1
|
Mayer PM, Moran KD, Miller EL, Brander SM, Harper S, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Carrasco-Navarro V, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Thornton Hampton LM, Granek EF, McCauley M, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP, Hu X, Williams AJ, Beckingham BA, Jackson ME, Sanders-Smith RD, Fender CL, King GA, Bollman M, Kaushal SS, Cunningham BE, Hutton SJ, Lang J, Goss HV, Siddiqui S, Sutton R, Lin D, Mendez M. Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171153. [PMID: 38460683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Kelly D Moran
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Victor Carrasco-Navarro
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kay T Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Leah M Thornton Hampton
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States of America.
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America.
| | - Margaret McCauley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington Stormwater Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States of America.
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (UW Tacoma), Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America.
| | - Ximin Hu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Antony J Williams
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Computational Chemistry & Cheminformatics Branch, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Barbara A Beckingham
- Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 66 George Street Charleston, SC 29424, United States of America.
| | - Miranda E Jackson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rhea D Sanders-Smith
- Washington State Department of Ecology, 300 Desmond Drive SE, Lacey, WA 98503, United States of America.
| | - Chloe L Fender
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - George A King
- CSS, Inc., 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Michael Bollman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Brittany E Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sara J Hutton
- GSI Environmental, Inc., Olympia, Washington 98502, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Lang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | - Heather V Goss
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20004, United States of America.
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Diana Lin
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Miguel Mendez
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christiansen MB, Stanier CO, Hughes DD, Stone EA, Pierce RB, Oleson JJ, Elzey S. Size-resolved aerosol at a Coastal Great Lakes Site: Impacts of new particle formation and lake spray. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300050. [PMID: 38574045 PMCID: PMC10994298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantification of aerosol size distributions is crucial for understanding the climate and health impacts of aerosols, validating models, and identifying aerosol sources. This work provides one of the first continuous measurements of aerosol size distribution from 1.02 to 8671 nm near the shore of Lake Michigan. The data were collected during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS 2017), a comprehensive air quality measurement campaign in May and June 2017. The time-resolved (2-min) size distribution are reported herein alongside meteorology, remotely sensed data, gravimetric filters, and gas-phase variables. Mean concentrations of key aerosol parameters include PM2.5 (6.4 μg m-3), number from 1 to 3 nm (1.80x104 cm-3) and number greater than 3 nm (8x103 cm-3). During the field campaign, approximately half of days showed daytime ultrafine burst events, characterized by particle growth from sub 10 nm to 25-100 nm. A specific investigation of ultrafine lake spray aerosol was conducted due to enhanced ultrafine particles in onshore flows coupled with sustained wave breaking conditions during the campaign. Upon closer examination, the relationships between the size distribution, wind direction, wind speed, and wave height did not qualitatively support ultrafine particle production from lake spray aerosol; statistical analysis of particle number and wind speed also failed to show a relationship. The alternative hypothesis of enhanced ultrafine particles in onshore flow originating mainly from new particle formation activity is supported by multiple lines of evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan B. Christiansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dagen D. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - R. Bradley Pierce
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sherrie Elzey
- TSI Incorporated, Shoreview, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pattanshetti A, Koli A, Dhabbe R, Yu XY, Motkuri RK, Chavan VD, Kim DK, Sabale S. Polymer Waste Valorization into Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials for Potential Energy and Environment Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300647. [PMID: 38243849 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The rise in universal population and accompanying demands have directed toward an exponential surge in the generation of polymeric waste. The estimate predicts that world-wide plastic production will rise to ≈590 million metric tons by 2050, whereas 5000 million more tires will be routinely abandoned by 2030. Handling this waste and its detrimental consequences on the Earth's ecosystem and human health presents a significant challenge. Converting the wastes into carbon-based functional materials viz. activated carbon, graphene, and nanotubes is considered the most scientific and adaptable method. Herein, this world provides an overview of the various sources of polymeric wastes, modes of build-up, impact on the environment, and management approaches. Update on advances and novel modifications made in methodologies for converting diverse types of polymeric wastes into carbon nanomaterials over the last 5 years are given. A remarkable focus is made to comprehend the applications of polymeric waste-derived carbon nanomaterials (PWDCNMs) in the CO2 capture, removal of heavy metal ions, supercapacitor-based energy storage and water splitting with an emphasis on the correlation between PWDCNMs' properties and their performances. This review offers insights into emerging developments in the upcycling of polymeric wastes and their applications in environment and energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Pattanshetti
- Department of Chemistry, Jaysingpur College Jaysingpur (Shivaji University Kolhapur), Jaysingpur, 416101, India
| | - Amruta Koli
- Department of Chemistry, Jaysingpur College Jaysingpur (Shivaji University Kolhapur), Jaysingpur, 416101, India
| | - Rohant Dhabbe
- Department of Chemistry, Jaysingpur College Jaysingpur (Shivaji University Kolhapur), Jaysingpur, 416101, India
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99354, USA
| | - Vijay D Chavan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kee Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sandip Sabale
- Department of Chemistry, Jaysingpur College Jaysingpur (Shivaji University Kolhapur), Jaysingpur, 416101, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferrández D, Álvarez M, Zaragoza-Benzal A, Santos P. Eco-Design and Characterization of Sustainable Lightweight Gypsum Composites for Panel Manufacturing including End-of-Life Tyre Wastes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:635. [PMID: 38591443 PMCID: PMC10856656 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of rubber recycled aggregates from end-of-life tyres (ELT) in the manufacturing process of sustainable building materials has gained great interest in recent decades as a result of the large volume of this waste being generated annually. In this work, the objective is to make a contribution towards the circularity of construction products by carrying out a physico-mechanical characterisation of new gypsum composites made with the incorporation of these recycled rubber aggregates. To this end, up to 30% by volume of the original raw material has been substituted, analysing the mechanical resistance to bending and compression. Although lower than those of traditional gypsum material, both properties exceed the limits set at 1 and 2 MPa, respectively, by the current regulations. In addition, water absorption by capillarity significantly decreases, and thermal conductivity is reduced by more than 35% with respect to the reference material. Finally, in order to provide the research with a practical application, a prefabricated plate design has been proposed that incorporates the gypsum materials studied and an agglomerated rubber band that increases the thermal resistance and improves the efficiency of the designed construction system. In this way, this research reflects the potential of these novel building materials and explores new avenues for their application in building construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferrández
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Avda. Juan de Herrera, nº 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.F.); (M.Á.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Manuel Álvarez
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Avda. Juan de Herrera, nº 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.F.); (M.Á.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Avda. Juan de Herrera, nº 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.F.); (M.Á.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Paulo Santos
- ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rice RB, Boaggio K, Olson NE, Foley KM, Weaver CP, Sacks JD, McDow SR, Holder AL, LeDuc SD. Wildfires Increase Concentrations of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Downwind Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21235-21248. [PMID: 38051783 PMCID: PMC10862657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Due in part to climate change, wildfire activity is increasing, with the potential for greater public health impact from smoke in downwind communities. Studies examining the health effects of wildfire smoke have focused primarily on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but there is a need to better characterize other constituents, such as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). HAPs are chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects that are regulated by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we analyzed concentrations of 21 HAPs in wildfire smoke from 2006 to 2020 at 309 monitors across the western US. Additionally, we examined HAP concentrations measured in a major population center (San Jose, CA) affected by multiple fires from 2017 to 2020. We found that concentrations of select HAPs, namely acetaldehyde, acrolein, chloroform, formaldehyde, manganese, and tetrachloroethylene, were all significantly elevated on smoke-impacted versus nonsmoke days (P < 0.05). The largest median increase on smoke-impacted days was observed for formaldehyde, 1.3 μg/m3 (43%) higher than that on nonsmoke days. Acetaldehyde increased 0.73 μg/m3 (36%), and acrolein increased 0.14 μg/m3 (34%). By better characterizing these chemicals in wildfire smoke, we anticipate that this research will aid efforts to reduce exposures in downwind communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Byron Rice
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Katie Boaggio
- US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kristen M Foley
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christopher P Weaver
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jason D Sacks
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephen R McDow
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Amara L Holder
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephen D LeDuc
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Januševičius T, Šarko J, Mažeikienė A. Phosphate adsorption from water and wastewater using non-devulcanised and devulcanised tyre rubber. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19776. [PMID: 37809480 PMCID: PMC10559113 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary use of tyre rubber is a potentially sustainable environmental solution. However, the sorption properties of used-tyre rubber have not yet been fully investigated. In this study, the rubber type (vulcanised or devulcanised part-worn tyre rubber) that can sorb phosphate phosphorus from aqueous solutions or wastewater more effectively is determined. The capacity of granules (0.3-1.0 mm in diameter) of non-devulcanised ground tyre rubber and uniquely chemically devulcanised rubber to adsorb phosphorus is evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results show that under the filtration of an aqueous solution or biologically treated wastewater at a flow rate of 0.75 m/h (1.2 L/h), 1 g of the devulcanised rubber medium accumulates 5.16 mg of phosphorus, which is five times more than that accumulated by the non-devulcanised rubber medium. The surface structure of the non-devulcanised rubber medium is more suitable for the sorption of devulcanised rubber granules. The sorption capacity and effectiveness of non-devulcanised rubber for phosphorus removal are more favourable compared with those of the tested natural and waste-prepared sorbents. Further research into this material as a medium for filter layers and for accumulating drainage should be conducted. The findings of this study are important for addressing issues associated with the secondary use of tyre rubber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Januševičius
- Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julita Šarko
- Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Mažeikienė
- Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Czarna-Juszkiewicz D, Kunecki P, Cader J, Wdowin M. Review in Waste Tire Management-Potential Applications in Mitigating Environmental Pollution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5771. [PMID: 37687464 PMCID: PMC10488992 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing year-by-year vehicle production is related to the expanding volume of used tires; therefore, exploring waste management strategies is strongly recommended. The global tire market reached 2.27 billion units in 2021 and is expected to reach 2.67 billion units by 2027. Dumping tires in landfills can cause significant environmental impacts, so waste tire utilisation plays an important role. Predominantly, the following three directions are employed for waste tire disposal: retreading, energy recovery and material recovery. The review shows that used tires can remove environmental pollution from both aqueous solutions containing heavy metal ions, dyes, pharmaceutical compounds, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). Particularly high efficiency was achieved in the removal of dyes (72%), taking into account the high initial concentration of impurities. The adsorption process depends on multiple factors, including, in particular, the following: pH, initial concentration of pollution, contact time and the properties of the sorbent used. The optimal pH range was identified to be between 6 and 7. Considering the principles of circular economy as well as based on the current state of knowledge, it can be concluded that the solid fraction obtained from the combustion of waste tires can be practically utilised for various environmental purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Wdowin
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leong SY, Lee SY, Koh TY, Ang DTC. 4R of rubber waste management: current and outlook. JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2022; 25:37-51. [PMID: 36466440 PMCID: PMC9703434 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-022-01554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of rubber waste necessitates the need to revisit the effectiveness of the existing rubber waste management system. This review provides an overview of the legislative frameworks, techniques, challenges, and trends of rubber waste management in various countries. The 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle and recover) framework applied in waste management system in some countries appears to be viable for the processing of rubber waste. Certain countries especially some of the European Union (EU) members have implemented extended producer responsibility (EPR) system to manage the collection of rubber waste, particularly used tires. The processing of rubber waste in each level of the 4R hierarchy was then discussed, with detailed elaboration on the most practiced 'R', recycling which encompasses the direct recycling of products, as well as material recycling via physical and/or chemical means. The challenges faced in the implementation of rubber waste management system in different countries were highlighted and recommendations for a more sustainable rubber consumption were provided at the end of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Yi Leong
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Jalan Genting Kelang, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siang-Yin Lee
- Technology and Engineering Division (BTK), RRIM Sungai Buloh Research Station, Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB), 47000 Selangor, Sungai Buloh Malaysia
| | - Thiam-Young Koh
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Jalan Genting Kelang, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Desmond Teck-Chye Ang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rykała W, Fabiańska MJ, Dąbrowska D. The Influence of a Fire at an Illegal Landfill in Southern Poland on the Formation of Toxic Compounds and Their Impact on the Natural Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13613. [PMID: 36294191 PMCID: PMC9602863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfill fires pose a real threat to the environment as they cause the migration of pollutants to the atmosphere and water sources. A greater risk is observed in the case of wild landfills, which do not have adequate isolation from the ground. The aim of this article is to present the results of studies on the toxicity of waste from a fire in a landfill in Trzebinia (southern Poland). Both soil and waste samples were investigated. The samples were analyzed using the GC-MS method and the leachates using ICP-OES. A total of 32 samples of incinerated waste and soil were collected. The organic compounds included naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (c) phenanthrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (ghi) fluoranthene, benzo (b + k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) fluoranthene, benzo (c) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (e) pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, benzo (ghi) perylene, and dibenzo (a + h) anthracene. Among the inorganic parameters, sulfates, chlorides, arsenic, boron, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were taken into account. Phenanthrene reached values exceeding 33 mg/L. Fluoranthene dominated in most of the samples. Sulfates and chlorides were present in the samples in concentrations exceeding 400 and 50 mg/L, respectively. Compounds contained in burnt waste may have a negative impact on soil and water health safety. Therefore, it is important to conduct research and counteract the negative effects of waste fires.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mentes D, Tóth CE, Nagy G, Muránszky G, Póliska C. Investigation of gaseous and solid pollutants emitted from waste tire combustion at different temperatures. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 149:302-312. [PMID: 35760016 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Consumer society requires the continuous evolution of products, thus generating a lot of waste. The automotive industry has also undergone significant development, generating 1.5 billion used tires worldwide every year. Landfilling of tires is prohibited and their disposal is therefore a major issue. Although many studies deal with the utilization of tire as a fuel, there is limited research that would specifically describe the relationship between pollutant emissions from tire combustion and the relationship between emitted pollutants and firebox temperature. Based on this, this work aims to investigate flue gas concentrations (CO, CO2, NOx, and SO2) and solid pollutants from tire burned in a lab-scale electrical furnace at firebox temperature from 650 to 900 °C. The decomposition of the CaCO3 filler during the combustion of the tire has been detected with thermal analytical investigation and combustion experiments. In the case of the CO flue gas pollutant, a second maximum concentration is observed due to the presence of CaCO3. With the increasing firebox temperature, the size of solid particles decreases, and the mesh structure formed becomes denser. At the same time, the concentration of emitted solid PAHs decreases, dominated by aromatic compounds with smaller number of rings. However, the variation of firebox temperature does not affect the amount of benzo(b)fluoranthene and fluoranthene relative to the total concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csenge Emese Tóth
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tire Ground Rubber Biodegradation by a Consortium Isolated from an Aged Tire. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071414. [PMID: 35889133 PMCID: PMC9319769 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubber is a natural product, the main car tire component. Due to the characteristics acquired by this material after its vulcanization process, its degradation under natural conditions requires very long times, causing several environmental problems. In the present work, the existence of a bacterial consortium isolated from a discarded tire found within the Socabaya River with the ability to degrade shredded tire rubber without any chemical pretreatment is explored. Taking into consideration the complex chemical composition of a rubber tire and the described benefits of the use of pretreatments, the study is developed as a preliminary analysis. The augmentative growth technique was used, and the level of degradation was quantified as a percentage through the analysis of microbial respiration. Schiff’s test and the use of comparative photographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used. The consortium using next generation genetic sequencing was analyzed. A 4.94% degradation point was obtained after 20 days of experimentation, and it was found that the consortium was mostly made up with Delftia tsuruhatensis with 69.12% of the total genetic readings of the consortium and the existence of 15% of unidentified microbial strains at the genre level. The role played by the organisms in the degradation process is unknown. However, the positive results in the tests carried out show that the consortium had action on the shredded tire, showing a mineralization process.
Collapse
|
12
|
Environmental Benefits of Air Emission Reduction in the Waste Tire Management Practice. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Montenegro faces serious challenges in terms of waste tire management. The main goal of our paper is to consider the financial and economic justification of the implementation of the first phase of the project of collection, takeover and transport, sorting, and storage of waste tires from the three municipalities in Montenegro. The financial feasibility analysis pointed out the need to organize the second phase of the project and the production of commercially usable and energy efficient products. That phase would lead to the desired commercial effects and will probably ensure the financial sustainability of the project. The economic feasibility analysis of the project included an assessment of the socio-economic benefits from the emission reduction of the first group of pollutants (PM, SOX, NOX, VOC, CO) as a consequence of the waste tires’ destruction, predominantly by combusting them. Unit values of pollution costs by types of gases, adjusted for Montenegro, were defined in the interval from 192 EUR/t for CO to 24,294 EUR/t for PM. We proved that the direct socio-economic benefits of this project are savings in the cost of environmental pollution. The total present value of discounted costs in the observed time period was calculated at the level of EUR 1,620,080, while the total present value of the positive socio-economic effects was estimated at EUR 1,991,180. Dynamic justification indicators suggest that this investment has a satisfactory socio-economic justification, i.e., the economic rate of return is higher than the opportunity cost of capital (ERR = 15.82%), the economic net present value is greater than 0 (ENPV = 371,100 EUR), and the benefit–cost ratio is greater than 1 (B/C ratio = 1.23).
Collapse
|
13
|
Kong P, Chen X, Xu G, Wei W. Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Kong
- School of Transportation Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Xianhua Chen
- School of Transportation Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Transportation Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zalakeviciute R, Alexandrino K, Mejia D, Bastidas MG, Oleas NH, Gabela D, Chau PN, Bonilla-Bedoya S, Diaz V, Rybarczyk Y. The effect of national protest in Ecuador on PM pollution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17591. [PMID: 34475460 PMCID: PMC8413373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) accounts for millions of premature deaths in the human population every year. Due to social and economic inequality, growing human dissatisfaction manifests in waves of strikes and protests all over the world, causing paralysis of institutions, services and circulation of transport. In this study, we aim to investigate air quality in Ecuador during the national protest of 2019, by studying the evolution of PM2.5 (PM ≤ 2.5 µm) concentrations in Ecuador and its capital city Quito using ground based and satellite data. Apart from analyzing the PM2.5 evolution over time to trace the pollution changes, we employ machine learning techniques to estimate these changes relative to the business-as-usual pollution scenario. In addition, we present a chemical analysis of plant samples from an urban park housing the strike. Positive impact on regional air quality was detected for Ecuador, and an overall − 10.75 ± 17.74% reduction of particulate pollution in the capital during the protest. However, barricade burning PM peaks may contribute to a release of harmful heavy metals (tire manufacture components such as Co, Cr, Zn, Al, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ba and Cu), which might be of short- and long-term health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. de los Granados / Bloque 7, 170125, Quito, EC, Ecuador.
| | - Katiuska Alexandrino
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. de los Granados / Bloque 7, 170125, Quito, EC, Ecuador
| | - Danilo Mejia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de La Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Centro de Estudios Ambientales (CEA) de la Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Marco G Bastidas
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. de los Granados / Bloque 7, 170125, Quito, EC, Ecuador
| | - Nora H Oleas
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, 170301, Quito, EC, Ecuador
| | - Diana Gabela
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. de los Granados / Bloque 7, 170125, Quito, EC, Ecuador
| | - Phuong Ngoc Chau
- Faculty of Data and Information Sciences, Dalarna University, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| | - Santiago Bonilla-Bedoya
- Research Center for the Territory and Sustainable Habitat, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, 170301, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Yves Rybarczyk
- Faculty of Data and Information Sciences, Dalarna University, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jones I, Preciado-Hernandez J, Zhu M, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang D. Utilisation of spent tyre pyrolysis char as activated carbon feedstock: The role, transformation and fate of Zn. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:549-558. [PMID: 33852985 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilisation and minimisation of spent tyre stockpiles has been made more viable by pyrolysis and activation to produce low-cost activated carbons. The unique chemical composition of spent tyre pyrolysis chars (STPC), particularly the high Zn content, has been shown to affect their activation and subsequent utilisation. Nonetheless, little research has examined exactly how these additives affect activation and, ultimately, what becomes of Zn during the activation process. This paper presents a systematic study of the effect of Zn, ZnO and ZnS on the physical properties of STPC and their transformation mechanisms during CO2 activation. Samples of acid-washed STPC with and without ZnO and ZnS addition were activated using a fixed-bed reactor in 66.7%v/v CO2 for 3 h at 850, 950, 1000 and 1050 °C. Under these conditions, both ZnO and ZnS were found to act as a catalyst during activation, increasing surface area, pore volume and burn-off. During the activation, ZnO was reduced by C to form elemental Zn and ZnS was thermally decomposed to release Zn and S. Thermogravimetric analysis of Zn and its compounds above 600 °C, separately and mixed with acid-washed char, under CO2 confirms that ZnO and ZnS dissociate to release Zn(v) that further reacts with CO2 or S to reform ZnO or ZnS. However, Zn is progressively removed from activated carbon at temperatures between 950 °C and 1050 °C. These results have direct implications for the utilisation of SPTC as a feedstock for activated carbon, and the production of Zn-loaded activated carbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jones
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Jorge Preciado-Hernandez
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Juan Zhang
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Zhezi Zhang
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dongke Zhang
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bihałowicz JS, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Krasuski A. Contribution of landfill fires to air pollution - An assessment methodology. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 125:182-191. [PMID: 33711733 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of waste fires to air pollution. The annual emission of pollutants (CO, NOx, PM10, SO2) and greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2) were evaluated. The prediction of emissions is based on statistical data from 79 large fires that took place in Poland in 2018. We analyzed the spatial distribution of these fires along with the expected emission factor. The predicted emissions from all large waste fires was in total: 2.05 ± 0.10Gg of CH4, 19.60 ± 0.90Gg of CO, 196 ± 13Gg of CO2, 0.963 ± 0.047Gg of NOx, 5.26 ± 0.58Gg of PM10, and 0.72 ± 0.12Gg of SO2. For the evaluation of the consequences, we used the number of people exposed to PM10 emitted in one very big fire. Almost 6.5 million people were exposed to an additional 1-hour average concentration of PM10 higher than 10 μg/m3 and over 360 thousand were exposed to a concentration higher than 100 μg/m3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Krasuski
- The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kanellopoulos PG, Verouti E, Chrysochou E, Koukoulakis K, Bakeas E. Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:222-238. [PMID: 33183700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m3, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Eleni Verouti
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Eirini Chrysochou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koukoulakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bakeas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zografou, GR-15784, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Measurements of Local Sources of Particulates with a Portable Monitor along the Coast of an Insular City. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The air quality of modern cities is considered an important factor for the quality of life of humans and therefore is being safeguarded by various international organizations, concentrating on the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10, 2.5 and 1 μm. However, the different physical and anthropogenic processes and activities within the city contribute to the rise of fine (<1 μm) and coarse (>1 μm) particles, directly impacting human health and the environment. In order to monitor certain natural and anthropogenic events, suspecting their significant contribution to PM concentrations, seven different events taking place on the coastal front of the city of Limassol (Cyprus) were on-site monitored using a portable PM instrument; these included both natural (e.g., dust event) and anthropogenic (e.g., cement factory, meat festival, tall building construction, tire factory, traffic jam, dust road) emissions taking place in spring and summer periods. The violations of the limits that were noticed were attributed mainly to the various anthropogenic activities taking place on-site, revealing once more the need for further research and continuous monitoring of air quality.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bilguun U, Namkhainyambuu D, Purevsuren B, Soyol-Erdene TO, Tuuguu E, Daichaa D. Sources, Enrichment, and Geochemical Fractions of Soil Trace Metals in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:219-232. [PMID: 32594183 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mongolia is a rapidly developing country that has experienced growing industrialization and urbanization in recent decades. This study was conducted to evaluate the enrichment and labile fractions of metals in urban soils of Mongolia and to identify major sources of soil metal pollution. The concentrations and geochemical fractions of Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, V, Mo, As, Sb, and Pb in soils of the city Ulaanbaatar were investigated. The results demonstrate that only Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, and V occur at natural levels with enrichment factors close to unity. The majority of investigated toxic metals, including Cu, Zn, Cr, Sb, As, Cd, and Pb, are serious pollutants in urban soils, with enrichment factors of up to 2.8, 5.1, 2.1, 16, 13, 15, and 11, respectively. Studies of the chemical fractions of metals demonstrate that Zn is mainly found in its labile form and is considered a high risk to humans and biota. Industrial release, household ash, coal combustion, and tire abrasion were identified as key sources of toxic metals entering into the soil of Ulaanbaatar City, which should be controlled effectively to prevent the population as well as pollution distribution over a wider area by long-range atmospheric transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulziibat Bilguun
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dashnyam Namkhainyambuu
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Purevsuren
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Environmental Section, Energy Resources LLC, Umnugovi, Mongolia
| | - Tseren-Ochir Soyol-Erdene
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Enkhdul Tuuguu
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dorj Daichaa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cuevas J, González-Santamaría DE, García-Delgado C, Ruiz A, Garralón A, Ruiz AI, Fernández R, Eymar E, Jiménez-Ballesta R. Impact of a tire fire accident on soil pollution and the use of clay minerals as natural geo-indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2147-2161. [PMID: 31848783 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the occurrence of a fire at a tire landfill in the surrounding area of Madrid City (Spain), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements present in soils were analyzed to assess the impact of the fire. The capacity of the soils' clay mineral fraction to reflect this air pollution incident was studied. Fourteen soil samples were collected at different distances under the smoke plume, and they were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses. Clay minerals content showed a strong correlation with the pollutants potentially released in the tire fire, acenaphthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)fluoranthene. Trace metals Zn and Se were related to the proximity of the tire fire without any relationship with clay minerals content. This work suggests the use of natural clay minerals as potential PAHs geo-indicators in response to air pollution, complementary to current air and biological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cuevas
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Delgado
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Ruiz
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Garralón
- Department of Environmental, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Ruiz
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Eymar
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mackiewicz-Walec E, Krzebietke SJ. Content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil in a multi-annual fertilisation regime. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:314. [PMID: 32342183 PMCID: PMC7186240 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed changes in the total 16 PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) content of soil which occurred in 1998-2009, during a multi-annual, manure-mineral and mineral fertilisation experiment, carried out in Bałcyny near Ostróda (Poland), according to a design unchanged since 1986 The study focused on the impact of multi-annual, diversified mineral fertilisation (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) compared to manure applied every two years at a dose of 40 t/ha. The four plants used in the crop rotation included sugar beet, spring barley, maize and spring wheat. The content of the total 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was significantly higher in the manure-fertilised soil than in the soil fertilised with mineral fertilisers only. Under the regular manure fertilisation conditions, liming of the soil significantly increased the total 16 PAH content, and the lowest dose of nitrogen significantly decreased its PAH content. The lowest nitrogen dose had an opposite effect in the soil fertilised with mineral fertilisers only, where it caused a significant increase in the content of the PAHs. However, the increased doses of nitrogen also resulted in an increase in the PAH content in the soil fertilised with manure and without this fertiliser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mackiewicz-Walec
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Józef Krzebietke
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Norouzian Baghani A, Bahmani Z, Sorooshian A, Farzadkia M, Nabizadeh R, Delikhoon M, Barkhordari A, Rezaei Kalantary R, Golbaz S, Kermani M, Ashournejad Q, Shahsavani A. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 emitted from the largest composting facility in the Middle East. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1737823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ugochukwu UC, Onuorah AL, Okwu-Delunzu VU, Odinkonigbo UL, Onuora OH. Effects of power station and abattoir on PAH input into sediments of Oji River: ecological and human health exposure risks. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:775. [PMID: 31773280 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Oji River due to point sources of pollution from abattoir and power plant and determined the ecological and human health risks associated with the PAHs in the sediments. Oji River in Nigeria receives contaminants from anthropogenic activities relating to waste tires used in singeing cow meats in abattoir and preparing hides and skin for local consumption. It also receives contaminants from power distribution station where the defunct coal power plant used to be situated. These activities have the potential to release polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that could accumulate in the river sediments. The PAHs were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study found that the abattoir is responsible for the occurrence of benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in the sediments around the abattoir. The occurrence and distribution of PAHs around the area affected by the power station was profound as among all the 16 priority PAHs; only naphthalene benzo[g,h,i]perylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were not detected. The five-member ring PAHs were predominant in this section of the river affected by power station. Ecological risks of the PAHs due to the effects of the power station are significant. The total toxicity equivalence (TEQ) of the PAHs upstream the abattoir is insignificant but significant around the abattoir and within the area impacted by the power station. The values of the hazard index (HI) and risk index (RI) indicate insignificant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks in all the locations except the area within the influence of the power station where there are insignificant non-carcinogenic risks but significant carcinogenic risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amaka Lynda Onuorah
- Shell/UNN Centre for Environmental Management & Control, University of Nigeria, Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Virginia U Okwu-Delunzu
- Department of Geography and Meteorology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ujunwa L Odinkonigbo
- Shell/UNN Centre for Environmental Management & Control, University of Nigeria, Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Onyechi Henry Onuora
- Shell/UNN Centre for Environmental Management & Control, University of Nigeria, Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Waste management (WM) is a demanding undertaking in all countries, with important implications for human health, environmental preservation, sustainability and circular economy. The method of sanitary landfilling for final disposal of waste remains a generally accepted and used method but the available scientific evidence on the waste-related environmental and health effects is not conclusive. Comparative studies of various WM methods (landfilling, incineration, composting etc.) show that among the municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and disposal technological options, sanitary landfilling or open dumping is popular in most countries because of the relative low cost and low-technical requirement. The European Union (EU) Directive on waste landfills has introduced specific goals for reducing the volume of disposed waste and very strict requirements for landfilling and landfill sites. Evaluation of the impact of landfills on the environment is a crucial topic in the literature and has received increased attention recently, given growing environmental concerns. The main goal of this survey was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of possible impacts of MSW landfills on the environment. The main conclusion of the overall assessment of the literature is that the disposal of MSW in landfills entails a number of environmental risks but with respect to the current situation and rich style of living adopted in industrially developed countries, the idea of WM systems functioning without landfilling—at least in the foreseeable future within one generation—seems to be somewhat unreal. The results also provided important information of landfills as a source of environmental risk. Results of this research may have an important impact on landfill management and the disposal of waste. From the literature review, it is evident that even if high levels of waste avoidance, reuse and recycling are achieved, some waste materials will always need to be forwarded for disposal.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chavan D, Lakshmikanthan P, Mondal P, Kumar S, Kumar R. Determination of ignition temperature of municipal solid waste for understanding surface and sub-surface landfill fire. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 97:123-130. [PMID: 31447019 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Open dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a common practice in India which leads to a number of problems like non-uniform compaction, slope failure, percolation of water during rainy seasons, abrupt leachate generation and stability issues. It also leads to various other issues, such as manual scavenging and deliberate waste burning. During the waste degradation process, an enormous amount of heat and landfill gases (LFGs) like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are generated. Biological and chemical reactions happening at the surface and inside the landfill contribute to the heat generation. Initiation of waste ignition is a major cause of spontaneous landfill fire. The risk posed by landfill fires is high in India as most of the landfills are non-engineered. The present study aims to determine the ignition temperature of waste dumped at Bhandewadi dumpsite located at Nagpur, India which will enable a better understanding of the initiation of fires in non-engineered landfill (surface and sub-surface fires), especially in Indian condition. The results of the present study showed that ignition temperature is directly proportional to the moisture content of MSW for its values ranging from 5 to 55% by mass. The correlation of smoldering time (Ts) and ignition time (Ti) of MSW with its age under gradual temperature rise in a muffle furnace (i.e., 3 °C/min) were also studied and it was found that Ts and Ti are directly proportional to the age of MSW and the values ranged from 23 to 34 min for Ts and 27 to 48 min for Ti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Chavan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - P Lakshmikanthan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Papiya Mondal
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Preciado-Hernandez J, Zhang J, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Zhang D. An experimental study of CO2 gasification kinetics during activation of a spent tyre pyrolysis char. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
Chen L, Cai C, Yu S, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Emission factors of particulate matter, CO and CO 2 in the pyrolytic processing of typical electronic wastes. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 81:93-101. [PMID: 30975333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A self-designed experimental device was employed to simulate the pyrolytic dismantling process of selected electronic wastes (E-wastes), including printed wiring boards (PWBs) and plastic casings. The generated particulate matter (PM) of different particle sizes, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were determined, and the corresponding emission factors (EFs) were estimated. Finer particles with particle sizes of 0.4-2.1 μm accounted for 78.9% and 89.3% of PM emitted by the pyrolytic processing of PWBs and plastic casings, respectively, and the corresponding EFs were 9.68 ± 4.81 and 18.49 ± 7.2 g/kg, respectively. The EFs of CO and CO2 from PWBs and plastic casings were 55.9 ± 26.9 and 1182 ± 439 g/kg, and 133.6 ± 34.6 and 2827 ± 276 g/kg, respectively. Compared with other emission sources, such as coal, biomass, and traffic exhaust, the EFs of E-wastes were relatively higher, especially for PM. There were significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) of the initial contents of carbon and nitrogen in PWBs with the related EFs of PM, CO, and CO2, while the correlations for plastic casings were insignificant. The EFs of CO of PWBs were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding EFs of PM and the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); however, the same result was not observed for plastic casings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chuanyang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shuangyu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Axial Compression Behaviour of Hybrid Double-Skin Tubular Columns Filled with Rubcrete. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Double-skin tubular columns (DSTCs) have become a competitive candidate for column members due to their important advantages compared with conventional reinforced concrete columns, including their better weight-to-strength ratio and ease of construction. Using Rubcrete in hybrid DSTCs is of great interest due to the potential of this system to overcome the Rubcrete material deficiencies and to add more ductility, toughness, seismic resistance, confinement effectiveness, and environmentally-friendly features to that structural system compared to conventional concrete. In this paper, hybrid DSTCs made out of Rubcrete, sandwiched between a fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and a steel tube, were tested. The examined variables were concrete sand or stone replacement ratio (0% and 20%), FRP wall thickness (1- and 2-layers), steel wall thickness (3.2 mm and 4.5 mm), void ratio (50% and 76%), and void shape (circular or square). The axial and lateral stress–strain responses were monitored, measured, and compared. According to this investigation, using Rubcrete in hybrid DSTCs can enhance the axial and hoop strain capacities, especially with fine rubber particles. It was also observed that the adverse influence of using rubber on column ultimate capacity was much lower in DSTC specimens, compared with that of unconfined Rubcrete columns. Therefore, using Rubcrete with fine rubber particles is recommended in DSTC structural columns.
Collapse
|
29
|
Okonkwo FO, Njan AA, Ejike CE, Nwodo UU, Onwurah IN. Health Implications of Occupational Exposure of Butchers to Emissions from Burning Tyres. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:387-396. [PMID: 30835379 PMCID: PMC6748265 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flames from burning scrap tyres are used in de-furring animals for human consumption in most parts of Nigeria. Emissions from tyres are known to contain a myriad of toxic mixtures especially particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds, hazardous air pollutants, and inspirable metals, some of which are known human carcinogens. This cross-sectional study investigated the deleterious health effects of these emissions in occupationally-exposed workers at the Dei-Dei Abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria. METHODS A total of 156 respondents were divided into two groups. Group 1 (124 butchers) and group 2 [32 administrative staff (AS)]. Data from digital spirometry were used to determine the association between chronic exposure to tyre emissions and lung function. Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene concentration, phenolic compounds levels and heavy metal concentrations were determined. Also ambient PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations at 3 delineated points in the abattoir were measured. FINDINGS Spirometry results showed significant deterioration of lung function in the butchers. The concentration of 1-Hydroxypyrene (μg/molCret) in the post-shift urine samples of the butchers was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in butchers relative to the AS (0.52 ± 0.13 Vs 0.20 ± 0.07, respectively). Similarly the concentrations of zinc and nickel (mg/l) were significantly higher in the butchers compared to the AS (zinc: 0.91 ± 0.19 Vs 0.31 ± 0.28, respectively; nickel: 0.11 ± 0.06 Vs 0.06 ± 0.02, respectively). Anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo-a- pyrene, and PM concentrations were significantly higher at the de-furring point when compared to the wash bay and the administrative building, especially between 8.00 and 8.30 am. CONCLUSION Occupational exposure to scrap tyre emissions resulted in significant adverse health effects. The existing laws banning the use of burning tyres in meat processing should be enforced while the use of personal protective equipment should be encouraged in abattoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis O. Okonkwo
- Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Plateau State, NG
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, NG
| | - Anoka A. Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, NG
| | - Chukwunonso E.C.C. Ejike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, NG
| | - Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forth Hare University, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, ZA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Y, Cheng Y, Daemen LL, Veith GM, Levine AM, Lee RJ, Mahurin SM, Dai S, Naskar AK, Paranthaman MP. Neutron vibrational spectroscopic studies of novel tire-derived carbon materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:22256-22262. [PMID: 28799595 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03750c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated tire-derived carbons have been demonstrated to be high value-added carbon products of tire recycling in several energy storage system applications including lithium, sodium, potassium ion batteries and supercapacitors. In this communication, we compared different temperature pyrolyzed sulfonated tire-derived carbons with commercial graphite and unmodified/non-functionalized tire-derived carbon by studying the surface chemistry and properties, vibrational spectroscopy of the molecular structure, chemical bonding such as C-H bonding, and intermolecular interactions of the carbon materials. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption studies revealed the tailored micro and meso pore size distribution of the carbon during the sulfonation process. XPS and neutron vibrational spectra showed that the sulfonation of the initial raw tire powders could remove the aliphatic hydrogen containing groups ([double bond splayed left]CH2 and -CH3 groups) and reduce the number of heteroatoms that connect to carbon. The absence of these functional groups could effectively improve the first cycle efficiency of the material in rechargeable batteries. Meanwhile, the introduced -SO3H functional group helped in producing terminal H at the edge of the sp2 bonded graphite-like layers. This study reveals the influence of the sulfonation process on the recovered hard carbon from used tires and provides a pathway to develop and improve advanced energy storage materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Escobar-Arnanz J, Mekni S, Blanco G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Ramos L. Characterization of organic aromatic compounds in soils affected by an uncontrolled tire landfill fire through the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
Lynam MM, Dvonch JT, Turlington JM, Olson D, Landis MS. Combustion-Related Organic Species in Temporally Resolved Urban Airborne Particulate Matter. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2017; 10:917-927. [PMID: 30505358 PMCID: PMC6261300 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-017-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) is essential for improved understanding of source attribution and resultant health impacts. To explore this we conducted ambient monitoring of a suite of 15 combustion-related organic species in temporally resolved PM 2.5 samples during an ongoing animal exposure study in a near source environment in Detroit, MI. All of the 15 species detected were above the method detection limit in 8 hour samples. This study focused on two molecular classes: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Hopanes measured in samples. Of the 12 PAHs studied, benzo[b]fluoranthene (169 pg m-3), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (124 pg m-3), and benzo[e]pyrene (118, pg m-3) exhibited the three highest mean concentrations while 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (189 pg m-3) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (145 pg m-3) had the highest mean concentrations of the 3 Hopanes analyzed in samples. Ratios of individual compound concentrations to total compound concentrations (∑ 15 compounds) showed the greatest daily variation for 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (11-28%) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (8-20%). Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios ([IP]/[IP + BP] (range 0.30 - 0.45), [BaP]/[BaP+BeP] (range 0.26 - 0.44), [BaP]/[BP] (range 0.41 - 0.82), [Bb]/[Bk] (range 2.07 - 2.66), in samples reflected impacts froma mixture of combustion sources consistent with greater prevalence of petroleum combustion source emissions (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and crude oil) compared to coal or wood combustion emissions impacts at this urban site. Results from this study demonstrate that short duration sampling for organic speciation provides temporally relevant exposure information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Lynam
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Timothy Dvonch
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M. Turlington
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David Olson
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Artíñano B, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Díaz E, Amato F, Pandolfi M, Alonso-Blanco E, Coz E, García-Alonso S, Becerril-Valle M, Querol X, Alastuey A, van Drooge BL. Outdoor and indoor particle characterization from a large and uncontrolled combustion of a tire landfill. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:543-551. [PMID: 28360004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large and uncontrolled fire of a tire landfill started in Seseña (Toledo, Spain) on May 13, 2016. An experimental deployment was immediately launched in the area for measuring regulated and non-standard air quality parameters to assess the potential impact of the plume at local and regional levels. Outdoor and indoor measurements of different parameters were carried out at a near school, approximately 700m downwind the burning tires. Real time measurements of ambient black carbon (BC) and total number particle concentrations were identified as good tracers of the smoke plume. Simultaneous peaks allowed us to characterize situations of the plume impact on the site. Outdoor total particle number concentrations reached in these occasions 3.8×105particlescm-3 (on a 10min resolution) whereas the indoor concentration was one order of magnitude lower. BC mass concentrations in ambient air were in the range of 2 to 7μgm-3, whereas concentrations<2μgm-3 were measured indoor. Indoor and outdoor deposited inhalable dust was sampled and chemically characterized. Both indoor and outdoor dust was enriched in tire components (Zn, sulfate) and PAHs associated to the tire combustion process. Infiltration processes have been documented for BC and particle number concentrations causing increases in indoor concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Artíñano
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F J Gómez-Moreno
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Díaz
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Alonso-Blanco
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Coz
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - S García-Alonso
- CIEMAT, Technology Department, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Becerril-Valle
- CIEMAT, Environment Department, Associated Unit to CSIC on Atmospheric Pollution, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Labaki M, Jeguirim M. Thermochemical conversion of waste tyres-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9962-9992. [PMID: 27796970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A review of the energy recovery from waste tyres is presented and focuses on the three thermochemical processes used to valorise waste tyres: pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion/incineration. After recalling the chemical composition of tyres, the thermogravimetric behaviours of tyres or their components under different atmospheres are described. Different kinetic studies on the thermochemical processes are treated. Then, the three processes were investigated, with a particular attention given to the gasification, due to the information unavailability on this process. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion to produce a hydrocarbon rich gas mixture, condensable liquids or tars, and a carbon-rich solid residue. Gasification is a form of pyrolysis, carried out at higher temperatures and under given atmosphere (air, steam, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.) in order to yield mainly low molecular weight gaseous products. Combustion is a process that needs a fuel and an oxidizer with an ignition system to produce heat and/or steam. The effects of various process parameters such as temperature, heating rate, residence time, catalyst addition, etc. on the energy efficiency and the products yields and characteristics are mainly reviewed. These thermochemical processes are considered to be the more attractive and practicable methods for recovering energy and material from waste tyres. For the future, they are the main promising issue to treat and valorise used tyres. However, efforts should be done in developing more efficient technical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madona Labaki
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LCPM/PR2N), Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Jdeidet El Matn, 90656, Lebanon
| | - Mejdi Jeguirim
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karaeen M, Hanieh AA, AbdElall S, Sughayyer M, Hasan A. Concept Model for the Second Life Cycle of Vehicles in Palestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Nadal M, Rovira J, Díaz-Ferrero J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Human exposure to environmental pollutants after a tire landfill fire in Spain: Health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:37-44. [PMID: 27771564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In May 2016, a fire occurred in one of the largest landfills in Europe (Seseña, Toledo, Spain), where 70,000-90,000tons of tires had been illegally accumulated for >15years. Because of the proximity of population nuclei and the duration of the episode (>20days), we conducted a preliminary human health risk assessment study just after the tire fire. Samples of air and soil were collected in 3 areas surrounding the landfill (El Quiñón, at only 500m, and Seseña Nuevo and Seseña Viejo, both at 4km), as well as in background sites. In addition, samples of crops (barley, wheat, cabbage and lettuce) were also obtained from local farmers. The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a number of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, and V) were analyzed in all the samples. The concentrations of all the target pollutants, excepting PAHs, were relatively similar at the different sampling zones, irrespective of the distance to the landfill. In turn, a significant increase of PAHs was noted near the tire landfill, with air levels up to 6-times higher than those found at 4km (134 vs. 19.5-22.7ng/m3). Similarly, PAH concentrations in lettuce were relatively higher than those typically found in monitoring programs of food safety. Because of the increase of airborne PAHs, cancer risks due to exposure to environmental pollutants for the population living at El Quiñón, near the landfill, were between 3- and 5-times higher than those estimated for the inhabitants of Seseña. After this preliminary study, further investigations, focused only on PAHs, but more extensive in terms of number of samples, should be conducted to assure that PAHs have been progressively degraded through time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz-Ferrero
- IQS, Analytical and Applied Chemistry Department, Univ. Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Masiol M, Mallon CTM, Haines KM, Utell MJ, Hopke PK. Airborne Dioxins, Furans, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure to Military Personnel in Iraq. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:S22-30. [PMID: 27501100 PMCID: PMC4978085 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to use ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) concentrations measured at Joint Base Balad in Iraq in 2007 to identify the sources of these species and their spatial patterns. METHODS The ratios of the measured species were compared with literature data for likely emission sources. Using the multiple site measurements on specific days, contour maps have been drawn using inverse distance weighting (IDW). RESULTS These analyses suggest multiple sources, including the burn pit (primarily a source of PCDD/PCDFs), the transportation field (primarily as source of PAHs), and other sources of PAHs that include aircraft, space heating, and diesel power generation. CONCLUSIONS The nature and locations of the sources were identified. PCDD/PCDFs were emitted by the burn pit. Multiple PAH sources exist across the base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York (Drs Masiol and Hopke); Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics (Dr Mallon), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814; Bioenvironmental Engineering Flight Commander, 30th Medical Group, 338 South Dakota Ave, Vandenberg AFB, CA 93437 (Maj. Haines); Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York (Dr Utell)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Singh A, Spak SN, Stone EA, Downard J, Bullard R, Pooley M, Kostle PA, Mainprize MW, Wichman MD, Peters T, Beardsley D, Stanier CO. Uncontrolled combustion of shredded tires in a landfill -Part 2: Population exposure, public health response, and an air quality index for urban fires. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 104:273-283. [PMID: 25624787 PMCID: PMC4304096 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Iowa City Landfill in eastern Iowa, United States, experienced a fire lasting 18 days in 2012, in which a drainage layer of over 1 million shredded tires burned, generating smoke that impacted the surrounding metropolitan area of 130,000 people. This emergency required air monitoring, risk assessment, dispersion modeling, and public notification. This paper quantifies the impact of the fire on local air quality and proposes a monitoring approach and an Air Quality Index (AQI) for use in future tire fires and other urban fires. Individual fire pollutants are ranked for acute and cancer relative risks using hazard ratios, with the highest acute hazard ratios attributed to SO2, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Using a dispersion model in conjunction with the new AQI, we estimate that smoke concentrations reached unhealthy outdoor levels for sensitive groups out to distances of 3.1 km and 18 km at 24-h and 1-h average times, respectively. Modeled and measured concentrations of PM2.5 from smoke and other compounds such as VOCs and benzo[a]pyrene are presented at a range of distances and averaging times, and the corresponding cancer risks are discussed. Through reflection on the air quality response to the event, consideration of cancer and acute risks, and comparison to other tire fires, we recommend that all landfills with shredded tire liners plan for hazmat fire emergencies. A companion paper presents emission factors and detailed smoke characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singh
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Scott N. Spak
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - Robert Bullard
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Mark Pooley
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - Michael D. Wichman
- State Hygienic Laboratory-Coralville, University of Iowa, Coralville, IA 52241
| | - Thomas Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Charles O. Stanier
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, IA
| |
Collapse
|