Deterioration of nuclear morphology and architecture: A hallmark of senescence and aging

Developmental changes in nuclear lamina components during germ cell differentiation

The nuclear lamina (NL) changes composition for regulation of nuclear events. We investigated changes that occur in Drosophila oogenesis, revealing switches in NL composition during germ cell differentiation. Germline stem cells (GSCs) express only LamB and predominantly emerin, whereas differentiating nurse cells predominantly express LamC and emerin2. A change in LamC-specific localization also occurs, wherein phosphorylated LamC redistributes to the nuclear interior only in the oocyte, prior to transcriptional reactivation of the meiotic genome. These changes support existing concepts that LamC promotes differentiation, a premise that was tested. Remarkably ectopic LamC production in GSCs did not promote premature differentiation. Increased LamC levels in differentiating germ cells altered internal nuclear structure, increased RNA production, and reduced female fertility due to defects in eggshell formation. These studies suggest differences between Drosophila lamins are regulatory, not functional, and reveal an unexpected robustness to level changes of a major scaffolding component of the NL.

Research progress on interferon and cellular senescence

Since the 12 major signs of aging were revealed in 2023, people's interpretation of aging will go further, which is of great significance for understanding the occurrence, development, and intervention in the aging process. As one of the 12 major signs of aging, cellular senescence refers to the process in which the proliferation and differentiation ability of cells decrease under stress stimulation or over time, often manifested as changes in cell morphology, cell cycle arrest, and decreased metabolic function. Interferon (IFN), as a secreted ligand for specific cell surface receptors, can trigger the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and play an important role in cellular senescence. In addition, IFN serves as an important component of SASP, and the activation of the IFN signaling pathway has been shown to contribute to cell apoptosis and senescence. It is expected to delay cellular senescence by linking IFN with cellular senescence and studying the effects of IFN on cellular senescence and its mechanism. This article provides a review of the research on the relationship between IFN and cellular senescence by consulting relevant literature.

Multimodal effects of an extracellular matrix on cellular morphology, dynamics and functionality

Articular cartilage defects can lead to pain and even disability in patients and have significant socioeconomic loss. Repairing articular cartilage defects remains a long-term challenge in medicine owing to the limited ability of cartilage to regenerate. At present, the treatment methods adopted in clinical practice have many limitations, thereby necessitating the rapid development of biomaterials. Among them, decellularized biomaterials have been particularly prominent, with numerous breakthroughs in research progress and translational applications. Although many studies show that decellularized cartilage biomaterials promote tissue regeneration, any differences in cellular morphology, dynamics, and functionality among various biomaterials upon comparison have not been reported. In this study, we prepared cartilage-derived extracellular matrix (cdECM) biomaterials with different bioactive contents and various physical properties to compare their effects on the morphology, dynamics and functionality of chondrocytes. This cellular multimodal analysis of the characteristics of cdECM biomaterials provided a theoretical basis for understanding the interactions between biomaterials and cells, thus laying an experimental foundation for the translation and application of decellularized cartilage biomaterials in the treatment of cartilage defects.

Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies neddylation as a regulator of neuronal aging and AD neurodegeneration

Aging is the biggest risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we performed a whole-genome CRISPR screen to identify regulators of neuronal age and show that the neddylation pathway regulates both cellular age and AD neurodegeneration in a human stem cell model. Specifically, we demonstrate that blocking neddylation increased cellular hallmarks of aging and led to an increase in Tau aggregation and phosphorylation in neurons carrying the APPswe/swe mutation. Aged APPswe/swe but not isogenic control neurons also showed a progressive decrease in viability. Selective neuronal loss upon neddylation inhibition was similarly observed in other isogenic AD and in Parkinson's disease (PD) models, including PSENM146V/M146V cortical and LRRK2G2019S/G2019S midbrain dopamine neurons, respectively. This study indicates that cellular aging can reveal late-onset disease phenotypes, identifies new potential targets to modulate AD progression, and describes a strategy to program age-associated phenotypes into stem cell models of disease.

Coaching ribosome biogenesis from the nuclear periphery

Severe invagination of the nuclear envelope is a hallmark of cancers, aging, neurodegeneration, and infections. However, the outcomes of nuclear invagination remain unclear. This work identified a new function of nuclear invagination: regulating ribosome biogenesis. With expansion microscopy, we observed frequent physical contact between nuclear invaginations and nucleoli. Surprisingly, the higher the invagination curvature, the more ribosomal RNA and pre-ribosomes are made in the contacted nucleolus. By growing cells on nanopillars that generate nuclear invaginations with desired curvatures, we can increase and decrease ribosome biogenesis. Based on this causation, we repressed the ribosome levels in breast cancer and progeria cells by growing cells on low-curvature nanopillars, indicating that overactivated ribosome biogenesis can be rescued by reshaping nuclei. Mechanistically, high-curvature nuclear invaginations reduce heterochromatin and enrich nuclear pore complexes, which promote ribosome biogenesis. We anticipate that our findings will serve as a foundation for further studies on nuclear deformation.

Fibronectin and vitronectin alleviate adipose-derived stem cells senescence during long-term culture through the AKT/MDM2/P53 pathway

Cellular senescence plays a role in the development of aging-associated degenerative diseases. Cell therapy is recognized as a candidate treatment for degenerative diseases. To achieve the goal of cell therapy, the quality and good characteristics of cells are concerned. Cell expansion relies on two-dimensional culture, which leads to replicative senescence of expanded cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cell culture surface modification using fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during long-term expansion. Our results showed that ADSCs cultured in FN and VN coatings significantly enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and slow progression of cellular senescence as indicated by lower SA-β-gal activities and decreased expression levels of genes including p16, p21, and p53. The upregulation of integrin α5 and αv genes influences phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), and AKT proteins. FN and VN coatings upregulated AKT and MDM2 leading to p53 degradation. Additionally, MDM2 inhibition by Nutlin-3a markedly elevated p53 and p21 expression, increased cellular senescence, and induced the expression of inflammatory molecules including HMGB1 and IL-6. The understanding of FN and VN coating surface influencing ADSCs, especially senescence characteristics, offers a promising and practical point for the cultivation of ADSCs for future use in cell-based therapies.

Cell redistribution of G quadruplex-structured DNA is associated with morphological changes of nuclei and nucleoli in neurons during tau pathology progression

While the double helical structure has long been its iconic representation, DNA is structurally dynamic and can adopt alternative secondary configurations. Specifically, guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold in guanine quadruplexes (G4) structures. These G4 play pivotal roles as regulators of gene expression and genomic stability, and influence protein homeostasis. Despite their significance, the association of G4 with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been underappreciated. Recent findings have identified DNA sequences predicted to form G4 in sarkosyl-insoluble aggregates from AD brains, questioning the involvement of G4-structured DNA (G4 DNA) in the pathology. Using immunofluorescence coupled to confocal microscopy analysis we investigated the impact of tau pathology, a hallmark of tauopathies including AD, on the distribution of G4 DNA in murine neurons and its relevance to AD brains. In healthy neurons, G4 DNA is detected in nuclei with a notable presence in nucleoli. However, in a transgenic mouse model of tau pathology (THY-Tau22), early stages of the disease exhibit an impairment in the nuclear distribution of G4 DNA. In addition, G4 DNA accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurons exhibiting oligomerized tau and oxidative DNA damage. This altered distribution persists in the later stage of the pathology when larger tau aggregates are present. Still cytoplasmic deposition of G4 DNA does not appear to be a critical factor in the tau aggregation process. Similar patterns are observed in neurons from the AD cortex. Furthermore, the disturbance in G4 DNA distribution is associated with various changes in the size of neuronal nuclei and nucleoli, indicative of responses to stress and the activation of pro-survival mechanisms. Our results shed light on a significant impact of tau pathology on the dynamics of G4 DNA and on nuclear and nucleolar mechanobiology in neurons. These findings reveal new dimensions in the etiopathogenesis of tauopathies.

Fabrication of a tailor-made conductive polyaniline/ascorbic acid-coated nanofibrous mat as a conductive and antioxidant cell-free cardiac patch

Polyaniline (PANI) wasin-situpolymerized on nanofibrous polycaprolactone mats as cell-free antioxidant cardiac patches (CPs), providing electrical conductivity and antioxidant properties. The fabricated CPs took advantage of intrinsic and additive antioxidant properties in the presence of PANI backbone and ascorbic acid as a biocompatible dopant of PANI. The antioxidant nature of CPs may reduce the serious repercussions of oxidative stress, produced during the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) process following myocardial infarction. The polymerization parameters were considered as aniline (60 mM, 90 mM, and 120 mM), ascorbic acid concentrations ([aniline]:[ascorbic acid] = 3:0, 3:0.5, 3:1, 3:3), and polymerization time (1 h and 3 h). Mainly, the more aniline concentrations and polymerization time, the less sheet resistance was obtained. 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay confirmed the dual antioxidant properties of prepared samples. The advantage of the employedin-situpolymerization was confirmed by the de-doping/re-doping process. Non-desirable groups were excluded based on their electrical conductivity, antioxidant properties, and biocompatibility. The remained groups protected H9c2 cells against oxidative stress and hypoxia conditions. Selected CPs reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species content and mRNA level of caspase-3 while the Bcl-2 mRNA level was improved. Also, the selected cardiac patch could attenuate the hypertrophic impact of hydrogen peroxide on H9c2 cells. Thein vivoresults of the skin flap model confirmed the CP potency to attenuate the harmful impact of I/R.

Subcellular structure, heterogeneity, and plasticity of senescent cells

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest. It can be triggered by telomere shortening (replicative senescence) or prematurely induced by stresses such as DNA damage, oncogene overactivation, loss of tumor suppressor genes, oxidative stress, tissue factors, and others. Advances in techniques and experimental designs have provided new evidence about the biology of senescent cells (SnCs) and their importance in human health and disease. This review aims to describe the main aspects of SnCs phenotype focusing on alterations in subcellular compartments like plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, organelles, and nuclei. We also discuss the heterogeneity, dynamics, and plasticity of SnCs' phenotype, including the SASP, and pro-survival mechanisms. We advance on the multiple layers of phenotypic heterogeneity of SnCs, such as the heterogeneity between inducers, tissues and within a population of SnCs, discussing the relevance of these aspects to human health and disease. We also raise the main challenges as well alternatives to overcome them. Ultimately, we present open questions and perspectives in understanding the phenotype of SnCs from the perspective of basic and applied questions.

Protective Effect of Curcumin on D-Galactose-Induced Senescence and Oxidative Stress in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 Cells

D-galactose has been widely used as an inducer of cellular senescence and pathophysiological processes related to aging because it induces oxidative stress. On the other hand, the consumption of antioxidants such as curcumin can be an effective strategy to prevent phenotypes related to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as aging and senescence. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of curcumin on senescence and oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by D-galactose treatment in Lilly Laboratories Culture-Porcine Kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) and human kidney 2 (HK-2) proximal tubule cell lines from pig and human, respectively. For senescence induction, cells were treated with 300 mM D-galactose for 120 h and, to evaluate the protective effect of the antioxidant, cells were treated with 5 µM curcumin for 24 h and subsequently treated with curcumin + D-galactose for 120 h. In LLC-PK1 cells, curcumin treatment decreased by 20% the number of cells positive for senescence-associated (SA)-β-D-galactosidase staining and by 25% the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and increased by 40% lamin B1 expression. In HK-2 cells, curcumin treatment increased by 60% the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, 50% Klotho levels, and 175% catalase activity. In both cell lines, this antioxidant decreased the production of ROS (20% decrease for LLC-PK1 and 10 to 20% for HK-2). These data suggest that curcumin treatment has a moderate protective effect on D-galactose-induced senescence in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells.

Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis at the Crossroads between Muscle Degeneration, Inflammation, and Aging

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most common muscle disease of older people and is clinically characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical muscle weakness, predominantly affecting the quadriceps, deep finger flexors, and foot extensors. At present, there are no enduring treatments for this relentless disease that eventually leads to severe disability and wheelchair dependency. Although sIBM is considered a rare muscle disorder, its prevalence is certainly higher as the disease is often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The histopathological phenotype of sIBM muscle biopsy includes muscle fiber degeneration and endomysial lymphocytic infiltrates that mainly consist of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells surrounding nonnecrotic muscle fibers expressing MHCI. Muscle fiber degeneration is characterized by vacuolization and the accumulation of congophilic misfolded multi-protein aggregates, mainly in their non-vacuolated cytoplasm. Many players have been identified in sIBM pathogenesis, including environmental factors, autoimmunity, abnormalities of protein transcription and processing, the accumulation of several toxic proteins, the impairment of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, oxidative and nitrative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, myonuclear degeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Aging has also been proposed as a contributor to the disease. However, the interplay between these processes and the primary event that leads to the coexistence of autoimmune and degenerative changes is still under debate. Here, we outline our current understanding of disease pathogenesis, focusing on degenerative mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of aging.

Nuclear Phosphoproteome Reveals Prolyl Isomerase PIN1 as a Modulator of Oncogene-Induced Senescence

Mammalian cells possess intrinsic mechanisms to prevent tumorigenesis upon deleterious mutations, including oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). The molecular mechanisms underlying OIS are, however, complex and remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the nuclear proteome and phosphoproteome of human lung fibroblast IMR90 cells during the progression of OIS induced by oncogenic RASG12V activation. We found that most of the differentially regulated phosphosites during OIS contained prolyl isomerase PIN1 target motifs, suggesting PIN1 is a key regulator of several promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body proteins, specifically regulating several proteins upon oncogenic Ras activation. We showed that PIN1 knockdown promotes cell proliferation, while diminishing the senescence phenotype and hallmarks of senescence, including p21, p16, and p53 with concomitant accumulation of the protein PML and the dysregulation of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body formation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that PIN1 plays an important role as a tumor suppressor in response to oncogenic ER:RasG12V activation.

PARP1 at the crossroad of cellular senescence and nucleolar processes

Senescent cells that occur in response to telomere shortening, oncogenes, extracellular and intracellular stress factors are characterized by permanent cell cycle arrest, the morphological and structural changes of the cell that include the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and nucleoli rearrangement. The associated DNA lesions induce DNA damage response (DDR), which activates the DNA repair protein - poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). This protein consumes NAD+ to synthesize ADP-ribose polymer (PAR) on its own protein chain and on other interacting proteins. The involvement of PARP1 in nucleoli processes, such as rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis, the maintenance of heterochromatin and nucleoli structure, as well as controlling the crucial DDR protein release from the nucleoli to nucleus, links PARP1 with cellular senescence and nucleoli functioning. In this review we describe and discuss the impact of PARP1-mediated ADP-ribosylation on early cell commitment to senescence with the possible role of senescence-induced PARP1 transcriptional repression and protein degradation on nucleoli structure and function. The cause-effect interplay between PARP1 activation/decline and nucleoli functioning during senescence needs to be studied in detail.

Cellular Senescence in Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: Inducers, Biomarkers, and Interventions

Craniofacial defects and dental tissue loss have significant negative impacts on the structure and function of jaws and face, often resulting in psychological issues in patients, emphasizing the urgent need for effective craniofacial tissue reconstruction. Unfortunately, natural regeneration of these tissues is limited. Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising resource for tissue engineering-based therapeutic approaches. However, the clinical outcomes of MSC-based transplantation have not met expectations due to various complex reasons, and cellular senescence is recognized as one of the potential mechanisms contributing to the suboptimal results. The quality of MSC decreases during large-scale in vitro expansion, and it is also influenced by the age and the health status of donors. To address these challenges, extensive efforts have been made to developing strategies to combat senescence in tissue engineering, leveraging on current knowledge of underlying mechanisms. This review aims to elucidate the impact of cell senescence in craniofacial and dental regeneration and provides an overview of state-of-the-art antisenescence strategies. We first discuss the potential factors that trigger cell senescence in craniofacial tissue engineering. Then we describe senescence biomarkers, monitoring methods for senescent MSCs, and their underlying molecular mechanisms. The primary focus of this review is on current strategies to inhibit and alleviate cell senescence in tissue engineering. We summarize the strategies concerning the prevention of cell senescence, senolysis, modulation of the senescent associated secretory phenotype, and reversal of senescent MSCs, offering promising opportunities to overcome the challenges associated with cell senescence in craniofacial tissue engineering.

Obesity drives adipose-derived stem cells into a senescent and dysfunctional phenotype associated with P38MAPK/NF-KB axis

BACKGROUND

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) are multipotent cells implicated in tissue homeostasis. Obesity represents a chronic inflammatory disease associated with metabolic dysfunction and age-related mechanisms, with progressive accumulation of senescent cells and compromised ADSC function. In this study, we aimed to explore mechanisms associated with the inflammatory environment present in obesity in modulating ADSC to a senescent phenotype. We evaluated phenotypic and functional alterations through 18 days of treatment. ADSC were cultivated with a conditioned medium supplemented with a pool of plasma from eutrophic individuals (PE, n = 15) or with obesity (PO, n = 14), and compared to the control.

RESULTS

Our results showed that PO-treated ADSC exhibited decreased proliferative capacity with G2/M cycle arrest and CDKN1A (p21WAF1/Cip1) up-regulation. We also observed increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, which was positively correlated with TRF1 protein expression. After 18 days, ADSC treated with PO showed augmented CDKN2A (p16INK4A) expression, which was accompanied by a cumulative nuclear enlargement. After 10 days, ADSC treated with PO showed an increase in NF-κB phosphorylation, while PE and PO showed an increase in p38MAPK activation. PE and PO treatment also induced an increase in senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. PO-treated cells exhibited decreased metabolic activity, reduced oxygen consumption related to basal respiration, increased mitochondrial depolarization and biomass, and mitochondrial network remodeling, with no superoxide overproduction. Finally, we observed an accumulation of lipid droplets in PO-treated ADSC, implying an adaptive cellular mechanism induced by the obesogenic stimuli.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our data suggest that the inflammatory environment observed in obesity induces a senescent phenotype associated with p38MAPK/NF-κB axis, which stimulates and amplifies the SASP and is associated with impaired mitochondrial homeostasis.

LncRNAs: the missing link to senescence nuclear architecture

During cellular senescence and organismal aging, cells display various molecular and morphological changes. Although many aging-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are highly associated with senescence-associated secretory phenotype, the roles of lncRNAs in senescence-associated nuclear architecture and morphological changes are just starting to emerge. Here I review lncRNAs associated with nuclear structure establishment and maintenance, their aging-related changes, and then focus on the pervasive, yet underappreciated, role of RNA double-strand DNA triplexes for lncRNAs to recognize targeted genomic regions, making lncRNAs the nexus between DNA and proteins to regulate nuclear structural changes. Finally, I discuss the future of deciphering direct links of lncRNA changes to various nuclear morphology changes assisted by artificial intelligence and genetic perturbations.

Functional bioengineered tissue models of neurodegenerative diseases

Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases remain poorly understood and no disease-modifying treatments exist despite decades of investigation. Predominant in vitro (e.g., 2D cell culture, organoids) and in vivo (e.g., mouse) models of these diseases are insufficient mimics of human brain tissue structure and function and of human neurodegenerative pathobiology, and have thus contributed to this collective translational failure. This has been a longstanding challenge in the field, and new strategies are required to address both fundamental and translational needs. Bioengineered tissue culture models constitute a class of promising alternatives, as they can overcome the low cell density, poor nutrient exchange, and long term culturability limitations of existing in vitro models. Further, they can reconstruct the structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues of native brain tissue, providing a better mimic of human brain tissues for in vitro pathobiological investigation and drug development. We discuss bioengineering techniques for the generation of these neurodegenerative tissue models, including biomaterials-, organoid-, and microfluidics-based approaches, and design considerations for their construction. To aid the development of the next generation of functional neurodegenerative disease models, we discuss approaches to incorporate greater cellular diversity and simulate aging processes within bioengineered brain tissues.

Exploring the Communication of the SASP: Dynamic, Interactive, and Adaptive Effects on the Microenvironment

Cellular senescence is a complex cell state that can occur during physiological ageing or after exposure to stress signals, regardless of age. It is a dynamic process that continuously evolves in a context-dependent manner. Senescent cells interact with their microenvironment by producing a heterogenous and plastic secretome referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Hence, understanding the cross-talk between SASP and the microenvironment can be challenging due to the complexity of signal exchanges. In this review, we first aim to update the definition of senescence and its associated biomarkers from its discovery to the present day. We detail the regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of SASP at multiple levels and develop how SASP can orchestrate microenvironment modifications, by focusing on extracellular matrix modifications, neighboring cells' fate, and intercellular communications. We present hypotheses on how these microenvironmental events may affect dynamic changes in SASP composition in return. Finally, we discuss the various existing approaches to targeting SASP and clarify what is currently known about the biological effects of these modified SASPs on the cellular environment.

Cellular senescence in liver diseases: From mechanisms to therapies

Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest, characterized by a gradual decline in cell proliferation, differentiation, and biological functions. Cellular senescence is double-edged for that it can provoke organ repair and regeneration in physiological conditions but contribute to organ and tissue dysfunction and prime multiple chronic diseases in pathological conditions. The liver has a strong regenerative capacity, where cellular senescence and regeneration are closely involved. Herein, this review firstly introduces the morphological manifestations of senescent cells, the major regulators (p53, p21, and p16), and the core pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying senescence process, and then specifically generalizes the role and interventions of cellular senescence in multiple liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, this review focuses on interpreting the importance of cellular senescence in liver diseases and summarizes potential senescence-related regulatory targets, aiming to provide new insights for further researches on cellular senescence regulation and therapeutic developments for liver diseases.

Identification of epigenetic modulators as determinants of nuclear size and shape

The shape and size of the human cell nucleus is highly variable among cell types and tissues. Changes in nuclear morphology are associated with disease, including cancer, as well as with premature and normal aging. Despite the very fundamental nature of nuclear morphology, the cellular factors that determine nuclear shape and size are not well understood. To identify regulators of nuclear architecture in a systematic and unbiased fashion, we performed a high-throughput imaging-based siRNA screen targeting 867 nuclear proteins including chromatin-associated proteins, epigenetic regulators, and nuclear envelope components. Using multiple morphometric parameters, and eliminating cell cycle effectors, we identified a set of novel determinants of nuclear size and shape. Interestingly, most identified factors altered nuclear morphology without affecting the levels of lamin proteins, which are known prominent regulators of nuclear shape. In contrast, a major group of nuclear shape regulators were modifiers of repressive heterochromatin. Biochemical and molecular analysis uncovered a direct physical interaction of histone H3 with lamin A mediated via combinatorial histone modifications. Furthermore, disease-causing lamin A mutations that result in disruption of nuclear shape inhibited lamin A-histone H3 interactions. Oncogenic histone H3.3 mutants defective for H3K27 methylation resulted in nuclear morphology abnormalities. Altogether, our results represent a systematic exploration of cellular factors involved in determining nuclear morphology and they identify the interaction of lamin A with histone H3 as an important contributor to nuclear morphology in human cells.

Loss of the matrix metalloproteinase-10 causes premature features of aging in satellite cells

Aged muscles accumulate satellite cells with a striking decline response to damage. Although intrinsic defects in satellite cells themselves are the major contributors to aging-associated stem cell dysfunction, increasing evidence suggests that changes in the muscle-stem cell local microenvironment also contribute to aging. Here, we demonstrate that loss of the matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) in young mice alters the composition of the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), and specifically disrupts the extracellular matrix of the satellite cell niche. This situation causes premature features of aging in the satellite cells, contributing to their functional decline and a predisposition to enter senescence under proliferative pressure. Similarly, reduction of MMP-10 levels in young satellite cells from wild type animals induces a senescence response, while addition of the protease delays this program. Significantly, the effect of MMP-10 on satellite cell aging can be extended to another context of muscle wasting, muscular dystrophy. Systemic treatment of mdx dystrophic mice with MMP-10 prevents the muscle deterioration phenotype and reduces cellular damage in the satellite cells, which are normally under replicative pressure. Most importantly, MMP-10 conserves its protective effect in the satellite cell-derived myoblasts isolated from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient by decreasing the accumulation of damaged DNA. Hence, MMP-10 provides a previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunity to delay satellite cell aging and overcome satellite cell dysfunction in dystrophic muscles.

OGG1 and MUTYH repair activities promote telomeric 8-oxoguanine induced cellular senescence

Telomeres are prone to formation of the common oxidative lesion 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG), and the acute production of 8oxoG damage at telomeres is sufficient to drive rapid cellular senescence. OGG1 and MUTYH glycosylases initiate base excision repair (BER) at 8oxoG sites to remove the lesion or prevent mutation. Here, we show OGG1 loss or inhibition, or MUTYH loss, partially rescues telomeric 8oxoG-induced senescence, and loss of both glycosylases results in a near complete rescue. Loss of these glycosylases also suppresses 8oxoG-induced telomere fragility and dysfunction, indicating that single-stranded break (SSB) intermediates arising downstream of glycosylase activity impair telomere replication. The failure to initiate BER in glycosylase-deficient cells suppresses PARylation at SSB intermediates and confers resistance to the synergistic effects of PARP inhibitors on damage-induced senescence. Our studies reveal that inefficient completion of 8oxoG BER at telomeres triggers cellular senescence via SSB intermediates which impair telomere replication and stability.

Somatic nuclear blebbing in Caenorhabditis elegans is not a feature of organismal aging but a potential indicator of germline proliferation in early adulthood

Abnormal nuclear morphology is suggested to be a hallmark of aging and one such abnormality is nuclear blebbing. However, little is known about whether and how nuclear blebbing participates in animal aging, and what regulates it. In this study, we show that the frequency of nuclear blebbing in the hypodermis increases during aging in wild-type C. elegans. These nuclear blebs are enveloped by the nuclear lamina, the inner and the outer nuclear membrane, and 42% of them contain chromatin. Although nuclear blebbing could lead to DNA loss if chromatin-containing blebs detach and fuse with lysosomes, we find by time-lapse imaging that nuclear blebs rarely detach, and the estimated lifetime of a nuclear bleb is 772 h or 32 days. The amount of DNA lost through nuclear blebbing is estimated to be about 0.1% of the total DNA loss by adult Day 11. Furthermore, the frequency of nuclear blebbing does not correlate with the rate of aging in C. elegans. Old age does not necessarily induce nuclear blebbing, neither does starvation, heat stress, or oxidative stress. Intriguingly, we find that proliferation of germ cells promotes nuclear blebbing.

Inner mitochondrial membrane structure and fusion dynamics are altered in senescent human iPSC-derived and primary rat cardiomyocytes

Dysfunction of the aging heart is a major cause of death in the human population. Amongst other tasks, mitochondria are pivotal to supply the working heart with ATP. The mitochondrial inner membrane (IMM) ultrastructure is tailored to meet these demands and to provide nano-compartments for specific tasks. Thus, function and morphology are closely coupled. Senescent cardiomyocytes from the mouse heart display alterations of the inner mitochondrial membrane. To study the relation between inner mitochondrial membrane architecture, dynamics and function is hardly possible in living organisms. Here, we present two cardiomyocyte senescence cell models that allow in cellular studies of mitochondrial performance. We show that doxorubicin treatment transforms human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and rat neonatal cardiomyocytes in an aged phenotype. The treated cardiomyocytes display double-strand breaks in the nDNA, have β-galactosidase activity, possess enlarged nuclei, and show p21 upregulation. Most importantly, they also display a compromised inner mitochondrial structure. This prompted us to test whether the dynamics of the inner membrane was also altered. We found that the exchange of IMM components after organelle fusion was faster in doxorubicin-treated cells than in control cells, with no change in mitochondrial fusion dynamics at the meso-scale. Such altered IMM morphology and dynamics may have important implications for local OXPHOS protein organization, exchange of damaged components, and eventually the mitochondrial bioenergetics function of the aged cardiomyocyte.

Leucocyte Abnormalities in Synovial Fluid of Degenerative and Inflammatory Arthropathies

Genome damage has been related to the induction of autoimmune processes, chronic inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that some rheumatological diseases are associated with overall genomic instability in the T cell compartment. However, no data regarding leucocyte abnormalities in synovial fluid (SF) and their relationship with inflammation are available. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular phenotypes in SF collected from patients with different inflammatory arthropathies, including rhematoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), crystal-induced arthritis (CIA), and non-inflammatory arthropathies, such as osteoarthritis (OA). We found high percentage of micronuclei in SF from CIA compared to the other groups and a high frequency of pyknotic cell in RA and CIA patients. A correlation between pyknosis and immature polymorphonuclear cells with local inflammatory indices was observed. The study of the apoptosis process revealed an increased BAX expression in CIA and RA compared to OA and PsA, while Bcl-2 was higher in CIA. Caspase-3 activity was increased in SF from RA patients and correlates with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our results showed that inflammatory SF is associated with genomic instability and abnormal cell subsets.

Hallmarks and Biomarkers of Skin Senescence: An Updated Review of Skin Senotherapeutics

Aging is a complex process characterized by an ongoing decline in physiological functions, leading to degenerative diseases and an increased probability of death. Cellular senescence has been typically considered as an anti-proliferative process; however, the chronic accumulation of senescent cells contributes to tissue dysfunction and aging. In this review, we discuss some of the most important hallmarks and biomarkers of cellular senescence with a special focus on skin biomarkers, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and senotherapeutic strategies to eliminate or prevent senescence. Although most of them are not exclusive to senescence, the expression of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) enzyme seems to be the most reliable biomarker for distinguishing senescent cells from those arrested in the cell cycle. The presence of a stable DNA damage response (DDR) and the accumulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) mediators and ROS are the most representative hallmarks for senescence. Senotherapeutics based on natural compounds such as quercetin, naringenin, and apigenin have shown promising results regarding SASP reduction. These compounds seem to prevent the accumulation of senescent cells, most likely through the inhibition of pro-survival signaling pathways. Although studies are still required to verify their short- and long-term effects, these therapies may be an effective strategy for skin aging.

Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes in rat-derived dedifferentiated fat cells with replicative senescence

Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASPs) secreted from senescent cells often cause the deleterious damages to the surrounding tissues. Although dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells prepared are considered a promising cell source for regenerative therapies, SASPs from DFAT cells undergoing long-term cell culture, which latently induce replicative senescence, have barely been explored. The present study was designed to investigate senescent behaviors in rat-derived DFAT cells at high passage numbers and to analyze the possible types of SASPs. Our data show that DFAT cells undergo senescence during replicative passaging, as determined by multiple senescent hallmarks including morphological changes in cell shape and nucleus. Moreover, RT² PCR array analysis indicated that senescent DFAT cells expressed higher levels of 16 inflammatory cytokines (Ccl11, Ccl12, Ccl21, Ccl5, Csf2, Cxcl1, Cxcl12, Ifna2, IL11, IL12a, IL13, IL1a, IL1rn, IL6, Mif, and Tnf) associated with SASPs than non-senescent cells. This study implicates that rat DFAT cells undergo cellular senescence after long-term cell culture; cautious consideration should be paid to treat SASP secretion when senescent DFAT cells are used in regenerative medicine.

Region-specific heterogeneity in neuronal nuclear morphology in young, aged and in Alzheimer's disease mouse brains

Neurons in the mammalian brain exhibit enormous structural and functional diversity across different brain regions. Compared to our understanding of the morphological diversity of neurons, very little is known about the heterogeneity of neuronal nuclear morphology and how nuclear size changes in aging and diseased brains. Here, we report that the neuronal cell nucleus displays differences in area, perimeter, and circularity across different anatomical regions in the mouse brain. The pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA3 region exhibited the largest area whereas the striatal neuronal nuclei were the smallest. These nuclear size parameters also exhibited dichotomous changes with age across brain regions-while the neocortical and striatal neurons showed a decrease in nuclear area and perimeter, the CA3 neurons showed an increase with age. The nucleus of parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive interneurons had comparable morphological features but exhibited differences between brain regions. In the context of activity-dependent transcription in response to a novel environment, there was a decrease in nuclear size and circularity in c-Fos expressing neurons in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampal CA1 and CA3. In an APP/PS1 mutant mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the neuronal nuclear morphology varies with plaque size and with increasing distance from the plaque. The neuronal nuclear morphology in the immediate vicinity of the plaque was independent of the plaque size and the morphology tends to change away from the plaque. These changes in the neuronal nuclear size and shape at different ages and in AD may be attributed to changes in transcriptional activity. This study provides a detailed report on the differences that exist between neurons in nuclear morphology and can serve as a basis for future studies.

Age-dependent nuclear lipid droplet deposition is a cellular hallmark of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans

Aging is the major risk factor for several life-threatening pathologies and impairs the function of multiple cellular compartments and organelles. Age-dependent deterioration of nuclear morphology is a common feature in evolutionarily divergent organisms. Lipid droplets have been shown to localize in most nuclear compartments, where they impinge on genome architecture and integrity. However, the significance of progressive nuclear lipid accumulation and its impact on organismal homeostasis remain obscure. Here, we implement non-linear imaging modalities to monitor and quantify age-dependent nuclear lipid deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that lipid droplets increasingly accumulate in the nuclear envelope, during aging. Longevity-promoting interventions, such as low insulin signaling and caloric restriction, abolish the rate of nuclear lipid accrual and decrease the size of lipid droplets. Suppression of lipotoxic lipid accumulation in hypodermal and intestinal nuclei is dependent on the transcription factor HLH-30/TFEB and the triglyceride lipase ATGL-1. HLH-30 regulates the expression of ATGL-1 to reduce nuclear lipid droplet abundance in response to lifespan-extending conditions. Notably, ATGL-1 localizes to the nuclear envelope and moderates lipid content in long-lived mutant nematodes during aging. Our findings indicate that the reduced ATGL-1 activity leads to excessive nuclear lipid accumulation, perturbing nuclear homeostasis and undermining organismal physiology, during aging.

Chromatin Structure from Development to Ageing

Nuclear structure influences genome architecture, which contributes to determine patterns of gene expression. Global changes in chromatin dynamics are essential during development and differentiation, and are one of the hallmarks of ageing. This chapter describes the molecular dynamics of chromatin structure that occur during development and ageing. In the first part, we introduce general information about the nuclear lamina, the chromatin structure, and the 3D organization of the genome. Next, we detail the molecular hallmarks found during development and ageing, including the role of DNA and histone modifications, 3D genome dynamics, and changes in the nuclear lamina. Within the chapter we discuss the implications that genome structure has on the mechanisms that drive development and ageing, and the physiological consequences when these mechanisms fail.

cGAS-STING pathway as a potential trigger of immunosenescence and inflammaging

Aging is associated with an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, despite the progressive decline of immune responses (immunosenescence). This apparent paradox can be explained by the age-related chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging) and progressive dysregulation of innate signaling. During cellular aging, there is an accumulation of damaged DNA in the cell's cytoplasm, which serves as ubiquitous danger-associated molecule, promptly recognized by DNA sensors. For instance, the free cytoplasmic DNA can be recognized, by DNA-sensing molecules like cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase linked to a stimulator of interferon genes), triggering transcriptional factors involved in the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the contribution of this pathway to the aging immune system remains largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the biology of the cGAS-STING pathway, its influence on the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and its modulation of the immune system during sterile inflammation. We propose that this important stress sensor of DNA damage is also a trigger of immunosenescence and inflammaging.

Nucleolar stress: Friend or foe in cardiac function?

Studies in the past decades have uncovered an emerging role of the nucleolus in stress response and human disease progression. The disruption of ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus causes aberrant nucleolar architecture and function, termed nucleolar stress, to initiate stress-responsive pathways via nucleolar release sequestration of various proteins. While data obtained from both clinical and basic investigations have faithfully demonstrated an involvement of nucleolar stress in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, much remains unclear regarding its precise role in the progression of cardiac diseases. On the one hand, the initiation of nucleolar stress following acute myocardial damage leads to the upregulation of various cardioprotective nucleolar proteins, including nucleostemin (NS), nucleophosmin (NPM) and nucleolin (NCL). As a result, nucleolar stress plays an important role in facilitating the survival and repair of cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, abnormalities in nucleolar architecture and function are correlated with the deterioration of cardiac diseases. Notably, the cardiomyocytes of advanced ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy display impaired silver-stained nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) and enlarged nucleoli, resembling the characteristics of tissue aging. Collectively, nucleolar abnormalities are critically involved in the development of cardiac diseases.

Nucleolus and Nucleolar Stress: From Cell Fate Decision to Disease Development

Besides the canonical function in ribosome biogenesis, there have been significant recent advances towards the fascinating roles of the nucleolus in stress response, cell destiny decision and disease progression. Nucleolar stress, an emerging concept describing aberrant nucleolar structure and function as a result of impaired rRNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis under stress conditions, has been linked to a variety of signaling transductions, including but not limited to Mdm2-p53, NF-κB and HIF-1α pathways. Studies have uncovered that nucleolus is a stress sensor and signaling hub when cells encounter various stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, DNA damage and oxidative and thermal stress. Consequently, nucleolar stress plays a pivotal role in the determination of cell fate, such as apoptosis, senescence, autophagy and differentiation, in response to stress-induced damage. Nucleolar homeostasis has been involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases, particularly tumorigenesis, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. Mechanistic insights have revealed the indispensable role of nucleolus-initiated signaling in the progression of these diseases. Accordingly, the intervention of nucleolar stress may pave the path for developing novel therapies against these diseases. In this review, we systemically summarize recent findings linking the nucleolus to stress responses, signaling transduction and cell-fate decision, set the spotlight on the mechanisms by which nucleolar stress drives disease progression, and highlight the merit of the intervening nucleolus in disease treatment.

Quality control mechanisms that protect nuclear envelope identity and function

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a specialization of the endoplasmic reticulum with distinct biochemistry that defines inner and outer membranes connected at a pore membrane that houses nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Quality control mechanisms that maintain the physical integrity and biochemical identity of these membranes are critical to ensure that the NE acts as a selective barrier that also contributes to genome stability and metabolism. As the proteome of the NE is highly integrated, it is challenging to turn over by conventional ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy mechanisms. Further, removal of entire sections of the NE requires elaborate membrane remodeling that is poorly understood. Nonetheless, recent work has made inroads into discovering specializations of cellular degradative machineries tailored to meeting the unique challenges imposed by the NE. In addition, cells have evolved mechanisms to surveil and repair the NE barrier to protect against the deleterious effects of a breach in NE integrity, in the form of either a ruptured NE or a dysfunctional NPC. Here, we synthesize the most recent work exploring NE quality control mechanisms across eukaryotes.

Natural Deep Eutectic Extracts of Propolis, Sideritis scardica, and Plantago major Reveal Potential Antiageing Activity during Yeast Chronological Lifespan

Nowadays, the environmentally friendly approach to everyday life routines including body supplementation with pharma-, nutraceuticals and dietary supplements gains popularity. This trend is implemented in pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic and antiageing industries by adopting a newly developed green chemistry approach. Following this trend, a new type of solvents has been created, called Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), which are produced by plant primary metabolites. These solvents are becoming a much better alternative to the already established organic solvents like ethanol and ionic liquids by being nontoxic, biodegradable, and easy to make. An interesting fact about NADES is that they enhance the biological activities of the extracted biological compounds. Here, we present our results that investigate the potential antiageing effect of CiAPD14 as a NADES solvent and three plant extracts with it. The tested NADES extracts are from propolis and two well-known medicinal plants—Sideritis scardica and Plantago major. Together with the solvent, their antiageing properties have been tested during the chronological lifespan of four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains—a wild type and three chromatin mutants. The chromatin mutants have been previously proven to exhibit characteristics of premature ageing. Our results demonstrate the potential antiageing activity of these NADES extracts, which was exhibited through their ability to confer the premature ageing phenotypes in the mutant cells by ameliorating their cellular growth and cell cycle, as well as by influencing the activity of some stress-responsive genes. Moreover, we have classified their antiageing activity concerning the strength of the observed bioactivities.

Nuclear morphology is a deep learning biomarker of cellular senescence

Cellular senescence is an important factor in aging and many age-related diseases, but understanding its role in health is challenging due to the lack of exclusive or universal markers. Using neural networks, we predict senescence from the nuclear morphology of human fibroblasts with up to 95% accuracy, and investigate murine astrocytes, murine neurons, and fibroblasts with premature aging in culture. After generalizing our approach, the predictor recognizes higher rates of senescence in p21-positive and ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-negative nuclei in tissues and shows an increasing rate of senescent cells with age in H&E-stained murine liver tissue and human dermal biopsies. Evaluating medical records reveals that higher rates of senescent cells correspond to decreased rates of malignant neoplasms and increased rates of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, hypertension and cerebral infarction. In sum, we show that morphological alterations of the nucleus can serve as a deep learning predictor of senescence that is applicable across tissues and species and is associated with health outcomes in humans.

Modeling of the Senescence-Associated Phenotype in Human Skin Fibroblasts

Modern understanding of aging is based on the accumulation of cellular damage during one’s life span due to the gradual deterioration of regenerative mechanisms in response to the continuous effect of stress, lifestyle, and environmental factors, followed by increased morbidity and mortality. Simultaneously, the number of senescent cells accumulate exponentially as organisms age. Cell culture models are valuable tools to investigate the mechanisms of aging by inducing cellular senescence in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) models. Here, we explain the three-step and one-step H₂O₂-induced senescence models of SIPS designed and reproduced on different human dermal fibroblast cell lines (CCD-1064Sk, CCD-1135Sk, and BJ-5ta). In both SIPS models, it was evident that the fibroblasts developed similar aging characteristics as cells with replicative senescence. Among the most noticeable senescent biomarkers were increased β-Gal expression, high levels of the p21 protein, altered levels of cell-cycle regulators (i.e., CDK2 and c-Jun), compromised extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, reduced cellular viability, and delayed wound healing properties. Based on the significant increase in senescence biomarkers in fibroblast cultures, reduced functional activity, and metabolic dysfunction, the one-step senescence model was chosen as a feasible and reliable method for future testing of anti-aging compounds.

Epigenetic Regulation of Cellular Senescence

Senescence is a complex cellular stress response that abolishes proliferative capacity and generates a unique secretory pattern that is implicated in organismal aging and age-related disease. How a cell transitions to a senescent state is multifactorial and often requires transcriptional regulation of multiple genes. Epigenetic alterations to DNA and chromatin are powerful regulators of genome architecture and gene expression, and they play a crucial role in mediating the induction and maintenance of senescence. This review will highlight the changes in chromatin, DNA methylation, and histone alterations that establish and maintain cellular senescence, alongside the specific epigenetic regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Perinatal mesenchymal stromal cells of the human decidua restore continence in rats with stress urinary incontinence induced by simulated birth trauma and regulate senescence of fibroblasts from women with stress urinary incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a condition that causes the involuntary loss of urine when making small efforts, which seriously affects daily life of people who suffer from it. Women are more affected by this form of incontinence than men, since parity is the main risk factor. Weakening of the pelvic floor tissues is the cause of SUI, although a complete understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathology is still lacking. Reconstructive surgery to strengthen tissue in SUI patients is often associated with complications and/or is ineffective. Mesenchymal stromal cells from the maternal side of the placenta, i.e. the decidua, are proposed here as a therapeutic alternative based on the regenerative potential of mesenchymal cells. The animal model of SUI due to vaginal distention simulating labor has been used, and decidual mesenchymal stromal cell (DMSC) transplantation was effective in preventing a drop in pressure at the leak point in treated animals. Histological analysis of the urethras from DMSC-treated animals after VD showed recovery of the muscle fiber integrity, low or no extracellular matrix (ECM) infiltration and larger elastic fibers near the external urethral sphincter, compared to control animals. Cells isolated from the suburethral connective tissue of SUI patients were characterized as myofibroblasts, based on the expression of several specific genes and proteins, and were shown to achieve premature replicative senescence. Co-culture of SUI myofibroblasts with DMSC via transwell revealed a paracrine interaction between the cells through signals that mediated DMSC migration, SUI myofibroblast proliferation, and modulation of the proinflammatory and ECM-degrading milieu that is characteristic of senescence. In conclusion, DMSC could be an alternative therapeutic option for SUI by counteracting the effects of senescence in damaged pelvic tissue.

Nuclear size and shape control

The nucleus displays a wide range of sizes and shapes in different species and cell types, yet its size scaling and many of the key structural constituents that determine its shape are highly conserved. In this review, we discuss the cellular properties and processes that contribute to nuclear size and shape control, drawing examples from across eukaryotes and highlighting conserved themes and pathways. We then outline physiological roles that have been uncovered for specific nuclear morphologies and disease pathologies associated with aberrant nuclear morphology. We argue that a comparative approach, assessing and integrating observations from different systems, will be a powerful way to help us address the open questions surrounding functional roles of nuclear size and shape in cell physiology.

A common signature of cellular senescence; does it exist?

Cellular senescence is a stress response, which can be evoked in all type of somatic cells by different stimuli. Senescent cells accumulate in the body and participate in aging and aging-related diseases mainly by their secretory activity, commonly known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype-SASP. Senescence is typically described as cell cycle arrest. This definition stems from the original observation concerning limited cell division potential of human fibroblasts in vitro. At present, the process of cell senescence is attributed also to cancer cells and to non-proliferating post-mitotic cells. Many cellular signaling pathways and specific and unspecific markers contribute to the complex, dynamic and heterogeneous phenotype of senescent cells. Considering the diversity of cells that can undergo senescence upon different inducers and variety of mechanisms involved in the execution of this process, we ask if there is a common signature of cell senescence. It seems that cell cycle arrest in G0, G1 or G2 is indispensable for cell senescence; however, to ensure irreversibility of divisions, the exit from the cell cycle to the state, which we call a GS (Gero Stage), is necessary. The DNA damage, changes in nuclear architecture and chromatin rearrangement are involved in signaling pathways leading to altered gene transcription and secretion of SASP components. Thus, nuclear changes and SASP are vital features of cell senescence that, together with temporal arrest in the cell cycle (G1 or/and G2), which may be followed by polyploidisation/depolyploidisation or exit from the cell cycle leading to permanent proliferation arrest (GS), define the signature of cellular senescence.

An RNAi screen for genes that affect nuclear morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals the involvement of unexpected processes

Aberration in nuclear morphology is one of the hallmarks of cellular transformation. However, the processes that, when mis-regulated, result aberrant nuclear morphology are poorly understood. In this study, we carried out a systematic, high-throughput RNAi screen for genes that affect nuclear morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The screen employed over 1700 RNAi constructs against genes required for embryonic viability. Nuclei of early embryos are typically spherical, and their NPCs are evenly distributed. The screen was performed on early embryos expressing a fluorescently tagged component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), allowing visualization of nuclear shape as well as the distribution of NPCs around the nuclear envelope. Our screen uncovered 182 genes whose downregulation resulted in one or more abnormal nuclear phenotypes, including multiple nuclei, micronuclei, abnormal nuclear shape, anaphase bridges, and abnormal NPC distribution. Many of these genes fall into common functional groups, including some that were not previously known to affect nuclear morphology, such as genes involved in mitochondrial function, the vacuolar ATPase, and the CCT chaperonin complex. The results of this screen add to our growing knowledge of processes that affect nuclear morphology and that may be altered in cancer cells that exhibit abnormal nuclear shape.

SARS-CoV-2 causes senescence in human cells and exacerbates the senescence-associated secretory phenotype through TLR-3

Senescent cells, which arise due to damage-associated signals, are apoptosis-resistant and can express a pro-inflammatory, tissue-destructive senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We recently reported that a component of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface protein, S1, can amplify the SASP of senescent cultured human cells and that a related mouse β-coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), increases SASP factors and senescent cell burden in infected mice. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 induces senescence in human non-senescent cells and exacerbates the SASP in human senescent cells through Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3). TLR-3, which senses viral RNA, was increased in human senescent compared to non-senescent cells. Notably, genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting TLR-3 prevented senescence induction and SASP amplification by SARS-CoV-2 or Spike pseudotyped virus. While an artificial TLR-3 agonist alone was not sufficient to induce senescence, it amplified the SASP in senescent human cells. Consistent with these findings, lung p16INK4a+ senescent cell burden was higher in patients who died from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection than other causes. Our results suggest that induction of cellular senescence and SASP amplification through TLR-3 contribute to SARS-CoV-2 morbidity, indicating that clinical trials of senolytics and/or SASP/TLR-3 inhibitors for alleviating acute and long-term SARS-CoV-2 sequelae are warranted.

A Novel Approach to Unraveling the Apoptotic Potential of Rutin (Bioflavonoid) via Targeting Jab1 in Cervical Cancer Cells

Rutin has been well recognized for possessing numerous pharmacological and biological activities in several human cancer cells. This research has addressed the inhibitory potential of rutin against the Jab1 oncogene in SiHa cancer cells, which is known to inactivate various tumor suppressor proteins including p53 and p27. Further, the inhibitory efficacy of rutin via Jab1 expression modulation in cervical cancer has not been yet elucidated. Hence, we hypothesized that rutin could exhibit strong inhibitory efficacy against Jab1 and, thereby, induce significant growth arrest in SiHa cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In our study, the cytotoxic efficacy of rutin on the proliferation of a cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) was exhibited using MTT and LDH assays. The correlation between rutin and Jab1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR analysis and the associated events (a mechanism) with this downregulation were then explored via performing ROS assay, DAPI analysis, and expression analysis of apoptosis-associated signaling molecules such as Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 and -9 using qRT-PCR analysis. Results exhibit that rutin produces anticancer effects via inducing modulation in the expression of oncogenes as well as tumor suppressor genes. Further apoptosis induction, caspase activation, and ROS generation in rutin-treated SiHa cancer cells explain the cascade of events associated with Jab1 downregulation in SiHa cancer cells. Additionally, apoptosis induction was further confirmed by the FITC-Annexin V/PI double staining method. Altogether, our research supports the feasibility of developing rutin as one of the potent drug candidates in cervical cancer management via targeting one such crucial oncogene associated with cervical cancer progression.

Impact of Senescent Cell Subtypes on Tissue Dysfunction and Repair: Importance and Research Questions

Cellular senescence, first observed and defined through cell culture studies, is a cell fate associated with essentially permanent cell cycle arrest and that can be triggered by a variety of inducers. Emerging evidence suggests senescence is a dynamic process with diverse functional characteristics. Depending on the tissue, type of inducer, and time since induction, senescent cells can promote tissue repair and re-modeling, prevent tumor development, or contribute to age-related disorders and chronic diseases, including cancers. Senescent cell characteristics appear to depend on multiple factors and be influenced by the milieu and other senescent cells locally and at a distance. We review diverse phenotypes of senescent cells originating from different cell types, senescence inducers over time since induction of senescence, and across conditions and diseases. This background is essential to inform further understanding about senescent cell subtypes and will point towards rational senescence-modulating strategies for achieving therapeutic benefit.

The Evolution of the Hallmarks of Aging

The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.

Nuclear Envelope Integrity in Health and Disease: Consequences on Genome Instability and Inflammation

The dynamic nature of the nuclear envelope (NE) is often underestimated. The NE protects, regulates, and organizes the eukaryote genome and adapts to epigenetic changes and to its environment. The NE morphology is characterized by a wide range of diversity and abnormality such as invagination and blebbing, and it is a diagnostic factor for pathologies such as cancer. Recently, the micronuclei, a small nucleus that contains a full chromosome or a fragment thereof, has gained much attention. The NE of micronuclei is prone to collapse, leading to DNA release into the cytoplasm with consequences ranging from the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, an innate immune response, to the creation of chromosomal instability. The discovery of those mechanisms has revolutionized the understanding of some inflammation-related diseases and the origin of complex chromosomal rearrangements, as observed during the initiation of tumorigenesis. Herein, we will highlight the complexity of the NE biology and discuss the clinical symptoms observed in NE-related diseases. The interplay between innate immunity, genomic instability, and nuclear envelope leakage could be a major focus in future years to explain a wide range of diseases and could lead to new classes of therapeutics.

Regulation of diverse nuclear shapes: pathways working independently, together

Membrane-bound organelles provide physical and functional compartmentalization of biological processes in eukaryotic cells. The characteristic shape and internal organization of these organelles is determined by a combination of multiple internal and external factors. The maintenance of the shape of nucleus, which houses the genetic material within a double membrane bilayer, is crucial for a seamless spatio-temporal control over nuclear and cellular functions. Dynamic morphological changes in the shape of nucleus facilitate various biological processes. Chromatin packaging, nuclear and cytosolic protein organization, and nuclear membrane lipid homeostasis are critical determinants of overall nuclear morphology. As such, a multitude of molecular players and pathways act together to regulate the nuclear shape. Here, we review the known mechanisms governing nuclear shape in various unicellular and multicellular organisms, including the non-spherical nuclei and non-lamin-related structural determinants. The review also touches upon cellular consequences of aberrant nuclear morphologies.