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Adamović D, Dorić J, Vojinović Miloradov M, Adamović S, Pap S, Radonić J, Turk Sekulić M. The emission of BTEX compounds during movement of passenger car in accordance with the NEDC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:339-349. [PMID: 29791886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of the research in the field of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) concentrations in exhaust gases of spark ignition engines under different operating conditions are presented in this paper. The aim of this paper is to gain a clearer insight into the impact of different engine working parameters on the concentrations of BTEX. The experimental investigation has been performed on the SCHENCK 230 W test stand with the controlled IC engine. The engine operating points have been chosen based on the results of a simulation and they are considered as the typical driving conditions according to the New European Driving Cycle. Concentration levels of BTEX compounds in exhaust gas mixtures have been determined by gas chromatography technique by using the combination of Supelcowax 10-Polyethylene glycol column and the PID detector. Based on the experimental research results, the emission model of BTEX compounds has been defined by the simulation of movement of a Fiat Punto Classic passenger car in accordance with the NEDC cycle. Using the results obtained within the simulation, the official statistics on the number of gasoline-powered cars on the territory of the Republic of Serbia and the European Commission data on the annual distance traveled by car, the amounts of BTEX compounds emitted annually per car have been estimated, as well as the emissions of the entire Serbian car fleet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Adamović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jovan Dorić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Chair for Engines and Motor Vehicles, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Savka Adamović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sabolč Pap
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Jelena Radonić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Turk Sekulić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Schiffman C, McHale CM, Hubbard AE, Zhang L, Thomas R, Vermeulen R, Li G, Shen M, Rappaport SM, Yin S, Lan Q, Smith MT, Rothman N. Identification of gene expression predictors of occupational benzene exposure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205427. [PMID: 30300410 PMCID: PMC6177191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, using microarrays and mRNA-Sequencing (mRNA-Seq) we found that occupational exposure to a range of benzene levels perturbed gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. OBJECTIVES In the current study, we sought to identify gene expression biomarkers predictive of benzene exposure below 1 part per million (ppm), the occupational standard in the U.S. METHODS First, we used the nCounter platform to validate altered expression of 30 genes in 33 unexposed controls and 57 subjects exposed to benzene (<1 to ≥5 ppm). Second, we used SuperLearner (SL) to identify a minimal number of genes for which altered expression could predict <1 ppm benzene exposure, in 44 subjects with a mean air benzene level of 0.55±0.248 ppm (minimum 0.203ppm). RESULTS nCounter and microarray expression levels were highly correlated (coefficients >0.7, p<0.05) for 26 microarray-selected genes. nCounter and mRNA-Seq levels were poorly correlated for 4 mRNA-Seq-selected genes. Using negative binomial regression with adjustment for covariates and multiple testing, we confirmed differential expression of 23 microarray-selected genes in the entire benzene-exposed group, and 27 genes in the <1 ppm-exposed subgroup, compared with the control group. Using SL, we identified 3 pairs of genes that could predict <1 ppm benzene exposure with cross-validated AUC estimates >0.9 (p<0.0001) and were not predictive of other exposures (nickel, arsenic, smoking, stress). The predictive gene pairs are PRG2/CLEC5A, NFKBI/CLEC5A, and ACSL1/CLEC5A. They play roles in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS Using nCounter and SL, we validated the altered expression of multiple mRNAs by benzene and identified gene pairs predictive of exposure to benzene at levels below the US occupational standard of 1ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schiffman
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alan E. Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Reuben Thomas
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute of Risk assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guilan Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Songnian Yin
- Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Wang C, Wang G, Li X, Wang K, Fan J, Jiang K, Guo Y, Zhang H. Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Molecular Switch for the Ratio Monitoring of Trace Change of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11514-11519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Ge Wang
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution
Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution
Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution
Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
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Ha Park J, Yoo KY, Hye Kim I, Cho JH, Lee JC, Hyeon Ahn J, Jin Tae H, Chun Yan B, Won Kim D, Kyu Park O, Kwon SH, Her S, Su Kim J, Hoon Choi J, Hyun Lee C, Koo Hwang I, Youl Cho J, Hwi Cho J, Kwon YG, Ryoo S, Kim YM, Won MH, Jun Kang I. Hydroquinone Strongly Alleviates Focal Ischemic Brain Injury via Blockage of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:430-441. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hernández-García FA, Torres-Delgado G, Castanedo-Pérez R, Zelaya-Ángel O. Gaseous benzene degradation by photocatalysis using ZnO + Zn2TiO4 thin films obtained by sol-gel process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13191-13199. [PMID: 27023805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The benzene pollutant in gaseous phase was successfully degraded by using ZnO + Zn2TiO4 multicomponent oxide thin films as photocatalysts. The films were obtained with different Ti/Zn ratios (0, 0.20, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.67, 0.84, and 1) by the sol-gel route. The initial level of benzene concentration was 110 ± 10 ppm. The process was carried out under different conditions of relative humidity (RH): 25, 50, and 80 % in a batch-type reactor, at room temperature. The results show benzene degradation near to 95 % at t = 240 min, where the multicomponent oxide semiconductor has a Ti/Zn ratio of 0.67. Meanwhile, with the TiO2 thin films, only a degradation of 70 % was reached at the same measurement conditions. This synergistic effect on the photocatalytic activity is a result of the coupling of both semiconductor oxides. An adverse effect on the photocatalytic activity was observed as the relative humidity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Hernández-García
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad Qro., A.P. 1-798, 76001, Querétaro, Qro, México
| | - G Torres-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad Qro., A.P. 1-798, 76001, Querétaro, Qro, México
| | - R Castanedo-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad Qro., A.P. 1-798, 76001, Querétaro, Qro, México.
| | - O Zelaya-Ángel
- Depto. de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., A. P. 14-740, 07360, México City, México
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Photodegradation of gaseous C6H6 using CdO+CdTiO3 and TiO2 thin films obtained by sol–gel technique. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Wang Y, Zhang GY, Han QL, Wang J, Li Y, Yu CH, Li YR, Yi ZC. Phenolic metabolites of benzene induced caspase-dependent cytotoxicities to K562 cells accompanied with decrease in cell surface sialic acids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1437-1451. [PMID: 23776099 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzene-induced erythropoietic depression has been proposed to be due to the production of toxic metabolites. Presently, the cytotoxicities of benzene metabolites, including phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and 1,2,4-benzenetriol, to erythroid progenitor-like K562 cells were investigated. After exposure to these metabolites, K562 cells showed significant inhibition of viability and apoptotic characteristics. Each metabolite caused a significant increase in activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and pretreatment with caspase-3, -8, and -9 inhibitors significantly inhibited benzene metabolites-induced phosphatidylserine exposure. These metabolites also elevated expression of Fas and FasL on the cell surface. After exposure to benzene metabolites, K562 cells showed an increase in reactive oxygen species level, and pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly protected against the cytotoxicity of each metabolite. Interestingly, the control K562 cells and the phenol-exposed cells aggregated together, but the cells exposed to other metabolites were scattered. Further analysis showed that hydroquione, catechol, and 1,2,4-benzenetriol induced a decrease in the cell surface sialic acid levels and an increase in the cell surface sialidase activity, but phenol did not cause any changes in sialic acid levels and sialidase activity. Consistently, an increase in expression level of sialidase Neu3 mRNA and a decrease in mRNA level of sialyltransferase ST3GAL3 gene were detected in hydroquione-, catechol-, or 1,2,4-benzenetriol-treated cells, but no change in mRNA levels of two genes were found in phenol-treated cells. In conclusion, these benzene metabolites could induce apoptosis of K562 cells mainly through caspase-8-dependent pathway and ROS production, and sialic acid metabolism might play a role in the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Sun R, Zhang J, Yin L, Pu Y. Investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma in C3H/He mice exposed to benzene. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4994-5010. [PMID: 24658442 PMCID: PMC3975436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is identified as a carcinogen. Continued exposure of benzene may eventually lead to damage to the bone marrow, accompanied by pancytopenia, aplastic anemia or leukemia. This paper explores the variations of endogenous metabolites to provide possible clues for the molecular mechanism of benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to investigate the variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma of male C3H/He mice. The mice were injected subcutaneously with benzene (0, 300, 600 mg/day) once daily for seven days. The body weights, relative organ weights, blood parameters and bone marrow smears were also analyzed. The results indicated that benzene caused disturbances in the metabolism of oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids (lysine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) in bone marrow cells. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation was also disturbed in plasma and thus might be a common disturbed metabolic pathway induced by benzene in multiple organs. This study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in benzene hematotoxicity, especially in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Using Poly-L-Histidine Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode to Trace Hydroquinone in the Sewage Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/701284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive voltammetric method for trace measurements of hydroquinone in the sewage water is described. The poly-L-histidine is prepared to modify the glassy carbon electrode in order to improve the electrochemical catalysis of interesting substances such as hydroquinone. The influence of the base solution, pH value, and scanning speed on the tracing of hydroquinone is discussed, and the experimental procedures and conditions are optimized. The laboratory results show that it is possible to construct a linear calibration curve between the peak current of hydroquinone on modified electrode and its concentration at the level of 0.00001 mol/L. The potential limitation of the method is suggested by a linear peaking shift model as well. The method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroquinone in the actual sample of industrial waste water.
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Zolghadr F, Sadeghizadeh M, Amirizadeh N, Hosseinkhani S, Nazem S. How benzene and its metabolites affect human marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:145-53. [PMID: 22960397 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is a known environmental pollutant with demonstrated leukemogenic activity. Marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), contribute to skeletal remodeling and repair. They also support haematopoiesis constructing important elements of haematopoietic niche. In the present study, the effects of a range of benzene concentrations along with those of its reactive metabolites, p-benzoquinone (BQ) and hydroquinone (HQ) on the viability of MSCs, apoptosis induction and caspase3/7 activity in these cells were analyzed. Our findings revealed that low concentrations of these chemicals (10μM of benzene, 5μM of either of BQ or HQ) significantly increase the number of chemically treated cells. Moreover, applied BQ/HQ concentrations were shown to be able to considerably inhibit caspase3/7 activity. While in benzene exposure experiments, the lowest concentration triggered the greatest increase in caspase3/7 activity during the initial hours of exposure. On the other hand, MSCs exposure to higher concentrations of benzene (100μM) and its metabolites, BQ/HQ (10μM and 50μM), can induce cell death after 24h of exposure mainly through apoptotic pathways. In addition, changes in the expression of six mRNAs due to being subjected to 10μM of BQ or HQ and 50μM of benzene were assessed. The genes under investigation were RUNX2, WNT5A, DKK1, JAG1, KITLG and CXCL12 which are expressed by MSCs playing roles in adipo-osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and the regulation of haematopoiesis. The analysis exhibited a great augmentation in RUNX2 expression associated with DKK1 and KITLG up-regulation. The results also indicated that treatment of cells with all three chemicals gives rise to down-regulation of JAG1 and treatment with both HQ and BQ triggers WNT5A over-expression. With regard to CXCL12, treatment with BQ caused slight up-regulation and treatment with HQ led to down-regulation. The alterations observed in the expression profile of genes could affect/modify the process of differentiation of MSCs into osteoblast. Other expected outcomes involve augmented canonical Wnt signaling activity in exposed cells with RUNX2 overexpression as the indicator which is probably forced to decrease to the normal level via DKK1 and WNT5A up-regulation. RUNX2 overexpression in MSCs can also be indicative of the RUNX2 up-regulation in myeloid progenitors thereby its involvement in AML development due to benzene exposure. Observed changes in the expression of WNT5A, DKK1, KITLG, CXCL12 and JAG1 can lead to the disturbance of HSC niche resulting in haematopoietic failure and leukemia development. It is obvious that increased viability together with caspase3/7 inhibition could aggravate the adverse effects of exposure to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zolghadr
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Shen M, Zhang L, Lee KM, Vermeulen R, Hosgood HD, Li G, Yin S, Rothman N, Chanock S, Smith MT, Lan Q. Polymorphisms in genes involved in innate immunity and susceptibility to benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:374-8. [PMID: 21540635 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.6.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene, a recognized hematotoxicant and carcinogen, can damage the human immune system. We studied the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in innate immunity and benzene hematotoxicity in a cross-sectional study of workers exposed to benzene (250 workers and 140 controls). A total of 1,236 tag SNPs in 149 gene regions of six pathways were included in the analysis. Six gene regions were significant for their association with white blood cell (WBC) counts (MBP, VCAM1, ALOX5, MPO, RAC2, and CRP) based on gene-region (P<0.05) and SNP analyses (FDR<0.05). VCAM1 rs3176867, ALOX5 rs7099684, and MPO rs2071409 were the three most significant SNPs. They showed similar effects on WBC subtypes, especially granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. A 3-SNP block in ALOXE3 (rs7215658, rs9892383, and rs3027208) showed a global association (omnibus P = 0.0008) with WBCs even though the three SNPs were not significant individually. Our study suggests that polymorphisms in innate immunity genes may play a role in benzene-induced hematotoxicity; however, independent replication is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda MD 20892, U.S.A
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Xie W, Wang K, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. Investigation of mechanism(s) of DNA damage induced by 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:950-61. [PMID: 20129669 PMCID: PMC2888624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
4-Monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) is readily converted by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to dihydroxy-metabolites and quinones. The PCB3 hydroquinone (PCB3-HQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-hydroquinone) induces chromosome loss in Chinese Hamster V79 cells, whereas the para-quinone (PCB3-pQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone) very efficiently induces gene mutations and chromosome breaks. Apparently, each of these two metabolites, which are a redox pair, has a different spectrum of genotoxic effects due to different, metabolite-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that the HQ requires enzymatic activation by peroxidases with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the ultimate genotoxin, whereas the pQ reacts directly with nucleophilic sites in DNA and/or proteins. To examine this hypothesis, we employed two cell lines with different myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, MPO-rich HL-60 and MPO-deficient Jurkat cells, and measured cytotoxicity, DNA damage (COMET assay), MPO activity, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular free -SH groups (monochlorobimane assay, MCB) and free GSH contents (enzyme recycling method) after treatment with PCB3-HQ and PCB3-pQ. We also examined the modulation of these effects by normal/low temperature, pre-treatment with an MPO inhibitor (succinylacetone, SA), or GSH depletion. PCB3-p-Q increased intracellular ROS levels and induced DNA damage in both HL-60 and Jurkat cells at 37°C and 6°C, indicating a direct, MPO-independent mode of activity. It also strongly reduced intracellular free -SH groups and GSH levels in normal and GSH-depleted cells. Thus the ROS increase could be caused by reduced protection by GSH or non-enzymatic autoxidation of the resulting PCB3-HQ-GSH adduct. PCB3-HQ did not produce a significant reduction of intracellular GSH in HL-60 cells and reduced intracellular free -SH groups only at the highest concentration tested in GSH depleted cells. Moreover, PCB3-HQ induced DNA damage and ROS production only at 37 °C in HL-60 cells, not at 6 °C or in Jurkat cells at either temperature; no significant DNA damage and ROS production was observed in HL-60 cells at 37 °C if MPO activity was inhibited by SA. These studies show that the effects of PCB3-HQ are enzyme dependent, i.e. PCB3-HQ is oxidized by MPO in HL-60 cells with the generation of ROS and induction of DNA damage. However, this is not the case with the PCB3-pQ, which may produce DNA damage by the reactivity of the quinone with the DNA or nuclear proteins, or possibly by indirectly increasing intracellular ROS levels by GSH depletion. These different modes of action explain not only the different types of genotoxicity observed previously, but also suggest different organ specificity of these genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Teranishi M, Toyooka T, Ohura T, Masuda S, Ibuki Y. Benzo[a]pyrene exposed to solar-simulated light inhibits apoptosis and augments carcinogenicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:4-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang F, Zhou JH. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by 1, 4-benzoquinone in v79 Chinese hamster lung cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:483-489. [PMID: 20391127 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903523402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) is a metabolite of benzene known to induce genotoxicity in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether it also produced genotoxicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. In study 1, incubation with p-BQ at different concentrations (25-400 microM) for 2, 12, or 24 h was evaluated by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay to assess cell viability. In study 2, single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) was used to detect DNA damage in V79 cells after exposure to p-BQ at different concentrations (6.25-100 microM). In study 3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using flow cytometry. Data showed that when V79 cells were exposed to 100 microM p-BQ for 2 h, there was a significant increase in cell lethality. DNA damage was detected at concentrations from 6.25 to 100 microM and at time points of 2, 12, and 24 h. ROS production was increased sixfold in BQ-treated (50 microM) cells compared with control. The results of this study suggest that excess production of ROS may be a potential mechanism underlying DNA damage induced by p-BQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Chakravarti D, Zahid M, Backora M, Myers EM, Gaikwad N, Weisenburger DD, Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG, Joshi SS. Ortho-quinones of benzene and estrogens induce hyperproliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 47:2635-44. [PMID: 17169809 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600931937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a known leukemogen. It has been hypothesized that benzene and natural estrogens initiate cancer by forming ortho-quinones (catechol quinones) that react with DNA in cells. These quinones form depurinating DNA adducts that generate the mutations leading to cancer. This study examined whether the treatment of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the ortho-quinones of benzene or estradiol would form DNA adducts and elicit an alteration in the proliferation of these cells. Both estradiol-3,4-quinone and benzene ortho-quinone formed depurinating DNA adducts and significantly increased the mitogen-induced proliferation of normal blood mononuclear cells. Immunophenotyping of the estradiol-3,4-quinone-treated blood cells indicated that monocyte/macrophage, natural killer and T-cells were particularly prone to hyperproliferation. Thus, DNA damage induced by the ortho-quinones of benzene and estradiol may promote the growth of human blood mononuclear cells, including those that appear in large numbers in leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Chakravarti
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Yi JY, Hirabayashi Y, Choi YK, Kodama Y, Kanno J, Han JH, Inoue T, Yoon BI. Benzene activates caspase-4 and -12 at the transcription level, without an association with apoptosis, in mouse bone marrow cells lacking the p53 gene. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:795-803. [PMID: 19326098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is a well-known environmental pollutant that can induce hematotoxicity, aplastic anemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and lymphoma. However, although benzene metabolites are known to induce oxidative stress and disrupt the cell cycle, the mechanism underlying lympho/leukemogenicity is not fully understood. Caspase-4 (alias caspase-11) and -12 are inflammatory caspases implicated in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. The objectives of this study were to investigate the altered expression of caspase-4 and -12 in mouse bone marrow after benzene exposure and to determine whether their alterations are associated with benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity, especially cellular apoptosis. In addition, we evaluated whether the p53 gene is involved in regulating the mechanism, using both wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the p53 gene. For this study, 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice [WT and p53 knockout (KO)] were administered a benzene solution (150 mg/kg diluted in corn oil) via oral gavage once daily, 5 days/week, for 1 or 2 weeks. Blood and bone marrow cells were collected and cell counts were measured using a Coulter counter. Total mRNA and protein extracts were prepared from the harvested bone marrow cells. Then qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect changes in the caspases at the mRNA and protein level, respectively. A DNA fragmentation assay and Annexin-V staining were carried out on the bone marrow cells to detect apoptosis. Results indicated that when compared to the control, leukocyte number and bone marrow cellularity decreased significantly in WT mice. The expression of caspase-4 and -12 mRNA increased significantly after 12 days of benzene treatment in the bone marrow cells of benzene-exposed p53KO mice. However, apoptosis detection assays indicated no evidence of apoptosis in p53KO or WT mice. In addition, no changes of other apoptosis-related caspases, such as caspase-3 and -9, were found in WT or p53KO mice at the level of mRNA and proteins. These results indicated that upregulation of caspase-4 and -12 in mice lacking the p53 gene is not associated with cellular apoptosis. In conclusion, caspase-4 and -12 can be activated by benzene treatment without inducing cell apoptosis in mouse bone marrow, which are partly under the regulation of the p53 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeon Yi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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Suppressive effect of hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, on in vitro inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2008:298010. [PMID: 19148301 PMCID: PMC2625402 DOI: 10.1155/2008/298010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effects of hydroquinone on cytokine release, phagocytosis, NO production, ROS generation, cell-cell/cell fibronectin adhesion, and lymphocyte proliferation. We found that hydroquinone suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6], secretion of toxic molecules [nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)], phagocytic uptake of FITC-labeled dextran, upregulation of costimulatory molecules, U937 cell-cell adhesion induced by CD18 and CD29, and the proliferation of lymphocytes from the bone marrow and spleen. Considering that (1) environmental chemical stressors reduce the immune response of chronic cigarette smokers and children against bacterial and viral infections and that (2) workers in petroleum factories are at higher risk for cancer, our data suggest that hydroquinone might pathologically inhibit inflammatory responses mediated by monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
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Fhit-Deficient Hematopoietic Stem Cells Survive Hydroquinone Exposure Carrying Precancerous Changes. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3662-70. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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García A, Morales P, Arranz N, Delgado E, Rafter J, Haza AI. Induction of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production byN-nitrosopiperidine andN-nitrosodibutylamine in human leukemia cells. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:455-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ibuki Y, Naitou H, Ohashi N, Goto R. Proteome Analysis of UV-B-Induced Anti-apoptotic Regulatory Factors¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Benzene is a human carcinogen that might act through both genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms to promote tumorigenesis. The genotoxic effects of benzene are well established, however, its potential nongenotoxic roles in carcinogenesis are poorly understood. We find that benzene suppresses somatic apoptosis in C. elegans; this suggests a potential nongenotoxic mechanism by which this chemical might promote tumorigenesis. We find that two other benzenoid chemicals, biphenyl and toluene, also inhibit apoptosis in C. elegans. Notably, these chemicals are suspected carcinogens in mammals; this suggests that a subclass of benzenoid chemicals might promote tumorigenesis by suppressing apoptosis. A benzene metabolite, 1,4-benzoquinone, can directly inhibit the activity of caspase-3; this suggests a general molecular mechanism by which benzenoid chemicals might suppress apoptosis. These findings suggest that C. elegans is an excellent alternative animal model for studying the antiapoptotic activity of tumor-promoting chemicals and for identifying in vivo targets of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kokel
- Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Makropoulos V, Alexopoulos EC. Case report: Hydroquinone and/or glutaraldehyde induced acute myeloid leukaemia? J Occup Med Toxicol 2006; 1:19. [PMID: 16872480 PMCID: PMC1544343 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to high doses of irradiation, to chemotherapy, benzene, petroleum products, paints, embalming fluids, ethylene oxide, herbicides, pesticides, and smoking have been associated with an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although there in no epidemiological evidence of relation between X-ray developer, fixer and replenisher liquids and AML, these included glutaraldehyde which has weakly associated with lymphocytic leukemia in rats and hydroquinone has been increasingly implicated in producing leukemia, causing DNA and chromosomal damage, inhibits topo-isomerase II, alter hematopoiesis and inhibit apoptosis of neoplastic cells. CASE PRESENTATION Two white females (A and B) hired in 1985 as medical radiation technologists in a primary care center, in Greece. In July 2001, woman A, 38-years-old, was diagnosed as having acute monocytic leukaemia (FAB M5). The patient did not respond to therapy and died three weeks later. In August 2001, woman B, 35-year-old, was diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (FAB M3). Since discharge, she is in continuous complete remission. Both women were non smokers without any medical history. Shortly after these incidents official inspectors and experts inspected workplace, examined equipment, archives of repairs, notes, interviewed and monitored employees. They concluded that shielding was inadequate for balcony's door but personal monitoring did not show any exceeding of TLV of 20 mSv yearly and cytogenetics analysis did not reveal findings considered to be characteristics of ionizing exposure. Equipment for developing photos had a long list of repairs, mainly leakages of liquids and increases of temperature. On several occasions the floor has been flooded especially during 1987-1993 and 1997-2001. Inspection confirmed a complete lack of ventilation and many spoiled medical x-ray films. Employees reported that an "osmic" level was continuously evident and frequently developed symptoms of respiratory irritation and dizziness. CONCLUSION The findings support the hypothesis that the specific AML cases might have originated from exposure to chemicals, especially hydroquinone and/or glutaraldehyde. The report also emphasises the crucial role of inspection of facilities and enforcement of compliance with regulations in order to prevent similar incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Makropoulos
- Hellenic Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Athens, Greece, Department of Occupational and Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos C Alexopoulos
- Occupational Health Department, Hellenic Shipyards SA, Athens, Greece, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Ibuki Y, Toyooka T, Goto R. Inhibition of apoptosis by menadione on exposure to UVA. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 22:351-60. [PMID: 16845610 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are widely distributed in the environment, both as natural products and as pollutants. This paper reports that one of the simplest quinones, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), effectively inhibited apoptosis in the presence of UVA. Menadione suppressed the apoptosis induced by serum depletion and cell detachment. This effect was significantly enhanced by UVA irradiation. An antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, completely inhibited the antiapoptotic effects of both menadione itself and menadione plus UVA, and peroxidation of the cells after treatment was observed using a probe to detect the intracellular production of peroxides. By contrast, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (lawsone) showed no antiapoptotic effect in the presence or absence of UVA. Lawsone is reported not to undergo the redox process that produces reactive oxygen species. These results indicated that intracellular peroxidation contributed to the antiapoptotic effects of both menadione itself and menadione plus UVA. Dysregulation of the apoptotic process is critical to carcinogenesis. The photosensitization of quinone compounds as it relates to the inhibition of apoptosis should be examined in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ibuki
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Shizuoka-shi, 422-8526, Japan.
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Vaughan AT, Betti CJ, Villalobos MJ, Premkumar K, Cline E, Jiang Q, Diaz MO. Surviving apoptosis: a possible mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 153-154:179-85. [PMID: 15935815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathological consequences resulting from deregulation of the apoptotic program include cancer (too little apoptosis) or diseases of cell deprivation, such as Alzheimer's (too much apoptosis). We have identified an additional pathology whereby cells reaching the earliest stage of chromatin cleavage have the potential to suppress apoptotic execution and survive. One specific cleavage event associated with this process is restricted to a location within the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene at 11q23. The site of cleavage is consistent with the location where large, approximately 50 kbp loops of supercoiled DNA are attached to the nuclear matrix. Cells modified by this process generate MLL translocations, as shown by inverse PCR, that survive for days to weeks but which have no known relationship with clinical disease. Using a specific approach, cells stimulated by anti-CD95 antibody, a potent stimulator of the apoptotic program, facilitated creation of the MLL-AF9 fusion gene. Further, this rearrangement, which is commonly observed in patients with AML linked to exposure to cytotoxic agents, was efficiently transcribed in cells that were able to undergo cell division. These data are discussed in the context of benzene and benzene metabolite toxicity that impacts the process of apoptosis and is known to lead to leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Vaughan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite G 126, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Ibuki Y, Naitou H, Ohashi N, Goto R. Proteome Analysis of UV-B–Induced Anti-apoptotic Regulatory Factors¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-09-01-ra-297r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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