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Glaubitz J, Asgarbeik S, Lange R, Mazloum H, Elsheikh H, Weiss FU, Sendler M. Immune response mechanisms in acute and chronic pancreatitis: strategies for therapeutic intervention. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279539. [PMID: 37881430 PMCID: PMC10595029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and a steady rising diagnosis for inpatient hospitalization. About one in four patients, who experience an episode of AP, will develop chronic pancreatitis (CP) over time. While the initiating causes of pancreatitis can be complex, they consistently elicit an immune response that significantly determines the severity and course of the disease. Overall, AP is associated with a significant mortality rate of 1-5%, which is caused by either an excessive pro-inflammation, or a strong compensatory inhibition of bacterial defense mechanisms which lead to a severe necrotizing form of pancreatitis. At the time-point of hospitalization the already initiated immune response is the only promising common therapeutic target to treat or prevent a severe disease course. However, the complexity of the immune response requires fine-balanced therapeutic intervention which in addition is limited by the fact that a significant proportion of patients is in danger of development or progress to recurrent and chronic disease. Based on the recent literature we survey the disease-relevant immune mechanisms and evaluate appropriate and promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Peh ZH, Dihoum A, Hutton D, Arthur JSC, Rena G, Khan F, Lang CC, Mordi IR. Inflammation as a therapeutic target in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1125687. [PMID: 37456816 PMCID: PMC10339321 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1125687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for around half of all cases of heart failure and may become the dominant type of heart failure in the near future. Unlike HF with reduced ejection fraction there are few evidence-based treatment strategies available. There is a significant unmet need for new strategies to improve clinical outcomes in HFpEF patients. Inflammation is widely thought to play a key role in HFpEF pathophysiology and may represent a viable treatment target. In this review focusing predominantly on clinical studies, we will summarise the role of inflammation in HFpEF and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hui Peh
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Dihoum
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Hutton
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - J. Simon C. Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chim C. Lang
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ify R. Mordi
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Su CT, See DHW, Huang YJ, Jao TM, Liu SY, Chou CY, Lai CF, Lin WC, Wang CY, Huang JW, Hung KY. LTBP4 Protects Against Renal Fibrosis via Mitochondrial and Vascular Impacts. Circ Res 2023; 133:71-85. [PMID: 37232163 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a part of natural disease progression, acute kidney injury (AKI) can develop into chronic kidney disease via renal fibrosis and inflammation. LTBP4 (latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 4) regulates transforming growth factor beta, which plays a role in renal fibrosis pathogenesis. We previously investigated the role of LTBP4 in chronic kidney disease. Here, we examined the role of LTBP4 in AKI. METHODS LTBP4 expression was evaluated in human renal tissues, obtained from healthy individuals and patients with AKI, using immunohistochemistry. LTBP4 was knocked down in both C57BL/6 mice and human renal proximal tubular cell line HK-2. AKI was induced in mice and HK-2 cells using ischemia-reperfusion injury and hypoxia, respectively. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, an inhibitor of DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1), was used to reduce mitochondrial fragmentation. Gene and protein expression were then examined to assess inflammation and fibrosis. The results of bioenergetic studies for mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis were assessed. RESULTS LTBP4 expression was upregulated in the renal tissues of patients with AKI. Ltbp4-knockdown mice showed increased renal tissue injury and mitochondrial fragmentation after ischemia-reperfusion injury, as well as increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, and decreased angiogenesis. in vitro studies using HK-2 cells revealed similar results. The energy profiles of Ltbp4-deficient mice and LTBP4-deficient HK-2 cells indicated decreased ATP production. LTBP4-deficient HK-2 cells exhibited decreased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Human aortic endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells exhibited decreased angiogenesis when treated with LTBP4-knockdown conditioned media. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 treatment ameliorated inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in mice and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate that LTBP4 deficiency increases AKI severity, consequently leading to chronic kidney disease. Potential therapies focusing on LTBP4-associated angiogenesis and LTBP4-regulated DRP1-dependent mitochondrial division are relevant to renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ting Su
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center Hospital, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., Y.-J.H.)
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
| | - Daniel H W See
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center Hospital, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., Y.-J.H.)
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
| | - Yue-Jhu Huang
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center Hospital, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., Y.-J.H.)
| | - Tzu-Ming Jao
- Global Innovation Joint-Degree Program International Joint Degree Master's Program in Agro-Biomedical Science in Food and Health, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei (T.-M.J.)
| | - Shin-Yun Liu
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Chih-Yi Chou
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Chun-Fu Lai
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-F.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology (W.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Chih-Yuan Wang
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
| | - Jenq-Wen Huang
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Yunlin Branch, Douliu (J.-W.H.)
| | - Kuan-Yu Hung
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-T.S., D.H.W.S., C.-Y.C., C.-F.L., W.-C.L., C.-Y.W., J.-W.H., K.-Y.H.)
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Paraskevaidis I, Farmakis D, Papingiotis G, Tsougos E. Inflammation and Heart Failure: Searching for the Enemy-Reaching the Entelechy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010019. [PMID: 36661914 PMCID: PMC9866611 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of heart-failure (HF) development and progression has long been recognized. High blood levels of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory markers are present and associated with adverse outcomes in patients with HF. In addition, there seems to be an interrelation between inflammation and neurohormonal activation, the cornerstone of HF pathophysiology and management. However, clinical trials involving anti-inflammatory agents have shown inconclusive or even contradictory results in improving HF outcomes. In the present review, we try to shed some light on the reciprocal relationship between inflammation and HF in an attempt to identify the central regulating factors, such as inflammatory cells and soluble mediators and the related inflammatory pathways as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Paraskevaidis
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- 6th Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Farmakis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-895235
| | - Georgios Papingiotis
- Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Tsougos
- 6th Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
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Protective Effect of Shenfu Injection () on Vascular Endothelial Damage in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:794-801. [PMID: 35023060 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Shenfu Injection (, SFI) on endothelial damage in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock (HS). METHODS After being bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40±3 mm Hg and held for 60 min, 32 pigs were treated with a venous injection of either shed blood (transfusion group), shed blood and saline (saline group), shed blood and SFI (SFI group) or without resuscitation (sham group). Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed at baseline and 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after HS. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serum interleuking (IL)-6, and IL-10 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM -1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 proteins were determined by Western blot. RESULTS The serum level of TNF-α in the SFI group was significantly lower than in the other groups at 0, 1, and 2 h after HS, while the level of IL-6 was lower at 4 and 6 h compared with the saline group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The concentration of serum IL-10 was significantly higher in the SFI group than in the other groups at 0, 1, 4, and 6 h after HS (P<0.01). Western blot and immunohistochemistry of vascular tissue showed that the expression of caspase-3 was downregulated, and that of Bcl-2 and Bax was upregulated in the SFI group compared to other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION SFI attenuated endothelial injury in the porcine model of HS by inhibiting cell apoptosis, suppressing the formation of proinflammatory cytokines, and reducing endothelial activation.
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Szabo TM, Frigy A, Nagy EE. Targeting Mediators of Inflammation in Heart Failure: A Short Synthesis of Experimental and Clinical Results. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13053. [PMID: 34884857 PMCID: PMC8657742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has emerged as an important contributor to heart failure (HF) development and progression. Current research data highlight the diversity of immune cells, proteins, and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of heart failure. Chronic inflammation is a major cardiovascular risk factor. Proinflammatory signaling molecules in HF initiate vicious cycles altering mitochondrial function and perturbing calcium homeostasis, therefore affecting myocardial contractility. Specific anti-inflammatory treatment represents a novel approach to prevent and slow HF progression. This review provides an update on the putative roles of inflammatory mediators involved in heart failure (tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin 1, 6, 17, 18, 33) and currently available biological and non-biological therapy options targeting the aforementioned mediators and signaling pathways. We also highlight new treatment approaches based on the latest clinical and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Magdolna Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540103 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Attila Frigy
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540103 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540103 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Előd Ernő Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540394 Targu Mures, Romania
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Schindler CR, Woschek M, Franz JN, Störmann P, Henrich D, Marzi I. Influence of Antibiotic Management on Microbial Selection and Infectious Complications After Trauma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:678382. [PMID: 34568354 PMCID: PMC8461005 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.678382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The inflammatory response and post-traumatic complications like infections play an important role in the pathophysiology of severe injuries. This study examines the microbiological aspects in anti-infective treatment of trauma patients and their inflammatory response in post-traumatic infections complications. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16) over a 1-year period (01/2018 to 12/2018) is provided. Patient population was stratified into severely injured patients without post-traumatic infection (inf-PT), and severely injured patients who developed an infection (inf+PT). Results: Of 114 trauma patients, 45 suffered from post-traumatic infection during the first 10 days of hospitalization. Severely injured patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury (PT+TBI) showed the highest rate of post-traumatic infection. Pro-inflammatory reaction was tracked by levels of Interleukin (IL-)6 (day 3: inf+T 190.8 ± 359.4 pg/dL > inf-PT 56.2 ± 57.7 pg/mL (mean ± SD); p = 0.008) and C-Reactive-Protein (CRP, day 3: inf+PT 15.3 mg/dL > inf-PT 6.7 mg/dL, p = 0.001) which were significantly higher in trauma patients who develop an infectious complication and showed a significant positive correlation with the occurrence of infection. The leading entity of infection was pneumonia followed by infections of the urinary tract mainly caused by gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. 67.5% of all trauma patients received single-shot antibiosis during initial care in trauma bay. The development of secondary colonization was not relevant positively correlated with single-shot antibiosis (r = 0.013, p = 0.895) and prophylactically calculated antibiotic administration (r = 0.066, p = 0.500). Conclusion: Severely injured trauma patients have an increased risk for development of infectious complications, which mainly is pneumonia followed by infection of the urinary tract mainly caused by gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. Based on the data in this study, the one-time antibiotic and prophylactic calculated use of antibiotics, like Cephalosporins must be critically discussed in terms of their role in the development of post-traumatic infections and microbial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Rebecca Schindler
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mathias Woschek
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Franz
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Störmann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Muire PJ, Schwacha MG, Wenke JC. Systemic T Cell Exhaustion Dynamics Is Linked to Early High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1) Driven Hyper-Inflammation in a Polytrauma Rat Model. Cells 2021; 10:1646. [PMID: 34209240 PMCID: PMC8305113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported an early surge in high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) levels in a polytrauma (PT) rat model. This study investigates the association of HMGB1 levels in mediating PT associated dysregulated immune responses and its influence on the cellular levels of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Using the same PT rat model treated with anti-HMGB1 polyclonal antibody, we evaluated changes in circulating inflammatory cytokines, monocytes/macrophages and T cells dynamics and cell surface expression of RAGE and TLR4 at 1, 3, and 7 days post-trauma (dpt) in blood and spleen. Notably, PT rats demonstrating T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells type early hyper-inflammatory responses also exhibited increased monocyte/macrophage counts and diminished T cell counts in blood and spleen. In blood, expression of RAGE and TLR4 receptors was elevated on CD68+ monocyte/macrophages and severely diminished on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Neutralization of HMGB1 significantly decreased CD68+ monocyte/macrophage counts and increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not γδ+TCR T cells in circulation. Most importantly, RAGE and TLR4 expressions were restored on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in treated PT rats. Overall, findings suggest that in PT, the HMGB1 surge is responsible for the onset of T cell exhaustion and dysfunction, leading to diminished RAGE and TLR4 surface expression, thereby possibly hindering the proper functioning of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J. Muire
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Martin G. Schwacha
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Joseph C. Wenke
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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Yin A, Chen W, Cao L, Li Q, Zhu X, Wang L. FAM96A knock-out promotes alternative macrophage polarization and protects mice against sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:433-447. [PMID: 33232517 PMCID: PMC7874832 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an intractable clinical syndrome characterized by organ dysfunction when the body over-responds to an infection. Sepsis has a high fatality rate and lacks effective treatment. Family with sequence similarity 96 member A (FAM96A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein with high expression in the immune system and is related to cytosolic iron assembly and tumour suppression; however, research has been rarely conducted on its immune functions. Our study found that Fam96a-/- mice significantly resisted lesions during sepsis simulated by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or endotoxicosis models. After a challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or infection, Fam96a-/- mice exhibited less organ damage, longer survival and better bacterial clearance with decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. While screening several subsets of immune cells, FAM96A-expressing macrophages as the key cell type inhibited sepsis development. In-vivo macrophage depletion or adoptive transfer experiments abrogated significant differences in the survival of sepsis between Fam96a-/- and wild-type mice. Results of the bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) polarization experiment indicated that FAM96A deficiency promotes the transformation of uncommitted monocytes/macrophages (M0) into M2 macrophages, secreting fewer proinflammatory cytokines. FAM96A may mediate an immunometabolism shift - from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis - in macrophages during sepsis, mirrored by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose uptake. These data demonstrate that FAM96A regulates inflammatory response and provide a novel genomic insight for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yin
- Center for Human Disease GenomicsDepartment of ImmunologyHealth Science CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking UniversityMinistry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - W. Chen
- Center for Human Disease GenomicsDepartment of ImmunologyHealth Science CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking UniversityMinistry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - L. Cao
- Center for Human Disease GenomicsDepartment of ImmunologyHealth Science CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking UniversityMinistry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Q. Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - X. Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - L. Wang
- Center for Human Disease GenomicsDepartment of ImmunologyHealth Science CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencePeking UniversityMinistry of HealthBeijingPR China
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10
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Burn injury induces elevated inflammatory traffic: the role of NF-κB. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:51-65. [PMID: 33245371 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A burn insult generally sustains a hypovolemic shock due to a significant loss of plasma from the vessels. The burn injury triggers the release of various mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), stemming from foreign microbial discharge and damaged tissue or necrotic cells from the burn-injured site, enter the systemic circulation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), and trigger the excessive secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Inflammation plays a vital role in remodeling an injured tissue, detoxifying toxins, and helps in the healing process. A transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response, cell death, cell survival, and inflammatory processes. During the pathogenesis of a burn wound, upregulation of various cytokines and growth factors lead to undesirable tissue inflammation. Thus, NF-κB, a dominant moderator of inflammation, needs to be altered to prove beneficial to the treatment of burns or other inflammation-associated diseases. This review addresses the relationship between NF-κB and elevated inflammation in a burn condition that could potentially be altered to induce an early wound-healing mechanism of burn wounds.
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11
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Abd-Elrazek A, Mahmoud S, Abd ElMoneim A. The comparison between curcumin and propolis against sepsis-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in kidney of adult male rat. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Propolis is a honeybee product displaying an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effect on several tested animal models. Curcumin a polyphenol extracted from turmeric that gained interest as a potentially safe and inexpensive treatment for kidney diseases.
The present study aimed to compare the protective effects of curcumin and propolis on endotoxemia-induced renal dysfunction.
Results
Sepsis induction caused a marked decline in renal GSH, GPx, and GR, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities; CAT and SOD. Elevation in LPO, NO, IL-1β, and PGE2 contents were observed as well. A marked induction in Bax contents, Bax\Bcl2 ratio, accompanied by activation of NF-kB in the kidney of sepsis-induced rats was reported. However, Prop pretreatment of endotoxemic rats was effective in controlling the depletion of renal GSH content and its correlated enzymes; Cur was more potent in maintaining the renal CAT and SOD contents, as well as, dimensioning LPO content. Despite the renal inflammatory marker IL-1β, PGE2, NO contents, Bax\Bcl2 ratio, and NF-kB activation were greatly reduced by both curcumin and propolis, only Cur pretreatment attenuated NF-kB activation in kidney tissue of septic rat.
Conclusion
Though pretreatment of either Cur or Prop to septic rats protected their kidneys against oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis status, Cur pretreatment was superior in protecting rats’ kidney after sepsis induction.
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12
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Eicosanoid production varies by sex in mesenteric ischemia reperfusion injury. Clin Immunol 2020; 220:108596. [PMID: 32961332 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury is an inflammatory response with significant morbidity and mortality. The early inflammatory response includes neutrophil infiltration. However, the majority of rodent studies utilize male mice despite a sexual dimorphism in intestinal I/R-related diseases. We hypothesized that sex may alter inflammation by changing neutrophil infiltration and eicosanoid production. To test this hypothesis, male and female C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham treatment or 30 min intestinal ischemia followed by a time course of reperfusion. We demonstrate that compared to male mice, females sustain significantly less intestinal I/R-induced tissue damage and produced significant LTB4 concentrations. Male mice release PGE2. Finally, treatment with a COX-2 specific inhibitor, NS-398, attenuated I/R-induced injury, total peroxidase level, and PGE2 production in males, but not in similarly treated female mice. Thus, I/R-induced eicosanoid production and neutrophil infiltration varies between sexes suggesting that distinct therapeutic intervention may be needed in clinical ischemic diseases.
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Duncan SA, Sahu R, Dixit S, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 Proteins Are Mediators of Interleukin-10 Modulation of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Chlamydia muridarum and Its Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) in Mouse J774 Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7461742. [PMID: 32684836 PMCID: PMC7333066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7461742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of chlamydial diseases is exacerbated by a broad-spectrum of inflammatory mediators, which we reported are inhibited by IL-10 in macrophages. However, the chlamydial protein moiety that induces the inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms by which IL-10 inhibits them are unknown. We hypothesized that Chlamydia major outer membrane protein (MOMP) mediates its disease pathogenesis, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 proteins are mediators of the IL-10 inhibitory actions. Our hypothesis was tested by exposing mouse J774 macrophages to chlamydial stimulants (live Chlamydia muridarum and MOMP) with and without IL-10. MOMP significantly induced several inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, CCL5, CXCL10), which were dose-dependently inhibited by IL-10. Chlamydial stimulants induced the mRNA gene transcripts and protein expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3, with more SOCS3 expression. Notably, IL-10 reciprocally regulated their expression by reducing SOCS1 and increasing SOCS3. Specific inhibitions of MAPK pathways revealed that p38, JNK, and MEK1/2 are required for inducing inflammatory mediators as well as SOCS1 and SOCS3. Chlamydial stimulants triggered an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype evidently by an enhanced nos2 (M1 marker) expression, which was skewed by IL-10 towards a more M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by the increased expression of mrc1 and arg1 (M2 markers) and the reduced SOCS1/SOCS3 ratios. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 augmented the secretion of inflammatory mediators, reduced SOCS3 expression, and skewed the chlamydial M1 to an M2 phenotype. Inhibition of proteasome degradation increased TNF but decreased IL-10, CCL5, and CXCL10 secretion by suppressing SOCS1 and SOCS3 expressions and dysregulating their STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors. Our data show that SOCS1 and SOCS3 are regulators of IL-10 inhibitory actions, and underscore SOCS proteins as therapeutic targets for IL-10 control of inflammation for Chlamydia and other bacterial inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyla A. Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
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14
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Paryuni AD, Indarjulianto S, Widyarini S. Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:1174-1181. [PMID: 32801570 PMCID: PMC7396343 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1174-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsi Dara Paryuni
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Soedarmanto Indarjulianto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sitarina Widyarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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15
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Cai X, Han Y, Gu M, Song M, Wu X, Li Z, Li F, Goulette T, Xiao H. Dietary cranberry suppressed colonic inflammation and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in dextran sodium sulfate-treated mice. Food Funct 2020; 10:6331-6341. [PMID: 31524900 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01537j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased consumption of fruits may decrease the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important etiological role in IBD. However, the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in the colon and its role on gut microbiota were unclear. In this study, we determined the anti-inflammatory efficacy of whole cranberry in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, as well as its effects on the structure of gut microbiota. The results showed that dietary cranberry significantly decreased the severity of colitis in DSS-treated mice, evidenced by increased colon length, and decreased disease activity and histologic score of colitis in DSS-treated mice compared to the positive control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were significantly reduced by cranberry supplementation (p < 0.05). Analysis of the relative abundance of fecal microbiota in phylum and genus levels revealed that DSS treatment significantly altered the microbial structure of fecal microbiota in mice. α diversity was significantly decreased in the DSS group, compared to the healthy control group. But, cranberry treatment significantly improved DSS-induced decline in α-diversity. Moreover, cranberry treatment partially reversed the change of gut microbiota in colitic mice by increasing the abundance of potential beneficial bacteria, for example, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and decreasing the abundance of potential harmful bacteria, such as Sutterella and Bilophila. Overall, our results for the first time demonstrated that modification of gut microbiota by dietary whole cranberry might contribute to its inhibitory effects against the development of colitis in DSS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Cai
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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16
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Danilova IG, Shafigullina ZA, Gette IF, Sencov VG, Medvedeva SY, Abidov MT. Accelerated liver recovery after acute CCl 4 poisoning in rats treated with sodium phthalhydrazide. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106124. [PMID: 31927508 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy of hepatobiliary disorders is an important issue due to the high prevalence of liver failure, toxic and viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. The number of stimuli that can potentially induce or accelerate liver recovery is limited; in our study we selected sodium phthalhydrazide, which has been found to promote liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. We examined the effects of phthalhydrazide on liver morphometric, histological and biochemical parameters in rats intoxicated with CCl4. Accelerated liver recovery after CCl4 intoxication in phthalhydrazide-treated animals was evidenced by increased number of liver sinusoidal cells, reduced focal necrosis of hepatocytes and reduced perifocal leukocyte infiltration. Decreased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-18 and decreased concentrations of IL-6 and IFN-γ in liver homogenates were associated with reduced severity of cholestasis and normalized hepatic protein synthesis in CCl4-intoxicated rats exposed to phthalhydrazide. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of phthahlhydrazide can be an important factor contributing to accelerated liver recovery at early stages of acute CCl4-toxic liver impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Zlata A Shafigullina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina F Gette
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin G Sencov
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Ural State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Yu Medvedeva
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Musa T Abidov
- Institute of Immunopathology and Preventive Medicine, Povsetova ulica 29, 1000 Lublana, Slovenia
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17
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Rakariyatham K, Du Z, Yuan B, Gao Z, Song M, Pan C, Han Y, Wu X, Tang Z, Zhang G, Xiao H. Inhibitory effects of 7,7′-bromo-curcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Protective effect and mechanism of IL-10 on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Transl Med 2019; 99:671-683. [PMID: 30700847 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine with anti-inflammatory effects, is produced by blood cells and cells of various organs. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by a systemic circulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced from blood cells or organs damaged by ischemia. Apoptosis, a key event after IRI, is correlated with the degree of injury. Here we investigated the effects and mechanism of IL-10 in renal IRI. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice with a renal IRI, IL-10 knockout (IL-10 KO) mice with IRI demonstrated decreased renal function as represented by blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, upregulated early acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), increased mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 and a chemokine (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; RANTES), and increased expression of the pro-apoptosis factors Bax and cleaved caspase-3. When tubular epithelial cells (TECs) from IL-10 KO mice were put in a hypoxic state and added with recombinant IL-10, their expression of Bax decreased. Our findings demonstrated that IL-10 suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, renal dysfunction, and the expression of pro-apoptosis factors after IRI.
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19
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Das P, Panda SK, Agarwal B, Behera S, Ali SM, Pulse ME, Solomkin JS, Opal SM, Bhandari V, Acharya S. Novel Chitohexaose Analog Protects Young and Aged mice from CLP Induced Polymicrobial Sepsis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2904. [PMID: 30814582 PMCID: PMC6393422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, production of excess pro-inflammatory cytokines results in hyperinflammation and tissue injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 inhibit inflammation and enhance tissue healing. Here, we report a novel approach to treat septicemia associated with intra-abdominal infection in a murine model by delicately balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A novel oligosaccharide compound AVR-25 selectively binds to the TLR4 protein (IC50 = 0.15 µM) in human peripheral blood monocytes and stimulates IL-10 production. Following the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure, intravenous dosing of AVR-25 (10 mg/kg, 6-12 h post-CLP) alone and in combination with antibiotic imipenem protected both young adult (10-12 week old) and aged (16-18 month old) mice against polymicrobial infection, organ dysfunction, and death. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MIP-1, i-NOS) were decreased significantly and restoration of tissue damage was observed in all organs. A decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) confirmed improved bacterial clearance. Together, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic ability of AVR-25 to mitigate the storm of inflammation and minimize tissue injury with high potential for adjunctive therapy in intra-abdominal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnya Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Santosh K Panda
- School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Sumita Behera
- AyuVis Research Inc, 1120 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Syed M Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mark E Pulse
- Preclinical Service, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Joseph S Solomkin
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Steven M Opal
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- AyuVis Research Inc, 1120 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA. .,Acceleration laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA.
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20
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Wolpert A, Obert D, Frey B, Lee YS, Korff S. Hepatic topographical changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response signaling after hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. J Surg Res 2018; 231:278-289. [PMID: 30278941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in cell death decisions in context of various diseases. Although it is known that ER stress occurs in livers subjected to hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion (HS/R), there is no understanding about the influence of the liver architecture on ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were subjected to a pressure-controlled HS (30 ± 5 mmHg) for 90 min. Mice were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 24 h after shock induction. Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3) and transaminases were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin stains of paraffin-embedded liver tissue sections were evaluated for liver damage. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the hepatic topography of ER stress marker binding immunoglobulin protein and the activation of the three major pathways of the UPR. RESULTS Compared with sham-operated mice, HS/R led to profound liver damage and an elevation of inflammatory cytokines. We found time-dependent topographical changes of ER stress in the livers. Furthermore, the three major pathways of the UPR represented by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 were activated in differing ways dependent on the zonation within the liver acinus. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the liver architecture must be taken into account when investigating the role of ER stress and the UPR in ischemia-reperfusion injury after HS/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolpert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David Obert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Frey
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Shan Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Kumar V. Targeting macrophage immunometabolism: Dawn in the darkness of sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:173-185. [PMID: 29625385 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is known since the time (470 BC) of great Greek physician, Hippocrates. Advancement in modern medicine and establishment of separate branches of medical science dealing with sepsis research have improved its outcome. However, mortality associated with sepsis still remains higher (25-30%) that further increases to 40-50% in the presence of septic shock. For example, sepsis-associated deaths account more in comparison to deaths-associated with myocardial-infarction and certain cancers (i.e. breast and colorectal cancer). However, it is now well established that profound activation of innate immune cells including macrophages play a very important role in the immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Macrophages are sentinel cells of the innate immune system with their location varying from peripheral blood to various target organs including lungs, liver, brain, kidneys, skin, testes, vascular endothelium etc. Thus, profound and dysregulated activation of these cells during sepsis can directly impact the outcome of sepsis. However, the emergence of the concept of immunometabolism as a major controller of immune response has raised a new hope for identifying new targets for immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches. Thus this present review starts with an introduction of sepsis as a major medical problem worldwide and signifies the role of dysregulated innate immune response including macrophages in its immunopathogenesis. Thereafter, subsequent sections describe changes in immunometabolic stage of macrophages (both M1 and M2) during sepsis. The article ends with the discussion of novel macrophage-specific therapeutic targets targeting their immunometabolism during sepsis and epigenetic regulation of macrophage immunometabolism and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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22
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Liu CH, Kuo SW, Ko WJ, Tsai PR, Wu SW, Lai CH, Wang CH, Chen YS, Chen PL, Liu TT, Huang SC, Jou TS. Early measurement of IL-10 predicts the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1021. [PMID: 28432351 PMCID: PMC5430643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome are generally severely distressed and associated with high morbidity and mortality despite aggressive treatments such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. To identify potential biomarker of predicting value for appropriate use of this intensive care resource, plasma interleukin-10 along with relevant inflammatory cytokines and immune cell populations were examined during the early and subsequent disease courses of 51 critically ill patients who received ECMO support. High interleukin-10 levels at the time of ECMO installation and during the first 6 hours after ECMO support of these patients stand as a promising biomarker associated with grave prognosis. The initial interleukin-10 level is correlated to other conventional risk evaluation scores as a predictive factor for survival, and furthermore, elevated interleukin-10 levels are also related to a delayed recovery of certain immune cell populations such as CD14+CD16+, CD14+TLR4+ monocytes, and T regulator cells. Genetically, high interleukin-10 is associated to two polymorphic nucleotides (−592 C and −819 C) at the interleukin-10 gene promoter area. Our finding provides prognostic and mechanistic information on the outcome of severely respiratory distressed patients, and potentially paves the strategy to develop new therapeutic modality based on the principles of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Wen Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Je Ko
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Ru Tsai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Heng Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Sharng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzuu-Shuh Jou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Andres-Hernando A, Okamura K, Bhargava R, Kiekhaefer CM, Soranno D, Kirkbride-Romeo LA, Gil HW, Altmann C, Faubel S. Circulating IL-6 upregulates IL-10 production in splenic CD4 + T cells and limits acute kidney injury-induced lung inflammation. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1057-1069. [PMID: 28214022 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that acute kidney injury (AKI) is a proinflammatory state, little is known about the endogenous counter-inflammatory response. IL-6 is traditionally considered a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is elevated in the serum in both human and murine AKI. However, IL-6 is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. Here we sought to investigate the role of IL-6 in the counter-inflammatory response after AKI, particularly in regard to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Ischemic AKI was induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping. IL-10-deficient mice had increased systemic and lung inflammation after AKI, demonstrating the role of IL-10 in limiting inflammation after AKI. We then sought to determine whether IL-6 mediates IL-10 production. Wild-type mice with AKI had a marked upregulation of splenic IL-10 that was absent in IL-6-deficient mice with AKI. In vitro, addition of IL-6 to splenocytes increased IL-10 production in CD4+ T cells, B cells, and macrophages. In vivo, CD4-deficient mice with AKI had reduced splenic IL-10 and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Thus, IL-6 directly increases IL-10 production and participates in the counter-inflammatory response after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Andres-Hernando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kayo Okamura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rhea Bhargava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carol M Kiekhaefer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Danielle Soranno
- Department of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lara A Kirkbride-Romeo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hyo-Wook Gil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chris Altmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah Faubel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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24
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Multiple beneficial effects of melanocortin MC 4 receptor agonists in experimental neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:40-56. [PMID: 27916623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides induce neuroprotection in acute and chronic experimental neurodegenerative conditions. Melanocortins likewise counteract systemic responses to brain injuries. Furthermore, they promote neurogenesis by activating critical signaling pathways. Melanocortin-induced long-lasting improvement in synaptic activity and neurological performance, including learning and memory, sensory-motor orientation and coordinated limb use, has been consistently observed in experimental models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Evidence indicates that the neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of melanocortins, as well as the protection against systemic responses to a brain injury, are mediated by brain melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptors, through an involvement of the vagus nerve. Here we discuss the targets and mechanisms underlying the multiple beneficial effects recently observed in animal models of neurodegeneration. We comment on the potential clinical usefulness of melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents in ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease.
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25
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Cavaillon JM, Annane D. Invited review: Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are associated with an exacerbated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that are mainly produced within tissues. Although a systemic process, the pathophysiological events differ from organ to organ, and from organ to peripheral blood, leading to the concept of compartmentalization. The nature of the insult ( e.g. burn, hemorrhage, trauma, peritonitis), the cellular composition of each compartment ( e.g . nature of phagocytes, nature of endothelial cells), and its micro-environment ( e.g. local presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] in the lungs, low levels of arginine in the liver, release of endotoxin from the gut), and leukocyte recruitment, have a great influence on local inflammation and on tissue injury. High levels of pro-inflammatory mediators ( e.g. interleukin-1 [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], high mobility group protein-1 [HMGB1], macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF]) produced locally and released into the blood stream initiate remote organ injury as a consequence of an organ cross-talk. The inflammatory response within the tissues is greatly influenced by the local delivery of neuromediators by the cholinergic and sympathetic neurons. Acetylcholine and epinephrine contribute with IL-10 and other mediators to the anti-inflammatory compensatory response initiated to dampen the inflammatory process. Unfortunately, this regulatory response leads to an altered immune status of leukocytes that can increase the susceptibility to further infection. Again, the nature of the insult, the nature of the leukocytes, the presence of circulating microbial components, and the nature of the triggering agent employed to trigger cells, greatly influence the immune status of the leukocytes that may differ from one compartment to another. While anti-inflammatory mediators predominate within the blood stream to avoid igniting new inflammatory foci, their presence within tissues may not always be sufficient to prevent the initiation of a deleterious inflammatory response in the different compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djillali Annane
- Service de Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches, France
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Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy Is Associated with a Complex Inflammatory Response in the Rat. Shock 2016; 44 Suppl 1:129-37. [PMID: 25664984 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe trauma can lead to a coagulopathy in patients, which is associated with increased mortality. We developed a rat polytrauma model that demonstrates a similar progression of coagulopathy. Because coagulation is influenced by changes in inflammation, and this interrelationship is poorly understood, we have studied the progression of inflammation, and its correlation with coagulation, in this rat model of severe polytrauma. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. Polytrauma was induced by damaging 10 cm of small intestines, right and medial liver lobes, right leg skeletal muscle, femur fracture, and hemorrhaging 40% of blood volume. No resuscitation was given. Polytrauma and hemorrhage resulted in a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes and an increase in monocytes and granulocytes. There was an increase in plasma proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor α (40×), interleukin (IL)-6 (20×), IL-1β (16×), IL-17 (15×), interferon γ (10×), IL-1α (8×) and IL-12p70 (5×); anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10 (100×), IL-13 (16×), and IL-4 (5×); chemokines: growth-regulated protein/keratinocyte chemoattractant (30×), macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (10×), regulated and normal T-cell expressed and secreted (3×); and growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factor (5×), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (6×), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (3×), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (2×), and IL-5 (3×). There was a strong and significant correlation between prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and fibrin monomer concentration, and many cytokines. Polytrauma with hemorrhage is associated with a coagulopathy and a complex inflammatory response consisting of a concurrent rise in both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The rise in plasma concentrations of chemokines and growth factors likely contribute to the mobilization of monocytes and granulocytes. There is strong correlation between prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and IL-10 and IL-1β. This relationship could be exploited for the development of resuscitation strategies that attenuate these cytokines and allow for better outcomes in patients with trauma through concomitant modulation of inflammation and coagulopathy.
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Delayed neutralization of interleukin 6 reduces organ injury, selectively suppresses inflammatory mediator, and partially normalizes immune dysfunction following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2015; 42:218-27. [PMID: 24978887 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An excessive and uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response is associated with organ failure, immunodepression, and increased susceptibility to nosocomial infection following trauma. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a particularly prominent role in the host immune response after trauma with hemorrhage. However, as a result of its pleiotropic functions, the effect of IL-6 in trauma and hemorrhage is still controversial. It remains unclear whether suppression of IL-6 after hemorrhagic shock and trauma will attenuate organ injury and immunosuppression. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were treated with anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal antibody immediately prior to resuscitation in an experimental model combining hemorrhagic shock and lower-extremity injury. Interleukin 6 levels and signaling were transiently suppressed following administrations of anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody following hemorrhagic shock and lower-extremity injury. This resulted in reduced lung and liver injury, as well as suppression in the levels of key inflammatory mediators including IL-10, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage inhibitory protein 1α at both 6 and 24 h. Furthermore, the shift to TH2 cytokine production and suppressed lymphocyte response were partly prevented. These results demonstrate that IL-6 is not only a biomarker but also an important driver of injury-induced inflammation and immune suppression in mice. Rapid measurement of IL-6 levels in the early phase of postinjury care could be used to guide IL-6-based interventions.
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Silva JP, Dhall S, Garcia M, Chan A, Costa C, Gama M, Martins-Green M. Improved burn wound healing by the antimicrobial peptide LLKKK18 released from conjugates with dextrin embedded in a carbopol gel. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:249-62. [PMID: 26234490 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are good candidates to treat burn wounds, a major cause of morbidity, impaired life quality and resources consumption in developed countries. We took advantage of a commercially available hydrogel, Carbopol®, a vehicle for topical administration that maintains a moist environment within the wound site. We hypothesized that the incorporation of LLKKK18 conjugated to dextrin would improve the healing process in rat burns. Whereas the hydrogel improves healing, LLKKK18 released from the dextrin conjugates further accelerated wound closure, and simultaneously improving the quality of healing. Indeed, the release of LLKKK18 reduced oxidative stress and inflammation (low neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels). Importantly, it induced a faster resolution of the inflammatory stage through early M2 macrophage recruitment. In addition, LLKKK18 stimulated angiogenesis (increased VEGF and microvessel development in vivo). Moreover, collagen staining evaluated by Masson's Trichrome was visually much more intense after treatment with LLKKK18, suggesting higher collagen deposition. Overall, we generated an effective, safe and inexpensive formulation that maintains a moist environment in the wound, easy to apply and remove, and with potential to prevent infection due to the presence of an antimicrobial peptide. These findings propel us to further study this LLKKK18-containing formulation, setting the foundations towards a potential therapeutic approach for burn wound treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work presents a newly developed formulation that holds great potential as a therapeutic approach for burn treatment. It is based on the sustained delivery of an antimicrobial peptide - LLKKK18 - from conjugates with dextrin, after degradation of dextrin backbone upon exposure to wound α-amylases. Conjugates were further embedded in Carbopol®, a commercially available hydrogel, suitable for topical administration and that provides a moist environment to the wound. Overall, we obtained an efficient, safe and non-expensive formulation that improves burn wound healing, maintains a moist environment within the wound, is easy to apply-and-remove, and has potential to prevent infection due to the presence of an antimicrobial peptide. Importantly, this is the first time the wound healing ability of LLKKK18 is demonstrated and that its main mechanisms of action are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; CEB - Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Sandeep Dhall
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Bioengineering Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Monika Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Alex Chan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - César Costa
- CEB - Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Bioengineering Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Kubo H, Hayashi T, Ago K, Ago M, Kanekura T, Ogata M. Temporal expression of wound healing-related genes in skin burn injury. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2014; 16:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Critical role for peripherally-derived interleukin-10 in mediating the thermoregulatory manifestations of fever and hypothermia in severe forms of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:1451-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bak Foong Pills induce an analgesic effect by inhibiting nociception via the somatostatin pathway in mice. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:63-9. [PMID: 21980955 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dysmenorrhoea, defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring before or during menstruation, affects, to varying degrees, up to 90% of women of child-bearing age. We investigated whether BFP (Bak Foong Pills), a traditional Chinese medicine treatment for dysmenorrhoea, possesses analgesic properties. Results showed that BFP was able to significantly reduce pain responses following subchronic treatment for 3 days, but not following acute (1 h) treatment in response to acetic acid-induced writhing in C57/B6 mice. The analgesic effect was not due to inhibition of COX (cyclo-oxygenase) activity, evidenced by the lack of inhibition of prostacyclin and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) production. Molecular analysis revealed that BFP treatment modulated the expression of a number of genes in the spinal cord of mice subjected to acetic acid writhing. RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) analysis of spinal cord samples showed that both sst4 (somatostatin receptor 4) and sst2 receptor mRNA, but not μOR (μ-opiate receptor) and NK1 (neurokinin-1) receptor mRNA, were down-regulated following BFP treatment, thus implicating somatostatin involvement in BFP-induced analgesia. Administration of c-som (cyclo-somatostatin), a somatostatin antagonist, prior to acetic acid-induced writhing inhibited the analgesic effect. Thus subchronic treatment with BFP has anti-nociceptive qualities mediated via the somatostatin pathway.
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Giuliani D, Minutoli L, Ottani A, Spaccapelo L, Bitto A, Galantucci M, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins as potential therapeutic agents in severe hypoxic conditions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:179-93. [PMID: 22531139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides with the adrenocorticotropin/melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/MSH) sequences and synthetic analogs have protective and life-saving effects in experimental conditions of circulatory shock, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, respiratory arrest, renal ischemia, intestinal ischemia and testicular ischemia, as well as in experimental heart transplantation. Moreover, melanocortins improve functional recovery and stimulate neurogenesis in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. These beneficial effects of ACTH/MSH-like peptides are mostly mediated by brain melanocortin MC(3)/MC(4) receptors, whose activation triggers protective pathways that counteract the main ischemia/reperfusion-related mechanisms of damage. Induction of signaling pathways and other molecular regulators of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation and integration seems to be the key mechanism of neurogenesis stimulation. Synthesis of stable and highly selective agonists at MC(3) and MC(4) receptors could provide the potential for development of a new class of drugs for a novel approach to management of severe ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Bitto A, Polito F, Irrera N, Calò M, Spaccapelo L, Marini HR, Giuliani D, Ottani A, Rinaldi M, Minutoli L, Guarini S, Squadrito F, Altavilla D. Protective effects of melanocortins on short-term changes in a rat model of traumatic brain injury*. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:945-51. [PMID: 22036855 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318236efde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment for traumatic brain injury remains elusive despite compelling evidence from animal models for a variety of therapeutic targets. Melanocortins have established neuroprotective effects against experimental ischemic stroke. We investigated whether melanocortin treatment of traumatic brain injury induces neuroprotection and promotes functional recovery. DESIGN Randomized experiment. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 215). INTERVENTIONS Experimental rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury, the impact-acceleration model. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Brain tissue nitrites, phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and c-jun N-terminal kinases; and expression of active caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-α, BAX, and Bcl-2 as well as serum levels of interleukin-6, high mobility group box-1, interleukin-10, and brain histologic damage were evaluated 24 or 48 hrs after the insult. Sensorimotor orientation and limb use were evaluated at day 7 and learning and memory at days 23-30 after injury. Posttraumatic treatment every 12 hrs with the melanocortin analog [Nle, D-Phe]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (starting 3 or 6 hrs after injury) inhibited traumatic brain injury-induced upregulation of nitric oxide synthesis, phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, phosphorylation level of c-jun N-terminal kinases, and active caspase-3; reduced expressions/levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, BAX, interleukin-6, and high mobility group box-1; and increased those of Bcl-2 and interleukin-10. These molecular changes were associated with a reduction in brain tissue damage, as highlighted by histopathological findings and improved functional recovery. Pretreatment with the melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist HS024 abated the positive effects of [Nle, D-Phe]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that melanocortins protect against traumatic brain injury, in a broad time window and through activation of MC4 receptors, by counteracting the main traumatic brain injury-related mechanisms of damage. These findings could have major clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Krejsek J, Mandak J, Kunes P, Lonsky V, Kolackova M, Jankovicova K, Andrys C. Impact of methylprednisolone in priming solution of cardiopulmonary bypass on anti-inflammatory CD163 receptor during cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2012; 27:284-91. [PMID: 22354894 DOI: 10.1177/0267659112439595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of methylprednisolone in cardiopulmonary bypass fluid on scavenger receptor for hemoglobin CD163 molecule expression on monocytes of patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass with either exposure to methylprednisolone present in the cardiopulmonary bypass fluid (20 patients), or without methylprednisolone in the cardiopulmonary bypass fluid (22 patients) and operated on without cardiopulmonary bypass (42 patients). The dynamics of CD163 expression was also followed in patients operated on without cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was a retrospective analysis of a comparison of two studies. The expression of CD163 was determined quantitatively by standardized flow cytometry technique. The similarities in the dynamics of CD163 monocyte expression, comparing the patients operated on with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, were found. Compared to the preoperative level, CD163 monocyte expression was significantly elevated on the 1(st) postoperative day. Monocyte CD163 expression on the 1(st) postoperative day was evidently similar in both groups of patients operated without cardiopulmonary bypass (median value of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) 18,896; interquartile range from 27,538 to 57,711; median value of MFI 18,863; interquartile range from 16,514 to 26,559; n.s.), suggesting high reproducibility of our flow cytometric method; the monocyte CD163 expression was significantly higher (median value of MFI 37,902; interquartile range from 27,538 to 57,711) on the 1(st) postoperative day in patients exposed to methylprednisolone compared to patients without this exposure (median value of MFI 20,995; interquartile range from 16,321 to 29,623) (p<0.001). We concluded that the expression of hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 on monocytes of cardiac surgical patients is induced by methylprednisolone present in cardiopulmonary bypass fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Inhalative IL-10 attenuates pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock without major alterations of the systemic inflammatory response. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2012:512974. [PMID: 22046081 PMCID: PMC3199193 DOI: 10.1155/2012/512974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies report immunomodulatory effects of endogenous IL-10 after trauma. The present study investigates the effect of inhalative IL-10 administration on systemic and pulmonary inflammation in hemorrhagic shock.
Male C57/BL6 mice (8 animals per group) were subjected to pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock for 1.5 hrs followed by resuscitation and inhalative administration of either 50 μL PBS (Shock group) or 50 μg/kg recombinant mouse IL-10 dissolved in 50 μL PBS (Shock + IL-10 group). Animals were sacrificed after 4.5 hrs of recovery and serum IL-6, IL-10, KC, and MCP-1 concentrations were measured with ELISA kits. Acute pulmonary inflammation was assessed by pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and pulmonary H&E histopathology. Inhalative IL-10 administration decreased pulmonary inflammation without altering the systemic concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and KC. Serum MCP-1 levels were significantly reduced following inhalative IL-10 administration. These findings suggest that inhalative IL-10 administration may modulate the pulmonary microenvironment without major alterations of the systemic inflammatory response, thus minimizing the potential susceptibility to infection and sepsis.
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Brunnemer U, Zeckey C, Hildebrand F, Frink M, Mommsen P, van Griensven M, Andruszkow H, Krettek C, Barkhausen T. Androstenediol exerts salutary effects on chemokine response after trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis in mice. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25:511-5. [PMID: 21738064 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e3182251044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis after polytrauma is related to the posttraumatic immune response and the associated release of inflammatory mediators. There exists a gender dimorphism in the posttraumatic host response. Sex steroids are believed to beneficially modulate the posttraumatic immune response. The specific effect of androstenediol on chemokines after trauma is unknown. We investigated whether the application of androstenediol has an effect on plasma chemokine levels and the associated remote organ damage in a two-hit mouse-model of trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Traumatic hemorrhage was induced followed by androstenediol application and volume resuscitation. Thereafter, androstenediol was given once daily in combination with a vehicle (Intralipid). The control group was injected with a solution containing only the vehicle at the same time points as the treatment groups' androstenediol applications. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and cecal puncture 48 hours afterward. Four hours after cecal ligation and cecal puncture, plasma measurements of chemokines were performed. Pulmonary infiltration by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes was measured by immunhistochemical staining and myeloperoxidase measurements were taken. RESULTS Application of androstenediol led to significantly decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β levels compared with the control animals after trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture (P < 0.05). Pulmonary infiltration and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly decreased in androstenediol-treated animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Androstenediol modulates the immune response after trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture by reducing systemic chemokine levels, which are known to direct immune cells into the tissue possibly leading to organ damage. Androstenediol represents a potential therapeutic agent after major trauma in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Brunnemer
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Wang H, Zhang M, Wang X, Mao H, Ying X, Zhu W, Sun C, Jiang C. Improvement of cytokine response and survival time by bioartificial kidney therapy in acute uremic pigs with multi-organ dysfunction. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 33:526-34. [PMID: 20872347 DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether bioartificial kidney (BAK) ameliorates cytokine response and biochemical indices, and prolongs the survival time in acute uremic pigs with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). METHODS Hybridized pigs suffering from MODS and acute renal failure (ARF) were treated with BAK (Group A, n=6) or sham-BAK containing no cells (Group B, n=6), or received no treatment (Group C, n=5). Data on blood pressure, hepatic and renal function, IL-10, TNF-α, arterial blood gas, and survival time of all the pigs was recorded. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg) responded more rapidly and reached higher values in Group A (91.82 ± 5.73) compared with Groups B and C at 24 hours (p<0.01). The peak level of serum IL-10 (pg/mL) in Group A (249.57 ± 43.51) was significantly higher than in Groups B and C (132.06 ± 17.53, 104.25 ± 13.42, p<0.01). Serum TNF-α level (pg/mL) in Group A dropped gradually to 402.91 ± 32.47 at 24 hours, and showed a significant discrepancy compared with those before treatment (537.16 ± 38.45) and Group B (512.94 ± 19.5, p<0.05). There was no difference in plasma endotoxin and serum IL-6 between pre-treatment and post-treatment in Groups A and B. BAK treatment, however, resulted in a significant decline in IL-6/IL-10 ratios. The average survival time (hours) in Group A (113.01 ± 14.32) was significantly longer, prolonged by 35.93% and 63.90% compared to Groups B and C (p<0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The addition of renal tubule cell therapy to hemofiltration in an acutely uremic animal model with MODS altered systemic cytokine balance, ameliorated MAP, and prolonged survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Zaets SB, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Feketova E, Berezina TL, Malinina IV, Deitch EA, Olsen EH. Recombinant factor XIII mitigates hemorrhagic shock-induced organ dysfunction. J Surg Res 2010; 166:e135-42. [PMID: 21276979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma factor XIII (FXIII) is responsible for stabilization of fibrin clot at the final stage of blood coagulation. Since FXIII has also been shown to modulate inflammation, endothelial permeability, as well as diminish multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) after gut ischemia-reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that FXIII would reduce MOD caused by trauma-hemorrhagic shock (THS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to a 90 min THS or trauma sham shock (TSS) and treated with either recombinant human FXIII A(2) subunit (rFXIII) or placebo immediately after resuscitation with shed blood or at the end of the TSS period. Lung permeability, lung and gut myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, gut histology, neutrophil respiratory burst, microvascular blood flow in the liver and muscles, and cytokine levels were measured 3 h after the THS or TSS. FXIII levels were measured before THS or TSS and after the 3-h post-shock period. RESULTS THS-induced lung permeability as well as lung and gut MPO activity was significantly lower in rFXIII-treated than in placebo-treated animals. Similarly, rFXIII-treated rats had lower neutrophil respiratory burst activity and less ileal mucosal injury. rFXIII-treated rats also had a higher liver microvascular blood flow compared with the placebo group. Cytokine response was more favorable in rFXIII-treated animals. Trauma-hemorrhagic shock did not cause a drop in FXIII activity during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Administration of rFXIII diminishes THS-induced MOD in rats, presumably by preservation of the gut barrier function, limitation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activation, and modulation of the cytokine response.
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Suzuki T, Kawasaki T, Choudhry MA, Chaudry IH. Role of PPARγ in the salutary effects of 17β-estradiol on Kupffer cell cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:205-11. [PMID: 20665707 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that administration of 17β-estradiol prevents trauma-hemorrhage-induced increase in proinflammatory cytokine production by Kupffer cells and associated multiple organ injury. Since activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) following ischemic conditions has been shown to be protective, we examined if PPARγ plays any role in the salutary effects of 17β-estradiol on Kupffer cell cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. Male mice underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure 40 mmHg for 90 min, then resuscitation). 17β-estradiol (50 µg/kg) or vehicle with or without PPARγ antagonist GW9662 was injected subcutaneously at the middle of resuscitation. At 2 h after trauma-hemorrhage, plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, Kupffer cell IL-6 and TNF-α production and mRNA expression, and PPARγ, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 DNA binding activity were determined. Kupffer cell IL-6 and TNF-α production, as well as plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels, increased following trauma-hemorrhage. Moreover, NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding activity and IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression were also enhanced under such conditions. However, 17β-estradiol administration normalized all these parameters. Although PPARγ activity decreased after trauma-hemorrhage, administration of 17β-estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage elevated PPARγ activity above the normal level. Inhibition of PPARγ by co-administration of GW9662, however, abolished the salutary effects of 17β-estradiol on plasma cytokine and Kupffer cells. Thus, activation of PPARγ appears to play an important role in mediating the salutary effects of 17β-estradiol on plasma cytokine levels and Kupffer cell cytokine production after trauma-hemorrhage, which are likely mediated via NF-κB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Suzuki
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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Protective effect of carbon monoxide inhalation on lung injury after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 69:185-94. [PMID: 20622590 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181bbd516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR) induces pulmonary inflammation that leads to acute lung injury. Carbon monoxide (CO), a by-product of heme catalysis, was shown to have potent cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CO inhalation at low concentration on lung injury induced by HSR in rats. METHODS Rats were subjected to HSR by bleeding to achieve mean arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg for 60 minutes followed by resuscitation with shed blood and saline as needed to restore blood pressure. HSR animals were either maintained in room air or were exposed to CO at 250 ppm for 1 hour before and 3 hours after HSR. RESULTS HSR caused an increase in the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in the lung followed by the up-regulation of pulmonary gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin (IL)-10. HSR also resulted in an increase in myeloperoxidase activity and wet weight to dry weight ratio in the lung, and more prominent histopathologic changes including congestion, edema, cellular infiltration, and hemorrhage. In contrast, CO inhalation significantly ameliorated these inflammatory events as judged by fewer histologic changes, less up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, and less activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1. Interestingly, the protective effects against lung injury afforded by CO were associated with further increases in mRNA expression of IL-10 in the lung. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inhaled CO at a low concentration ameliorated HSR-induced lung injury and attenuated inflammatory cascades by up-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10.
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Time course of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with burns—Prognostic value of interleukin-10. Burns 2010; 36:483-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Although 17beta-estradiol (E2) is reported to improve the inflammatory response after trauma-hemorrhage (T-H), it remains unknown whether E2 plays any role in the central nervous system after T-H. Microglial cells, resident central macrophages, are thought to play a central role in exacerbating cell-mediated inflammation. We hypothesized that T-H up-regulates microglial cell-mediated inflammatory response in the brain, and E2 produces central anti-inflammatory effects via negative regulation of microglial cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation (cannulation plus laparotomy) or T-H (midline laparotomy; mean blood pressure, 35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation) and immediately killed after resuscitation. Rats received vehicle or E2 (1 mg/kg body weight i.v.) at the onset of resuscitation. In other experiments, minocycline (40 mg/kg body weight i.p.), microglia inhibitor, was administered 1 h before T-H to prevent inflammatory response in the microglia after T-H. The plasma and hypothalamic tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) levels were increased, along with the activation of microglial cells in T-H rats compared with shams. Furthermore, T-H increased microglial TNF-alpha productive capacity in vitro. 17beta administration after T-H prevented these inflammatory responses. In rats pretreated with minocycline, decreased microglial TNF-alpha production and hypothalamic TNF-alpha levels were observed, but plasma TNF-alpha levels were not altered after T-H. Thus, T-H induces inflammatory responses even in the hypothalamus, and E2 seems to be a useful adjunct for down-regulating microglial cell-mediated inflammatory response after T-H.
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Namas R, Ghuma A, Torres A, Polanco P, Gomez H, Barclay D, Gordon L, Zenker S, Kim HK, Hermus L, Zamora R, Rosengart MR, Clermont G, Peitzman A, Billiar TR, Ochoa J, Pinsky MR, Puyana JC, Vodovotz Y. An adequately robust early TNF-alpha response is a hallmark of survival following trauma/hemorrhage. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8406. [PMID: 20027315 PMCID: PMC2794373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) results in cytokine-mediated acute inflammation that is generally considered detrimental. Methodology/Principal Findings Paradoxically, plasma levels of the early inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (but not IL-6, IL-10, or NO2-/NO3-) were significantly elevated within 6 h post-admission in 19 human trauma survivors vs. 4 non-survivors. Moreover, plasma TNF-α was inversely correlated with Marshall Score, an index of organ dysfunction, both in the 23 patients taken together and in the survivor cohort. Accordingly, we hypothesized that if an early, robust pro-inflammatory response were to be a marker of an appropriate response to injury, then individuals exhibiting such a response would be predisposed to survive. We tested this hypothesis in swine subjected to various experimental paradigms of T/HS. Twenty-three anesthetized pigs were subjected to T/HS (12 HS-only and 11 HS + Thoracotomy; mean arterial pressure of 30 mmHg for 45–90 min) along with surgery-only controls. Plasma obtained at pre-surgery, baseline post-surgery, beginning of HS, and every 15 min thereafter until 75 min (in the HS only group) or 90 min (in the HS + Thoracotomy group) was assayed for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and NO2-/NO3-. Mean post-surgery±HS TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the survivors vs. non-survivors, while non-survivors exhibited no measurable change in TNF-α levels over the same interval. Conclusions/Significance Contrary to the current dogma, survival in the setting of severe, acute T/HS appears to be associated with an immediate increase in serum TNF-α. It is currently unclear if this response was the cause of this protection, a marker of survival, or both. This abstract won a Young Investigator Travel Award at the SHOCK 2008 meeting in Cologne, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaie Namas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ali Ghuma
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andres Torres
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricio Polanco
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hernando Gomez
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek Barclay
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sven Zenker
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyung Kook Kim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda Hermus
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gilles Clermont
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Peitzman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juan Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Pinsky
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos Puyana
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rachmawati H, Beljaars L, Reker-Smit C, Bakker H, Loenen-Wee AV, Poelstra K. A Study on the Effects of IL-10 in Anti-Thy 1-Induced Glomerulonephritis in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2009.346.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kolackova M, Lonsky V, Trojackova Kudlova M, Mandak J, Kunes P, Svitek V, Jankovicova K, Vlaskova D, Andrys C, Krejsek J. Serum level of sCD163, a soluble receptor for hemoglobin, is influenced by cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2009; 24:263-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659109348723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:The scavenger receptor for complexes hemoglobin-haptoglobin (CD163), which is expressed on monocytes/ macrophages, is shed to the body fluids in a soluble form (sCD163). Objectives: To evaluate the dynamics of sCD163 in the blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients and Methods: Sixty-one adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were enrolled in the study. They were assigned to undergo CABG using either cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), “on-pump”, (22 patients), modified CPB, mini “on-pump”, (17 patients) or without CPB, “off-pump”, (22 patients) surgery. Serum levels of sCD163 in venous blood samples taken before and after surgery, and during an early postoperative period, were evaluated by Macro 163TM diagnostic kit (IQ Products, Groningen, NL). Results: Compared to the preoperative levels (“on-pump”; 344 ng/mL, “off-pump”; 314.5 ng/mL, mini-invasive “on-pump”; 336.5 ng/mL) serum levels were elevated at the finish of surgery, reaching maximum at the 1st postoperative day (“onpump”; 658 ng/mL; p<0.05, “off-pump”; 810.5 ng/mL; p<0.01; mini-invasive “on-pump”; 663 ng/mL; non-significant). No significant differences regarding the serum levels of sCD163 between different surgical approaches were found. Conclusion: Serum level of sCD163 scavenger molecule for hemoglobin is elevated at the end of surgery and at the 1st postoperative day, being little influenced by cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kolackova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Lonsky
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Trojackova Kudlova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mandak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kunes
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, Department of Cardiac Surgery Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Svitek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Jankovicova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Vlaskova
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Andrys
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic,
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Schneider SO, Rensing H, Gräber S, Kreuer S, Kleinschmidt S, Kreimeier S, Müller P, Mathes AM, Biedler AE. Impact of platelets and fresh frozen plasma in contrast to red cell concentrate on unstimulated and stimulated cytokine release in an in vitro model of transfusion. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:101-5. [PMID: 19630915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion of blood may contribute to immunomodulation. Leuco-depleted standard blood products are supposed to result in less immunomodulation compared with whole blood. To determine the influence of leuco-depleted blood products on the cytokine response, red blood cell concentrates (RBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelet concentrates (PC) were investigated in an in vitro model of blood transfusion. Leuco-depleted standard blood bank RBC, FFP and PC were mixed in vitro with AB0 compatible venous blood from healthy volunteers in ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Specimens were incubated in presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide, 1 mug/ml. After 24 h of incubation cytokine release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was measured in cell culture supernatants by means of enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay. Addition of RBC, FFP and PC to venous blood from healthy volunteers led to a significant and dose-dependent increase in spontaneous TNF-alpha and IL-10 release. After endotoxin stimulation, RBC, FFP and PC significantly suppressed the TNF-alpha response, while the stimulated release of IL-10 tended to increase, reaching significance only after high doses of FFP. Addition of leuco-depleted blood products changed the spontaneous and stimulated cytokine response in an in vitro model of transfusion. These data may suggest a possible contribution of transfused FFP and PC to immunomodulation after transfusion similar to RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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Ketamine delays mortality in an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock and subsequent sepsis. Resuscitation 2009; 80:935-9. [PMID: 19473743 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies ketamine was reported to improve survival and decrease serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration after sepsis alone and after burn injury followed by sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine whether ketamine alters survival and/or IL-6 after hemorrhagic shock alone or hemorrhagic shock followed by sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock with or without subsequent Gram-negative bacterial sepsis and were either treated with ketamine 5 mg/kg or were not treated. Blood was sampled for IL-6 determination prior to hemorrhage, at the completion of resuscitation, and at 6 and 30 h later. Mortality was recorded for 7 days following hemorrhage or hemorrhage+sepsis. RESULTS After hemorrhage+sepsis the time to median mortality was significantly later in the ketamine-treated group (36 h) than in the control group (12 h). At 12h the survival rate of the ketamine-treated group (100%) was significantly higher than in the control group (55%). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to IL-6 or 7-day survival after either hemorrhage+sepsis or hemorrhage alone. CONCLUSION Ketamine improved 12h survival and delayed mortality after hemorrhage+sepsis without significantly altering IL-6, and did not alter survival or IL-6 after hemorrhage alone.
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Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause for noncardiac intensive care unit deaths in the United States. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this devastating condition, mortality and morbidity remain unacceptably high. Sepsis is characterized by a multitude of pathophysiological changes that include inflammation, metabolic derangements, hemodynamic alterations, and multiorgan dysfunction. Unfortunately, several studies of treatment modalities aimed at correcting one or more of the underlying derangements have led to disappointing results. New treatment modalities are needed. beta-Receptor blockers have long been used for a variety of conditions such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and arterial hypertension. Recent data suggest that beta-blocker effects on metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cytokine expression, and myocardial function may be beneficial in the setting of sepsis. Although treating a potentially hypotensive condition with a drug with antihypertensive properties may initially seem counterintuitive, the metabolic and immunomodulatory properties of beta-blockers may be of benefit. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the effects of beta-blockers on the following: (1) metabolism, (2) glucose regulation, (3) the inflammatory response, (4) cardiac function, and (5) mortality in sepsis.
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Abstract
Severe burn causes a pronounced hypermetabolic response characterized by catabolism and extensive protein wasting. We recently found that this hypermetabolic state is driven by a severe inflammatory response. We characterized in detail the kinetics of serum levels of a panel of cytokines in a rat model, which may serve as reference for the development of therapeutic interventions applicable to humans. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) received a full-thickness burn of 60% total body surface area. Serum was harvested 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h after burn. Eight serum cytokines commonly used to assess the inflammatory response in humans, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, vascular endothelial growth factor, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and the rat-specific cytokines cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) 1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and were compared with controls (n = 4). Statistical analysis was conducted using the t test, with P < 0.05 considered as significantly different. Thermal injury resulted in significantly increased serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, CINC-1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 when compared with the concentrations detected in nonburned rats (P < 0.05). Serum levels of TNF-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in burned rats were not found to be significantly different to controls. Burn causes a profound inflammatory response in rats. Specific cytokines known to increase in humans postburn such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and IL-8 (CINC-1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 in the rat) were also observed in our rat burn model, which now allows us to study new anti-inflammatory treatment options.
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Jiang WL, Chen XG, Zhu HB, Gao YB, Tian JW, Fu FH. Paeoniflorin inhibits systemic inflammation and improves survival in experimental sepsis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:64-71. [PMID: 19371254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of paeoniflorin in cultured RAW264.7 cell line as well as in an experimental model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of lipopolysaccharide in rats. Results showed that paeoniflorin concentration-dependently down-regulated the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and high-mobility group-box 1 protein in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cell, inhibited the IkappaB kinase pathway and modulated NF-kappaB. Intravenous injection (i.v.) of paeoniflorin alone or in combination with imipenem reduced i.p. of lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture-induced lethality in rats. In addition, serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, high-mobility group-box 1 protein, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and endotoxin were down-regulated; by contrast, serum levels of IL-10 were up-regulated. Amelioration of hemodynamics, decrease of enzyme levels, decrease of myeloperoxidase in lung, liver, and small intestine were also found after paeoniflorin injection. These data indicate that the anti-sepsis effect of paeoniflorin was mediated by decreasing local and systemic levels of a wide spectrum of inflammatory mediators. This work provides the first evidence that paeoniflorin has the capacity to inactivate inflammatory response in sepsis and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of paeoniflorin may inhibit activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by inhibiting IkappaB kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Lin Jiang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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