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Hilgers RHP, Das KC. Redox Regulation of K + Channel: Role of Thioredoxin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 39099341 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Potassium channels regulate the influx and efflux of K+ ions in various cell types that generate and propagate action potential associated with excitation, contraction, and relaxation of various cell types. Although redox active cysteines are critically important for channel activity, the redox regulation of K+ channels by thioredoxin (Trx) has not been systematically reviewed. Recent Advances: Redox regulation of K+ channel is now increasingly recognized as drug targets in the pathological condition of several cardiovascular disease processes. The role of Trx in regulation of these channels and its implication in pathological conditions have not been adequately reviewed. This review specifically focuses on the redox-regulatory role of Trx on K+ channel structure and function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Critical Issues: Ion channels, including K+ channel, have been implicated in the functioning of cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling, vascular hyperpolarization, cellular proliferation, and neuronal stimulation in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Although oxidation-reduction of ion channels is critically important in their function, the role of Trx, redox regulatory protein in regulation of these channels, and its implication in pathological conditions need to be studied to gain further insight into channel function. Future Directions: Future studies need to map all redox regulatory pathways in channel structure and function using novel mouse models and redox proteomic and signal transduction studies, which modulate various currents and altered excitability of relevant cells implicated in a pathological condition. We are yet at infancy of studies related to redox control of various K+ channels and structured and focused studies with novel animal models. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 00-00.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H P Hilgers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kumuda C Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Sudhadevi T, Harijith A. Thioredoxin: an antioxidant, a therapeutic target and a possible biomarker. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03370-6. [PMID: 38942889 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Sudhadevi
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Shen YQ, Chen Q. Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103032. [PMID: 38232457 PMCID: PMC10827563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a compact redox-regulatory protein that modulates cellular redox state by reducing oxidized proteins. Trx exhibits dual functionality as an antioxidant and a cofactor for diverse enzymes and transcription factors, thereby exerting influence over their activity and function. Trx has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for various diseases, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the significance of Trx in disease diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic elucidation. Despite its paramount importance, the intricate interplay between Trx and cellular senescence-a condition characterized by irreversible growth arrest induced by multiple aging stimuli-remains inadequately understood. In this review, our objective is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the structure and function of Trx, its involvement in redox signaling pathways and cellular senescence, its association with aging and age-related diseases, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Our review aims to elucidate the novel and extensive role of Trx in senescence while highlighting its implications for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Qin H, Guo C, Chen B, Huang H, Tian Y, Zhong L. The C-terminal selenenylsulfide of extracellular/non-reduced thioredoxin reductase endows this protein with selectivity to small-molecule electrophilic reagents under oxidative conditions. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1274850. [PMID: 38523661 PMCID: PMC10957665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1274850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) serves as an antioxidant protein by transferring electrons from NADPH to various substrates. The action of TrxR1 is achieved via reversible changes between NADPH-reduced and non-reduced forms, which involves C-terminal selenolthiol/selenenylsulfide exchanges. TrxR1 may be released into extracellular environment, where TrxR1 is present mainly in the non-reduced form with active-site disulfide and selenenylsulfide bonds. The relationships between extracellular TrxR1 and tumor metastasis or cellular signaling have been discovered, but there are few reports on small-molecule compounds in targeted the non-reduced form of TrxR1. Using eight types of small-molecule thiol-reactive reagents as electrophilic models, we report that the selenenylsulfide bond in the non-reduced form of TrxR1 functions as a selector for the thiol-reactive reagents at pH 7.5. The non-reduced form of TrxR1 is resistant to hydrogen peroxide/oxidized glutathione, but is sensitive to certain electrophilic reagents in different ways. With 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the polarized selenenylsulfide bond breaks, and selenolate anion donates electron to the dynamic covalent bond in DTNB or GSNO, forming TNB-S-Se-TrxR1 complex or ON-Se-TrxR1 complex. The both complexes lose the ability to transfer electrons from NADPH to substrate. For diamide, the non-reduced TrxR1 actually prevents irreversible damage by this oxidant. This is consistent with the regained activity of TrxR1 through removal of diamide via dialysis. Diamide shows effective in the presence of human cytosolic thioredoxin (hTrx1), Cys residue(s) of which is/are preferentially affected by diamide to yield disulfide, hTrx1 dimer and the mixed disulfide between TrxR1-Cys497/Sec498 and hTrx1-Cys73. In human serum samples, the non-reduced form of TrxR1 exists as dithiothreitol-reducible polymer/complexes, which might protect the non-reduced TrxR1 from inactivation by certain electrophilic reagents under oxidative conditions, because cleavage of these disulfides can lead to regain the activity of TrxR1. The details of the selective response of the selenenylsulfide bond to electrophilic reagents may provide new information for designing novel small-molecule inhibitors (drugs) in targeted extracellular/non-reduced TrxR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Qin
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bozhen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Chinese PLA General Hospital (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Angelone T, Rocca C, Lionetti V, Penna C, Pagliaro P. Expanding the Frontiers of Guardian Antioxidant Selenoproteins in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:369-432. [PMID: 38299513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Physiological levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) function as fundamental messengers for many cellular and developmental processes in the cardiovascular system. ROS/RNS involved in cardiac redox-signaling originate from diverse sources, and their levels are tightly controlled by key endogenous antioxidant systems that counteract their accumulation. However, dysregulated redox-stress resulting from inefficient removal of ROS/RNS leads to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death, contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent Advances: Basic and clinical studies demonstrate the critical role of selenium (Se) and selenoproteins (unique proteins that incorporate Se into their active site in the form of the 21st proteinogenic amino acid selenocysteine [Sec]), including glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, in cardiovascular redox homeostasis, representing a first-line enzymatic antioxidant defense of the heart. Increasing attention has been paid to emerging selenoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (i.e., a multifunctional intracellular organelle whose disruption triggers cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to multiple CVD), which are crucially involved in redox balance, antioxidant activity, and calcium and ER homeostasis. Critical Issues: This review focuses on endogenous antioxidant strategies with therapeutic potential, particularly selenoproteins, which are very promising but deserve more detailed and clinical studies. Future Directions: The importance of selective selenoproteins in embryonic development and the consequences of their mutations and inborn errors highlight the need to improve knowledge of their biological function in myocardial redox signaling. This could facilitate the development of personalized approaches for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 369-432.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Angelone
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Unit of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center "Health Science," Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- UOSVD Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Toscana "Gabriele Monasterio," Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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Oberacker T, Kraft L, Schanz M, Latus J, Schricker S. The Importance of Thioredoxin-1 in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051078. [PMID: 37237944 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a multifunctional protein ubiquitously found in the human body. Trx-1 plays an important role in various cellular functions such as maintenance of redox homeostasis, proliferation, and DNA synthesis, but also modulation of transcription factors and control of cell death. Thus, Trx-1 is one of the most important proteins for proper cell and organ function. Therefore, modulation of Trx gene expression or modulation of Trx activity by various mechanisms, including post-translational modifications or protein-protein interactions, could cause a transition from the physiological state of cells and organs to various pathologies such as cancer, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we not only discuss the current knowledge of Trx in health and disease, but also highlight its potential function as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Oberacker
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonie Kraft
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Schanz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Latus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Severin Schricker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
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Chatterji A, Banerjee D, Billiar TR, Sengupta R. Understanding the role of S-nitrosylation/nitrosative stress in inflammation and the role of cellular denitrosylases in inflammation modulation: Implications in health and diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:604-621. [PMID: 34245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a very fundamental post-translational modification of protein and non-protein thiols due the involvement of it in a variety of cellular processes including activation/inhibition of several ion channels such as ryanodine receptor in the cardiovascular system; blood vessel dilation; cGMP signaling and neurotransmission. S-nitrosothiol homeostasis in the cell is tightly regulated and perturbations in homeostasis result in an altered redox state leading to a plethora of disease conditions. However, the exact role of S-nitrosylated proteins and nitrosative stress metabolites in inflammation and in inflammation modulation is not well-reviewed. The cell utilizes its intricate defense mechanisms i.e. cellular denitrosylases such as Thioredoxin (Trx) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) systems to combat nitric oxide (NO) pathology which has also gained current attraction as novel anti-inflammatory molecules. This review attempts to provide state-of-the-art knowledge from past and present research on the mechanistic role of nitrosative stress intermediates (RNS, OONO-, PSNO) in pulmonary and autoimmune diseases and how cellular denitrosylases particularly GSNOR and Trx via imparting opposing effects can modulate and reduce inflammation in several health and disease conditions. This review would also bring into notice the existing gaps in current research where denitrosylases can be utilized for ameliorating inflammation that would leave avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chatterji
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Debasmita Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Block C, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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Liu J, Huang J, Liu H, Chen C, Xu J, Zhong L. Elevated serum 4HNE plus decreased serum thioredoxin: Unique feature and implications for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245810. [PMID: 33493155 PMCID: PMC7833214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a global problem with high mortality. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood. To reveal new serum feature of AECOPD and their potential implications, we have analyzed 180 serum samples, and found that in the serum of AECOPD patients, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE)-protein adducts are dynamically increased as partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) drops, which is accompanied by progressively decreasing thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) and thioredoxin (Trx1), as compared with those of healthy people. This phenomenon is unique, because acute hypoxia patients have 1.1-fold or 1.7-fold higher serum TrxR1 or Trx1 activity, respectively, than healthy people, in keeping with low 4HNE level. Moreover, serum 4HNE-protein adducts may form disulfide-linked complexes with high-molecular-weight, the amount of which is significantly increased during AECOPD. Serum 4HNE-protein adducts include 4HNE-Trx1 adduct and 4HNE-TrxR1 adduct, but only the former is significantly increased during AECOPD. Through cell biology, biochemistry and proteomics methods, we have demonstrated that extracellular 4HNE and 4HNE-Trx1 adduct affect human bronchial epithelial cells via different mechanisms. 4HNE-Trx1 adduct may significantly alter the expression of proteins involved mainly in RNA metabolism, but it has no effect on TrxR1/Trx1 expression and cell viability. On the other hand, low levels of 4HNE promote TrxR1/Trx1 expression and cell viability, while high levels of 4HNE inhibit TrxR1/Trx1 expression and cell viability, during which Trx1, at least in part, mediate the 4HNE action. Our data suggest that increasing serum 4HNE and decreasing serum Trx1 in AECOPD patients are closely related to the pathological processes of the disease. This finding also provides a new basis for AECOPD patients to use antioxidant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai Rou, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai Rou, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Respiratory Department, Shanxi Bethune Hospital/Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Respiratory Department, Shanxi Bethune Hospital/Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huai Rou, Beijing, China
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Li W, Xu X, Dong D, Lei T, Ou H. Up-regulation of thioredoxin system by puerarin inhibits lipid uptake in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:542-554. [PMID: 33242606 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress promotes lipid accumulation in macrophages during atherogenesis. Puerarin is a natural isoflavone with beneficial effects against oxidation and atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of puerarin on lipid uptake and explored the underlying molecular regulation. We found puerarin up-regulated thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and Trx reductase-1 (TrxR1) expression; it increased TrxR1 activity, cellular thiols contents and decreased oxidized form of Trx1, thus inhibiting cellular ROS generation. Confocal microscope and flow cytometry analysis showed fluorescence labeled Dil-oxLDL uptake was dramatically inhibited by puerarin in RAW264.7 cells as well as in primary bone marrow derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages. The effects were reversed when Trx1 was inhibited by treatment with Trx1 inhibitor PX-12 or Trx1 siRNA. We also found scavenger receptors such as SR-A and Lox-1, but not CD36 were involved in the Trx1-mediated lipid uptake inhibition. Moreover, measurements of foam cell accumulation and ROS production in sections of aortic roots showed those were reduced by puerarin but raised when additional treatment with PX-12 or Trx1 siRNA in apoE-/- mice, which demonstrates the lipid uptake reduction by puerarin requires Trx1 inhibition in vivo. In addition, we analyzed the upstream regulation and found puerarin induced Nrf2 activity; cooperation between Nrf2 and ATF4 facilitated the puerarin effects. PERK phosphorylation was detected to be increased by puerarin, while PERK inhibition reduced cellular Trx1, TrxR1, nuclear Nrf2 and ATF4. Altogether, puerarin modulates PERK/Nrf2 that coordinates with ATF4 to active Trx1, which causes SR-A and Lox-1 reduction and lipid uptake inhibition in macrophages. This suggests Trx1 could be an effective target by puerarin in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Doudou Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Tingwen Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Hailong Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, PR China.
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Bai Y, Liu J, Yang L, Zhong L. New insights into serum/extracellular thioredoxin in regulating hepatic insulin receptor activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129630. [PMID: 32376199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum thioredoxin of type-2 diabetic patients is significantly higher than that of healthy people. Pathophysiological significance is unclear. METHODS Effects of serum/extracellular thioredoxin on phosphorylation (activation) of hepatic insulin receptor (IR) were investigated by using methods in biochemistry, cell/molecular biology and mass spectrometry. RESULTS In human serum, thioredoxin and insulin may interact. Their mixture contains a mixed disulfide between insulin B-chain and thioredoxin-Cys73, which limits their activities. In contrast, free form of serum/extracellular thioredoxin is active, and can regulate phosphorylation of insulin receptor β-subunits (IRβ) via direct/indirect mechanisms. The direct mechanism associates with positive regulation. Serum/extracellular thioredoxin increases insulin binding to IR, facilitating insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRβ and downstream AKT. The indirect mechanism is involved in negative regulation. Entry of extracellular thioredoxin into hepatic cells via IR enhances the expression and activity of cellular protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which negatively regulates IRβ phosphorylation. After coordination between these two mechanisms, the positive impact of serum/extracellular thioredoxin overwhelms its negative impact on IRβ phosphorylation, which subsequently accelerates hepatic glucose uptake. In hepatic cells with thioredoxin deficiency, insulin-induced IRβ phosphorylation is decreased, which could be restored by extracellular thioredoxin entry. Moreover, the results from assaying 475 serum samples demonstrate a discriminating value of serum thioredoxin activity in diagnosing type-2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Serum/extracellular thioredoxin plays a critical role in regulating hepatic IRβ phosphorylation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In case of insulin resistance/type-2 diabetes, hepatic IRβ is at low phosphorylation level, thereby the improvement effect of serum/extracellular thioredoxin on insulin-induced IRβ phosphorylation seems particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Campus of Yanqi, Huai Rou, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Campus of Yanqi, Huai Rou, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Campus of Yanqi, Huai Rou, Beijing 101407, China.
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Attenuation of Hyperoxic Lung Injury in Newborn Thioredoxin-1-Overexpressing Mice through the Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokine mRNA Expression. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030066. [PMID: 32244938 PMCID: PMC7148529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of thioredoxin-1 (TRX), a small redox-active protein with antioxidant effects, during hyperoxic lung injury in newborns remains undetermined. We investigated TRX impact on hyperoxic lung injury in newborn TRX transgenic (TRX-Tg) and wildtype (WT) mice exposed to 21% or 95% O2 for four days, after which some mice were allowed to recover in room air for up to 14 days. Lung morphology was assessed by hematoxylin/eosin and elastin staining, as well as immunostaining for macrophages. The gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. During recovery from hyperoxia, TRX-Tg mice exhibited an improved mean linear intercept length and increased number of secondary septa in lungs compared with the WT mice. Neonatal hyperoxia enhanced the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs of both TRX-Tg and WT mice. However, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 mRNA expression levels were reduced in the lungs of TRX-Tg mice compared with the WT mice during recovery from hyperoxia. Furthermore, TRX-Tg mice exhibited reduced macrophage infiltration in lungs during recovery. These results suggest that in newborn mice TRX ameliorates hyperoxic lung injury during recovery likely through the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Karadeniz M, Sarak T, Duran M, Alp C, Kandemir H, Etem Celik İ, Simsek V, Kılıc A. Hyperhomocysteinemia Predicts the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease as Determined by the SYNTAX Score in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2018; 34:458-463. [PMID: 30449985 DOI: 10.6515/acs.201811_34(6).20180528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and is related with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Previous studies have used less quantifiable scoring systems for assessing the severity of CAD. Therefore, we aimed to assess the relationship between homocysteine levels and SYNTAX score (SXscore), which is currently more widely used to grade the severity of CAD. Methods A total of 503 patients with adiagnosis of ACS were examined angiographically with SXscore. The patients were divided into three groups according to SXscore; Group 1 a low SXscore (≤ 22), Group 2 a moderate SXscore (23-32), and Group 3 a high SXscore (≥ 33). Results Plasma homocysteine levels were 16.3 ± 6.2 nmol/mL in Group 1, 18.1 ± 9.6 nmol/mL in Group 2, and 19.9 ± 9.5 nmol/mL in Group 3. Homocysteine levels were significantly higher in Group 2, and Group 3 compared to Group 1 (p = 0.023 and 0.007, respectively). In the correlation analysis, homocysteine levels were correlated with SXscore (r: 0.166, p < 0.01). Conclusions Serum homocysteine levels on admission were associated with an increased severity of CAD in the patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Karadeniz
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan 71450, Kırıkkale
| | - Taner Sarak
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan 71450, Kırıkkale
| | - Mustafa Duran
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Altındag 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caglar Alp
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan 71450, Kırıkkale
| | - Huseyin Kandemir
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan 71450, Kırıkkale
| | - İbrahim Etem Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Altındag 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vedat Simsek
- Department of Cardiology, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan 71450, Kırıkkale
| | - Alparslan Kılıc
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Altındag 06230, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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miR-125a Suppresses TrxR1 Expression and Is Involved in H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6140320. [PMID: 30225271 PMCID: PMC6129346 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an antioxidant enzyme dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, plays a vital role in defense against oxidative stress. However, the role of microRNAs targeting TrxR under oxidative stress has not yet been determined. In this study, we tested the involvement of miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in H2O2-induced TrxR1 expression in endothelial cells. Dual luciferase assay combined with expression analysis confirmed that miR-125a suppressed TrxR1 expression by targeting its 3′-UTR. Furthermore, H2O2 induced TrxR1 expression partly through downregulation of miR-125a. These findings indicate that miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional mechanism is involved in H2O2-induced TrxR1 expression in endothelial cells, suggesting an important role of miRNAs in the response to oxidative stress.
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14
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Tinkov AA, Bjørklund G, Skalny AV, Holmgren A, Skalnaya MG, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. The role of the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system in the metabolic syndrome: towards a possible prognostic marker? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1567-1586. [PMID: 29327078 PMCID: PMC11105605 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with three existing isoenzymes (TrxR1, TrxR2, and TrxR3), which is found primarily intracellularly but also in extracellular fluids. The main substrate thioredoxin (Trx) is similarly found (as Trx1 and Trx2) in various intracellular compartments, in blood plasma, and is the cell's major disulfide reductase. Thioredoxin reductase is necessary as a NADPH-dependent reducing agent in biochemical reactions involving Trx. Genetic and environmental factors like selenium status influence the activity of TrxR. Research shows that the Trx/TrxR system plays a significant role in the physiology of the adipose tissue, in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production and sensitivity, blood pressure regulation, inflammation, chemotactic activity of macrophages, and atherogenesis. Based on recent research, it has been reported that the modulation of the Trx/TrxR system may be considered as a new target in the management of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, as well as in the treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review evidence about a possible role of this system as a marker of the metabolic syndrome is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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15
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Serum thioredoxin activity: a promising biomarker for assessment of coronary stenosis severity in patients with coronary artery disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:752-754. [PMID: 36659267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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A reciprocal inhibitory relationship between adiponectin and mammalian cytosolic thioredoxin. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Zhao LP, You T, Chan SP, Chen JC, Xu WT. Adropin is associated with hyperhomocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:1065-1070. [PMID: 26998038 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine has been recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Adropin is a newly-identified energy homeostasis protein with a potential protective effect against coronary artery disease (CAD). This study attempted to measure the correlation between serum homocysteine and adropin levels in patients with CAD, and to ascertain how the two hormones could affect the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. A cohort of CAD patients who had undergone coronary angiography was prospectively recruited. The serum homocysteine and adropin levels of the patients were measured and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was quantified with the SYNTAX score. The data were analyzed with a generalized structural equation model. In total, 170 consecutive patients were recruited with a mean serum homocysteine level of 15.9±8.3 µmol/l, and 76 (44.7%) patients were identified as hyperhomocysteinemic with a serum homocysteine level >15 µmol/l. Serum homocysteine level was found to be significantly negatively correlated with serum adropin level (r=-0.169, P=0.028). Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had lower serum adropin levels and higher SYNTAX scores than patients without hyperhomocysteinemia. Further analysis with a generalized structural equation model showed that adropin was significantly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia (adjusted odds ratio: 0.95, 95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 0.98; P=0.002), which in turn was significantly associated with the SYNTAX score (coefficient: 4.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.39 to 8.03; P=0.005). In conclusion, the serum homocysteine level was inversely correlated with the serum adropin level in patients with CAD. A low serum adropin level was associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and more severe coronary atherosclerosis, as reflected by a higher SYNTAX score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Tao You
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Siew-Pang Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jian-Chang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ting Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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18
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Mechanistic insights into the inhibitory effects of palmitoylation on cytosolic thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin. Biochimie 2015; 110:25-35. [PMID: 25576832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Overnutrition can lead to oxidative stress, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we report that human liver-derived HepG2 cells utilize cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) and thioredoxin (hTrx1) to defend against the high glucose/palmitate-mediated increase in reactive oxygen species. However, enhanced TrxR1/hTrx1 palmitoylation occurs in parallel with a decrease in their activities under the conditions studied here. An autoacylation process appears to be the major mechanism for generating palmitoylated TrxR1/Trx1 in HepG2 cells. A novel feature of this post-translational modification is the covalent inhibition of TrxR1/hTrx1 by palmitoyl-CoA, an activated form of palmitate. The palmitoyl-CoA/TrxR1 reaction is NADPH-dependent and produces palmitoylated TrxR1 at an active site selenocysteine residue. Conversely, S-palmitoylation occurs at the structural Cys62/Cys69/Cys72 residues but not the active site Cys32/Cys35 residues of hTrx1. Palmitoyl-CoA concentration and the period of incubation with TrxR1/hTrx1 are important factors that influence the inhibitory efficacy of palmitoyl-CoA on TrxR1/hTrx1. Thus, an increase in TrxR1/hTrx1 palmitoylation could be a potential consequence of high glucose/palmitate. The time-dependent inactivation of the NADPH-TrxR1-Trx1 system by palmitoyl-CoA occurs in a biphasic manner - a fast phase followed by a slow phase. Kinetic analysis suggests that the fast phase is consistent with a fast and reversible association between TrxR1/hTrx1 and palmitoyl-CoA. The slow phase is correlated with a slow and irreversible inactivation, in which selenolate/thiolate groups nucleophilically attack the α-carbon of bound palmitoyl-CoA, leading to the formation of thioester/selenoester bonds. hTrx1 can enhance rate of fast phase but limits the rate of slow phase when it is present in a preincubation mixture containing NADPH, TrxR1 and palmitoyl-CoA. Therefore, hTrx1 may provide palmitoylation sites or partially protect the TrxR1 active site selenol/thiol group(s) from palmitoylation. Our data suggest that Se/S-palmitoylation acts as an important modulator of TrxR1/hTrx1 activities, representing a novel potential mechanism that underlies overnutrition-induced events.
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Qin H, Zhang X, Ye F, Zhong L. High-fat diet-induced changes in liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase as a novel feature of insulin resistance. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:928-35. [PMID: 25426412 PMCID: PMC4239481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) can induce oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are critical antioxidant proteins but how they are affected by HFD remains unclear. Using HFD-induced insulin-resistant mouse model, we show here that liver Trx and TrxR are significantly decreased, but, remarkably, the degree of their S-acylation is increased after consuming HFD. These HFD-induced changes in Trx/TrxR may reflect abnormalities of lipid metabolism and insulin signaling transduction. HFD-driven accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal is another potential mechanism behind inactivation and decreased expression of Trx/TrxR. Thus, we propose HFD-induced impairment of liver Trx/TrxR as major contributor to oxidative stress and as a novel feature of insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1
- Gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PTP-1B, protein-tyrosine phophatase-1B
- S-acylation
- Thioredoxin
- Thioredoxin reductase
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Qin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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20
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Yang X, Zhou H, Qu H, Liu W, Huang X, Shun Y, He L. Effect of Shenxinning decoction on ventricular remodeling in AT1 receptor-knockout mice with chronic renal insufficiency. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:391-7. [PMID: 25097276 PMCID: PMC4118531 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.135950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the efficacy of Shenxinning Decoction (SXND) in ventricular remodeling in AT1 receptor-knockout (AT1-KO) mice with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Materials and Methods: AT1-KO mice modeled with subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy were intervened with SXND for 12 weeks. Subsequently, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), echocardiography (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVDD; left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVDS; fractional shortening, FS; and ejection fraction, EF), collagen types I and III in the heart and kidney, myocardial mitochondria, and cardiac transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) of the AT1-KO mice were compared with the same model with nephrectomy only and untreated with SXND. Results: AT1-KO mice did not affect the process of CRI but it could significantly affect cardiac remodeling process. SXND decreased to some extent the AT1-KO mice's BUN, SCr, BNP, and cardiac LVDD, LVDS, and BNP, improved FS and EF, lowered the expression of collagen type I and III in heart and kidney, increased the quantity of mitochondria and ameliorated their structure, and down-regulated the expression of TGF-β1. Conclusion: SXND may antagonize the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and decrease uremia toxins, thereby ameliorating ventricular remodeling in CRI. Furthermore, SXND has a mechanism correlated with the improvement of myocardial energy metabolism and the down-regulation of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yang
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Huang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Shun
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun He
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Gajewska A, Bartosz G. Oxidative modification of blood serum proteins in multiple sclerosis after interferon or mitoxantrone treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 266:67-74. [PMID: 24290230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at (i) comparison of the usefulness of serum protein oxidation parameters for assessment of oxidative stress (OS) in multiple sclerosis (MS), and (ii) comparison of OS in MS patients subject to various therapies. Elevated glycophore level was noted in relapsing-remitting (RRMS) patients without treatment and patients treated with interferons β1a and β1b (10.33±3.27, 8.02±2.22 and 8.56±2.45 vs control 5.27±0.73 fluorescence units (FU)/mg protein). Advanced oxidation protein products (295±135 vs 83±65nmol/mg protein), carbonyl groups (3.68±1.44nmol/mg protein vs 2.03±0.23nmol/mg protein), kynurenine (7.71±0.1.67 vs 5.5±0.63 FU/mg protein) and N'-formylkynurenine (7.69±0.7 vs 4.97±0.59 FU/mg protein) levels were increased, while thioredoxin level was decreased in RRMS patients without treatment (5.03±2.18 vs 10.83±2.75ng/ml) with respect to control. The level of OS was higher in untreated RRMS patients and in SPMS patients treated with mitoxantrone than in patients treated with interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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22
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Huang J, Xu J, Tian L, Zhong L. A thioredoxin reductase and/or thioredoxin system-based mechanism for antioxidant effects of ambroxol. Biochimie 2013; 97:92-103. [PMID: 24103200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with ambroxol (ABX), a bronchial expectorant, was found to prevent acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). The underlying mechanism remains unclear. To address this, we have investigated the effect of ABX on critical antioxidant proteins thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) that are decreased in patients with AECOPD. Trx, TrxR and NADP(H) form Trx system, which is involved in regulating numerous oxidative stress-related events. In human bronchial epithelial cells, treatment with ABX from 0 to 200 μM gradually increased mRNA and protein levels of TrxR/Trx. At these ABX concentrations, TrxR activity was elevated progressively, whereas Trx activity exhibited a dose-dependent biphasic response, increasing at 50 and 75 μM, but decreasing at ABX over 150 μM. Pre-treatment with 75 μM ABX enhanced the capacity of the cells to eliminate reactive oxygen species, which was largely prevented by knockdown of cytosolic Trx (hTrx1). In a purified system, ABX shortened the initial lag phase during the reduction of insulin disulfide by Trx system. Pre-treatment of NADPH-reduced TrxR with ABX caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in thiolate/selenolate species, i.e. the catalytically active form of TrxR. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the reduction of H2O2 by TrxR or Trx system were enhanced by 100 or 200 μM ABX. When hTrx1 was mixed with ABX in a molar ratio of 1:1 to 1:100 (which could occur in human plasma), changes in intrinsic Trp fluorescence occurred, and the response of reduced hTrx1 was especially remarkable. These data reveal an ABX-sensing mechanism of TrxR/Trx. We therefore conclude that the antioxidant actions of ABX at physiological concentrations are, at least partially, mediated by TrxR and/or Trx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, YuQuan Road 19(A), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Longcheng Street 99, 030032 Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, YuQuan Road 19(A), 100049 Beijing, China.
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Wang P, Wu Y, Li X, Ma X, Zhong L. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase control tissue factor activity by thiol redox-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3346-58. [PMID: 23223577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally enhanced tissue factor (TF) activity is related to increased thrombosis risk in which oxidative stress plays a critical role. Human cytosolic thioredoxin (hTrx1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), also secreted into circulation, have the power to protect against oxidative stress. However, the relationship between hTrx1/TrxR and TF remains unknown. Here we show reversible association of hTrx1 with TF in human serum and plasma samples. The association is dependent on hTrx1-Cys-73 that bridges TF-Cys-209 via a disulfide bond. hTrx1-Cys-73 is absolutely required for hTrx1 to interfere with FVIIa binding to purified and cell-surface TF, consequently suppressing TF-dependent procoagulant activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation. Moreover, hTrx1/TrxR plays an important role in sensing the alterations of NADPH/NADP(+) states and transducing this redox-sensitive signal into changes in TF activity. With NADPH, hTrx1/TrxR readily facilitates the reduction of TF, causing a decrease in TF activity, whereas with NADP(+), hTrx1/TrxR promotes the oxidation of TF, leading to an increase in TF activity. By comparison, TF is more likely to favor the reduction by hTrx1-TrxR-NADPH. This reversible reduction-oxidation reaction occurs in the TF extracellular domain that contains partially opened Cys-49/-57 and Cys-186/-209 disulfide bonds. The cell-surface TF procoagulant activity is significantly increased after hTrx1-knockdown. The response of cell-surface TF procoagulant activity to H(2)O(2) is efficiently suppressed through elevating cellular TrxR activity via selenium supplementation. Our data provide a novel mechanism for redox regulation of TF activity. By modifying Cys residues or regulating Cys redox states in TF extracellular domain, hTrx1/TrxR function as a safeguard against inappropriate TF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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24
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Cell stress proteins in atherothrombosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:232464. [PMID: 22792412 PMCID: PMC3389727 DOI: 10.1155/2012/232464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell stress proteins (CSPs) are a large and heterogenous family of proteins, sharing two main characteristics: their levels and/or location are modified under stress and most of them can exert a chaperon function inside the cells. Nonetheless, they are also involved in the modulation of several mechanisms, both at the intracellular and the extracellular compartments. There are more than 100 proteins belonging to the CSPs family, among them the thioredoxin (TRX) system, which is the focus of the present paper. TRX system is composed of several proteins such as TRX and peroxiredoxin (PRDX), two thiol-containing enzymes that are key players in redox homeostasis due to their ability to scavenge potential harmful reactive oxygen species. In addition to their main role as antioxidants, recent data highlights their function in several processes such as cell signalling, immune inflammatory responses, or apoptosis, all of them key mechanisms involved in atherothrombosis. Moreover, since TRX and PRDX are present in the pathological vascular wall and can be secreted under prooxidative conditions to the circulation, several studies have addressed their role as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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Imbalance in superoxide dismutase/thioredoxin reductase activities in hypercholesterolemic subjects: relationship with low density lipoprotein oxidation. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:79. [PMID: 22721254 PMCID: PMC3490833 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a relationship among hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress and inflammation in the atherogenesis. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess paraoxonase (PON1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR-1) activities and their relationship with lipids, oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with different low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) levels. METHODS Serum lipids, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid and protein oxidation, oxidized LDL (LDLox) and LDLox autoantibodies (LDLoxAB) levels and enzymes activities were measured in a total of 116 subjects that were divided into the following groups according to their LDL levels: low-LDL group (LDL < 100 mg/dL, n = 23), intermediate-LDL group (LDL 100-160 mg/dL, n = 50) and high-LDL group (LDL > 160 mg/dL, n = 43). RESULTS The LDLox and hs-CRP levels increased in the high-LDL group (2.7- and 3.7- fold, respectively), whereas the intermediate and high-LDL groups had higher LDLoxAB (2.2- and 3.1-fold) when compared to low-LDL group (p < 0.05). Similarly, SOD activity, the atherogenic index (AI) and protein oxidation were also higher in the intermediate (1.3-, 1.3- and 1.2-fold) and high-LDL (1.6-, 2.3- and 1.6-fold) groups when compared to the low-LDL group (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation and SOD/TrxR-1 ratio increased only in the high-LDL group (1.3- and 1.6-fold) when compared to the low-LDL group (p < 0.05). The SOD/TrxR-1 ratio was positively correlated to TBARS (r = 0.23, p < 0.05), LDLox (r = 0.18, p < 0.05), LDLoxAB (r = 0.21, p < 0.05), LDL (r = 0.19, p < 0.05) and AI (r = 0.22, p < 0.05). PON1 and TrxR-1 activities were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS Some oxidative events initiate when LDL levels are clinically acceptable. Moreover, hypercholesterolemic patients have an imbalance in SOD and TrxR-1 activities that is positively associated to LDL oxidation.
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26
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Augusti PR, Quatrin A, Somacal S, Conterato GM, Sobieski R, Ruviaro AR, Maurer LH, Duarte MM, Roehrs M, Emanuelli T. Astaxanthin prevents changes in the activities of thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 51:42-9. [PMID: 22798712 PMCID: PMC3391862 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin on paraoxonase and thioredoxin reductase activities as well as on other oxidative stress parameters and on the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were fed a standard or a hypercholesterolemic diet alone or supplemented with 50, 100 and 500 mg/100 g of astaxanthin for 60 days. Antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in the serum. The hypercholesterolemic diet increased lipids, including unsaturated fatty acids level, whereas it decreased saturated fatty acids level. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies, as well as lipid and protein oxidation. Astaxanthin (100 and 500 mg/100 g) prevented hypercholesterolemia-induced protein oxidation, whereas 500 mg/100 g of astaxanthin decreased protein oxidation per se. The activities of superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin reductase were enhanced, whereas paraoxonase activity was inhibited in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. All astaxanthin doses prevented changes in thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase activities. This effect was not related to a direct effect of astaxanthin on these enzymes, because in vitro astaxanthin enhanced thioredoxin reductase and had no effect on paraoxonase activity. Astaxanthin could be helpful in cardiovascular diseases by restoring thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Augusti
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences/Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Basic Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Platt DE, Youhanna S, Abchee AB, Stewart K, Badro DA, Haber M, Salloum AK, Douaihy B, el Bayeh H, Othman R, Shasha N, Kibbani S, Chammas E, Milane A, Nemr R, Kamatani Y, Hager J, Cazier JB, Gauguier D, Zalloua PA. Genetic and environmental influences on total plasma homocysteine and its role in coronary artery disease risk. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:180-6. [PMID: 22425167 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of total plasma homocysteine are a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. AIMS The rationale behind this study is to explore the correlation between degree and site of coronary lesion and hyperhomocysteinemia in Lebanese CAD patients and assess environmental and genetic factors for elevated levels of total plasma homocysteine. METHODS A total of 2644 patients were analyzed for traditional CAD risk factors. Logistic regression was performed to determine the association of hyperhomocysteinemia with degree and site of coronary lesions controlling for risk factors. Environmental and genetic factors for hyperhomocysteinemia were analyzed by logistic regression using a candidate gene approach. RESULTS Traditional risk factors were correlated with stenosis. Hyperhomocysteinemia associated with increased risk of overall stenosis, and risk of mild and severe occlusion in major arteries. Hyperhomocysteinemia and hypertension were highly correlated suggesting that hyperhomocysteinemia acts as a hypertensive agent leading to CAD. Diuretics and genetic polymorphisms in MTHFR and SLCO1B1 were associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. CONCLUSIONS Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical indicator of specific vessel stenosis in the Lebanese population. Hypertension is a major link between hyperhomocysteinemia and CAD occurrence. Genetic polymorphisms and diuretics' intake explain partly elevated homocysteine levels. This study has important implications in CAD risk prediction.
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Sex-related differences in association of oxidative stress status with coronary artery disease. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vanzin CS, Biancini GB, Sitta A, Wayhs CAY, Pereira IN, Rockenbach F, Garcia SC, Wyse ATDS, Schwartz IVD, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Experimental evidence of oxidative stress in plasma of homocystinuric patients: a possible role for homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:112-7. [PMID: 21742526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder biochemically characterized by high urinary excretion of homocystine and increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine in biological fluids. Affected patients usually have a variety of clinical and pathologic manifestations. Previous experimental data have shown a relationship between Hcy and oxidative stress, although very little was reported on this process in patients with homocystinuria. Therefore, in the present study we evaluated parameters of oxidative stress, namely carbonyl formation, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, sulfhydryl content and total antioxidant status (TAS) in patients with homocystinuria at diagnosis and under treatment with a protein restricted diet supplemented by pyridoxine, folate, betaine, and vitamin B(12). We also correlated plasma Hcy and methionine concentrations with the oxidative stress parameters examined. We found a significant increase of MDA levels and carbonyl formation, as well as a reduction of sulfhydryl groups and TAS in plasma of homocystinuric patients at diagnosis relatively to healthy individuals (controls). We also verified that Hcy levels were negatively correlated with sulfhydryl content and positively with MDA levels. Furthermore, patients under treatment presented a significant reduction of the content of MDA, Hcy and methionine concentrations relatively to patients at diagnosis. Taken together, the present data indicate that lipid and protein oxidative damages are increased and the antioxidant defenses diminished in plasma of homocystinuric patients, probably due to increased reactive species elicited by Hcy. It is therefore presumed that oxidative stress participates at least in part in the pathogenesis of homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Simioni Vanzin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos 2700, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-000, Brazil
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Liu S, Kumar SM, Lu H, Liu A, Yang R, Pushparajan A, Guo W, Xu X. MicroRNA-9 up-regulates E-cadherin through inhibition of NF-κB1-Snail1 pathway in melanoma. J Pathol 2011; 226:61-72. [PMID: 22131135 DOI: 10.1002/path.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Hsa-miR-9 has been shown to have opposite functions in different tumour types; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we show that hsa-miR-9 is down-regulated in metastatic melanomas compared to primary melanomas. Overexpression of miR-9 in melanoma cells resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation and migratory capacity with decreased F-actin polymerization and down-regulation of multiple GTPases involved in cytoskeleton remodelling. miR-9 overexpression induced significant down-regulation of Snail1 with a concomitant increase in E-cadherin expression. In contrast, knockdown of miR-9 increased Snail1 expression as well as melanoma cell proliferation and migration capacity. Mechanistically, miR-9 expression down-regulated NF-κB1 in melanoma and the effect was abolished by mutations in the putative miR-9 binding sites within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of NF-κB1. Anti-miR-9 miRNA inhibitor also increased the expression of NF-κB1. The effects of miR-9 on Snail1 expression and melanoma cell proliferation and migration were rescued by overexpression of NF-κB1 in these cells. Furthermore, miR-9 overexpression resulted in significantly decreased melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo. In summary, miR-9 inhibits melanoma proliferation and metastasis through down-regulation of the NF-κB1-Snail1 pathway. This study finds a new mechanism that miR-9 utilizes to decrease E-cadherin expression and inhibit melanoma progression. The results suggest that function of microRNAs is context and tumour type-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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