 harassment based on gender identity, adolescent social transition was associated with adverse mental health outcomes, including greater odds of lifetime suicide attempts when compared with adult social transition (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.7, p = .004). These associations were no longer significant after further adjusting for K-12 harassment. CONCLUSIONS Although past research has shown TGD youth who undergo social transition have favorable mental health outcomes in the short term, they may have worse mental health in adulthood if not protected from K-12 harassment based on gender identity. It is the responsibility of clinicians to emphasize the importance of adolescents having safe and affirming social environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Turban
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Dana King
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason J Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex S Keuroghlian
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Orue I, Larrucea‐Iruretagoyena M, Calvete E. Transphobic bullying: Relationships between attitudes, observation, and perpetration. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Orue
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment University of Deusto Bilbo Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Esther Calvete
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment University of Deusto Bilbo Bizkaia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smart BD, Mann-Jackson L, Alonzo J, Tanner AE, Garcia M, Refugio Aviles L, Rhodes SD. Transgender women of color in the U.S. South: A qualitative study of social determinants of health and healthcare perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2020; 23:164-177. [PMID: 35403118 PMCID: PMC8986221 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1848691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research has shown that transgender and nonbinary people experience health disparities. However, few studies have explored, in-depth, the health-related experiences, perceptions, needs, and priorities of transgender women of color living in the U.S. South, a region that poses unique challenges to achieving health for transgender people. Aims: This study explored the social determinants of health, healthcare experiences, and health-related priorities of transgender women of color living in the U.S. South. Methods: Using a community-based participatory research approach, we conducted iterative in-depth interviews with 15 African American/Black and Latinx transgender women in North Carolina in May-July 2019 for a total of 30 interviews. We analyzed interview data using constant comparison, an approach to grounded theory. Results: Participants' mean age was 34 (range 19-56) years. Twenty themes emerged that were categorized into three domains: (1) social determinants of health (family rejection; bullying, discrimination, and violence; isolation; policy barriers; mistrust in systems; employment obstacles; sex work; high cost of care; transportation barriers; church antagonism; and substance misuse), (2) healthcare experiences (emotional burden of healthcare interactions; name and gender misidentification; staff discomfort and insensitivity; sexual risk assumptions; and use of nonmedical or predatory providers), and (3) health-related priorities (understanding healthcare; respect at all levels of healthcare; inclusive gender-affirming care; and comprehensive resources). Discussion: Transgender women of color living in the U.S. South face profound health barriers compounded throughout the life course and have unmet healthcare needs. Participants faced multilayered minority stressors: racial discrimination from society at large and within the LGTBQ community; gender identity discrimination within their regional context and racial/ethnic communities; and exclusion from existing health equity movements for transgender women of color, which often are found in and focus on larger urban communities. Health interventions mindful of this intersection are needed, including antidiscrimination policies and increasing gender-affirming healthcare access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Smart
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- CTSI Program in Community-Engaged Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lilli Mann-Jackson
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- CTSI Program in Community-Engaged Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jorge Alonzo
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- CTSI Program in Community-Engaged Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda E. Tanner
- Department of Public Health Education, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- CTSI Program in Community-Engaged Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Scott D. Rhodes
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- CTSI Program in Community-Engaged Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domínguez-Martínez T, Rebeca RG, Fresán A, Cruz J, Vega H, Reed GM. Risk factors for violence in transgender people: a retrospective study of experiences during adolescence. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1802772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez
- Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Robles García Rebeca
- Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Ana Fresán
- Sub Directorate of Clinical Research, “Ramón De La Fuente Muñiz” National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeremy Cruz
- Comprehensive Transgender Care Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hamid Vega
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Geoffrey M. Reed
- Global Mental Health Program, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reed GM, Medina-Mora ME. A Clinically Useful, Globally Applicable, Science-based Classification. Arch Med Res 2020; 50:556-557. [PMID: 32062188 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|