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Parvizi-Wayne D, Sandved-Smith L, Pitliya RJ, Limanowski J, Tufft MRA, Friston KJ. Forgetting ourselves in flow: an active inference account of flow states and how we experience ourselves within them. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1354719. [PMID: 38887627 PMCID: PMC11182004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1354719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow has been described as a state of optimal performance, experienced universally across a broad range of domains: from art to athletics, gaming to writing. However, its phenomenal characteristics can, at first glance, be puzzling. Firstly, individuals in flow supposedly report a loss of self-awareness, even though they perform in a manner which seems to evince their agency and skill. Secondly, flow states are felt to be effortless, despite the prerequisite complexity of the tasks that engender them. In this paper, we unpick these features of flow, as well as others, through the active inference framework, which posits that action and perception are forms of active Bayesian inference directed at sustained self-organisation; i.e., the minimisation of variational free energy. We propose that the phenomenology of flow is rooted in the deployment of high precision weight over (i) the expected sensory consequences of action and (ii) beliefs about how action will sequentially unfold. This computational mechanism thus draws the embodied cognitive system to minimise the ensuing (i.e., expected) free energy through the exploitation of the pragmatic affordances at hand. Furthermore, given the challenging dynamics the flow-inducing situation presents, attention must be wholly focussed on the unfolding task whilst counterfactual planning is restricted, leading to the attested loss of the sense of self-as-object. This involves the inhibition of both the sense of self as a temporally extended object and higher-order, meta-cognitive forms of self-conceptualisation. Nevertheless, we stress that self-awareness is not entirely lost in flow. Rather, it is pre-reflective and bodily. Our approach to bodily-action-centred phenomenology can be applied to similar facets of seemingly agentive experience beyond canonical flow states, providing insights into the mechanisms of so-called selfless experiences, embodied expertise and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Parvizi-Wayne
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Sandved-Smith
- Monash Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Riddhi J. Pitliya
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- VERSES AI Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jakub Limanowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miles R. A. Tufft
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Friston
- VERSES AI Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Kim J, Kang SH, Li J, Mirka GA, Dorneich MC. Effects of a Passive Back-Support Exosuit on Postural Control and Cognitive Performance During a Fatigue-Inducing Posture Maintenance Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2024:187208231221890. [PMID: 38166542 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231221890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of passive back-support exosuit on postural control and cognitive performance during a fatigue-inducing posture maintenance task. BACKGROUND Wearable support systems (exoskeletons/exosuits) reduce physical demands but may also influence postural control and cognitive performance by reducing muscular fatigue. METHOD Eighteen participants visited on two different days to test an exosuit system and performed dual-task cognitive assessments based on human information processing (information acquisition, information integration, and action implementation) while maintaining a 35° trunk flexion posture for 16 minutes. Center-of-pressure (CoP), cognitive performance, and perceived workload were recorded, while erector spinae muscle activity was captured to quantify muscle fatigue. RESULTS The exosuit was effective in reducing erector spinae muscle fatigue during the static posture maintenance task (61% less in Δmedian frequency: -9.5 Hz (EXO-Off) versus -3.7 Hz (EXO-On)). The fatigue-inducing task increased CoP velocity as a function of time (29% greater: 9.3 mm/sec (pre) versus 12.0 mm/sec (post)), and exosuit use decreased CoP velocity (23% less: 12.1 mm/sec (EXO-Off) versus 9.4 mm/sec (EXO-On)). The exosuit was also effective at mitigating cognitive degradation, as evidenced by a higher hit-to-signal ratio (8% greater: 81.3 (EXO-Off) versus 87.9 (EXO-On)) in the information integration task and reducing perceived workload in all stages of human information processing. CONCLUSION Exosuit provided benefits of postural control and information integration processing during a 16-min static posture maintenance task. APPLICATION Torso exoskeletons/suits can have positive implications for occupations with concurrent physical and cognitive demands.
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Hon N. Attention and expectation likely underlie temporal binding measured using the Libet Clock. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2084-2093. [PMID: 36214087 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221132762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
An interesting finding that has emerged in studies of the sense of agency is that of a perceived compression of the temporal interval between actions and the outcomes they produce. This is generally referred to as temporal binding. Although temporal binding has been studied using various paradigms, possibly the most popular of these is the Libet Clock task. The Libet task is also interesting because it suggests that temporal binding can be decomposed into two components, one purportedly relating to actions and the other relating to outcomes. These are termed action binding and outcome binding, respectively. In this article, I focus specifically on temporal binding revealed using the Libet Clock task and propose the idea that attention underpins the action binding effect, while outcome binding, on the other hand, is driven by the effects of expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hon
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Moon JM, Dufner TJ, Wells AJ. Evaluating the effects of PeakATP ® supplementation on visuomotor reaction time and cognitive function following high-intensity sprint exercise. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1237678. [PMID: 37599676 PMCID: PMC10436484 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1237678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 14-days adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation (PeakATP®) on reaction time (RT), multiple object tracking speed (MOT), mood and cognition. Twenty adults (22.3 ± 4.4 yrs., 169.9 ± 9.5 cm, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) completed two experimental trials in a double-blind, counter-balanced, crossover design. Subjects were randomized to either PeakATP® (400 mg) or placebo (PLA) and supplemented for 14-days prior to each trial. During each trial, subjects completed a three-minute all-out test on a cycle ergometer (3MT), with measures of visuomotor RT [Dynavision D2 Proactive (Mode A) and Reactive (Mode B) tasks], MOT (Neurotracker), mood (Profile of Mood States Questionnaire; POMS) and cognition (Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics; ANAM) occurring before (PRE), immediately post (IP) and 60 min post-3MT (60P). Subjects ingested an acute dose of the assigned supplement 30 min prior to completing PRE assessments for each trial. Trials were separated by a 14-day washout period. PeakATP® significantly attenuated declines in hits (p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.235) and average RT (AvgRT, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.236) in Mode A, significantly improved AvgRT (p = 0.039, ηp2 = 0.174) in Mode B, and significantly reduced the total number of misses (p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.343) in Mode B. No differences between treatments were noted for MOT, POMS or ANAM variables. In conclusion, these results indicate that PeakATP® maintains proactive RT and improves reactive RT following high-intensity sprint exercise suggesting that supplemental ATP may mitigate exercise induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Wells
- Exercise Physiology, Intervention, and Collaboration Lab, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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5
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Schmidt-Kassow M, Kaiser J. The brain in motion-cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1127310. [PMID: 37304529 PMCID: PMC10248180 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1127310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, a large number of behavioral studies have investigated the effect of simultaneous exercise on cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of the results has been attributed to different parameters, such as intensity or modality of physical activity, and the investigated cognitive processes. More recent methodological improvements have enabled to record electroencephalography (EEG) during physical exercise. EEG studies combining cognitive tasks with exercise have described predominantly detrimental effects on cognitive processes and EEG parameters. However, differences in the underlying rationale and the design of EEG versus behavioral studies make direct comparisons between both types of studies difficult. In this narrative review of dual-task experiments we evaluated behavioral and EEG studies and discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneity of results and for the discrepancy between behavioral and EEG studies. Furthermore, we provide a proposal for future EEG studies on simultaneous motion to be a useful complement to behavioral studies. A crucial factor might be to find for each cognitive function the motor activity that matches this function in terms of attentional focus. This hypothesis should be investigated systematically in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schmidt-Kassow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Kaiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Olson RL, Cleveland DJ, Materia M. Effects of Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Neurophysiological and Behavioral Correlates of Cognitive Function. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050401. [PMID: 37232638 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise exerts a small beneficial effect on cognition. Previous research primarily examines cognitive changes following a bout of exercise, while little is currently known about changes in cognitive performance during exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-intensity cycling on cognitive function indexed by behavioral (response accuracy; reaction time) and neurocognitive (P3 mean amplitude; P3 centroid latency) responses. Twenty-seven (Mage = 22.9 ± 3.0 years old) individuals were counterbalanced into low-intensity exercise (EX) and seated control (SC) conditions spread across two testing sessions. During each condition, participants completed a 10 min resting baseline period, 20 min of either sustained cycling or seated rest, and a 20 min recovery period. Primary outcomes were assessed at 10 min intervals (five blocks total) throughout each condition via a modified visual oddball task while electroencephalography (EEG) responses were measured. Across time blocks, both conditions exhibited faster reaction times on frequent trials but reduced accuracy to rare trials, suggesting a speed-accuracy tradeoff. There were no differences between conditions in P3 centroid latency, whereas a significant reduction in P3 amplitude was observed during the 20 min exercise period compared to the control condition. Taken together, results suggest that exercise at lower doses may have minimal influence on behavioral outcomes of cognitive performance but may impact more basic measures of brain function. Information gathered from this study may aid in the development of appropriate exercise prescriptions for populations looking to specifically target cognitive function deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - David J Cleveland
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Melissa Materia
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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7
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Ferreira S, Marmeleira J, del Pozo-Cruz J, Bernardino A, Leite N, Brandão M, Raimundo A. Acute Effects of Augmented Reality Exergames versus Cycle Ergometer on Reaction Time, Visual Attention, and Verbal Fluency in Community Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14667. [PMID: 36429385 PMCID: PMC9690180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the acute effects of an augmented reality session and a cycle ergometer session compared to no exercise on the reaction times, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency of older adults. METHODS Each participant did a familiarization with cognitive tests and the following three sessions: cycle ergometer, no exercise (control group), and augmented reality exergame (Portable Exergame Platform for Elderly) sessions. The participants were randomized in a within-group design into one of six possible combinations. Each moment had a 30 min duration, and after the session, the participants performed a Trail Making Test, a verbal fluency test, and a Deary-Liewald reaction time task. The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS The analysis between the no exercise, cycle ergometer, and augmented reality sessions showed no significant differences in the cognitive measurements. CONCLUSIONS One session of the cycle ergometer exercise or the augmented reality exergames does not acutely improve the reaction times, cognitive flexibility, or verbal fluency in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Ferreira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Palácio do Vimioso, Gabinete 256, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Marmeleira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Palácio do Vimioso, Gabinete 256, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Jesus del Pozo-Cruz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Fitness across Lifespan Research Group (EPAFit), University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alexandre Bernardino
- Instituto de Sistemas e Robótica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nilton Leite
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Palácio do Vimioso, Gabinete 256, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Brandão
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Palácio do Vimioso, Gabinete 256, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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8
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de la Cruz F, Geisler M, Schumann A, Herbsleb M, Kikinis Z, Weiss T, Bär KJ. Central autonomic network alterations in male endurance athletes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16743. [PMID: 36202877 PMCID: PMC9537279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise causes marked adjustments in brain function and the cardiovascular system. Brain regions of the so-called central autonomic network (CAN) are likely to show exercise-related alterations due to their involvement in cardiac control, yet exercise-induced CAN changes remain unclear. Here we investigate the effects of intensive exercise on brain regions involved in cardiac autonomic regulation using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We explored rsFC of six core regions within CAN, namely ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex, left/right amygdala, and left/right anterior insula, in 20 endurance athletes and 21 non-athletes. We showed that athletes had enhanced rsFC within CAN and sensorimotor areas compared to non-athletes. Likewise, we identified two networks with increased rsFC encompassing autonomic and motor-related areas using network-based statistics analysis. In addition, rsFC displayed an inverse relationship with heart rate, where the stronger rsFC in athletes correlates with their slower heart rate. Despite this significant relationship, mediation analysis revealed that heart rate is a weak mediator of the effect of intensive physical training on rsFC. Our findings prove that physical exercise enhances brain connectivity in central autonomic and sensorimotor networks and highlight the close link between brain and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliberto de la Cruz
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Geisler
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andy Schumann
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Herbsleb
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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9
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Ergonomic Assessment of a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton through Electromyography and Anybody Modeling System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138088. [PMID: 35805747 PMCID: PMC9265844 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the muscle load reduction of the upper extremities and lower extremities associated with wearing an exoskeleton, based on analyses of muscle activity (electromyography: EMG) and the AnyBody Modeling System (AMS). Twenty healthy males in their twenties participated in this study, performing bolting tasks at two working heights (60 and 85 cm). The muscle activities of the upper trapezius (UT), middle deltoid (MD), triceps brachii (TB), biceps brachii (BB), erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and tibialis anterior (TA) were measured by EMG and estimated by AMS, respectively. When working at the 60 cm height with the exoskeleton, the lower extremity muscle (BF, RF, TA) activities of EMG and AMS decreased. When working at the 85 cm height, the lower extremity muscle activity of EMG decreased except for TA, and those of AMS decreased except for RF. The muscle activities analyzed by the two methods showed similar patterns, in that wearing the exoskeleton reduced loads of the lower extremity muscles. Therefore, wearing an exoskeleton can be recommended to prevent an injury. As the results of the two methods show a similar tendency, the AMS can be used.
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10
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE. A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise. Front Psychol 2022; 12:653158. [PMID: 34975602 PMCID: PMC8716584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cantelon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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11
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Zheng K, Zou L, Wei G, Huang T. Concurrent Performance of Executive Function during Acute Bouts of Exercise in Adults: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1364. [PMID: 34679428 PMCID: PMC8533767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to systematically review the evidence on the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core executive function (EF) during exercise in adults. Four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) were searched from inception dates to 30 December 2020. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant items related to exercise and executive function. Articles were limited to human studies in adults. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were carried out independently by two researchers. A total of 4899 studies were identified. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Of the 42 reported outcomes in the 22 studies, 13 (31%) of the 42 outcomes showed that core EF performance was enhanced during exercise and 14 (33%) found that core EF performance did not differ from control conditions. Fifteen (36%) found that core EF performance was impaired. Notably, improved EF performances tend to be observed during moderate-intensity exercise, whereas impaired EF performances were more likely to be observed at vigorous-high intensity. The review suggests mixed findings regarding the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core EF. Exercise intensity seems to influence the effects. The underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zheng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Gaoxia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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12
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Jung M, Ryu S, Kang M, Javadi AH, Loprinzi PD. Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1193-1214. [PMID: 34523365 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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13
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Bashir S, Al-Sultan F, Jamea AA, Almousa A, Alnafisah M, Alzahrani M, Abualait T, Yoo WK. Physical exercise keeps the brain connected by increasing white matter integrity in healthy controls. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27015. [PMID: 34477131 PMCID: PMC8415959 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Physical exercise leads to structural changes in the brain. However, it is unclear whether the initiation or continuous practice of physical exercise causes this effect and whether brain connectivity benefits from exercise. We examined the effect of 6 months of exercise on the brain in participants who exercise regularly (n = 25) and in matched healthy controls (n = 20). Diffusion tensor imaging brain scans were obtained from both groups. Our findings demonstrate that regular physical exercise significantly increases the integrity of white matter fiber tracts, especially those related to frontal function. This implies that exercise improves brain connectivity in healthy individuals, which has important implications for understanding the effect of fitness programs on the brains of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Sultan
- King Saudi Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Abu Jamea
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almousa
- King Saudi Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alnafisah
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
- Hallym Institute for Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
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14
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Nikooharf Salehi E, Jaydari Fard S, Jaberzadeh S, Zoghi M. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces the Negative Impact of Mental Fatigue on Swimming Performance. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:327-336. [PMID: 34433377 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1962238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The issue of using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve sport performance has recently been a topic of interest for researchers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tDCS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on mental fatigue and physical performance in professional swimmers. Fifteen professional swimmers were randomly assigned in a single-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced order to sham, anodal and cathodal stimulation conditions. Mental fatigue was induced by using a 60-min modified Stroop color-word task. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after the stroop task. The results showed that only anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC reduces adverse effects of mental fatigue in 50-meter swimming performance, whereas cathodal stimulation had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nikooharf Salehi
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Jaydari Fard
- Institute for Social Science Research, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Prefrontal Cortex Activation. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low levels of a constant current via scalp electrodes to specifically targeted areas of the brain. The effects of tDCS on whole-body exercise performance has been of interest in recent literature. The purpose of the current investigation was to investigate if tDCS, administered via Halo Sport, influences time trial performance in trained cyclists, and if changes in exercise performance are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and/or muscle oxygenation (SmO2). Methods: Twelve recreationally trained cyclists volunteered to participate in a crossover study design involving two 10-kilometer time trials following 20 min of tDCS or a sham condition. Results: t-tests showed there was no significant difference in performance (time to completion) or physiological measures (blood lactate (BL) concentration, heart rate (HR), SmO2, PFC oxygenation) between the Halo and sham conditions. Conclusions: These results indicate that the application of tDCS via Halo Sport does not induce changes in exercise performance or related physiological parameters during a 10-kilometer cycling time trial.
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16
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Giles GE, Hasselquist L, Caruso CM, Eddy MD. Load Carriage and Physical Exertion Influence Cognitive Control in Military Scenarios. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2540-2546. [PMID: 31274685 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical exertion has both beneficial and detrimental effects on cognitive performance, particularly cognitive control. Research into physical exertion under conditions of load carriage is particularly important given that military personnel and first responders must perform optimally under such combinatorial physical stressors. The present work sought to characterize cognitive control as a function of physical exertion and load carriage in a military operational scenario. METHODS Thirty-one active-duty soldiers underwent a 4-h operationally relevant and fatiguing scenario that included two 1-h foot marches under load carriage conditions of 8.8, 47.2, 50.7 kg on each of three separate days. During each foot march, they completed five 5-min blocks of an auditory go/no-go task of response inhibition. RESULTS Results showed that response inhibition declined with increasing load carriage and physical exertion, as evidenced by lower proportion of correct responses, higher proportion of false alarms, and lower response sensitivity between all three load conditions, particularly upon successive foot marches and time blocks within each foot march. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous laboratory-based work on load carriage and physical exertion and suggest that deteriorations in cognitive control witnessed in laboratory settings are more pronounced within realistic operational scenarios akin to those encountered by military personnel and first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (CCDC Soldier Center), Natick, MA
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17
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Lennefer T, Reis D, Lopper E, Hoppe A. A step away from impaired well-being: a latent growth curve analysis of an intervention with activity trackers among employees. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2020.1760247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lennefer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorota Reis
- Saarland University, Campus A2 4, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elisa Lopper
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Hoppe
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Bu L, Qi L, Yan W, Yan Q, Tang Z, Li F, Liu X, Diao C, Li K, Dong G. Acute kick-boxing exercise alters effective connectivity in the brain of females with methamphetamine dependencies. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134780. [PMID: 31978497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (METH) dependence, especially among women, is a serious global health problem. Kick-boxing exercise can be used to reduce cue-induced craving and develop a healthy lifestyle for female with METH dependencies. This study aimed to assess acute kick-boxing related changes in effective connectivity (EC) in the brain of females with METH dependencies by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. METHODS The fNIRS signals were continuously recorded from the left and right prefrontal cortices (LPFC/RPFC) and left and right motor cortices (LMC/RMC) of 30 female subjects with methamphetamine dependencies (METH group) and 30 age-matched controls (control group) during resting and kick-boxing exercise (training) periods. EC was calculated in the frequency range of 0.01-0.08 Hz. RESULTS In both resting and training state, the EC levels of METH group were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The EC levels of control group showed more significantly increased connection types than that of the METH group. CONCLUSION Acute kick-boxing exercise altered EC in the brain of females with METH dependencies. Furthermore, the efficiency of the information flow between different brain regions in the control group was significantly higher than that in the METH group. This study provides a novel and portable assessment technique for METH rehabilitation in females on the basis of fNIRS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingguo Bu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Liping Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wu Yan
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Zekun Tang
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Furong Li
- Female Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255311, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Drug Rehabilitation Administration of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chunfeng Diao
- Drug Rehabilitation Administration of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
| | - Guijun Dong
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
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19
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Moriarty TA, Mermier C, Kravitz L, Gibson A, Beltz N, Zuhl M. Acute Aerobic Exercise Based Cognitive and Motor Priming: Practical Applications and Mechanisms. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2790. [PMID: 31920835 PMCID: PMC6920172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise stimulates brain regions involved in motor and cognitive processes. Recent research efforts have explored the benefits of aerobic exercise on brain health and cognitive functioning with positive results reported for both healthy and neurocognitively impaired individuals. Specifically, exercise positioned near therapeutic (both behavioral and physical) activities may enhance outcomes associated with treatment outcomes (e.g., depression or motor skill) through neural plasticity promoting mechanisms (e.g., increased brain flow and oxygenation). This approach has been termed "exercise priming" and is a relatively new topic of exploration in the fields of exercise science and motor control. The authors report on physiological mechanisms that are related to the priming effect. In addition, parameters related to the exercise bout (e.g., intensity, duration) and the idea of combining exercise and therapeutic rehabilitation are explored. This exercise-based priming concept has the potential to be applied to many areas such as education, cognitive therapy, and motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence A Moriarty
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Len Kravitz
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ann Gibson
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nicholas Beltz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, United States
| | - Micah Zuhl
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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20
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Yanes D, Frith E, Loprinzi PD. Memory-Related Encoding-Specificity Paradigm: Experimental Application to the Exercise Domain. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 15:447-458. [PMID: 33680140 PMCID: PMC7909183 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Encoding-Specificity Paradigm indicates that memory recall will be superior when contextual factors are congruent between memory encoding and memory retrieval. However, unlike other contextual conditions (e.g., verbal context, mental operations, global feature context, mood dependency, and physical operations), this paradigm has nearly been ignored in the exercise domain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the Encoding-Specificity Paradigm in the context of exercise and rest conditions. 24 young adults (age: M = 21 years) completed a within-subject, counterbalanced experiment involving four laboratory visits, including 1) R-R (rest-rest) condition, 2) R-E (rest-exercise) condition, 3) E-R (exercise-rest) condition, or 4) E-E (exercise-exercise) condition. The exercise bout included a 15-minute moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill. Memory recall was assessed via a 15 word-list task. Memory recall was greater for R-R (8.71 ± 3.1) versus R-E (7.46 ± 2.8), and similarly, for E-E (8.63 ± 2.7) versus E-R (8.21 ± 2.7). The mean word recall for the congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively, was 8.67 (2.4) and 7.83 (2.4). There was a statistically significant condition effect (F = 5.02; P = .03; partial η² = .18). This experiment provides direct support for the Encoding-Specificity Paradigm in the exercise domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Yanes
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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21
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Gilfriche P, Arsac LM, Blons E, Deschodt-Arsac V. Fractal properties and short-term correlations in motor control in cycling: influence of a cognitive challenge. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 67:102518. [PMID: 31542675 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in cyclic tasks periods is a known characteristic of human motor control. Specifically, long-range fractal fluctuations have been evidenced in the temporal structure of these variations in human locomotion and thought to be the outcome of a multicomponent physiologic system in which control is distributed across intricate cortical, spinal and neuromuscular regulation loops. Combined with long-range correlation analyses, short-range autocorrelations have proven their use to describe control distribution across central and motor components. We used relevant tools to characterize long- and short-range correlations in revolution time series during cycling on an ergometer in 19 healthy young adults. We evaluated the impact of introducing a cognitive task (PASAT) to assess the role of central structures in control organization. Autocorrelation function and detrending fluctuation analysis (DFA) demonstrated the presence of fractal scaling. PSD in the short range revealed a singular behavior which cannot be explained by the usual models of even-based and emergent timing. The main outcomes are that (1) timing in cycling is a fractal process, (2) this long-range fractal behavior increases in persistence with dual-task condition, which has not been previously observed, (3) short-range behavior is highly persistent and unaffected by dual-task. Relying on the inertia of the oscillator may be a way to distribute more control to the periphery, thereby allocating less resources to central process and better managing additional cognitive demands. This original behavior in cycling may explain the high short-range persistence unaffected by dual-task, and the increase in long-range persistence with dual-task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gilfriche
- CATIE - Centre Aquitain des Technologies de l'Information et Electroniques, Talence, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France.
| | - Laurent M Arsac
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
| | - Estelle Blons
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
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22
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Fontes EB, Bortolotti H, Grandjean da Costa K, Machado de Campos B, Castanho GK, Hohl R, Noakes T, Min LL. Modulation of cortical and subcortical brain areas at low and high exercise intensities. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:110-115. [PMID: 31420319 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain plays a key role in the perceptual regulation of exercise, yet neuroimaging techniques have only demonstrated superficial brain areas responses during exercise, and little is known about the modulation of the deeper brain areas at different intensities. OBJECTIVES/METHODS Using a specially designed functional MRI (fMRI) cycling ergometer, we have determined the sequence in which the cortical and subcortical brain regions are modulated at low and high ratings perceived exertion (RPE) during an incremental exercise protocol. RESULTS Additional to the activation of the classical motor control regions (motor, somatosensory, premotor and supplementary motor cortices and cerebellum), we found the activation of the regions associated with autonomic regulation (ie, insular cortex) (ie, positive blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal) during exercise. Also, we showed reduced activation (negative BOLD signal) of cognitive-related areas (prefrontal cortex), an effect that increased during exercise at a higher perceived intensity (RPE 13-17 on Borg Scale). The motor cortex remained active throughout the exercise protocol whereas the cerebellum was activated only at low intensity (RPE 6-12), not at high intensity (RPE 13-17). CONCLUSIONS These findings describe the sequence in which different brain areas become activated or deactivated during exercise of increasing intensity, including subcortical areas measured with fMRI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil .,Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Tufts Applied Cognition Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kell Grandjean da Costa
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Timothy Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Li Li Min
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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23
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Loprinzi PD, Day S, Deming R. Acute Exercise Intensity and Memory Function: Evaluation of the Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080445. [PMID: 31394736 PMCID: PMC6723384 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis predicts that memory function will be impaired during high-intensity exercise, as a result of a need for metabolic and cognitive resources to be allocated toward sustaining movement, as opposed to performing a cognitive task. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate this transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Experiment 1 involved participants (n = 24; Mage = 21.9 years) completing four counterbalanced visits. Two visits evaluated working memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. The other two visits evaluated episodic memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. Experiment 2 (n = 24; Mage = 20.9 years) extended Experiment 1 by evaluating memory function (working memory) across 4 counterbalanced conditions, including at rest and during light (30% of heart rate reserve; HRR), moderate (50% HRR) and high-intensity (80% HRR) acute exercise. Results: Experiment 1 demonstrated that, when compared to rest, both working memory and episodic memory were impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Experiment 2 replicated this effect, but then also showed that, unlike high-intensity acute exercise, memory function was not impaired during low- and moderate-intensity acute exercise. Conclusions: Our experiments provide support for the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Both working memory and episodic memory are impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Working memory does not appear to be impaired during lower exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Sierra Day
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Raymond Deming
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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24
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Loprinzi PD, Blough J, Crawford L, Ryu S, Zou L, Li H. The Temporal Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040087. [PMID: 31003491 PMCID: PMC6523402 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating research demonstrates that the timing of exercise plays an important role in influencing episodic memory. However, we have a limited understanding as to the factors that moderate this temporal effect. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of study characteristics (e.g., exercise modality, intensity and duration of acute exercise) and participant attributes (e.g., age, sex) across each of the temporal periods of acute exercise on episodic memory (i.e., acute exercise occurring before memory encoding, and during memory encoding, early consolidation, and late consolidation). Methods: The following databases were used for our computerized searches: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they: (1) Employed an experimental design with a comparison to a control group/visit, (2) included human participants, (3) evaluated exercise as the independent variable, (4) employed an acute bout of exercise (defined as a single bout of exercise), (5) evaluated episodic memory as the outcome variable (defined as the retrospective recall of information either in a spatial or temporal manner), and (6) provided sufficient data (e.g., mean, SD, and sample size) for a pooled effect size estimate. Results: In total, 25 articles met our inclusionary criteria and were meta-analyzed. Acute exercise occurring before memory encoding (d = 0.11, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.23, p = 0.08), during early memory consolidation (d = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.67; p < 0.001) and during late memory consolidation (d = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.78; p = 0.005) enhanced episodic memory function. Conversely, acute exercise occurring during memory encoding had a negative effect on episodic memory (d = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.02; p = 0.02). Various study designs and participant characteristics moderated the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. For example, vigorous-intensity acute exercise, and acute exercise among young adults, had greater effects when the acute bout of exercise occurred before memory encoding or during the early memory consolidation period. Conclusions: The timing of acute exercise plays an important role in the exercise-memory interaction. Various exercise- and participant-related characteristics moderate this temporal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Blough
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Lindsay Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sport Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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25
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Caruso C, Bukhari AS, Smith TJ, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Lieberman HR. Two days of calorie deprivation impairs high level cognitive processes, mood, and self-reported exertion during aerobic exercise: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:33-40. [PMID: 30831453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel and emergency responders perform cognitively-demanding tasks during periods of sustained physical exertion and limited caloric intake. Cognitive function is preserved during short-term caloric restriction, but it is unclear if preservation extends to combined caloric restriction and physical exertion. According to the "reticular-activating hypofrontality" model, vigorous exertion impairs prefrontal cortex activity and associated functions. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examined cognitive function during sustained exertion while volunteers were calorically-deprived. Twenty-three volunteers were calorie-depleted for two days on one occasion and fully-fed on another. They completed intermittent bouts of exercise at 40-65% VO2peak while prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks of cognitive control, mood, and perceived exertion were assessed. Calorie deprivation impaired accuracy on the task-switching task of set-shifting (p < .01) and decreased sensitivity on the go/no-go task of response inhibition (p < .05). Calorie deprivation did not affect risk taking on the Rogers risk task. During exercise, calorie deprivation, particularly on day 2, increased perceived exertion (p < .05) and impaired mood states of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion (all p < .01). Physical exertion during severe calorie deprivation impairs cognitive control, mood, and self-rated exertion. Reallocation of cerebral metabolic resources from the prefrontal cortex to structures supporting movement may explain these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Christina Caruso
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Asma S Bukhari
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Benefits of Gardening Activities for Cognitive Function According to Measurement of Brain Nerve Growth Factor Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050760. [PMID: 30832372 PMCID: PMC6427672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gardening activities in senior individuals on brain nerve growth factors related to cognitive function. Forty-one senior individuals (age 76.6 ± 6.0 years) were recruited from the local community in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea. A 20-min low-to-moderate intensity gardening activity intervention, making a vegetable garden, was performed by the subjects in a garden plot located on the Konkuk University (Seoul, South Korea) campus. The gardening involved six activities including cleaning a garden plot, digging, fertilizing, raking, planting/transplanting, and watering. To determine the effects of the gardening activities on brain nerve growth factors related to memory, blood samples were drawn twice from each subject before and after the gardening activity by professional nurses. The levels of brain nerve growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), were analyzed. Levels of BDNF and PDGF were significantly increased after the gardening activity. This study revealed a potential benefit of gardening activities for cognitive function in senior individuals.
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Ho S, Gooderham GK, Handy TC. Self-reported free-living physical activity and executive control in young adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209616. [PMID: 30586447 PMCID: PMC6306224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent do our free-living physical activity (PA) levels impact our cognition? For example, if we engage in more intense PA from one week to the next, does this have a corresponding influence on cognitive performance? Across three studies, young adults completed a validated self-report questionnaire (the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, or IPAQ) assessing their involvement in PA at low, moderate, and vigorous intensities over the past week, as well as computer-based measures of executive control and attentional function. In Experiment 1 we found no significant effect of PA intensity on any of our measures of executive control. In a pair of follow-up control studies we examined whether these null findings could be attributed to testing fatigue and task complexity (Experiment 2), or low cognitive demands of the task (Experiment 3). Despite simplifying the task, reducing testing time, and increasing the cognitive load of the task, we still found no significant impact of weekly PA intensity on our measures of executive control. Taken together, our results show that self-reported PA over the past week, at any intensity level, does not appear to have a substantive impact on executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - G. Kyle Gooderham
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd C. Handy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hwang RJ, Chen HJ, Guo ZX, Lee YS, Liu TY. Effects of aerobic exercise on sad emotion regulation in young women: an electroencephalograph study. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 13:33-43. [PMID: 30728869 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-018-9511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on cognitive abilities have been studied. However, evidence regarding the neural substrates of sad emotion regulation is limited. Women have higher rates for affective disorders than men, but insufficient outcomes assess how aerobic exercises modulate central frontal activation in sad emotion inhibition and resilience among healthy women. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise-related brain activity on sad emotion inhibition processing in young women. Sad facial Go/No-Go and neutral Go/No-Go trials were conducted among 30 healthy young women to examine the changes in the N2 component, which reflects frontal inhibition responses, between pre-exercise and post-exercise periods. The first test was performed before aerobic exercise (baseline; 1st) and the second test was performed during an absolute rest period of 90 min after exercise. The sad No-Go stimuli that evoked N200 (N2) event-related potential were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that in the sad No-Go trials, N2 activation at the central-prefrontal cortex was significantly attenuated after exercise compared to the baseline N2 activation. Exercise-modulated N2 activation was not observed in the neutral No-Go trials. The behavioral error rates of sad No-Go trials did not differ between the two experiments. A reduced engagement of central-frontal activation to sad No-Go stimuli was shown after exercise. However, behavioral performance was consistent between the two measurements. The findings scope the benefits of the aerobic exercise on the neural efficiency in responding to sad emotion-eliciting cues as well as adaptive transitions reinstatement for regulatory capabilities in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jen Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Nursing Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,3Center of Clinical Competency Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhan-Xian Guo
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sheun Lee
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,4China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Liu
- 5Science and Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, 15F, No. 106, Sec. 2, Heping E. Rd, Taipei, 10636 Taiwan, ROC
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Loprinzi PD. Intensity-specific effects of acute exercise on human memory function: considerations for the timing of exercise and the type of memory. Health Promot Perspect 2018; 8:255-262. [PMID: 30479978 PMCID: PMC6249493 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2018.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this review was to evaluate whether acute exercise intensities have unique effects on memory function, and whether this is influenced by memory type as well as the temporality of the acute exercise bout. Methods: A systematic review was employed, using several databases (PubMed, PsychInfo,Sports Discus, Google Scholar, Embase). Results: In total, 9 articles met the study criteria. All 9 studies evaluated either working memory capacity or episodic-related memory function. The main findings across these studies were 1) when acute exercise occurs before the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory but may favor episodic memory; 2) when acute exercise occurs during the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory capacity; and 3) high-intensity exercise may not associate with long-term memory function when it occurs shortly after memory encoding. Conclusion: The relationship between acute exercise and memory is complex and may vary based on the intensity of exercise, the temporality of exercise, and the memory type evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Giles GE, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Graber HL, Barbour RL, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Endurance Exercise Enhances Emotional Valence and Emotion Regulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459576 PMCID: PMC6232759 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise consistently benefits both emotion and cognition, particularly cognitive control. We evaluated acute endurance exercise influences on emotion, domain-general cognitive control and the cognitive control of emotion, specifically cognitive reappraisal. Thirty-six endurance runners, defined as running at least 30 miles per week with one weekly run of at least 9 miles (21 female, age 18-30 years) participated. In a repeated measures design, participants walked at 57% age-adjusted maximum heart rate (HRmax; range 51%-63%) and ran at 70% HRmax (range 64%-76%) for 90 min on two separate days. Participants completed measures of emotional state and the Stroop test of domain-general cognitive control before, every 30 min during and 30 min after exercise. Participants also completed a cognitive reappraisal task (CRT) after exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) tracked changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and dHb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results suggest that even at relatively moderate intensities, endurance athletes benefit emotionally from running both during and after exercise and task-related PFC oxygenation reductions do not appear to hinder prefrontal-dependent cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Marianna D. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Heather L. Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Dodwell G, Müller HJ, Töllner T. Electroencephalographic evidence for improved visual working memory performance during standing and exercise. Br J Psychol 2018; 110:400-427. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Hermann J. Müller
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- School of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck College University of London UK
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
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32
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Ledochowski L, Stark R, Ruedl G, Kopp M. [Physical activity as therapeutic intervention for depression]. DER NERVENARZT 2018; 88:765-778. [PMID: 27679515 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This article gives a conspectus of the present state of research on the efficiency of exercise as a treatment for patients suffering from depression. METHODS A systematic review of articles published between December 1980 and March 2016 was carried out. The review focused on studies that examined the effects of exercise compared to control conditions in the treatment of depression. Extracted and analyzed information from the articles included details about participants, characteristics of exercise and control conditions, assessments, study design and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 34 of the 48 studies included in the literature search reported a significant reduction of depressive symptoms due to exercise interventions. There was a trend to reduced depressive symptoms following the exercise interventions in five studies. In nine studies no positive impact of exercise on depression and affective well-being could be detected. DISCUSSION This review article shows that physical activity decreases depressive symptoms and increases affective well-being in patients with depressive diseases; therefore, exercise should be recommended as a component of depression treatment within the framework of a multi-dimensional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ledochowski
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
| | - R Stark
- Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Österreich
| | - G Ruedl
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - M Kopp
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
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33
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Stevens D, Halaki M, Chow CM, O'Dwyer N. The effects of multi-stage exercise with and without concurrent cognitive performance on cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamic responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2121-2132. [PMID: 30014452 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of cerebral haemodynamics have shown changes with increased exercise intensity, but the patterns have been highly variable and reliable associations with cognitive performance have not been identified. The aim of this study was to examine whether exercise-induced changes in oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) led to changes in concomitant cognitive performance. METHODS This study examined cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics during multi-stage exercise from rest to exhaustion, with (Ex + C) and without (Ex) concurrent cognitive performance (Go/No-go task). RESULTS The presence of the cognitive task affected both cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics. The patterns in the cerebral haemodynamics during Ex and Ex + C diverged above the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT), but differences were significant only at 100% [Formula: see text], displaying increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), decreased difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HbDiff), and decreased cerebral oxygenation (COx) during Ex + C. More complex haemodynamic trends against intensity during Ex + C suggested that the presence of a cognitive task increases cerebral metabolic demand at high exercise intensities. The levels of O2Hb, HHb, HbDiff and total haemoglobin increased most steeply at intensities around the RCT during both Ex and Ex + C, but these changes were not accompanied by improved cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The primary hypothesis, that cognitive performance would match changes in O2Hb, was not supported. Small variations in reaction time and response accuracy across exercise intensities were not significant, suggesting that cognitive performance is unaffected by intense short-duration exercise. Our results add further evidence that exercise-induced changes in cerebral haemodynamics do not affect cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stevens
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health - A Flinders Centre for Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas O'Dwyer
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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34
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Effect of Acute Intermittent Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility: the Role of Exercise Intensity. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Task-relevant cognitive and motor functions are prioritized during prolonged speed-accuracy motor task performance. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1665-1678. [PMID: 29610949 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of prolonged speed-accuracy motor task on the indicators of psychological, cognitive, psychomotor and motor function. Ten young men aged 21.1 ± 1.0 years performed a fast- and accurate-reaching movement task and a control task. Both tasks were performed for 2 h. Despite decreased motivation, and increased perception of effort as well as subjective feeling of fatigue, speed-accuracy motor task performance improved during the whole period of task execution. After the motor task, the increased working memory function and prefrontal cortex oxygenation at rest and during conflict detection, and the decreased efficiency of incorrect response inhibition and visuomotor tracking were observed. The speed-accuracy motor task increased the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials, while grip strength was not affected. These findings demonstrate that to sustain the performance of 2-h speed-accuracy task under conditions of self-reported fatigue, task-relevant functions are maintained or even improved, whereas less critical functions are impaired.
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36
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Hanson NJ, Short LE, Flood LT, Cherup NP, Miller MG. Cortical neural arousal is differentially affected by type of physical exercise performed. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1643-1649. [PMID: 29594521 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Critical flicker frequency (CFF) threshold is a visual discrimination task designed to assess cortical neural arousal, where higher values are associated with increased information processing and improved cognitive function. Previous studies using CFF assessments before and after exercise have only used one type of exercise (e.g., short, fatiguing, steady state, time to exhaustion, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise type and intensity on neural arousal. 22 recreational runners (10 men, 12 women; age 25 ± 6 years) volunteered to participate in the study. They completed a VO2max test (short, fatiguing trial), and three 30-min treadmill runs (longer, steady-state trials) at rating of perceived exertion (RPE) levels of 13, 15, and 17. Before and after each exercise test, subjects were asked to complete the CFF test; Mtot and Mdi were calculated, which are the average and difference of the ascending/descending frequency trials, respectively. There were no main effects found for either intensity (p = 0.641) or time (p = 0.283); there was, however, a significant interaction found (intensity*time; p = 0.001). In the VO2max test and in the longer, steady-state runs at RPE13 and 15, there was no change in Mtot. There was a significant increase in Mtot after the run at RPE17 (p = 0.019). For Mdi, the VO2max test elicited a significant decrease (p = 0.005), but there was no change after the steady-state runs. The results suggest that short, fatiguing and longer, steady-state exercise affect cortical neural arousal differently. Increases in arousal, and perhaps the related domain of information processing, are more likely to come from steady-state exercise at a vigorous intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Lindsey E Short
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Lauren T Flood
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Nicholas P Cherup
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Miller
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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Blasiman RN, Was CA. Why Is Working Memory Performance Unstable? A Review of 21 Factors. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:188-231. [PMID: 29899806 PMCID: PMC5973525 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we systematically reviewed twenty-one factors that have been shown to either vary with or influence performance on working memory (WM) tasks. Specifically, we review previous work on the influence of intelligence, gender, age, personality, mental illnesses/medical conditions, dieting, craving, stress/anxiety, emotion/motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, practice, bilingualism, musical training, altitude/hypoxia, sleep, exercise, diet, psychoactive substances, and brain stimulation on WM performance. In addition to a review of the literature, we suggest several frameworks for classifying these factors, identify shared mechanisms between several variables, and suggest areas requiring further investigation. This review critically examines the breadth of research investigating WM while synthesizing the results across related subfields in psychology.
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38
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Derouin A, Salway A. Enhancing Workload Assessments for Validation Activities Associated with DBA and BDBA Scenarios. NUCL TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2017.1413922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Derouin
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 410 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 5E3, Canada
| | - Alice Salway
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 410 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 5E3, Canada
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39
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Hyland-Monks R, Cronin L, McNaughton L, Marchant D. The role of executive function in the self-regulation of endurance performance: A critical review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:353-370. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Konishi K, Kimura T, Yuhaku A, Kurihara T, Fujimoto M, Hamaoka T, Sanada K. Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution attenuates exercise-induced decline in executive function. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 29200984 PMCID: PMC5700683 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A decline in executive function could have a negative influence on the control of actions in dynamic situations, such as sports activities. Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution could serve as an effective treatment for preserving the executive function in exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution on executive function after sustained moderately high-intensity exercise. Methods Eight young healthy participants completed 65 min of running at 75% V̇O2max with two mouth-rinsing conditions: with a carbohydrate solution (CHO) or with water (CON). Executive function was assessed before and after exercise by using the incongruent task of the Stroop Color and Word Test. The levels of blood glucose; and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), epinephrine, and norepinephrine (NE) were evaluated. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, with condition (CHO and CON) and time (pre-exercise and post-exercise) as factors, was used to examine the main and interaction effects on the outcome measures. Results The reaction time in the incongruent condition of the Stroop test significantly increased after exercise in CON (pre-exercise 529 ± 45 ms vs. post-exercise 547 ± 60 ms, P = 0.029) but not in CHO (pre-exercise 531 ± 54 ms vs. post-exercise 522 ± 80 ms), which resulted in a significant interaction (condition × time) on the reaction time (P = 0.028). The increased reaction time in CON indicates a decline in the executive function, which was attenuated in CHO. Increases in plasma epinephrine and NE levels demonstrated a trend toward attenuation accompanying CHO (P < 0.085), which appeared to be associated with the preservation of executive function. The blood glucose concentration showed neither significant interactions nor main effects of condition. Conclusions These findings indicate that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution attenuated the decline in executive function induced by sustained moderately high-intensity exercise, and that such attenuation seems to be unrelated to carbohydrate metabolic pathway but rather attributed, in part, to the inhibition of the excessive release of stress hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Konishi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Shiga Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yuhaku
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan.,Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
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41
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Hon N. Attention and the sense of agency: A review and some thoughts on the matter. Conscious Cogn 2017; 56:30-36. [PMID: 29035750 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much is now known about the sense of agency and how it is produced. What is lacking, though, is an understanding of how it relates to other cognitive domains and operations. Here, the relationship between the sense of agency and attention is explored. A review of the literature suggests that attention is involved in the sense of agency in (at least) two key ways. First, agency processing is dependent on attentional resources. Second, attentional enhancement is necessary for extraneous information to have an influence over the sense of agency. These are discussed and some suggestions for future research are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hon
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 9 Arts Link, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
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Browne SE, Flynn MJ, O'Neill BV, Howatson G, Bell PG, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 234:161-187. [PMID: 29031462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity exercise is generally considered to have detrimental effects on cognition. However, high fitness levels are suggested to alleviate this effect. OBJECTIVES The specific objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals. METHODS Studies were sourced through electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles, and manual searches of relevant reviews. Included studies examined trained participants, included a high-intensity exercise bout, used a control or comparison group/condition, and assessed cognitive performance via general laboratory tasks during or ≤10min following exercise cessation. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals is dependent on the specific cognitive domain being assessed. Generally, simple tasks were not affected, while the results on complex tasks remain ambiguous. Accuracy showed little tendency to be influenced by high-intensity exercise compared to measures of speed. CONCLUSION Multiple factors influence the acute exercise-cognition relationship and thus future research should be highly specific when outlining criteria such as fitness levels, exercise intensity, and exercise mode. Furthermore, greater research is needed assessing more cognitive domains, greater exercise durations/types, and trained populations at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Browne
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Flynn
- GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Phillip G Bell
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Soga K, Kamijo K, Masaki H. Aerobic Exercise During Encoding Impairs Hippocampus-Dependent Memory. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:249-260. [PMID: 28985100 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how aerobic exercise during encoding affects hippocampus-dependent memory through a source memory task that assessed hippocampus-independent familiarity and hippocampus-dependent recollection processes. Using a within-participants design, young adult participants performed a memory-encoding task while performing a cycling exercise or being seated. The subsequent retrieval phase was conducted while sitting on a chair. We assessed behavioral and event-related brain potential measures of familiarity and recollection processes during the retrieval phase. Results indicated that source accuracy was lower for encoding with exercise than for encoding in the resting condition. Event-related brain potential measures indicated that the parietal old/new effect, which has been linked to recollection processing, was observed in the exercise condition, whereas it was absent in the rest condition, which is indicative of exercise-induced hippocampal activation. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise during encoding impairs hippocampus-dependent memory, which may be attributed to inefficient source encoding during aerobic exercise.
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Rathore A, Lom B. The effects of chronic and acute physical activity on working memory performance in healthy participants: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev 2017; 6:124. [PMID: 28666470 PMCID: PMC5493123 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how physical activity (PA) influences cognitive function in populations with cognitive impairments, such as dementia, is an increasingly studied topic yielding numerous published systematic reviews. In contrast, however, there appears to be less interest in examining associations between PA and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate and synthesize randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that investigated the effects of both chronic and acute PA on working memory performance (WMP) in physically and cognitively healthy individuals. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of studies published between August 2009 and December 2016 was performed on RCTs investigating the effects of chronic and acute PA on WMP with healthy participants as the sample populations. Searches were conducted in Annual Reviews, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Main inclusion criteria stipulated (1) healthy sample populations, (2) PA interventions, (3) WMP as an outcome, and (4) RCT designs. Descriptive statistics included cohort and intervention characteristics and a risk of bias assessment. Analytical statistics included meta-analyses and moderation analyses. RESULTS From 7345 non-duplicates, 15 studies (eight chronic PA and seven acute PA studies) met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Overall, there was noticeable variance between both cohort and intervention characteristics. Sample populations ranged from primary school children to retirement community members with PA ranging from cycling to yoga. The majority of studies were characterized by "low" or "unclear" risk of selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting, or other biases. Meta-analysis of chronic PA revealed a significant, small effect size while analysis of acute PA revealed a non-significant, trivial result. Age and intensity were significant moderators while allocation concealment, blinding, and intervention length were not. CONCLUSIONS Chronic PA can significantly improve WMP while acute PA cannot. The limiting factors for acute PA studies point to the diversity of working memory instruments utilized, unequal sample sizes between studies, and the sample age groups. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed in order to provide generalizable and more powerful analysis between PA and WMP in a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Rathore
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
| | - Barbara Lom
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
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Jonasson LS, Nyberg L, Kramer AF, Lundquist A, Riklund K, Boraxbekk CJ. Aerobic Exercise Intervention, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Structure: Results from the Physical Influences on Brain in Aging (PHIBRA) Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28149277 PMCID: PMC5241294 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that aerobic exercise has the potential to improve cognition and reduce brain atrophy in older adults. However, the literature is equivocal with regards to the specificity or generality of these effects. To this end, we report results on cognitive function and brain structure from a 6-month training intervention with 60 sedentary adults (64-78 years) randomized to either aerobic training or stretching and toning control training. Cognitive functions were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery in which cognitive constructs were measured using several different tests. Freesurfer was used to estimate cortical thickness in frontal regions and hippocampus volume. Results showed that aerobic exercisers, compared to controls, exhibited a broad, rather than specific, improvement in cognition as indexed by a higher "Cognitive score," a composite including episodic memory, processing speed, updating, and executive function tasks (p = 0.01). There were no group differences in cortical thickness, but additional analyses revealed that aerobic fitness at baseline was specifically related to larger thickness in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and hippocampus volume was positively associated with increased aerobic fitness over time. Moreover, "Cognitive score" was related to dlPFC thickness at baseline, but changes in "Cognitive score" and dlPFC thickness were associated over time in the aerobic group only. However, aerobic fitness did not predict dlPFC change, despite the improvement in "Cognitive score" in aerobic exercisers. Our interpretation of these observations is that potential exercise-induced changes in thickness are slow, and may be undetectable within 6-months, in contrast to change in hippocampus volume which in fact was predicted by the change in aerobic fitness. To conclude, our results add to a growing literature suggesting that aerobic exercise has a broad influence on cognitive functioning, which may aid in explaining why studies focusing on a narrower range of functions have sometimes reported mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars S. Jonasson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Center for Demographic and Aging Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Departments of Psychology and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Anders Lundquist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business and Economics, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Center for Demographic and Aging Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University HospitalHvidovre, Denmark
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Konishi K, Kimura T, Yuhaku A, Kurihara T, Fujimoto M, Hamaoka T, Sanada K. Effect of sustained high-intensity exercise on executive function. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Konishi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Atsushi Yuhaku
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency. Cognition 2016; 157:114-125. [PMID: 27610746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3). Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.
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Dobashi S, Horiuchi M, Endo J, Kiuchi M, Koyama K. Cognitive Function and Cerebral Oxygenation During Prolonged Exercise Under Hypoxia in Healthy Young Males. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:214-221. [PMID: 27584683 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dobashi, Shohei, Masahiro Horiuchi, Junko Endo, Masataka Kiuchi, and Katsuhiro Koyama. Cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation during prolonged exercise under hypoxia in healthy young males. High Alt Med Biol. 17:214-221, 2016.-The present study examined the effect of prolonged hypoxic exercise on cognitive function. Eight healthy male volunteers were required to complete exercise trials (four 30-minute cycling sessions with a 15-minute rest interval) at an intensity corresponding to 50% of their altitude-adjusted peak oxygen uptake under two different conditions: normoxia (room air at 400 m) and hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen: 0.141). Cognitive function was evaluated before, during, and 60 minutes after completion of the exercise trial. The color-word Stroop task (CWST) was used to assess cognitive function, with regard to the number of achievements, accuracy rate, and the number of correct responses made within 60 seconds. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored throughout the experimental period using near-infrared spectroscopy. The accuracy rate did not significantly differ between the two trials. A significant reduction in the number of correct responses during simple CWST tasks was detected in the hypoxic condition 60 minutes after exercise (p < 0.05), wherein a significant correlation was identified between reduced task performance on simple CWST and cerebral oxygenation (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that prolonged exercise under hypoxic conditions induces a reduction in cerebral oxygenation partly associated with impairment of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Dobashi
- 1 Integrated Graduate School Department of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- 2 Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute , Fujiyoshida, Japan
| | - Junko Endo
- 2 Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute , Fujiyoshida, Japan
| | - Masataka Kiuchi
- 3 Graduate School Department of Education, University of Yamanashi , Kofu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- 4 Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi , Kofu, Japan
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Altered States of Consciousness during an Extreme Ritual. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153126. [PMID: 27175897 PMCID: PMC4866757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme rituals (body-piercing, fire-walking, etc.) are anecdotally associated with altered states of consciousness—subjective alterations of ordinary mental functioning (Ward, 1984)—but empirical evidence of altered states using both direct and indirect measures during extreme rituals in naturalistic settings is limited. Participants in the “Dance of Souls”, a 3.5-hour event during which participants received temporary piercings with hooks or weights attached to the piercings and danced to music provided by drummers, responded to measures of two altered states of consciousness. Participants also completed measures of positive and negative affect, salivary cortisol (a hormone associated with stress), self-reported stress, sexual arousal, and intimacy. Both pierced participants (pierced dancers) and non-pierced participants (piercers, piercing assistants, observers, drummers, and event leaders) showed evidence of altered states aligned with transient hypofrontality (Dietrich, 2003; measured with a Stroop test) and flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; measured with the Flow State Scale). Both pierced and non-pierced participants also reported decreases in negative affect and psychological stress and increases in intimacy from before to after the ritual. Pierced and non-pierced participants showed different physiological reactions, however, with pierced participants showing increases in cortisol and non-pierced participants showing decreases from before to during the ritual. Overall, the ritual appeared to induce different physiological effects but similar psychological effects in focal ritual participants (i.e., pierced dancers) and in participants adopting other roles.
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Olson RL, Chang YK, Brush CJ, Kwok AN, Gordon VX, Alderman BL. Neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of cognitive control during low and moderate intensity exercise. Neuroimage 2016; 131:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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