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Nirel R, Shoham T, Rotem R, Ahmad WA, Koren G, Kloog I, Golan R, Levine H. Maternal exposure to particulate matter early in pregnancy and congenital anomalies in offspring: Analysis of concentration-response relationships in a population-based cohort with follow-up throughout childhood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163082. [PMID: 37004765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested an association between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and certain congenital anomalies (CAs). However, most studies assumed a linear concentration-response relation and were based on anomalies that were ascertained at birth or up to 1 year of age. We investigated associations between exposures to PM during the first trimester of pregnancy and CAs in 9 organ systems using birth and childhood follow-up data from a leading health care provider in Israel. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study among 396,334 births, 2004-2015. Daily PM data at a 1 × 1 km spatial grid were obtained from a satellite-derived prediction models and were linked to the mothers' residential addresses at birth. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with logistic regression models using exposure levels as either continuous or categorical variables. We captured 57,638 isolated CAs with estimated prevalence of 96 and 136 anomalies per 1000 births in the first year of life and by age 6 years, respectively. Analysis of continuous PM with diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) indicated a supra-linear relation with anomalies in the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, genital and integument systems (79 % of CAs). The slope of the concentration-response function was positive and steepest for PM2.5 lower than the median concentration (21.5 μg/m3) and had a less steep or negative slope at higher levels. Similar trends were observed for PM2.5 quartiles. For example, for cardiac anomalies, the ORs were 1.09 (95 % confidence interval: 1.02, 1.15), 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) and 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) for births in the second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively, when compared to the first quartile. In sum, this study adds new evidence for adverse effects of air pollution on neonatal health even with low-level air pollution. Information on late diagnosis of children with anomalies is important in evaluating the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tomer Shoham
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Rotem
- Maccabi Institute of Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gideon Koren
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical School, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hagai Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Li R, Zhang M, Du Y, Wang G, Shang C, Liu Y, Zhang M, Meng Q, Cui M, Yan C. Impacts of dust events on chemical characterization and associated source contributions of atmospheric particulate matter in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120597. [PMID: 36343856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sand and dust have significant impacts on air quality, climate, and human health. To investigate the influences of dust storms on chemical characterization and source contributions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in areas with different distances from dust source regions, PM2.5 and associated chemical composition were measured in two industrial cities with one near sand sources (i.e., Wuhai) and the other far from sand sources (i.e., Jinan) in northern China in March 2021. Results showed that PM mass concentrations significantly increased and exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality standard during the dust events, with absolute concentrations and fractional contributions of PM2.5-bound crustal and trace elements increased while secondary inorganic ions decreased at both sites. Crustal materials dominated the increased PM2.5 mass from non-dust period to dust period in both cities. These were further evidenced by PM2.5 source apportionment results from positive matrix factorization model. During the dust events, dust sources contributed up to 88% of PM2.5 mass in Wuhai and ∼38% of PM2.5 mass in Jinan, a city about thousands of kilometers away from the sand source. Besides, the measurement data indicated that dust from northwest China may also bring along with high abundance of organic matter and vanadium. Secondary and traffic sources were two of the most important source contributors to PM2.5 in both cities during the non-dust periods. However, the near sand source city was more susceptible to the aggravating effects of dust and minerals, with much higher contributions by crustal materials (∼47%, from the aspect of chemical components) and dust-related sources (∼26%, from the aspect of sources) to PM2.5 mass even during non-dust periods. This study highlighted the urgent need for more action and effective control of sand sources to reduce the impact on air quality in downstream regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yuming Du
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Chunlin Shang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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3
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Farahani VJ, Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Verma V, Ruprecht AA, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Sioutas C. The oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM) in different regions around the world and its relation to air pollution sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1076-1086. [PMID: 36277745 PMCID: PMC9476553 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of urban emission sources on the chemical composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) as well as the associated oxidative potential. We collected six sets of PM samples in five urban location sites around the world over long time periods varying from weeks to months, intentionally selected for their PM to be dominated by unique emission sources: (1) PM2.5 produced mainly by traffic emissions in central Los Angeles, United States (US); (2) PM2.5 dominated by biomass burning in Milan, Italy; (3) PM2.5 formed by secondary photochemical reactions thus dominated by secondary aerosols in Athens, Greece; (4) PM10 emitted by refinery and dust resuspension in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA); (5) PM10 generated by dust storms in Riyadh, SA, and (6) PM2.5 produced mainly by industrial and traffic emissions in Beirut, Lebanon. The PM samples were chemically analyzed and their oxidative potential were quantified by employing the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Our results revealed that the Milan samples were rich in water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and PAHs, even exceeding the levels measured on Los Angeles (LA) freeways. The PM in Athens was characterized by high concentrations of inorganic ions, specifically sulfate which was the highest of all PM samples. The ambient PM in LA was impacted by the traffic-emitted primary organic and elemental carbon. Furthermore, the contribution of metals and elements per mass of PM in Riyadh and Beirut samples were more pronounced relative to other sampling areas. The highest intrinsic PM redox activity was observed for PM with the highest WSOC fraction, including Milan (biomass burning) and Athens (secondary organic aerosols, SOA). PM in areas characterized by high metal emissions including dust events, refinery and industry, such as Riyadh and Beirut, had the lowest oxidative potential as assessed by the DTT assay. The results of this study illustrate the impact of major emission sources in urban areas on the redox activity and oxidative potential of ambient PM, providing useful information for developing efficient air pollution control and mitigation policies in polluted areas around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
- Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Majmaah Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- California Air Resources Board Sacramento California USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. Demokritos 15341 Attiki Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
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Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Kalafy M, Alharbi B, Sioutas C. Impact of different sources on the oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter PM 10 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A focus on dust emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150590. [PMID: 34597581 PMCID: PMC8907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) to identify the most significant sources contributing to the toxicity of PM10 in the city center of Riyadh. PM10 samples were collected using a medium-volume air sampler during cool (December 2019-March 2020) and warm (May 2020-August 2020) seasons, including dust and non-dust events. The collected filters were analyzed for their chemical components (i.e., water-soluble ions, metals, and trace elements) as well as oxidative potential and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) contents. Our measurements revealed comparable extrinsic oxidative potential (P-value = 0.30) during the warm (1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) and cool (1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) periods. Moreover, we observed higher extrinsic oxidative potential of PM10 samples collected during dust events (~30% increase) compared to non-dust samples. Our PCA-MLR analysis identified soil and resuspended dust, secondary aerosol (SA), local industrial activities and petroleum refineries, and traffic emissions as the four sources contributing to the ambient PM10 oxidative potential in central Riyadh. Soil and resuspended dust were the major source contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM10, accounting for 31% of the total oxidative potential. Secondary aerosols (SA) were the next important source of PM10 toxicity in the area as they contributed to about 20% of the PM10 oxidative potential. Results of this study revealed the major role of soil and resuspended road dust on PM10 toxicity and can be helpful in adopting targeted air quality policies to reduce the population exposure to PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Kalafy
- Saudi Envirozone, Air Quality Monitoring Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alharbi
- National Center for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Fussell JC, Kelly FJ. Mechanisms underlying the health effects of desert sand dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106790. [PMID: 34333291 PMCID: PMC8484861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Desertification and climate change indicate a future expansion of the global area of dry land and an increase in the risk of drought. Humans may therefore be at an ever-increasing risk of frequent exposure to, and resultant adverse health effects of desert sand dust. This review appraises a total of 52 experimental studies that have sought to identify mechanisms and intermediate endpoints underlying epidemiological evidence of an impact of desert dust on cardiovascular and respiratory health. Toxicological studies, in main using doses that reflect or at least approach real world exposures during a dust event, have demonstrated that virgin sand dust particles and dust storm particles sampled at remote locations away from the source induce inflammatory lung injury and aggravate allergen-induced nasal and pulmonary eosinophilia. Effects are orchestrated by cytokines, chemokines and antigen-specific immunoglobulin potentially via toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation factor signaling pathways. Findings suggest that in addition to involvement of adhered chemical and biological pollutants, mineralogical components may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of human respiratory disorders during a dust event. Whilst comparisons with urban particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) suggest that allergic inflammatory responses are greater for microbial element-rich dust- PM2.5, aerosols generated during dust events appear to have a lower oxidative potential compared to combustion-generated PM2.5 sampled during non-dust periods. In vitro findings suggest that the significant amounts of suspended desert dust during storm periods may provide a platform to intermix with chemicals on its surfaces, thereby increasing the bioreactivity of PM2.5 during dust storm episodes, and that mineral dust surface reactions are an unrecognized source of toxic organic chemicals in the atmosphere, enhancing toxicity of aerosols in urban environments. In summary, the experimental research on desert dust on respiratory endpoints go some way in clarifying the mechanistic effects of atmospheric desert dust on the upper and lower human respiratory system. In doing so, they provide support for biological plausibility of epidemiological associations between this particulate air pollutant and events including exacerbation of asthma, hospitalization for respiratory infections and seasonal allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Fussell
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Sir Michael Uren Building, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80-92 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Frank J Kelly
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Sir Michael Uren Building, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80-92 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Xu Y, Zhang X, Hao X, Teng D, Zhao T, Zeng Y. Micro/nanofibrous nonwovens with high filtration performance and radiative heat dissipation property for personal protective face mask. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 423:130175. [PMID: 34690532 PMCID: PMC8523218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution have posed a great threat to human health. Personal protective face masks have become an indispensable protective equipment in our daily lives. However, wearing conventional face masks for a long time cause swelter and discomfort on the face. Introducing thermal comfort into personal protective face masks becomes desirable. Herein, face masks that show excellent filtration performance and radiative heat dissipation effect are successfully designed and prepared by electrospining Nylon-6 (PA) nanofibers onto polyethylene (PE) meltblown nonwovens. The resultant PE/PA nonwovens have high PM filtration efficiency (>99%) with a low pressure drop (<100 Pa). Moreover, taking the advantage of the property of PE, the designed face mask posses high mid-infrared (mid-IR) transmittance and brings about high radiative cooling power, resulting in effective heat dissipation performance. This face mask design may provides new insights into the development of thermal comfort materials for personal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiang Xu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xibo Hao
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Defang Teng
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tienan Zhao
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yongchun Zeng
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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7
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Shan X, Liu L, Li G, Xu K, Liu B, Jiang W. PM 2.5 and the typical components cause organelle damage, apoptosis and necrosis: Role of reactive oxygen species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146785. [PMID: 33838376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the organelle damage, apoptosis and necrosis induced by PM2.5, BC and Kaolin were studied using human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. PM2.5, BC and Kaolin all induce cell death, LDH release and excess intracellular ROS generation. For the organelle injuries, Kaolin and high-dose PM2.5 (240 μg/mL) cause lysosomal acidification, but BC causes lysosomal alkalization (lysosomal membrane permeabilization, LMP). BC and Kaolin cause the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), while PM2.5 does not. For the cell death mode, PM2.5 causes both apoptosis and necrosis. However only necrosis has been detected in the BC and Kaolin treated groups, indicating the more severe cellular insult. Excess ROS generation is involved in the organelle damage and cell death. ROS contributes to the BC-induced LMP and necrosis, but does not significantly affect the Kaolin-induced MMP loss and necrosis. Therefore, the BC component in PM2.5 may cause cytotoxicity via ROS-dependent pathways, the Kaolin component may damage cells via ROS-independent mechanisms such as strong interaction. The PM2.5-induced apoptosis and necrosis can be partially mitigated after the removal of ROS, indicating the existence of both the ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms due to the complicated PM2.5 components. BC represents the anthropogenic source component in PM2.5, while Kaolin represents the natural source component. Our results provide knowledge on the toxic mechanisms of typical PM2.5 components at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Shan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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8
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Nirel R, Levy I, Adar SD, Vakulenko-Lagun B, Peretz A, Golovner M, Dayan U. Concentration-response relationships between hourly particulate matter and ischemic events: A case-crossover analysis of effect modification by season and air-mass origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143407. [PMID: 33199016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most studies linking cardiovascular disease with particulate matter (PM) exposures have focused on total mass concentrations, regardless of their origin. However, the origin of an air mass is inherently linked to particle composition and possible toxicity. We examine how the concentration-response relation between hourly PM exposure and ischemic events is modified by air-mass origin and season. Using telemedicine data, we conducted a case-crossover study of 1855 confirmed ischemic cardiac events in Israel (2005-2013). Based on measurements at three fixed-sites in Tel Aviv and Haifa, ambient PM with diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 μm (PM10-2.5) concentrations during the hours before event onset were compared with matched control periods using conditional logistic regression that allowed for non-linearity. We also examined effect modification of these associations based on the geographical origin of each air mass by season. Independent of the geographical origin of the air mass, we observed concentration-response curves that were supralinear. For example, the overall odds ratios (ORs) of ischemic events for an increase of 10-μg/m3 in the 2-h average of PM10-2.5 were 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.14) and 1.00 (0.99-1.01) at the median (17.8 μg/m3) and 95th percentile (82.3 μg/m3) values, respectively. Associations were strongest at low levels of PM10-2.5 when air comes from central Europe in the summer (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.52). Our study demonstrates that hourly associations between PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 and ischemic cardiac events are supralinear during diverse pollution conditions in a single population that experiences a wide range of exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ilan Levy
- Air quality and Climate Change Division, Israel Ministry for Environment Protection, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sara D Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Bella Vakulenko-Lagun
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Alon Peretz
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqua, Israel.
| | | | - Uri Dayan
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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9
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Daellenbach KR, Uzu G, Jiang J, Cassagnes LE, Leni Z, Vlachou A, Stefenelli G, Canonaco F, Weber S, Segers A, Kuenen JJP, Schaap M, Favez O, Albinet A, Aksoyoglu S, Dommen J, Baltensperger U, Geiser M, El Haddad I, Jaffrezo JL, Prévôt ASH. Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe. Nature 2020; 587:414-419. [PMID: 33208962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter is a component of ambient air pollution that has been linked to millions of annual premature deaths globally1-3. Assessments of the chronic and acute effects of particulate matter on human health tend to be based on mass concentration, with particle size and composition also thought to play a part4. Oxidative potential has been suggested to be one of the many possible drivers of the acute health effects of particulate matter, but the link remains uncertain5-8. Studies investigating the particulate-matter components that manifest an oxidative activity have yielded conflicting results7. In consequence, there is still much to be learned about the sources of particulate matter that may control the oxidative potential concentration7. Here we use field observations and air-quality modelling to quantify the major primary and secondary sources of particulate matter and of oxidative potential in Europe. We find that secondary inorganic components, crustal material and secondary biogenic organic aerosols control the mass concentration of particulate matter. By contrast, oxidative potential concentration is associated mostly with anthropogenic sources, in particular with fine-mode secondary organic aerosols largely from residential biomass burning and coarse-mode metals from vehicular non-exhaust emissions. Our results suggest that mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the mass concentrations of particulate matter alone may not reduce the oxidative potential concentration. If the oxidative potential can be linked to major health impacts, it may be more effective to control specific sources of particulate matter rather than overall particulate mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Marseille, France.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Vlachou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Datalystica, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Samuël Weber
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Arjo Segers
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J P Kuenen
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Schaap
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institut für Meteorologie, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (Ineris), Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (Ineris), Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Sebnem Aksoyoglu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
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Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Global nature of airborne particle toxicity and health effects: a focus on megacities, wildfires, dust storms and residential biomass burning. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:331-345. [PMID: 32905302 PMCID: PMC7467248 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since air pollutants are difficult and expensive to control, a strong scientific underpinning to policies is needed to guide mitigation aimed at reducing the current burden on public health. Much of the evidence concerning hazard identification and risk quantification related to air pollution comes from epidemiological studies. This must be reinforced with mechanistic confirmation to infer causality. In this review we focus on data generated from four contrasting sources of particulate air pollution that result in high population exposures and thus where there remains an unmet need to protect health: urban air pollution in developing megacities, household biomass combustion, wildfires and desert dust storms. Taking each in turn, appropriate measures to protect populations will involve advocating smart cities and addressing economic and behavioural barriers to sustained adoption of clean stoves and fuels. Like all natural hazards, wildfires and dust storms are a feature of the landscape that cannot be removed. However, many efforts from emission containment (land/fire management practices), exposure avoidance and identifying susceptible populations can be taken to prepare for air pollution episodes and ensure people are out of harm's way when conditions are life-threatening. Communities residing in areas affected by unhealthy concentrations of any airborne particles will benefit from optimum communication via public awareness campaigns, designed to empower people to modify behaviour in a way that improves their health as well as the quality of the air they breathe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Kelly
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Sir Michael Uren Building, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80-92 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Julia C Fussell
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Sir Michael Uren Building, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80-92 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
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11
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Atmospheric Dynamics from Synoptic to Local Scale During an Intense Frontal Dust Storm over the Sistan Basin in Winter 2019. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sistan Basin has been recognized as one of the most active dust sources and windiest desert environments in the world. Although the dust activity in Sistan maximizes during the summer, rare but intense dust storms may also occur in the winter. This study aims to elucidate the atmospheric dynamics related to dust emission and transport, dust-plume characteristics, and impacts on aerosol properties and air quality during an intense dust storm over Sistan in February 2019. The dust storm was initiated by strong northerly winds (~20 ms−1) associated with the intrusion of a cold front from high latitudes. The upper-level potential vorticity (PV)-trough evolved into a cut-off low in the mid and upper troposphere and initiated unstable weather over Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. At the surface, density currents emanating from deep convective clouds and further strengthened by downslope winds from the mountains, caused massive soil erosion. The passage of the cold front reduced the temperature by ~10 °C and increased the atmospheric pressure by ~10 hPa, while the visibility was limited to less than 200 m. The rough topography played a major role in modulating the atmospheric dynamics, wind field, dust emissions, and transport pathways. Meso-NH model simulates large amounts of columnar mass dust loading (> 20 g m−2) over Sistan, while the intense dust plume was mainly traveling below 2 km and increased the particulate matter (PM10) concentrations up to 1800 µg m−3 at Zabol. The dust storm was initially moving in an arc-shaped pathway over the Sistan Basin and then it spread away. Plumes of dust covered a large area in southwest Asia, reaching the northern Arabian Sea, and the Thar desert one to two days later, while they strongly affected the aerosol properties at Karachi, Pakistan, by increasing the aerosol optical depth (AOD > 1.2) and the coarse-mode fraction at ~0.7.
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12
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Nishita‐Hara C, Hirabayashi M, Hara K, Yamazaki A, Hayashi M. Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potential of Size-Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:160-173. [PMID: 32159038 PMCID: PMC7007159 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential is an important property of particulate matter (PM) that has been regarded as a more health-relevant metric than PM mass. We investigated the oxidative potential of size-segregated PM and effects of Asian dust events in Fukuoka, western Japan. Aerosol particles with diameters smaller and larger than 2.5 μm (fine and coarse particles, respectively) were collected continually from 16 March through 26 May 2016. The oxidative potential was analyzed using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay; chemical components of PM were also found. Air-volume normalized oxidative potential quantified by DTT assay (DTTv) was significantly higher during Asian dust events than during nondust-event days. The mean DTTv of fine and coarse particles during Asian dust events were, respectively, 1.5 and 2.7 times higher than that during nonevent days. DTTv of fine particles was highly correlated with elements dominated by anthropogenic combustion sources and with the elements emitted from multiple sources including mineral dust and combustion sources. DTTv of coarse particles strongly correlated with the mineral dust derived elements, suggesting concentration of mineral dust particles as an important controlling factor especially for the oxidative potential of the coarse particles. We estimated the contributions of water-soluble transition metals to the oxidative potential of PM. Water-soluble transition metals (mainly Cu and Mn) can explain only approximately 37% and 60% of the measured oxidative potential of fine and coarse particles, respectively, suggesting substantial contributions of aerosol components other than water-soluble transition metals such as quinones and insoluble minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nishita‐Hara
- Fukuoka Institute for Atmospheric Environment and HealthFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | | | - Keiichiro Hara
- Fukuoka Institute for Atmospheric Environment and HealthFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Faculty of ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | | | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Fukuoka Institute for Atmospheric Environment and HealthFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Faculty of ScienceFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
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13
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Taghvaee S, Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Sioutas C. Development of a novel aerosol generation system for conducting inhalation exposures to ambient particulate matter (PM). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1035-1045. [PMID: 30893735 PMCID: PMC6430148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel method for generating aerosols that are representative of real-world ambient particulate matter (PM) in terms of both physical and chemical characteristics, with the ultimate objective of using them for inhalation exposure studies. The protocol included collection of ambient PM on filters using a high-volume sampler, which were then extracted with ultrapure Milli-Q water using vortexing and sonication. As an alternative approach for collection, ambient particles were directly captured into aqueous slurry samples using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES)/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology. The aqueous samples from both collection protocols were then re-aerosolized using commercially available nebulizers. The physical characteristics (i.e., particle size distribution) of the generated aerosols were examined by the means of a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) connected to a condensation particle counter (CPC) at different compressed air pressures of the nebulizer, and dilution air flow rates. In addition, the collected PM samples (both ambient and re-aerosolized) were chemically analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), inorganic ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals and trace elements. Using the aqueous filter extracts, we were able to effectively recover the water-soluble components of ambient PM (e.g., water-soluble organic matter, and water-soluble inorganic ions); however, this method was deficient in recovering some of the important insoluble components such as EC, PAHs, and many of the redox-active trace elements and metals. In contrast, using the VACES/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology for collecting ambient PM directly into water slurry, we were able to preserve the water-soluble and water-insoluble components very effectively. These results illustrate the superiority of the VACES/aerosol-into liquid collector tandem technology to be used in conjunction with the re-aerosolization setup to create aerosols that fully represent ambient PM, making it an attractive choice for application in inhalation exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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