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Gonçalves R, Wiertsema CJ, Silva CCV, Monasso GS, Gaillard R, Steegers EAP, Santos S, Jaddoe VWV. Associations of Fetal and Infant Growth Patterns With Early Markers of Arterial Health in School-Aged Children. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2219225. [PMID: 35767260 PMCID: PMC9244605 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fetal life and infancy might be critical periods for predisposing individuals to develop cardiovascular disease in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of fetal and infant weight growth patterns with early markers of arterial health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based prospective cohort study was conducted from early fetal life onward among 4484 offspring of women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, delivering between April 1, 2002, and January 31, 2006. Statistical analysis was performed between January 1 and August 31, 2021. EXPOSURES Estimated fetal weight was measured in the second and third trimester. Data on weight and gestational age at birth were collected from midwives. Infant weight was measured at 6, 12, and 24 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The common carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid distensibility were measured as early markers of arterial health. RESULTS Follow-up measurements were available for 4484 children (2260 girls [50.4%]; median age, 9.7 years [95% range, 9.3-10.5 years]; and 2578 [57.5%] of Dutch ethnicity). Gestational age at birth was not associated with markers of arterial health. A 500-g-higher birth weight was associated with increased cIMT (standard deviation score [SDS], 0.08 mm [95% CI, 0.05-0.10 mm]) and a lower carotid distensibility (SDS, -0.05 × 10-3 kPa-1; [95% CI, -0.08 to -0.03 × 10-3 kPa-1]). Compared with children with a birth weight of 2500 to 4500 g, those weighing more than 4500 g had the lowest carotid distensibility (difference in SDS, -0.22 × 10-3 kPa-1 [95% CI, -0.42 to -0.02 × 10-3 kPa-1]). Conditional regression analyses showed that higher third-trimester fetal weight and birth weight were associated with increased cIMT (difference in SDS: third-trimester fetal weight, 0.08 mm [95% CI, 0.04-0.12 mm]; birth weight, 0.05 mm [95% CI, 0.01-0.09 mm]) and that higher weight at 6, 12, and 24 months was associated with increased cIMT (difference in SDS: 6 months, 0.05 mm [95% CI, 0.01-0.10 mm]; 12 months, 0.06 mm [95% CI, 0.02-0.10 mm]; and 24 months, 0.07 mm [95% CI, 0.03-0.11 mm]) and lower carotid distensibility (difference in SDS: 6 months, -0.04 × 10-3 kPa-1 [95% CI, -0.09 to -0.001 × 10-3 kPa-1]; 12 months, -0.05 × 10-3 kPa-1 [95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01 × 10-3 kPa-1]; and 24 months, -0.10 × 10-3 kPa-1 [95% CI, -0.15 to -0.06 × 10-3 kPa-1]). Compared with children with normal fetal and infant growth, children with normal fetal growth that was followed by accelerated infant growth had the highest cIMT (SDS, 0.19 mm [95% CI, 0.07-0.31 mm]) and lowest carotid distensibility (SDS, -0.16 × 10-3 kPa-1 [95% CI, -0.28 to -0.03 × 10-3 kPa-1]). The observed associations were largely explained by childhood body mass index. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of 4484 children aged approximately 10 years, higher fetal and infant weight growth patterns were associated with early markers of impaired arterial health. Childhood body mass index seemed to be involved in the underlying pathways of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gonçalves
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clarissa J. Wiertsema
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina C. V. Silva
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giulietta S. Monasso
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A. P. Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Wang W, Zhang J, Li Z, Gu J, Qin J, Li J, Zhang X, Ru S. Bisphenol S exposure accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in zebrafish embryo-larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128042. [PMID: 34942454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), widely utilized in manufacturing of daily necessities, is a toxicant with potential to induce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the mode of action by which BPS exposure induces ASCVD remains unknown. Here, macrophages that were exposed to BPS in combination with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) exhibited enhanced formation of foam cells, a hallmark of ASCVD. Furthermore, zebrafish embryo-larvae were exposed to BPS (0, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) for 15 days (d) and the characteristic symptoms of ASCVD including an inflammatory response, macrophage recruitment around blood vessels, and accumulation of oxLDL on vascular endothelium, were induced in 15-d larvae. After zebrafish were exposed to BPS for 45 d, BPS mobilized fatty acid metabolism and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling in larval liver, the hub of endogenous lipid metabolism, causing an increase in plasma LDL. Driven by high plasma LDL levels, the caudal artery of zebrafish larvae exhibited lipid accumulation and a thickened area with a large number of collagen fibers, accompanied by characteristic lesions, as well as hyperlipidemia, erythrocyte aggregation, thinner blood vessel walls and increased levels of leukocytes and thromboocytes in plasma. Our data demonstrate that BPS accelerates the progression of ASCVD using zebrafish embryo-larvae as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ze Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jingyu Qin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Castro JM, Marin M, Zinoveev A, García-Espinosa V, Chiesa P, Bia D, Zócalo Y. Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8020020. [PMID: 33671380 PMCID: PMC7921917 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional status in early life stages has been associated with arterial parameters in childhood. However, it is still controversial whether changes in standardized body weight (z-BW), height (z-BH), BW for height (z-BWH) and/or body mass index (z-BMI) in the first three years of life are independently associated with variations in arterial structure, stiffness and hemodynamics in early childhood. In addition, it is unknown if the strength of the associations vary depending on the growth period, nutritional characteristics and/or arterial parameters analyzed. Aims: First, to compare the strength of association between body size changes (Δz-BW, Δz-BH, Δz-BWH, Δz-BMI) in different time intervals (growth periods: 0–6, 0–12, 0–24, 0–36, 12–24, 12–36, 24–36 months (m)) and variations in arterial structure, stiffness and hemodynamics at age 6 years. Second, to determine whether the associations depend on exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, body size at birth and/or on body size at the time of the evaluation (cofactors). Anthropometric (at birth, 6, 12, 24, 36 m and at age 6 years), hemodynamic (peripheral and central (aortic)) and arterial (elastic (carotid) and muscular (femoral) arteries; both hemi-bodies) parameters were assessed in a child cohort (6 years; n =632). The association between arterial parameters and body size changes (Δz-BW, Δz-BH, Δz-BWH, Δz-BMI) in the different growth periods was compared, before and after adjustment by cofactors. Results: Δz-BW 0–24 m and Δz-BWH 0–24 m allowed us to explain inter-individual variations in structural arterial properties at age 6 years, with independence of cofactors. When the third year of life was included in the analysis (0–36, 12–36, 24–36 m), Δz-BW explained hemodynamic (peripheral and central) variations at age 6 years. Δz-BH and Δz-BMI showed limited associations with arterial properties. Conclusion: Δz-BW and Δz-BWH are the anthropometric variables with the greatest association with arterial structure and hemodynamics in early childhood, with independence of cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
| | - Mariana Marin
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
| | - Agustina Zinoveev
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
| | - Victoria García-Espinosa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
| | - Pedro Chiesa
- Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica, Centro Hospitalario Pereira-Rossell, ASSE-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Bulevar Artigas 1550, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Daniel Bia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
- Correspondence: or (D.B.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +598-924-3414-3313 (D.B. & Y.Z.)
| | - Yanina Zócalo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; (J.M.C.); (M.M.); (A.Z.); (V.G.-E.)
- Correspondence: or (D.B.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +598-924-3414-3313 (D.B. & Y.Z.)
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Pacifico L, Perla FM, Tromba L, Carbotta G, Lavorato M, Pierimarchi P, Chiesa C. Carotid Extra-Media Thickness in Children: Relationships With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Endothelial Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:574216. [PMID: 33071981 PMCID: PMC7541844 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.574216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that structural adventitial modifications and perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) may have a role in early atherogenesis. In a cohort of children and adolescents, we explored (1) the association of carotid extra-media thickness (cEMT), an ultrasound measure whose main determinants are arterial adventitia and PAT, with obesity and its cardiometabolic complications; and (2) the interplay between cEMT and endothelial function. Methods: The study participants included 286 youths (age, 6-16 years; 154 boys, and 132 girls). Anthropometric and laboratory parameters, liver ultrasound, vascular structure measures [cEMT and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)], endothelial function [brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] were obtained in all subjects. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed in the presence of hepatic fat on ultrasonography, in the absence of other causes of liver disease. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was established on the basis of three or more of the following cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk variables: abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure (BP), and impaired fasting glucose. Results: cEMT demonstrated significant associations with body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), BP, insulin resistance, NAFLD, and inflammation. No association was found between cEMT and lipid values, and between cEMT and MetS. A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that WC (β coefficient, 0.35; P < 0.0001) was the only determinant of cEMT, independently of other major cardiometabolic risk factors. Further adjustment for cIMT did not significantly alter this association. FMD was correlated to age, Tanner stage, total and abdominal obesity, BP, NAFLD, and cEMT. The association between FMD and cEMT was independent of age, sex, Tanner stage, WC, and BMI (β coefficient, -0.14; P = 0.027). After controlling for CVD risk factors and basal brachial artery diameter, cEMT remained associated with FMD (β coefficient, -0.11; P = 0.049). Conclusions: In youths, cEMT is associated with abdominal fat, a well-established body fat depot with important implications for cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, cEMT is related to FMD, suggesting that arterial adventitia and PAT may be involved in the early changes in endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pacifico
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lucia Pacifico
| | | | - Luciana Tromba
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carbotta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Lavorato
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Chiesa
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Arterial Structural and Functional Characteristics at End of Early Childhood and Beginning of Adulthood: Impact of Body Size Gain during Early, Intermediate, Late and Global Growth. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6030033. [PMID: 31489955 PMCID: PMC6787690 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between nutritional characteristics in theearlylife stages and the state of the cardiovascular (CV) system in early childhood itself and/or at the beginning of adulthood has been postulated. It is still controversial whether changes in weight, height and/or body mass index (BMI) during childhood or adolescence are independently associated with hemodynamics and/or arterial properties in early childhood and adulthood. Aims: First, to evaluate and compare the strength of association between CVproperties (at 6 and 18 years (y)) and (a) anthropometric data at specific growth stages (e.g., birth, 6 y, 18 y) and (b) anthropometric changes during early (0–2 y), intermediate (0–6 y), late (6–18 y) and global (0–18 y) growth. Second, to determine whether the associations between CVproperties and growth-related body changes depend on size at birth and/or at the time of CVstudy. Third, to analyze the capacity of growth-related body size changes to explain hemodynamic and arterial properties in early childhood and adulthood before and after adjusting for exposure to CV risk factors. Anthropometric, hemodynamic (central, peripheral) and arterial parameters (structural, functional; elastic, transitional and muscular arteries) were assessed in two cohorts (children, n = 682; adolescents, n = 340). Data wereobtained and analyzed following identical protocols. Results: Body-size changes in infancy (0–2 y) and childhood (0–6 y) showed similar strength of association with CV properties at 6 y. Conversely, 0–6, 6-18 or 0–18 ychanges were not associated with CV parameters at 18 y. The association between CV properties at 6 yand body-size changes during growth showed: equal or greater strength than the observed for body-size at birth, and lower strength compared to that obtained for current z-BMI. Conversely, only z-BMI at 18 y showed associations with CV z-scores at 18 y. Body size at birth showed almost no association with CVproperties at 6 or 18 y. Conclusion: current z-BMI showed the greatest capacity to explain variations in CV properties at 6 and 18 y. Variations in some CV parameters were mainly explained by growth-related anthropometric changes and/or by their interaction with current z-BMI. Body size at birth showed almost no association with arterial properties at 6 or 18 y.
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Garden FL, Toelle BG, Mihrshahi S, Webb KL, Almqvist C, Tovey ER, Brew BK, Ayer JG, Skilton MR, Jones G, Ferreira MAR, Cowie CT, Weber-Chrysochoou C, Britton WJ, Celermajer DS, Leeder SR, Peat JK, Marks GB. Cohort profile: The Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:1736-1736k. [PMID: 29800224 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Garden
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seema Mihrshahi
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen L Webb
- Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Euan R Tovey
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn K Brew
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian G Ayer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham Jones
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christine T Cowie
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Warwick J Britton
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Leeder
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer K Peat
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Barraclough JY, Garden FL, Toelle BG, Marks GB, Baur LA, Ayer JG, Celermajer DS. Weight Gain Trajectories from Birth to Adolescence and Cardiometabolic Status in Adolescence. J Pediatr 2019; 208:89-95.e4. [PMID: 30738659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of the trajectory of weight gain from birth to adolescence on cardiovascular and metabolic risk. We studied childhood body mass index (BMI) trajectories from birth to age 14 years and cardiometabolic risk factors at age 14 years. STUDY DESIGN In total, 410 children with weight and height measurements were assessed from birth throughout childhood, from the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study, a prospective community-based cohort. BMI trajectory groups were determined by latent basis growth mixture models. Of these subjects, 190 had detailed cardiometabolic risk factors assessed at age 14 years. RESULTS Three BMI trajectory groups were identified; normal BMI, "early rising" excess BMI from 2 years, and "late rising" excess BMI from 5 years. Differences were found between normal and excess BMI in children at 14 years of age. In addition, children with an early rising BMI trajectory had statistically significantly higher central adiposity and a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile at age 14 years than children with a late rising BMI trajectory (P < .05). No differences between BMI trajectory groups in vascular structure or function was identified at age 14 years. CONCLUSIONS Earlier onset of an elevated BMI trajectory persisting from birth to age 14 years results in an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile at age 14 years, including central adiposity and more atherogenic lipoproteins, independent of achieved BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Barraclough
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Frances L Garden
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian G Ayer
- University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; The Heart Center for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Growth in syphilis-exposed and -unexposed uninfected children from birth to 18 months of age in China: a longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4416. [PMID: 30867463 PMCID: PMC6416265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Early infant growth and development has attracted worldwide attention. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that maternal syphilis increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and congenital syphilis, the subsequent growth pattern and morbidity of syphilis-exposed uninfected infants are less understood. We conducted a longitudinal study to compare the growth pattern and disease distribution of syphilis-exposed and syphilis-unexposed uninfected children, and World Health Organization (WHO) reference standards from birth to 18 months of age. We obtained data from a prospective cohort study in three representative regions of Zhejiang Province in China. A total of 333 syphilis-uninfected children born to women with syphilis were recruited at birth and matched with 333 syphilis-uninfected children born to women without syphilis during pregnancy. Children were followed-up by medical staff every 3 months until 18 months of age. The mixed-effects model was used to compare changes in growth patterns and influencing factors between the two groups. Mean weight, length, and head circumference of children, as well as disease prevalence, were similar between the groups. Multilevel analysis indicated that, after controlling confounders, growth velocities were comparable in both weight and length measures from birth to 18 months old between the two groups; however, low birth weight had a negative impact on weight gain in both groups. There was no significant negative association between syphilis exposure and early growth and health in children, under 18 months in a setting with universal coverage of therapeutic interventions for maternal syphilis. These findings may contribute to improving prevention efforts for mother-to-child transmission of syphilis, such as early screening for syphilis in pregnant women, universal coverage of treatment, and interventions for exposed children. Children with low birth weight should be given priority as this is a risk factor for weight gain.
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Ghasemi Fard S, Wang F, Sinclair AJ, Elliott G, Turchini GM. How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1684-1727. [PMID: 29494205 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of fish oil, and its omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, have attracted much scientific attention in the last four decades. Fish oils that contain higher amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in a distinctive ratio of 18/12, are typically the most abundantly available and are commonly studied. Although the two fatty acids have traditionally been considered together, as though they were one entity, different physiological effects of EPA and DHA have recently been reported. New oils containing a higher quantity of DHA compared with EPA, such as fractionated and concentrated fish oil, tuna oil, calamari oil and microalgae oil, are increasingly becoming available on the market, and other oils, including those extracted from genetically modified oilseed crops, soon to come. This systematic review focuses on the effects of high DHA fish oils on various human health conditions, such as the heart and cardiovascular system, the brain and visual function, inflammation and immune function and growth/Body Mass Index. Although inconclusive results were reported in several instances, and inconsistent outcomes observed in others, current data provides substantiated evidence in support of DHA being a beneficial bioactive compound for heart, cardiovascular and brain function, with different, and at times complementary, effects compared with EPA. DHA has also been reported to be effective in slowing the rate of cognitive decline, while its possible effects on depression disorders are still unclear. Interestingly, gender- and age- specific divergent roles for DHA have also been reported. This review provides a comprehensive collection of evidence and a critical summary of the documented physiological effects of high DHA fish oils for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi Fard
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Fenglei Wang
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition , Dietetics and Food, Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Glenn Elliott
- b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- d School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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Associations Between Dietary Intake Before 6 Months of Age and Rapid Weight Gain Among HIV-exposed Uninfected Infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65:e104-e109. [PMID: 28422809 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants are potentially at risk for cardiovascular disease due to in utero exposures. Feeding practices of the infant could compound this risk. Few studies have, however, evaluated dietary intake of HEU infants. We determined dietary factors associated with rapid weight gain (RWG) among HEU infants from birth to 6 months followed at the University of Miami HIV Screening Program. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, logistic regression was used to determine dietary factors associated with RWG defined as a >0.67 SD change in weight-for-age z score from birth to assessment (0.3-6 months). Other covariates included demographics, birth, maternal and gestational characteristics, and antiretroviral exposures. RESULTS A total of 86 full-term HEU infants with a mean age of 3.4 months (SD 1.8 months) were included in this analysis. Fifty-five percent of mothers were obese. Overall, 39.5% of infants exhibited RWG. A significant association between consumption of infant cereal and RWG (odds ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-12.10) was found after adjusting for birth weight, current age, and energy intake. Those infants who consumed the highest tertile of protein were less likely to gain weight rapidly after adjusting for the same covariates (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.94). CONCLUSIONS Overall differences in weight gain during early infancy are at least partly explained by means of infant feeding in young HEU infants in the United States. Dietary counseling for families of HEU should reinforce current feeding practice recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
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Lefferts WK, Sperry SD, Jorgensen RS, Kasprowicz AG, Skilton MR, Figueroa A, Heffernan KS. Carotid stiffness, extra-media thickness and visceral adiposity in young adults. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Choi HL, Au JS, MacDonald MJ. Carotid extra-media thickness increases with age, but is not related to arterial stiffness in adults. Artery Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Bekdas M, Kaya E, Dagistan E, Goksugur SB, Demircioglu F, Erkocoglu M, Dilek M. The association of obesity and obesity-related conditions with carotid extra-medial thickness in children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:521-527. [PMID: 26667397 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid extra-medial thickness (EMT) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) provide information concerning vascular changes. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between carotid EMT and obesity and its metabolic complications in children. METHODS The study included 38 obese subjects and 30 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls aged between 7 and 17 years. For all subjects, complete blood count, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured. The carotid EMT and cIMT were measured by an expert radiologist in all patients. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) (28.8 ± 3 vs. 18.1 ± 2.2, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (167.9 ± 34.8 mg dL-1 vs. 150.5 ± 28.1 mg dL-1 , p = 0.029), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (4.3 vs. 1.7, p < 0.001), cIMT (0.51 ± 0.08 mm vs. 0.45 ± 0.06 mm, p < 0.001) and carotid EMT (0.74 ± 0.11 mm vs. 0.64 ± 0.1 mm, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in obese subjects than in controls, while HDL cholesterol (41.6 ± 6.5 mg dL-1 vs. 49.5 ± 7.5 mg dL-1 , p < 0.001) was lower in obesity group. Among the obese subjects, the HOMA-IR values (4.7 vs. 3.6, p = 0.027), cIMT (0.54 ± 0.07 mm vs. 0.49 ± 0.07 mm, p = 0.039) and carotid EMT (0.79 ± 0.1 mm vs. 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, p = 0.013) were significantly higher in post-pubertal children compared with prepubertal children. BMI, cut-off values of HOMA-IR and cIMT were significantly associated with increased carotid EMT (p < 0.001, p = 0.023 and p < 0.001, respectively). The only independent risk factor affecting carotid EMT was BMI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We have found that carotid EMT is associated with cIMT, obesity and insulin resistance and the assessment of carotid EMT may provide additional information concerning early vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bekdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - E Kaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - E Dagistan
- Department of Radiology, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - S B Goksugur
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - F Demircioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - M Erkocoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - M Dilek
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
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Carotid extramedial thickness is associated with local arterial stiffness in children. J Hypertens 2016; 34:109-15. [PMID: 26575702 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental evidence suggests that structural changes to the arterial adventitia may be a key vascular determinant of early arterial stiffening, although this has not been directly studied. Accordingly, we hypothesized that in young children, in whom this relationship would not be altered by atheroma, carotid extramedial thickness (EMT), a measure that incorporates the thickness of the arterial adventitia, perivascular tissues and the internal jugular venous wall, would be associated with localized arterial stiffness of the same arterial region. METHODS We studied 248 healthy prepubescent children (aged 8 years). Carotid diameter and carotid EMT were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. Carotid blood pressure was derived from brachial blood pressure and carotid tonometry. Three measures of localized arterial stiffness (β stiffness index, distensibility coefficient and incremental modulus of elasticity) were calculated for the common carotid artery. Results were adjusted for heart rate and DBP, two important hemodynamic determinants of arterial stiffness. RESULTS Carotid EMT was associated with all three measures of arterial stiffness (β stiffness index: standardized β = 0.121, P = 0.03; distensibility coefficient: standardized β = -0.121, P = 0.05; incremental modulus of elasticity: standardized β = 0.140, P = 0.02). These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders such as sex, height, waist circumference, BMI and body surface area. CONCLUSION Carotid EMT is associated with the stiffness of the same arterial segment in children, suggesting that the arterial adventitia may be involved in early changes in arterial stiffness during childhood.
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Cai TY, Magnussen C, Haluska B, Johnson DW, Mottram PM, Isbel N, Celermajer DS, Marwick TH, Skilton MR. Carotid extra-medial thickness does not predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk adults. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:200-3. [PMID: 26803210 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Cai
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - B Haluska
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - D W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P M Mottram
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - N Isbel
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D S Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - T H Marwick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - M R Skilton
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Infant adiposity at birth and early postnatal weight gain predict increased aortic intima-media thickness at 6 weeks of age: a population-derived cohort study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:443-50. [PMID: 26666445 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infant body composition and postnatal weight gain have been implicated in the development of adult obesity and cardiovascular disease, but there are limited prospective data regarding the association between infant adiposity, postnatal growth and early cardiovascular parameters. Increased aortic intima-media thickness (aortic IMT) is an intermediate phenotype of early atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between weight and adiposity at birth, postnatal growth and aortic IMT. The Barwon Infant Study (n=1074 mother-infant pairs) is a population-derived birth cohort. Infant weight and other anthropometry were measured at birth and 6 weeks of age. Aortic IMT was measured by trans-abdominal ultrasound at 6 weeks of age (n=835). After adjustment for aortic size and other factors, markers of adiposity including increased birth weight (β=19.9 μm/kg, 95%CI 11.1, 28.6; P<0.001) and birth skinfold thickness (β=6.9 μm/mm, 95%CI 3.3, 10.5; P<0.001) were associated with aortic IMT at 6 weeks. The association between birth skinfold thickness and aortic IMT was independent of birth weight. In addition, greater postnatal weight gain was associated with increased aortic IMT, independent of birth weight and age at time of scan (β=11.3 μm/kg increase, 95%CI 2.2, 20.3; P=0.01). Increased infant weight and adiposity at birth, as well as increased early weight gain, were positively associated with aortic IMT. Excessive accumulation of adiposity during gestation and early infancy may have adverse effects on cardiovascular risk.
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McCrindle BW. Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Linhares RDS, Gigante DP, de Barros FCLF, Horta BL. Carotid intima-media thickness at age 30, birth weight, accelerated growth during infancy and breastfeeding: a birth cohort study in Southern Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115166. [PMID: 25611747 PMCID: PMC4303430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) at age 30 and birth characteristics, growth during infancy, and breastfeeding duration, among subjects who have been prospectively followed since birth. Methods and Results In 1982, all births in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, were identified and those children (n = 5,914) whose families lived in the urban area of the city have been followed and evaluated at several time points. The cohort participants were evaluated in 2012–13, and IMT was measured at the posterior wall of the right and left common carotid arteries in longitudinal planes using ultrasound imaging. We obtained valid IMT measurements for 3,188 individuals. Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) at age 2 years, weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) at age 4, height-for-age z-score (HAZ) at 4 years, WAZ at age 4 and relative conditional weight at 4 years were positively associated with IMT, even after controlling for confounding variables. The beta-coefficient associated with ≥1 s.d. WAZ at age 2 (compared to those with a <–1 s.d.) was 3.62 μm (95% CI 0.86 to 6.38). The beta-coefficient associated with ≥1 s.d. WHZ at 4 (in relation to <–1 s.d) was 3.83 μm (95% CI 0.24 to 7.42). For HAZ at 4, the beta-coefficient for ≥1 s.d. in relation to <–1 s.d. was 4.19 μm (95% CI 1.14 to 7.25). For WAZ at 4, the beta-coefficient associated with ≥1 s.d. in relation to <–1 s.d. was 4.28 μm (95% CI 1.59 to 6.97). The beta-coefficient associated with conditional weight gain at age 2–4 was 1.26 μm (95% CI 0.49 to 2.02). Conclusion IMT at age 30 was positively associated with WAZ at age 2 years, WHZ at age 4, HAZ at age 4, WAZ at age 4 and conditional weight gain at age 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério da Silva Linhares
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise Petrucci Gigante
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Lessa Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Haberka M, Gąsior Z. Carotid extra-media thickness in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a novel index of perivascular adipose tissue: extra-media thickness in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:169-77. [PMID: 25617857 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the association between a novel ultrasound index extra-media thickness (EMT), obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS) using several measures of adiposity. METHODS Four hundred patients were included in the study (age: 60.95 ± 7.3 years, F/M: 35/65%). Both common carotid arteries (CCA) indexes (EMT and intima-media thickness), anthropometric parameters, body fat percentage and ultrasound measures of different fat depots were obtained in all patients. MS was identified using three alternative definitions: International Diabetes Federation 2005 (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 2001 (NCEP ATP III) and World Health Organization 1998 (WHO). RESULTS The study group included patients with very high (80.2%) or high (19.8%) CV risk (IDF MS: 59.5%). Carotid EMT measures averaged from both sides (±SD) were as follows: mean EMT: 791 ± 126 μm, mean minimum EMT: 731 ± 115 μm and mean maximum EMT: 885 ± 210 μm. Patients with MS, irrespective of its definition and measures of obesity, displayed significantly thicker mean EMT compared to non-MS individuals: 819 ± 129 μm vs 747 ± 113 μm (p < 0.001; IDF), 824 ± 131 μm vs 751 ± 112 μm (p < 0.001; NCEP ATP III) and 825 ± 137 μm vs 773 ± 120 μm (p < 0.001; WHO). Moreover, EMT was related to all major parameters of general obesity, abdominal fat distribution, regional neck subcutaneous fat with weaker association between EMT and epicardial fat thickness. Finally, EMT is associated with an increasing number of CV risk factors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study providing novel findings on the relationship between EMT, MS, and adiposity indexes. Our results suggest that EMT may be a new non-invasive index of perivascular adipose tissue corresponding to cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Haberka
- School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Cardiology, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Gąsior
- School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Cardiology, Katowice, Poland
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Eriksen W. Invited commentary: Interpreting associations between high birth weight and later health problems. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:885-7. [PMID: 25281692 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High birth weight (>4.0 kg) has been associated with a wide range of health problems later in life. The interpretation of these statistical associations may be difficult, however. These difficulties are closely linked to methodological challenges in this research, such as filtering out confounding from family factors, disentangling associations with prenatal processes from associations with postnatal processes, and uncovering what birth weight actually represents. The well-conducted study by Kristensen et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(9):876-884), presented in this issue of the Journal, offers an interesting example of how one can filter out confounding from family factors. In an elegant series of analyses, the authors show how an apparent inverse association between birth weight and later intelligence among those in the highest range of the birth weight scale became a positive association when proper adjustment for family factors was made. Sibling comparisons were important here.
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