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Sumida TS, Lincoln MR, He L, Park Y, Ota M, Oguchi A, Son R, Yi A, Stillwell HA, Leissa GA, Fujio K, Murakawa Y, Kulminski AM, Epstein CB, Bernstein BE, Kellis M, Hafler DA. An autoimmune transcriptional circuit drives FOXP3 + regulatory T cell dysfunction. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadp1720. [PMID: 39196959 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adp1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, among the most common disorders of young adults, are mediated by genetic and environmental factors. Although CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in preventing autoimmunity, the molecular mechanism underlying their dysfunction is unknown. Here, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of Tregs in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) to identify critical transcriptional programs regulating human autoimmunity. We found that up-regulation of a primate-specific short isoform of PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1-S) induces expression of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) independent from the evolutionarily conserved long PRDM1, which led to destabilization of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and Treg dysfunction. This aberrant PRDM1-S/SGK1 axis is shared among other autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the chromatin landscape profiling in Tregs from individuals with MS revealed enriched activating protein-1 (AP-1)/interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor binding as candidate upstream regulators of PRDM1-S expression and Treg dysfunction. Our study uncovers a mechanistic model where the evolutionary emergence of PRDM1-S and epigenetic priming of AP-1/IRF may be key drivers of dysfunctional Tregs in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu S Sumida
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew R Lincoln
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M6R 1B5, Canada
| | - Liang He
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Yongjin Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mineto Ota
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akiko Oguchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Raku Son
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Alice Yi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Helen A Stillwell
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Greta A Leissa
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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2
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Prins CA, de Oliveira FL, de Mello Coelho V, Dos Santos Ribeiro EB, de Almeida JS, Silva NMB, Almeida FM, Martinez AMB. Galectin-3 absence alters lymphocytes populations dynamics behavior and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114785. [PMID: 38670250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from various mechanisms that damage the nervous tissue and the blood-brain barrier, leading to sensory and motor function loss below the injury site. Unfortunately, current therapeutic approaches for SCI have limited efficacy in improving patients outcomes. Galectin-3, a protein whose expression increases after SCI, influences the neuroinflammatory response by favoring pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and microglia, while inhibiting pro-regenerative M2 macrophages and microglia, which are crucial for inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration. Previous studies with Galectin-3 knock-out mice demonstrated enhanced motor recovery after SCI. The M1/M2 balance is strongly influenced by the predominant lymphocytic profiles (Th1, Th2, T Reg, Th17) and cytokines and chemokines released at the lesion site. The present study aimed to investigate how the absence of galectin-3 impacts the adaptive immune system cell population dynamics in various lymphoid spaces following a low thoracic spinal cord compression injury (T9-T10) using a 30 g vascular clip for one minute. It also aimed to assess its influence on the functional outcome in wild-type (WT)and Galectin-3 knock-out (GALNEG) mice. Histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol Fast Blue staining revealed that WT and GALNEG animals exhibit similar spinal cord morphology. The absence of galectin-3 does not affect the common neuroanatomy shared between the groups prompting us to analyze outcomes between both groups. Following our crush model, both groups lost motor and sensory functions below the lesion level. During a 42-day period, GALNEG mice demonstrated superior locomotor recovery in the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) gait analysis and enhanced motor coordination performance in the ladder rung walk test (LRW) compared to WT mice. GALNEG mice also exhibited better sensory recovery, and their electrophysiological parameters suggested a higher number of functional axons with faster nerve conduction. Seven days after injury, flow cytometry of thymus, spleen, and blood revealed an increased number of T Reg and Th2 cells, accompanied by a decrease in Th1 and Th17 cells in GALNEG mice. Immunohistochemistry conducted on the same day exhibited an increased number of Th2 and T Reg cells around the GALNEG's spinal cord lesion site. At 42-day dpi immunohistochemistry analyses displayed reduced astrogliosis and greater axon preservation in GALNEG's spinal cord seem as a reduction of GFAP immunostaining and an increase in NFH immunostaining, respectively. In conclusion, GALNEG mice exhibited better functional recovery attributed to the milder pro-inflammatory influence, compensated by a higher quantity of T Reg and Th2 cells. These findings suggest that galectin-3 plays a crucial role in the immune response after spinal cord injury and could be a potential target for clinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Andrade Prins
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Mello Coelho
- Laboratório de lmunofisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Bezerra Dos Santos Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moraes Bechelli Silva
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Zhdanov DD, Gladilina YA, Blinova VG, Abramova AA, Shishparenok AN, Eliseeva DD. Induction of FoxP3 Pre-mRNA Alternative Splicing to Enhance the Suppressive Activity of Regulatory T Cells from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1022. [PMID: 38790984 PMCID: PMC11117958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) is a key transcription factor responsible for the development, maturation, and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The FoxP3 pre-mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, resulting in the translation of multiple splice variants. We have shown that Tregs from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have reduced expression of full-length (FL) FoxP3, while other truncated splice variants are expressed predominantly. A correlation was observed between the reduced number of Tregs in the peripheral blood of ALS patients, reduced total FoxP3 mRNA, and reduced mRNA of its FL splice variant. Induction of FL FoxP3 was achieved using splice-switching oligonucleotides capable of base pairing with FoxP3 pre-mRNA and selectively modulating the inclusion of exons 2 and 7 in the mature mRNA. Selective expression of FL FoxP3 resulted in the induction of CD127low, CD152, and Helios-positive cells, while the cell markers CD4 and CD25 were not altered. Such Tregs had an increased proliferative activity and a higher frequency of cell divisions per day. The increased suppressive activity of Tregs with the induced FL FoxP3 splice variant was associated with the increased synthesis of the pro-apoptotic granzymes A and B, and perforin, IL-10, and IL-35, which are responsible for contact-independent suppression, and with the increased ability to suppress telomerase in target cells. The upregulation of Treg suppressive and proliferative activity using splice-switching oligonucleotides to induce the predominant expression of the FoxP3 FL variant is a promising approach for regenerative cell therapy in Treg-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Varvara G. Blinova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anna A. Abramova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Daria D. Eliseeva
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
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4
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Andretto V, Dusi S, Zilio S, Repellin M, Kryza D, Ugel S, Lollo G. Tackling TNF-α in autoinflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases: From conventional to cutting edge in biologics and RNA- based nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115080. [PMID: 37660747 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases result from abnormal deviations of innate and adaptive immunity that heterogeneously affect organs and clinical phenotypes. Despite having etiologic and phenotypic differences, these two conditions share the onset of an aberrant inflammatory process. Targeting the main drivers controlling inflammation is useful to treat both autoimmune and autoinflammatory syndromes. TNF-α is a major player in the inflammatory immune response, and anti-TNF-α antibodies have been a revolutionary treatment in many autoimmune disorders. However, production difficulties and high development costs hinder their implementation, and accessibility to their use is still limited. Innovative strategies aimed at overcoming the limitations associated with anti-TNF-α antibodies are being explored, including RNA-based therapies. Here we summarize the central role of TNF-α in immune disorders and how anti-TNF-based immunotherapies changed the therapeutic landscape, albeit with important limitations related to side effects, tolerance, and resistance to therapies. We then outline how nanotechnology has provided the final momentum for the use of nucleic acids in the treatment of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, with a focus on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The example of IBDs allows the evaluation and discussion of the nucleic acids-based treatments that have been developed, to identify the role that innovative approaches possess in view of the treatment of autoinflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Andretto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Silvia Dusi
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Serena Zilio
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; SATT Ouest Valorisation, 14C Rue du Patis Tatelin 35708, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Repellin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; PULSALYS SATT Lyon-Saint Etienne, 47 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Kryza
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lollo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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5
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Moon JS, Ho CC, Park JH, Park K, Shin BY, Lee SH, Sequeira I, Mun CH, Shin JS, Kim JH, Kim BS, Noh JW, Lee ES, Son JY, Kim Y, Lee Y, Cho H, So S, Park J, Choi E, Oh JW, Lee SW, Morio T, Watt FM, Seong RH, Lee SK. Lrig1-expression confers suppressive function to CD4 + cells and is essential for averting autoimmunity via the Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5382. [PMID: 37666819 PMCID: PMC10477202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are CD4+ T cells with immune-suppressive function, which is defined by Foxp3 expression. However, the molecular determinants defining the suppressive population of T cells have yet to be discovered. Here we report that the cell surface protein Lrig1 is enriched in suppressive T cells and controls their suppressive behaviors. Within CD4+ T cells, Treg cells express the highest levels of Lrig1, and the expression level is further increasing with activation. The Lrig1+ subpopulation from T helper (Th) 17 cells showed higher suppressive activity than the Lrig1- subpopulation. Lrig1-deficiency impairs the suppressive function of Treg cells, while Lrig1-deficient naïve T cells normally differentiate into other T cell subsets. Adoptive transfer of CD4+Lrig1+ T cells alleviates autoimmune symptoms in colitis and lupus nephritis mouse models. A monoclonal anti-Lrig1 antibody significantly improves the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In conclusion, Lrig1 is an important regulator of suppressive T cell function and an exploitable target for treating autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Chang Ho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ines Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chin Hee Mun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Su Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SunHyeon So
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Choi
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rho Hyun Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Oita S, Saito T, Hashimoto R, Fumita T, Katsumata Y, Terui K, Komatsu S, Takenouchi A, Ikeda JI, Hishiki T. Frequency of infiltrating regulatory T-cells in the portal tract of biliary atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:259. [PMID: 37656274 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunological abnormalities have been hypothesized as a pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA). We previously investigated the frequency and function of circulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and reported no differences compared to controls. However, the local Treg profile remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the frequency of Tregs in BA liver tissues. METHODS The number of lymphocytes, CD4+ cells, and CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs infiltrating the portal tract and the percentage of Tregs among CD4+ cells of BA and control patients were visually counted. The correlation between these data and clinical indicators was also examined. RESULTS The number of lymphocytes, CD4+ cells, and CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs was higher in the BA group. However, the percentage of Tregs among CD4+ cells was similar in both groups. Each parameter was correlated with serum γ-GTP, but there was no clear association with liver fibrosis, jaundice clearance, and native liver survival. CONCLUSION The number of Tregs infiltrating the portal tract was higher in BA patients. However, the infiltration of lymphocytes was also generally increased. Tregs appear to be unsuccessful in suppressing progressive inflammation in BA patients, despite recruitment to local sites. Investigation of Treg function in the local environment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Oita
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1 Heda-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8667, Japan
| | - Rei Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takashi Fumita
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Yoshio Katsumata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Keita Terui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shugo Komatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Ayako Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Ikeda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Tomoro Hishiki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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7
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Tieu V, Tibi S, Ling J. Regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by diet-modulated gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1167827. [PMID: 37457959 PMCID: PMC10339388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1167827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has claimed millions of lives since late 2019, yet there are still many unexplored areas in its pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. COVID-19 is a disease that can affects multiple systems, some of which are overlapped with those modulated by gut microbiota, especially the immune system, thus leading to our concentration on analyzing the roles of microbiota in COVID-19 pathogenesis through the gut-lung axis. Dysbiosis of the commensal intestinal microbes and their metabolites (e.g., SCFAs) as well as the expression and activity of ACE2 in the gut could influence the host's immune system in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it has been known that the elderly and individuals diagnosed with comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, etc.) are more susceptible to gut flora alterations, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and death. Thus, in this review we will focus on analyzing how the gut microbiota regulates the immune system that leads to different responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since diet is a major factor to modulate the status of gut microbiota, dietary influence on COVID-19 pathogenesis will be also discussed, aiming to shed light on how diet-modulated gut microbiota regulates the susceptibility, severity, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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8
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Xiao R, Lei C, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Interleukin-6 in retinal diseases: From pathogenesis to therapy. Exp Eye Res 2023:109556. [PMID: 37385535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in immunomodulation, inflammation, increases vascular permeability, hematopoiesis, and stimulates cell proliferation, among other biological processes. It exerts effects primarily through the classic and trans-signaling pathways. Many studies have demonstrated that IL-6 plays a critical role in the development of retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Thus, the progressive development of drugs targeting IL-6 and IL-6 receptor may play a role in the treatment of multiple retinal diseases. In this article, we comprehensively review the IL-6's biological functions of and its mechanisms in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases. Furthermore, we summarize the drugs targeting IL-6 and its receptor and prospect their potential application in retinal diseases, hoping to provide new ideas for the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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9
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Wang J, Guo HX, Cheng T, Shi L, Zhang SX, Li XF. Reduced circulating Tregs and positive pANCA were robustly associated with the occurrence of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2023; 32:746-755. [PMID: 37051771 DOI: 10.1177/09612033231171287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical chronic immune disorder with clinical heterogeneity. The systemic abnormal immune response not only challenges the diagnosis and treatment of the disease itself but also the secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), characterized by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis, recurrent spontaneous abortion, or stillbirth. Clinical interest has primarily focused on primary APS's pathological and clinical features. However, differences in clinical features and laboratory indicators between SLE with or without APS are still lacking, especially differences between circulating lymphocytes, which are critical in the pathogenesis of SLE and its complications. METHODS In this retrospective study, we collected and analyzed clinical characteristics, general laboratory indicators, immunological indicators, and circulating lymphocyte subsets of SLE with or without APS. RESULTS Systemic lupus erythematosus with APS (SLE-APS) had elevated SLEDAI scores, hospitalization costs and time, and frequencies of central nervous system symptoms and spontaneous abortion compared with those without APS. SLE-APS had higher positive anti-Cardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2 Glycoprotein 1 antibodies, and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) than none-APS patients. Compared with healthy controls (HCs), the circulating lymphocyte subsets were altered to some extent in all patients, especially in patients with SLE-APS. Reduced Tregs and positive pANCA were independent risk factors for SLE secondary APS. CONCLUSION The present study revealed a robust association between APS secondary to SLE and reduced Tregs and positive pANCA, which provides essential information regarding the diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities of APS secondary to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Hong-Xia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, China
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10
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Teghanemt A, Misel-Wuchter K, Heath J, Thurman A, Pulipati P, Dixit G, Geesala R, Meyerholz DK, Maretzky T, Pezzulo A, Issuree PD. DNA demethylation fine-tunes IL-2 production during thymic regulatory T cell differentiation. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55543. [PMID: 36880575 PMCID: PMC10157375 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (T reg) cells developing in the thymus are essential to maintain tolerance and prevent fatal autoimmunity in mice and humans. Expression of the T reg lineage-defining transcription factor FoxP3 is critically dependent upon T cell receptor (TCR) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling. Here, we report that ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes, which are DNA demethylases, are required early during double-positive (DP) thymic T cell differentiation and prior to the upregulation of FoxP3 in CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes, to promote Treg differentiation. We show that Tet3 selectively controls the development of CD25- FoxP3lo CD4SP Treg cell precursors in the thymus and is critical for TCR-dependent IL-2 production, which drive chromatin remodeling at the FoxP3 locus as well as other Treg-effector gene loci in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Together, our results demonstrate a novel role for DNA demethylation in regulating the TCR response and promoting Treg cell differentiation. These findings highlight a novel epigenetic pathway to promote the generation of endogenous Treg cells for mitigation of autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmane Teghanemt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kara Misel-Wuchter
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jace Heath
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Thurman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Priyanjali Pulipati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Garima Dixit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ramasatya Geesala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alejandro Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Priya D Issuree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Jacob J, Volpe A, Peng Q, Lechler RI, Smyth LA, Lombardi G, Fruhwirth GO. Radiolabelling of Polyclonally Expanded Human Regulatory T Cells (Treg) with 89Zr-oxine for Medium-Term In Vivo Cell Tracking. Molecules 2023; 28:1482. [PMID: 36771148 PMCID: PMC9920634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a promising candidate cell therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and aid the longevity of transplanted solid organs. Despite increasing numbers of clinical trials using human Treg therapy, important questions pertaining to their in vivo fate, distribution, and function remain unanswered. Treg accumulation in relevant tissues was found to be crucial for Treg therapy efficacy, but existing blood-borne biomarkers are unlikely to accurately reflect the tissue state. Non-invasive Treg tracking by whole-body imaging is a promising alternative and can be achieved by direct radiolabelling of Tregs and following the radiolabelled cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Our goal was to evaluate the radiolabelling of polyclonal Tregs with 89Zr to permit their in vivo tracking by PET/CT for longer than one week with current preclinical PET instrumentation. We used [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 as the cell-labelling agent and achieved successful radiolabelling efficiency of human Tregs spanning 0.1-11.1 Bq 89Zr/Treg cell, which would be compatible with PET tracking beyond one week. We characterized the 89Zr-Tregs, assessing their phenotypes, and found that they were not tolerating these intracellular 89Zr amounts, as they failed to survive or expand in a 89Zr-dose-dependent manner. Even at 0.1 Bq 89Zr per Treg cell, while 89Zr-Tregs remained functional as determined by a five-day-long effector T cell suppression assay, they failed to expand beyond day 3 in vitro. Moreover, PET imaging revealed signs of 89Zr-Treg death after adoptive transfer in vivo. In summary, 89Zr labelling of Tregs at intracellular radioisotope amounts compatible with cell tracking over several weeks did not achieve the desired outcomes, as 89Zr-Tregs failed to expand and survive. Consequently, we conclude that indirect Treg labelling is likely to be the most effective alternative method to satisfy the requirements of this cell tracking scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Jacob
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Tower Wing, 5th Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alessia Volpe
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer Group, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, New Hunt’s House, 2nd Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Qi Peng
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Tower Wing, 5th Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer Group, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, New Hunt’s House, 2nd Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Tower Wing, 5th Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lesley A. Smyth
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, Stratford Campus, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Tower Wing, 5th Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer Group, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, New Hunt’s House, 2nd Floor, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK
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12
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Sonnemann J, Klocke J, Bieringer M, Rousselle A, Eckardt KU, Elitok S, Popovic S, Bachmann S, Kettritz R, Salama AD, Enghard P, Schreiber A. Urinary T Cells Identify Renal ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Predict Prognosis: a proof of concept study. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:871-883. [PMID: 37069968 PMCID: PMC10105048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Because therapy relies on immunosuppressive agents with potentially severe adverse effects, a reliable noninvasive biomarker of disease activity is needed to guide treatment. Methods We used flow cytometry to quantify T cell subsets in blood and urine samples from 95 patients with AAV and 8 controls to evaluate their biomarker characteristics. These were compared to soluble markers, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble CD25 (sCD25), and complement C5a (C5a), measured using multiplex analysis. Available kidney biopsies (n = 21) were classified according to Berden. Results Patients with active renal AAV (rAAV) showed significantly higher urinary cell counts than those in remission, or those with extrarenal manifestation, or healthy controls. Urinary T cells showed robust discrimination of disease activity with superior performance compared to MCP-1 and sCD163. Patients whose kidney biopsies had been classified as "crescentic" according to Berden classification showed higher urinary T cell counts. Discordant regulatory T cells (Treg) proportions and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in blood and urine suggested that urinary cells reflect tissue migration rather than mere micro-bleeding. Furthermore, urinary Treg and T helper cells (TH17) patterns were associated with clinical response and risk of renal relapse. Conclusion Urinary T cells reflect the renal inflammatory milieu in AAV and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of this chronic condition. Their promising potential as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers deserves further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Sonnemann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Klocke
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bieringer
- Department of Nephrology, Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saban Elitok
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Suncica Popovic
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan D. Salama
- Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ)
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: Adrian Schreiber, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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13
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Wan S, Xu W, Xie B, Guan C, Song X. The potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies for alopecia areata. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111547. [PMID: 37205097 PMCID: PMC10186346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte has been a concern for the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA), some recent evidence suggests that the regulatory T (Treg) cell deficiency is also a contributing factor. In the lesional scalp of AA, Treg cells residing in the follicles are impaired, leading to dysregulated local immunity and hair follicle (HF) regeneration disorders. New strategies are emerging to modulate Treg cells' number and function for autoimmune diseases. There is much interest to boost Treg cells in AA patients to suppress the abnormal autoimmunity of HF and stimulate hair regeneration. With few satisfactory therapeutic regimens available for AA, Treg cell-based therapies could be the way forward. Specifically, CAR-Treg cells and novel formulations of low-dose IL-2 are the alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Guan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuzu Song, ; Cuiping Guan,
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuzu Song, ; Cuiping Guan,
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14
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Sato W, Noto D, Araki M, Okamoto T, Lin Y, Yamaguchi H, Kadowaki-Saga R, Kimura A, Kimura Y, Sato N, Ishizuka T, Nakamura H, Miyake S, Yamamura T. First-in-human clinical trial of the NKT cell-stimulatory glycolipid OCH in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231162153. [PMID: 36993937 PMCID: PMC10041592 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231162153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes the damage to the myelin sheath as well as axonal degeneration. Individuals with MS appear to have changes in the numbers and functions of T-cell subsets, leading to an immunological imbalance accompanied by enhanced autoreactivity. In previous preclinical studies, (2 S,3 S,4R)-1-O-(α-D-Galactopyranosyl)-N-tetracosanoyl-2-amino-1,3,4-nonanetriol (OCH), a synthetic analog of α-galactosylceramide stimulatory for invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, has shown therapeutic or disease-preventive immunoregulatory effects in autoimmune disease models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Objectives This study is the first-in-human study of oral OCH to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and to examine the effects on immune cells as well as related gene expression profiles. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers and 13 MS patients who met the study criteria were enrolled. They were divided into five cohorts and received oral administration of various doses of granulated powder of OCH (0.3-30 mg), once per week for 4 or 13 weeks. Plasma OCH concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were evaluated by flow cytometry, and microarray analysis was performed to determine OCH-induced changes in gene expression. Results Oral OCH was well tolerated, and its bioavailability was found to be sufficient. Six hours after a single dose of OCH, increased frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells were observed in some cohorts of healthy subjects and MS patients. Furthermore, gene expression analysis demonstrated an upregulation of several immunoregulatory genes and downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes following OCH administration. Conclusion This study has demonstrated immunomodulatory effects of the iNKT cell-stimulatory drug OCH in human. Safety profiles together with the presumed anti-inflammatory effects of oral OCH encouraged us to conduct a phase II trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manabu Araki
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youwei Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamaguchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kadowaki-Saga
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takami Ishizuka
- Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumasa Nakamura
- Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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15
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Iro MA, Rollier CS, Irani SR, Sadarangani M, Al-Diwani A, Pollard AJ, Clutterbuck EA. Regulatory T cell profiles in patients with N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor-antibody encephalitis. ENCEPHALITIS 2023; 3:15-23. [PMID: 37469716 PMCID: PMC10295821 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2022.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Purpose Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders and used in adoptive cell transfer therapies. Neither have been explored in patients with autoimmune encephalitis where treated patient outcomes remain suboptimal with frequent relapses. Here, to identify new treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis, we sought to evaluate the proportion of circulating Tregs and Treg subpopulations in peripheral blood of patients with N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor-antibody encephalitis (NMDAR-Ab-E) and compared this with healthy controls. Methods We compared the phenotype of peripheral blood Tregs in four adult NMDAR-Ab-E patients and four age- and sex-matched healthy controls using an 11-color flow cytometry assay panel for characterization of Tregs (CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+) cells into naïve (chemokine receptor [CCR] 7+ CD45RA+), central memory (CCR7+ CD45RA-), and effector memory (CCR7- CD45RA-) cells. We also examined and compared the expression of the CCR6 by circulating Tregs and the respective Treg subpopulations between the study groups. Results The proportion of circulating Tregs was similar between patients with NMDAR-Ab-E and healthy controls but the proportion of naïve Tregs was lower in NMDAR-Ab-E patients (p = 0.0026). Additionally, the frequency of circulating effector memory Tregs was higher, and the proportion of circulating effector memory Tregs expressing CCR6 was lower, in NMDAR-Ab-E patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0026). Conclusion Altered Treg homeostasis may be a feature of patients with NMDAR-Ab-E. Future studies with larger samples are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred A. Iro
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Southampton Children’s Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S. Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarosh R. Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Al-Diwani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Goswami TK, Singh M, Dhawan M, Mitra S, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, Alhumaid S, Dhama K. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders - Advances and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2035117. [PMID: 35240914 PMCID: PMC9009914 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2035117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused when immune cells act against self-protein. This biological self-non-self-discrimination phenomenon is controlled by a distinct group of lymphocytes known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are key inflammatory response regulators and play a pivotal role in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Treg-mediated robust immunosuppression provides self-tolerance and protection against autoimmune diseases. However, once this system fails to operate or poorly operate, it leads to an extreme situation where immune system reacts against self-antigens and destroys host organs, thus causing autoimmune diseases. Tregs can target both innate and adaptive immunity via modulating multiple immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. This review highlights the Treg-mediated immunosuppression, role of several markers and their interplay during Treg development and differentiation, and advances in therapeutic aspects of Treg cells to reduce severity of autoimmunity-related conditions along with emphasizing limitations and challenges of their usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Goswami
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Badr M, McFleder RL, Wu J, Knorr S, Koprich JB, Hünig T, Brotchie JM, Volkmann J, Lutz MB, Ip CW. Expansion of regulatory T cells by CD28 superagonistic antibodies attenuates neurodegeneration in A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:319. [PMID: 36587195 PMCID: PMC9805693 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells (Treg) are a subgroup of T lymphocytes involved in maintaining immune balance. Disturbance of Treg number and impaired suppressive function of Treg correlate with Parkinson's disease severity. Superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (CD28SA) activate Treg and cause their expansion to create an anti-inflammatory environment. METHODS Using the AAV1/2-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mouse model that overexpresses the pathogenic human A53T-α-synuclein (hαSyn) variant in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, we assessed the neuroprotective and disease-modifying efficacy of a single intraperitoneal dose of CD28SA given at an early disease stage. RESULTS CD28SA led to Treg expansion 3 days after delivery in hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. At this timepoint, an early pro-inflammation was observed in vehicle-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice with elevated percentages of CD8+CD69+ T cells in brain and increased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen. These immune responses were suppressed in CD28SA-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. Early treatment with CD28SA attenuated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SN of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice accompanied with reduced brain numbers of activated CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ microglia observed at the late disease-stage 10 weeks after AAV injection. In contrast, a later treatment 4 weeks after AAV delivery failed to reduce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that immune modulation by Treg expansion at a timepoint of overt inflammation is effective for treatment of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice and suggest that the concept of early immune therapy could pose a disease-modifying option for Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rhonda L. McFleder
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Wu
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B. Koprich
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Thomas Hünig
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jens Volkmann
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Haunhorst S, Bloch W, Javelle F, Krüger K, Baumgart S, Drube S, Lemhöfer C, Reuken P, Stallmach A, Müller M, Zielinski CE, Pletz MW, Gabriel HHW, Puta C. A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients - indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1070994. [PMID: 36582234 PMCID: PMC9792979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be impaired by the persistence of symptoms or new-onset health complications, commonly referred to as Long COVID. In a subset of patients, Long COVID is associated with immune system perturbations of unknown etiology, which could be related to compromised immunoregulatory mechanisms. Objective The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the existing literature regarding the frequency and functionality of Tregs in convalescent COVID-19 patients and to explore indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID. Design A systematic search of studies investigating Tregs during COVID-19 convalescence was conducted on MEDLINE (via Pubmed) and Web of Science. Results The literature search yielded 17 relevant studies, of which three included a distinct cohort of patients with Long COVID. The reviewed studies suggest that the Treg population of COVID-19 patients can reconstitute quantitatively and functionally during recovery. However, the comparison between recovered and seronegative controls revealed that an infection-induced dysregulation of the Treg compartment can be sustained for at least several months. The small number of studies investigating Tregs in Long COVID allowed no firm conclusions to be drawn about their involvement in the syndrome's etiology. Yet, even almost one year post-infection Long COVID patients exhibit significantly altered proportions of Tregs within the CD4+ T cell population. Conclusions Persistent alterations in cell frequency in Long COVID patients indicate that Treg dysregulation might be linked to immune system-associated sequelae. Future studies should aim to address the association of Treg adaptations with different symptom clusters and blood parameters beyond the sole quantification of cell frequencies while adhering to consensualized phenotyping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina E. Zielinski
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger H. W. Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
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19
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Han HT, Jin WL, Li X. Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy in liver diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:23. [PMID: 35895169 PMCID: PMC9326420 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immune cells and their products in the liver together form a complex and unique immune microenvironment, and preclinical models have demonstrated the importance of imbalances in the hepatic immune microenvironment in liver inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases. Various immunotherapies have been attempted to modulate the hepatic immune microenvironment for the purpose of treating liver diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a comprehensive and plastic immunomodulatory capacity. On the one hand, they have been tried for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases because of their excellent immunosuppressive capacity; On the other hand, MSCs have immune-enhancing properties in immunocompromised settings and can be modified into cellular carriers for targeted transport of immune enhancers by genetic modification, physical and chemical loading, and thus they are also used in the treatment of immunocompromised liver diseases such as chronic viral infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the immunological basis and recent strategies of MSCs for the treatment of the aforementioned liver diseases. Specifically, we update the immune microenvironment of the liver and summarize the distinct mechanisms of immune microenvironment imbalance in inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases, and how MSCs can fully exploit their immunotherapeutic role in liver diseases with both immune imbalance patterns.
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20
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Frequency and function of circulating regulatory T-cells in biliary atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 39:23. [PMID: 36449184 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the impairment of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) has been shown in the liver or portal area of biliary atresia (BA) the frequency and function of circulating Tregs in BA patients is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the frequency and function of circulating Tregs in BA patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 25 BA patients and 24 controls. Treg frequency was measured by flow cytometry; function was determined by T-cell proliferation assay. We also assessed the association between Treg frequency/function and clinical parameters in BA cases. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the two groups in both frequency (BA: 3.4%; control: 3.2%; p = 0.97) and function (BA: 22.0%; control: 7.5%; p = 0.23) of Tregs. We further focused on 13 preoperative BA patients and 14 age-matched controls. Neither Treg frequency nor function were significantly different (frequency: BA: 4.6%; control: 3.4%; p = 0.38, function: BA: 2.7%; control: 7.6%; p = 0.89). There was no association between Treg frequency/function and clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Neither the frequency nor function of circulating Tregs was affected in BA patients, suggesting the negative role of circulating Tregs in the pathogenesis of BA. Further investigation of local Treg profiles is warranted.
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21
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Ohmes J, Comdühr S, Akbarzadeh R, Riemekasten G, Humrich JY. Dysregulation and chronicity of pathogenic T cell responses in the pre-diseased stage of lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007078. [PMID: 36389689 PMCID: PMC9650673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the normal immune system, T cell activation is tightly regulated and controlled at several levels to ensure that activation occurs in the right context to prevent the development of pathologic conditions such as autoimmunity or other harmful immune responses. CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for the regulation of T cell responses in the peripheral lymphatic organs and thus for the prevention and control of autoimmunity. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease with complex etiology, a disbalance between Treg and pathogenic effector/memory CD4+ T cells develops during disease progression indicating that gradual loss of control over T cell activation is an important event in the immune pathogenesis. This progressive failure to adequately regulate the activation of autoreactive T cells facilitates chronic activation and effector/memory differentiation of pathogenic T cells, which are considered to contribute significantly to the induction and perpetuation of autoimmune processes and tissue inflammation in SLE. However, in particular in humans, little is known about the factors which drive the escape from immune regulation and the chronicity of pathogenic T cell responses in an early stage of autoimmune disease when clinical symptoms are still unapparent. Here we briefly summarize important findings and discuss current views and models on the mechanisms related to the dysregulation of T cell responses which promotes chronicity and pathogenic memory differentiation with a focus on the early stage of disease in lupus-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jens Y. Humrich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Satoh T, Takiguchi H, Uojima H, Kubo M, Tanaka C, Yokoyama F, Wada N, Miyazaki K, Hidaka H, Kusano C, Kuwana M, Horie R. B cell-activating factor is involved in thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:2433-2444. [PMID: 36098792 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis (LC) involves B cells that produce anti-glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antibodies, found in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The role of autoimmunity in the pathology of thrombocytopenia in LC was investigated using 25 LC patients with thrombocytopenia, 18 ITP patients, and 30 healthy controls. Anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Platelet-associated and plasma anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody, plasma B cell-activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B cell subset fractions and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were quantified using flow cytometry.The number of anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells was significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (both p < 0.001). Platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies were significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). BAFF levels were significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and APRIL levels were significantly higher in LC patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells and platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies were positively correlated with BAFF levels in LC patients. LC patients had more naïve B cells and plasmablasts than healthy controls (p = 0.005, p = 0.03, respectively); plasmablasts were positively correlated with BAFF levels. LC patients had similar Tregs levels as ITP patients and healthy controls. Therefore, excessive BAFF production in LC patients with thrombocytopenia is likely associated with autoimmune B cell response, inducing anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Satoh
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hayato Takiguchi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruki Uojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chisato Tanaka
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yokoyama
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Miyazaki
- Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hidaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chika Kusano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Kuwana
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Horie
- Division of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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23
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Rizzi L, Sabbà C, Suppressa P. Sarcoidosis and autoimmunity: In the depth of a complex relationship. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:991394. [PMID: 36148452 PMCID: PMC9485866 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.991394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease that can virtually affect any organ. Its etiology is unknown, although it has been proposed that environmental or biological agents can act as triggers, ultimately leading to chronic inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals. The main component of sarcoid inflammation is represented by an exaggerated T- lymphocytic cellular response to a putative antigen that could not be efficiently cleared in the patient. However, several clinical and immunological observations, such as the association of sarcoidosis to autoimmune diseases or the presence of autoantibodies in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis, suggest that humoral-mediated immune response might also play a role in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. The aim of this review is to deepen the relationship between sarcoidosis and autoimmunity, by analyzing the most recent advances and proposing new fields of research.
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24
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Moldenhauer LM, Jin M, Wilson JJ, Green ES, Sharkey DJ, Salkeld MD, Bristow TC, Hull ML, Dekker GA, Robertson SA. Regulatory T Cell Proportion and Phenotype Are Altered in Women Using Oral Contraception. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6628694. [PMID: 35786711 PMCID: PMC9354970 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that are essential for immune homeostasis, immune tolerance, and protection against autoimmunity. There is evidence that sex-steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone modulate Treg cell abundance and phenotype in women. Since natural oscillations in these hormones are modified by hormonal contraceptives, we examined whether oral contraception (OC) use impacts Treg cells and related T cell populations. T cells were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry in peripheral blood collected across the menstrual cycle from healthy women either using OC or without hormonal contraception and from age-matched men. Compared to naturally cycling women, women using OC had fewer Treg cells and an altered Treg cell phenotype. Notably, Treg cells exhibiting a strongly suppressive phenotype, defined by high FOXP3, CD25, Helios, HLADR, CTLA4, and Ki67, comprised a lower proportion of total Treg cells, particularly in the early- and mid-cycle phases. The changes were moderate compared to more substantial differences in Treg cells between women and men, wherein women had fewer Treg cells-especially of the effector memory Treg cell subset-associated with more T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and CD8+ T cells and lower Treg:Th1 cell and Treg:CD8+ T cell ratios than men. These findings imply that OC can modulate the number and phenotype of peripheral blood Treg cells and raise the possibility that Treg cells contribute to the physiological changes and altered disease susceptibility linked with OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasmine J Wilson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ella S Green
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David J Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark D Salkeld
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas C Bristow
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Louise Hull
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gustaaf A Dekker
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Women’s Health, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Correspondence: Sarah A. Robertson, PhD, Robinson Research Institute and the School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Kerdidani D, Papaioannou NE, Nakou E, Alissafi T. Rebooting Regulatory T Cell and Dendritic Cell Function in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Biomarker and Therapy Discovery under a Multi-Omics Lens. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2140. [PMID: 36140240 PMCID: PMC9495698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders with constantly increasing prevalence in the modern world. The vast majority of IMIDs develop as a consequence of complex mechanisms dependent on genetic, epigenetic, molecular, cellular, and environmental elements, that lead to defects in immune regulatory guardians of tolerance, such as dendritic (DCs) and regulatory T (Tregs) cells. As a result of this dysfunction, immune tolerance collapses and pathogenesis emerges. Deeper understanding of such disease driving mechanisms remains a major challenge for the prevention of inflammatory disorders. The recent renaissance in high throughput technologies has enabled the increase in the amount of data collected through multiple omics layers, while additionally narrowing the resolution down to the single cell level. In light of the aforementioned, this review focuses on DCs and Tregs and discusses how multi-omics approaches can be harnessed to create robust cell-based IMID biomarkers in hope of leading to more efficient and patient-tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kerdidani
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos E. Papaioannou
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nakou
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Themis Alissafi
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
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26
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Schlöder J, Shahneh F, Schneider FJ, Wieschendorf B. Boosting regulatory T cell function for the treatment of autoimmune diseases – That’s only half the battle! Front Immunol 2022; 13:973813. [PMID: 36032121 PMCID: PMC9400058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of specialized T cells that are essential for the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Once activated, Treg exert powerful immunosuppressive properties, for example by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses against self-antigens, thereby protecting our body from autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, exhibit an immunological imbalance mainly characterized by a reduced frequency and impaired function of Treg. In addition, there has been increasing evidence that – besides Treg dysfunction – immunoregulatory mechanisms fail to control autoreactive T cells due to a reduced responsiveness of T effector cells (Teff) for the suppressive properties of Treg, a process termed Treg resistance. In order to efficiently treat autoimmune diseases and thus fully induce immunological tolerance, a combined therapy aimed at both enhancing Treg function and restoring Teff responsiveness could most likely be beneficial. This review provides an overview of immunomodulating drugs that are currently used to treat various autoimmune diseases in the clinic and have been shown to increase Treg frequency as well as Teff sensitivity to Treg-mediated suppression. Furthermore, we discuss strategies on how to boost Treg activity and function, and their potential use in the treatment of autoimmunity. Finally, we present a humanized mouse model for the preclinical testing of Treg-activating substances in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schlöder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janine Schlöder,
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Joseph Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Olisova OY, Gudova VV. The peripheral blood regulatory T-cells analysis as a criterion for assessing the therapy efficacy and a prognostic marker for the duration of remission of psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2022. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The recently discovered regulatory T-cells CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD127low (Treg-cells) plays an important role in sustaining immune tolerance. These cells demonstrated a significant tremendous potential in suppressing the pathological immune response associated with various autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis vulgaris (VP).
Aims. To find the role of Treg-cells in VP pathogenesis and to show the possible use of the Treg-cells analysis for diagnosis, remission duration prediction and measurement of therapeutic effectiveness.
Materials and methods. We studied 60 VP patients (35 females and 25 males) aged 1855. The patients were diagnosed with VP at advanced, remedial and retrogressive phases (28, 19 and 13 participants, respectively). The disease severity was assessed with the PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). The patients were stratified into two groups based on disease duration (less than 20 years, n = 42; over 20 years, n = 28). The study involved 12 VP patients in the advanced stage, whose Treg level was tested prior and after 311 nm UVB course. We followed up the VP patients for two years following the UVB-311 nm phototherapy course to assess the remission duration and the relapse frequency.
Results. We found lower levels of Тreg in patients in the study group. Treg peripheral blood levels in VP patients and in HD were 2.84 1.00% and 4.02 0.73%, respectively. The Treg levels were 2.59 0.68%, 2.82 1.55% and 3.68 1.62% at advanced, remedial and retrogressive stages, respectively. The patients with the VP history less than 20 years demonstrated Treg level of 3.42 1.11% and 2.31 0.62% for patients with VP history over 20 years. We found an inverse correlation between the Treg subpopulation CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD127low and the VP severity level evaluated with PASI (r =
0.39). The UVB-311 nm phototherapy resulted in the significant Treg level increase in 12 patients (2.11 0.61% and 3.43 1.02% prior and after therapy, respectively). Subsequently, we revealed the direct correlation (r = 0.88) between the Treg cell level increase in patients prior and after the phototherapy and the duration of remission in this group of the VP patients.
Conclusions. We found decreased in Treg levels in VP patients compared to HD and revealed correlation between Treg-cells level in VP patients and VP phases, duration and the severity of the clinical picture. We demonstrated Treg feasibility as a laboratory indicator of VP therapy treatment with the example of 311 nm UVB and as a predict factor of remission duration.
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de Picciotto S, DeVita N, Hsiao CJ, Honan C, Tse SW, Nguyen M, Ferrari JD, Zheng W, Wipke BT, Huang E. Selective activation and expansion of regulatory T cells using lipid encapsulated mRNA encoding a long-acting IL-2 mutein. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3866. [PMID: 35790728 PMCID: PMC9256694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is critical for regulatory T cell (Treg) function and homeostasis. At low doses, IL-2 can suppress immune pathologies by expanding Tregs that constitutively express the high affinity IL-2Rα subunit. However, even low dose IL-2, signaling through the IL2-Rβ/γ complex, may lead to the activation of proinflammatory, non-Treg T cells, so improving specificity toward Tregs may be desirable. Here we use messenger RNAs (mRNA) to encode a half-life-extended human IL-2 mutein (HSA-IL2m) with mutations promoting reliance on IL-2Rα. Our data show that IL-2 mutein subcutaneous delivery as lipid-encapsulated mRNA nanoparticles selectively activates and expands Tregs in mice and non-human primates, and also reduces disease severity in mouse models of acute graft versus host disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Single cell RNA-sequencing of mouse splenic CD4+ T cells identifies multiple Treg states with distinct response dynamics following IL-2 mutein treatment. Our results thus demonstrate the potential of mRNA-encoded HSA-IL2m immunotherapy to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Eric Huang
- Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Scheib N, Tiemann J, Becker C, Probst HC, Raker VK, Steinbrink K. The Dendritic Cell Dilemma in the Skin: Between Tolerance and Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929000. [PMID: 35837386 PMCID: PMC9275407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are uniquely capable of initiating and directing immune responses. The range of their activities grounds in the heterogeneity of DC subsets and their functional plasticity. Numerical and functional DC changes influence the development and progression of disease, and correction of such dysregulations has the potential to treat disease causally. In this review, we discuss the major advances in our understanding of the regulation of DC lineage formation, differentiation, and function in the skin. We describe the alteration of DC in disease as well as possibilities for therapeutic reprogramming with a focus on tolerogenic DC. Because regulatory T cells (Treg) are indispensable partners of DC in the induction and control of tolerance, we pay special attention to the interactions with these cells. Above all, we would like to arouse fascination for this cell type and its therapeutic potential in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Scheib
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Tiemann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena Katharina Raker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Verena Katharina Raker,
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
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Lee AY, Foulsham W. Regulatory T Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities in Uveitis. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:901144. [PMID: 38983511 PMCID: PMC11182269 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.901144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the maintenance of immune tolerance and the suppression of excessive inflammation. Many inflammatory autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune uveitis, involve the loss of the suppressive capacities of Tregs. Over the past decade, Tregs' therapeutic potential in uveitis has garnered increasing attention. Specific subsets of Tregs, including TIGIT+ and PD-1+ Tregs, have emerged as potent immunosuppressors that may be particularly well-suited to cell-based therapeutics. Studies have elucidated the interaction between Treg development and the gut microbiome as well as various intracellular signaling pathways. Numerous cell-based therapies and therapeutic molecules have been proposed and investigated using the murine experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model. However, certain challenges remain to be addressed. Studies involving the use of Tregs in human patients with uveitis are lacking, and there are concerns regarding Tregs' production and purification for practical use, their plasticity towards inflammatory phenotypes, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, recent research has brought Tregs closer to yielding viable treatment options for uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Foulsham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Mechanisms Involved in Maintaining Vascular Inflammation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102905. [PMID: 35629030 PMCID: PMC9143803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant cell arteritis (GCA) pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial, involving a predisposing genetic background, the role of immune aging and the activation of vascular dendritic cells by an unknown trigger. Once activated, dendritic cells recruit CD4 T cells and induce their activation, proliferation and polarization into Th1 and Th17, which produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), respectively. IFN-γ triggers the production of chemokines by vascular smooth muscle cells, which leads to the recruitment of additional CD4 and CD8 T cells and also monocytes that differentiate into macrophages. Recent data have shown that IL-17, IFN-γ and GM-CSF induce the differentiation of macrophage subpopulations, which play a role in the destruction of the arterial wall, in neoangiogenesis or intimal hyperplasia. Under the influence of different mediators, mainly endothelin-1 and PDGF, vascular smooth muscle cells migrate to the intima, proliferate and change their phenotype to become myofibroblasts that further proliferate and produce extracellular matrix proteins, increasing the vascular stenosis. In addition, several defects in the immune regulatory mechanisms probably contribute to chronic vascular inflammation in GCA: a defect in the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, a quantitative and qualitative Treg deficiency, the implication of resident cells, the role of GM-CSF and IL-6, the implication of the NOTCH pathway and the role of mucosal‑associated invariant T cells and tissue‑resident memory T cells.
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Qu G, Chen J, Li Y, Yuan Y, Liang R, Li B. Current status and perspectives of regulatory T cell-based therapy. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:599-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wang A, Wang L, Fu Q, Shi Z, Chen X, Zhang X, Xu W, Wang T, Yu X, Zhang S, Gao Y, Li W, Hu S. Yiqi Jiedu herbal decoction attenuates the 2 Gy 60Co γ ray induced spleen injury by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating the immune balance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114925. [PMID: 34933086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Irradiation-induced immunosuppression often occurs during radiotherapy in patients, which would increase the risk of opportunistic infections. Many Chinese herbal prescriptions or natural extracts have recently attracted increased radiation protection and therapy attention due to their low toxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Yiqi Jiedu (YQJD) decoction on spleen injury induced by 2 Gy 60Co γ ray in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 180 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: blank control (Ctrl), model (IR), positive drug (IRA), low-dose YQJD decoction (IRL), and high-dose YQJD decoction (IRH). After a ten-day intervention, mice were exposed to a single dose of total body irradiation (2 Gy) and sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day after irradiation. The indicators include general observations and body weight, changes in peripheral hemogram, index and histopathology examination of the spleen, distribution of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine levels, and apoptosis in the spleen. RESULTS In comparison to the Ctrl group, the body weight, spleen index, peripheral blood cell, and splenocyte quantities decreased significantly after exposure, accompanied by a notable increase of apoptosis in spleen cells. Moreover, ionizing radiation also broke the balance of CD4+/CD8+, Th1/Th2, and Th17/Treg, triggering immune imbalance and immunosuppression. The above injuries occurred on the 1st day after exposure, worsened on the 3rd, and were relieved on the 7th day. However, the pretreatment of YQJD decoction increased the spleen index, improved the spleen structure, and inhibited radiation-induced apoptosis after exposure. Additionally, YQJD decoction has shown its ability to promote immunological balance recovery following exposure by regulating CD4+/CD8+, Th1/Th2, and Th17/Treg ratios, which may minimize the risk of infection. In addition, the high-dose of YQJD decoction showed a better protective effect than the low-dose group. CONCLUSION The protective effects of YQJD decoction on 2 Gy 60Coγray induced spleen injury were confirmed in this study. This mechanism may be related to inhibiting apoptosis and modulating immune balance. This exploration might provide new insights into the use of Chinese herbs on radioprotection of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qian Fu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhongyu Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wenhui Xu
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shujing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yushan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Sumin Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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The relation of CD4 +CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells concentration with disease activity and damage index in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2022; 31:463-471. [DOI: 10.1177/09612033221083269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Regulatory T cells (Treg) deficits, both quantitative and qualitative, are known to be possible triggers for the development of autoimmune disorders by causing T and B cells dysfunction. The contribution of Treg deficiency in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still being debated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the percentage of circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in a cohort of Egyptian SLE patients and to correlate this value with the activity and damage index of these patients. Methods 50 female patients with SLE together with an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Flow cytometric determination of peripheral Treg cells was carried out for all participants by detecting the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells to compare cases with the control group. Disease activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), while disease damage was assessed using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC/ACR DI). Both indices were correlated with the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 T regulatory cells. Results CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells percentage was significantly decreased in patients with SLE as compared to healthy controls. On correlating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg percentage with SLEDAI-2K, a significantly negative correlation was found. Also, there was a negative significant correlation between CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells percentage and SLICC/ACR DI. On correlating SLEDAI-2K with damage index (SLICC/ACR DI), we found highly significant positive correlation. Conclusion Our study showed impaired production of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in SLE patients, which can play a reciprocal role with some cytokines to affect the activity of the disease and organ damage. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs cells should be the target to determine the clinical effectiveness of new therapy to modulate Tregs besides the traditional treatments.
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Blinova VG, Gladilina YA, Eliseeva DD, Lobaeva TA, Zhdanov DD. [Increased suppressor activity of transformed ex vivo regulatory T-cells in comparison with unstimulated cells of the same donor]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:55-67. [PMID: 35221297 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226801055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺CD127low (Tregs) play a key role in the maintenance of tolerance to auto antigens, inhibit function of effector T and B lymphocytes, and provide a balance between effector and regulatory arms of immunity. Patients with autoimmune diseases have decreased Treg numbers and impaired suppressive activity. Transformed ex vivo autologous Tregs could restore destroyed balance of the immune system. We developed a method for Treg precursor cell cultivation. Following the method, we were able to grown up 300-400 million of Tregs cells from 50 ml of peripheral blood during a week. Transformed ex vivo Tregs are 90-95% CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺CD127low and have increased expression of transcription genes FoxP3 and Helios. Transformed ex vivo Tregs have increased demethylation of FoxP3 promoter and activated genes of proliferation markers Cycline B1, Ki67 and LGALS 1. Transformed ex vivo Tregs have increased suppressive activity and up to 80-90% these cells secrete cytokines TNFα и IFNγ. Our data suggest transformed ex vivo autologous Tregs have genetic, immunophenotypic and functional characteristics for regulatory T-cells and further can be used for adoptive immunotherapy autoimmune diseases and inhibition of transplantation immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Blinova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - T A Lobaeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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Shimojima Y, Kishida D, Ichikawa T, Takamatsu R, Nomura S, Sekijima Y. Oxidative Stress Promotes Instability of Regulatory T Cells in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789740. [PMID: 34950150 PMCID: PMC8691772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the characteristics of regulatory T cells (Tregs), focusing on the relationship between their stability and reactive oxygen species (ROS), in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Intracellular expressions of effector cytokines, forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), ROS, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in Tregs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with AAV and healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. The alterations in and functional ability of Tregs were compared before and after resveratrol (RVL) treatment of PBMCs in patients with AAV. Significantly higher expressions of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-4, ROS, and phosphorylated mTOR (pho-mTOR) and lower expression of SIRT1 in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells were found in patients with AAV than in the HC. FoxP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ cells and suppressive function of Tregs were significantly lower in patients with AAV than in the HC. Tregs after RVL treatment demonstrated significant decreases in IFN-γ, ROS, and pho-mTOR levels and increases in FoxP3, SIRT1 levels, and functional activity. Conversely, the direct activation of SIRT1 by SRT1720 resulted in decreased FoxP3 expression, with no reduction in ROS levels. The pho-mTOR levels were significantly higher in Tregs after activation by SRT1720 than in those after RVL treatment. This study suggested that imbalanced changes in Tregs could be attributed to mTOR activation, in which ROS overproduction was predominantly implicated. Therefore, ROS is a key mediator for promoting Tregs instability in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimojima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Dai Kishida
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takanori Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Takamatsu
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shun Nomura
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Lee HR, Yoo SJ, Kim J, Park CK, Kang SW. Reduction of Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Attenuates the Inflammatory Response of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212411. [PMID: 34830290 PMCID: PMC8624216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and oxidation mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are out of balance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the correlation between ROS and T cell subsets in RA remains unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with RA (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 10) were isolated from whole blood samples. Synovial tissues (n = 3) and synovial fluid (n = 10) were obtained from patients with RA. The repartition of T cell subsets and expression of ROS and cytokines were examined according to RA severity. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from patients with RA were stimulated with PBMCs and the expression of inflammation-related molecules were measured by RT-PCR and cytokine array. Regulatory T cells from patients with moderate (5.1 > DAS28 ≥ 3.2) RA showed the highest expression of mitochondrial ROS among the groups based on disease severity. Although ROS levels steadily increased with RA severity, there was a slight decline in severe RA (DAS28 ≥ 5.1) compared with moderate RA. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in RA FLSs were significantly inhibited when FLSs were co-cultured with PBMCs treated with ROS inhibitor. These findings provide a novel approach to suppress inflammatory response of FLSs through ROS regulation in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Reum Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-R.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (J.K.)
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-R.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-R.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Chan Keol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum-7-ro, Sejong 30099, Korea;
| | - Seong Wook Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-R.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (J.K.)
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwaro, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-338-2428
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Chen J, Huang F, Hou Y, Lin X, Liang R, Hu X, Zhao J, Wang J, Olsen N, Zheng SG. TGF-β-induced CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate Notch1 signaling through miR-449a and prevent collagen-induced arthritis in a murine model. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2516-2529. [PMID: 34556822 PMCID: PMC8545930 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells are central to the maintenance of self-tolerance and can be defective in autoimmunity. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, dysfunctional self-tolerance, is to a large extent, caused by insufficient Treg-cell activity. Although nTregs have therapeutic effects in vivo, their relative scarcity and slow rate of in vitro expansion hinder the application of nTreg therapy. It was previously reported that EVs contribute significantly to the suppressive function of FOXP3+ Treg cells. Considering that the stability and plasticity of nTregs remain major challenges in vivo, we established EVs derived from in vitro TGF-β-induced Treg cells (iTreg-EVs) and assessed their functions in a murine model of autoimmune arthritis. The results demonstrated that iTreg-EVs preferentially homed to the pathological joint and efficiently prevented the imbalance in Th17/Treg cells in arthritic mice. Furthermore, we found that miR-449a-5p mediated Notch1 expression modulation and that miR-449a-5p knockdown abolished the effects of iTreg-EVs on effector T cells and regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results show that iTreg-EVs control the inflammatory responses of recipient T cells through miR-449a-5p-dependent modulation of Notch1 and ameliorate the development and severity of arthritis, which may provide a potential cell-free strategy based on manipulating iTreg-EVs to prevent autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Chen
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Feng Huang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yuluan Hou
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaojiang Hu
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jun Zhao
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Julie Wang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Wu ZX, Wang F, Li L, Yao Y, Long J, Luo QQ, Zhao ZB, Li WL, Cao J, Lian ZX. The Clinical Significance of Mesenteric Lymphocytes in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:685577. [PMID: 34604029 PMCID: PMC8481834 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.685577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The mesentery is a potential site of residual tumor in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mesenteric immune microenvironment remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the immune landscape of the mesentery, particularly the role of lymphocytes and its association with the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect lymphocytes in the paired mesenteric tissue specimens adjacent to the colorectal tumors and normal mesenteric tissue specimens 10 cm away from the colorectal tumor edge and preoperative peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with CRC who underwent surgery. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding was utilized to analyze multiparameter flow cytometry data. Multiplex immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate T cells subsets in the paired mesentery adjacent to the colorectal tumors and normal mesentery. The Fisher’s exact test and non-parametric Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs tests were used for statistical analysis. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine associations between percentage data and clinical parameters of patients with CRC. Results We found that immune cells in the normal mesentery were mainly of lymphoid lineage. Compared with peripheral blood, the normal mesentery showed decreased NK cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio and increased CD3+ CD56+, memory CD4+ T, memory CD8+ T, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM), and CD8+ TRM cells. Compared with the normal mesentery, the mesentery adjacent to the colorectal tumor showed increased B and regulatory T cells and decreased NK, CD3+ CD56+, CD4+ TRM, and CD8+ TRM cells. Moreover, memory CD8+ T cells and plasmablasts are negatively correlated with the depth of invasion of CRC. Increased memory CD4+ T cells are associated with distant metastasis of CRC and high preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Conclusion The mesentery shows a specific immune microenvironment, which differs from that observed in peripheral blood. CRC can alter the mesenteric immune response to promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Long
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang-Lin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Mohseni YR, Saleem A, Tung SL, Dudreuilh C, Lang C, Peng Q, Volpe A, Adigbli G, Cross A, Hester J, Farzaneh F, Scotta C, Lechler RI, Issa F, Fruhwirth GO, Lombardi G. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified human regulatory T cells that constitutively express IL-10 maintain their phenotype and are potently suppressive. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2522-2530. [PMID: 34320225 PMCID: PMC8581768 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials of Treg therapy in transplantation are currently entering phases IIa and IIb, with the majority of these employing polyclonal Treg populations that harbor a broad specificity. Enhancing Treg specificity is possible with the use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which can be customized to respond to a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA). In this study, we build on our previous work in the development of HLA-A2 CAR-Tregs by further equipping cells with the constitutive expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and an imaging reporter as additional payloads. Cells were engineered to express combinations of these domains and assessed for phenotype and function. Cells expressing the full construct maintained a stable phenotype after transduction, were specifically activated by HLA-A2, and suppressed alloresponses potently. The addition of IL-10 provided an additional advantage to suppressive capacity. This study therefore provides an important proof-of-principle for this cell engineering approach for next-generation Treg therapy in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin R. Mohseni
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Adeel Saleem
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer GroupComprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Haematology and Precision MedicineKings College HospitalLondonUK
| | - Sim L. Tung
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Caroline Dudreuilh
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cameron Lang
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer GroupComprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Qi Peng
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alessia Volpe
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer GroupComprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - George Adigbli
- Transplantation Research & Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Cross
- Transplantation Research & Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research & Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haematological MedicineSchool of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cristiano Scotta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research & Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer GroupComprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation ImmunologySchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
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Su M, Zhao C, Luo S. Therapeutic potential of chimeric antigen receptor based therapies in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:102931. [PMID: 34481941 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based therapies have been adopted as an option for treating autoimmune diseases from the field of blood malignancies by targeting immune cells or rebalancing the pro-inflammatory milieu. Important questions still remained about the efficacy and safety regarding the dynamic and complex autoimmune pathological networks. We here reviewed the emerged developments in basic, translational, and clinical studies of the CAR based therapies in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. The primary goal of the study is to provide some future perspectives on how to optimize the performance of CAR based therapies. The fundamental strategy is to engineer the recognition domains in CAR products for precisely targeting the components in the pro-inflammatory milieu. The second strategy is to incorporate multiple CARs in one carrier, or use fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-CAR T cells for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we reviewed the preclinical evidence in disease-specific context. Overall, we aim to attract more attention in the field of developing future precision CAR based therapies to tailor medial decisions in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiqige Su
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Sushan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China.
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42
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Singh RP, Bischoff DS, Hahn BH. CD8 + T regulatory cells in lupus. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:147-156. [PMID: 35880241 PMCID: PMC9242525 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) have a key role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and the regulation of immune tolerance by preventing the inflammation and suppressing the autoimmune responses. Numerical and functional deficits of these cells have been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and mouse models of SLE, where their imbalance and dysregulated activities have been reported to significantly influence the disease pathogenesis, progression and outcomes. Most studies in SLE have focused on CD4+ Tregs and it has become clear that a critical role in the control of immune tolerance after the breakdown of self-tolerance is provided by CD8+ Tregs. Here we review the role, cellular and molecular phenotypes, and mechanisms of action of CD8+ Tregs in SLE, including ways to induce these cells for immunotherapeutic modulation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P. Singh
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David S. Bischoff
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bevra H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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43
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Daferera N, Escudero-Hernández C, Nyström S, Jenmalm MC, Hjortswang H, Ignatova S, Ström M, Münch A. Collagenous Colitis Mucosa Is Characterized by an Expansion of Nonsuppressive FoxP3+ T Helper Cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1482-1490. [PMID: 33319252 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Increased frequencies of T regulatory (Treg) cells, key players in immune regulation, have been reported in inflammatory bowel diseases, including collagenous colitis (CC). However, traditional Treg identification techniques might have misinterpreted the frequencies of Treg cells in CC. Thus, we investigated the presence of genuine Treg cells in CC. METHODS Treg cells were analyzed in mucosal and peripheral blood samples of CC patients before and during treatment with the corticosteroid drug budesonide and in healthy controls. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry by classifying CD3+CD4+ cells as activated FoxP3highCD45RA- Treg cells, resting FoxP3dimCD45RA+ Treg cells, and nonsuppressive FoxP3dimCD45RA- T helper cells. Traditional gating strategies that classified Treg cells as CD25highCD127low, FoxP3+CD127low, and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ were also used to facilitate comparison with previous studies. RESULTS Activated and resting Treg cell frequencies did not change in active CC mucosa or peripheral blood and were not affected by budesonide treatment. Instead, nonsuppressive FoxP3dimCD45RA- T helper cells were increased in active CC mucosa, and budesonide helped restore them to normal levels. In contrast, traditional Treg cell gating strategies resulted in increased Treg cell frequencies in active CC mucosa. No alterations were found in peripheral blood samples, independently of patient treatment or gating techniques. CONCLUSION Previously reported increase of Treg cells is a result of incomplete Treg phenotyping, which included nonsuppressive FoxP3dimCD45RA- T helper cells. Because budesonide did not affect Treg percentage, its therapeutic effect in CC might involve alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Daferera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Celia Escudero-Hernández
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht's-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hjortswang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Ignatova
- Department of Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ström
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Münch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Shimojima Y, Ichikawa T, Kishida D, Takamatsu R, Sekijima Y. Circulating regulatory T cells in adult-onset Still's disease: Focusing on their plasticity and stability. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:184-195. [PMID: 34319596 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the characteristics of regulatory T cells in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) with a focus on their plasticity, stability and relationship to disease severity. The proportion of circulating CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) cells (Tregs ) and intracellular expression of effector cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-4, was analysed in 27 untreated patients with AOSD (acute AOSD), 11 of the 27 patients after remission and 16 healthy controls (HC) using flow cytometry. The suppressive ability of Tregs was also evaluated. Regression analyses of the results were performed. The proportion of Tregs was significantly lower in patients with acute AOSD than in the HC. The expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-4 in Tregs were significantly increased in patients with acute AOSD. IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels were inversely correlated with the proportion of Tregs and positively correlated with serum ferritin levels. Decreased expression of FoxP3 in CD4+ CD25+ cells, which was correlated with increased expression of IL-17, and impaired suppressive function were observed in Tregs in acute AOSD. However, these aberrant findings in Tregs , including the reduced circulating proportion and functional ability and altered intracellular expression levels of cytokines and FoxP3, were significantly improved after remission. In acute AOSD, Tregs show plastic changes, including effector cytokine production and reductions in their proportion and functional activity. IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels in Tregs may be associated with disease severity. Also, down-regulation of FoxP3 may be related to IL-17 expression in Tregs . Importantly, the stability of Tregs can be restored in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimojima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takanori Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Dai Kishida
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Takamatsu
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Dixon ML, Leavenworth JD, Leavenworth JW. Lineage Reprogramming of Effector Regulatory T Cells in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717421. [PMID: 34394124 PMCID: PMC8355732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are important for maintaining self-tolerance and tissue homeostasis. The functional plasticity of Tregs is a key feature of this lineage, as it allows them to adapt to different microenvironments, adopt transcriptional programs reflective of their environments and tailor their suppressive capacity in a context-dependent fashion. Tregs, particularly effector Tregs (eTregs), are abundant in many types of tumors. However, the functional and transcriptional plasticity of eTregs in tumors remain largely to be explored. Although depletion or inhibition of systemic Tregs can enhance anti-tumor responses, autoimmune sequelae have diminished the enthusiasm for such approaches. A more effective approach should specifically target intratumoral Tregs or subvert local Treg-mediated suppression. This mini-review will discuss the reported mechanisms by which the stability and suppressive function of tumoral Tregs are modulated, with the focus on eTregs and a subset of eTregs, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells, and how to harness this knowledge for the future development of new effective cancer immunotherapies that selectively target the tumor local response while sparing the systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jonathan D Leavenworth
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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46
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Prinz JC. Antigen Processing, Presentation, and Tolerance: Role in Autoimmune Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:750-759. [PMID: 34294386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells pose a constant risk for the emergence of autoimmune skin diseases in genetically predisposed individuals carrying certain HLA risk alleles. Immune tolerance mechanisms are opposed by broad HLA-presented self-immunopeptidomes, a predefined repertoire of polyspecific TCRs, the continuous generation of new antibody specificities by somatic recombination of Ig genes in B cells, and heightened proinflammatory reactivity. Increased autoantigen presentation by HLA molecules, cross-activation of pathogen-induced T cells against autologous structures, altered metabolism of self-proteins, and excessive production of proinflammatory signals may all contribute to the breakdown of immune tolerance and the development of autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Christoph Prinz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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47
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Chen J, Ye H, Xiao W, Mao Y, Ai S, Chen R, Lian X, Shi L, Wang X, Bi S, Yang S, Ji X, Zhang T, Yang H. Increased Dysfunctional and Plastic Regulatory T Cells in Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634847. [PMID: 34012433 PMCID: PMC8126653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is a disfiguring and vision-threatening fibroinflammatory disorder. The pathogenesis of IOI has not been elucidated. We sought to clarify the regulatory T cell (Treg) distribution and function in patients with IOI. Methods The frequency, phenotype and function of Tregs were identified by multicolor flow cytometry and in vitro cell functional assays. Plasma and tissue samples were obtained to investigate cytokines, chemokines and their receptors of interest by relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Luminex assays. Results Compared with healthy subjects, patients with IOI exhibited obvious increases of Tregs in peripheral blood and affected orbital tissues. Circulating Tregs from patients with IOI were significantly more polarized to a Th17-like phenotype with defective regulatory function, whereas orbit-derived Tregs were polarized to a Th2-like phenotype. Furthermore, ST2 expression levels in circulating Tregs and interleukin (IL)-33 mRNA levels in orbital tissues were decreased in IOI. IL-33 restored the suppressive function of Tregs, reduced interferon (IFN)-γ production by Tregs and decreased the activation of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) cocultured with Tregs in IOI. Conclusion Increased Tregs with proinflammatory and profibrotic polarization were first identified in IOI, suggesting that Treg plasticity and heterogeneity plays an essential role in IOI pathogenesis. Additionally, our study identified a regulatory effect of IL-33 on inflammation and fibrosis in IOI. Reversing the plastic Tregs via IL-33 might be a potential option for IOI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siming Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiufen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Te Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis via immunomodulatory T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:36-44. [PMID: 33857817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease for which there are currently no effective therapies. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can prevent arthritis through immunomodulatory mechanisms, there are several associated risks. Alternatively, MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can mimic the effects of MSCs, while reducing the risk of adverse events. However, few studies have examined sEVs in the context of RA. Here, we evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of human umbilical cord MSC (hUCMSC)-derived sEVs on T lymphocytes in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model to elucidate the possible mechanism of sEVs in RA treatment. We then compare these mechanisms to those of MSCs and methotrexate (MTX). METHODS The arthritis index and synovial pathology were assessed. T lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis, Th17 and Treg proportions, and interleukin (IL)-17, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression were detected using flow cytometry. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which are master transcriptional regulators of Th17 and Treg differentiation, were also assessed using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS sEV treatment ameliorated arthritis and inhibited synovial hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were mediated by inhibiting T lymphocyte proliferation and promoting their apoptosis, while decreasing Th17 cell proportion and increasing that of Treg cells in the spleen, resulting in decreased serum IL-17, and enhanced IL-10 and TGF-β expression. Transcriptionally, sEVs decreased RORγt and increased FOXP3 expression in the spleen, and decreased RORγt and FOXP3 expression in the joints. In some aspects sEVs were more effective than MSCs and MTX in treating CIA. CONCLUSIONS hUCMSC-derived sEVs ameliorate CIA via immunomodulatory T lymphocytes, and might serve as a new therapy for RA.
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Peripheral Blood from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Shows Decreased T reg CD25 Expression and Reduced Frequency of Effector T reg Subpopulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040801. [PMID: 33916798 PMCID: PMC8067140 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration of the synovium, leading to the loss of cartilage, bone, and joint function. Although regulatory T (Treg) cells are thought to modulate the initiation and progression of RA, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the function and composition of Treg cells in RA patients. To address these discrepancies, we analyzed not only the total Treg frequency but also that of Treg subpopulations in the peripheral blood of RA patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry. We found that the total Treg population was not significantly different between RA and control subjects. However, the effector Treg cell subgroup, defined as CD45RA−CD25hi, showed markedly decreased frequency in RA patients. In addition, the total Treg population from RA patients showed a significant decline in the expression of CD25. Both the naïve and effector Treg subgroups also showed marked reduction of CD25 expression in RA patients compared to controls. These data suggest that the decreased frequency of effector Treg cells and overall reduction of CD25 expression in Treg cells in the peripheral blood may be evidence of altered Treg homeostasis associated with RA pathogenesis.
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50
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Graßhoff H, Comdühr S, Monne LR, Müller A, Lamprecht P, Riemekasten G, Humrich JY. Low-Dose IL-2 Therapy in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648408. [PMID: 33868284 PMCID: PMC8047324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and for the control of ongoing inflammation and autoimmunity. The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essentially required for the growth and survival of Treg in the peripheral lymphatic tissues and thus plays a vital role in the biology of Treg. Most autoimmune and rheumatic diseases exhibit disturbances in Treg biology either at a numerical or functional level resulting in an imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune cells. In addition, in some autoimmune diseases, a relative deficiency of IL-2 develops during disease pathogenesis leading to a disturbance of Treg homeostasis, which further amplifies the vicious cycle of tolerance breach and chronic inflammation. Low-dose IL-2 therapy aims either to compensate for this IL-2 deficiency to restore a physiological state or to strengthen the Treg population in order to be more effective in counter-regulating inflammation while avoiding global immunosuppression. Here we highlight key findings and summarize recent advances in the clinical translation of low-dose IL-2 therapy for the treatment of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Y. Humrich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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