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Lebart MC, Trousse F, Valette G, Torrent J, Denus M, Mestre-Frances N, Marcilhac A. Reg-1α, a New Substrate of Calpain-2 Depending on Its Glycosylation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158591. [PMID: 35955718 PMCID: PMC9369050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg-1α/lithostathine, a protein mainly associated with the digestive system, was previously shown to be overexpressed in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro, the glycosylated protein was reported to form fibrils at physiological pH following the proteolytic action of trypsin. However, the nature of the protease able to act in the central nervous system is unknown. In the present study, we showed that Reg-1α can be cleaved in vitro by calpain-2, the calcium activated neutral protease, overexpressed in neurodegenerative diseases. Using chemical crosslinking experiments, we found that the two proteins can interact with each other. Identification of the cleavage site using mass spectrometry, between Gln4 and Thr5, was found in agreement with the in silico prediction of the calpain cleavage site, in a position different from the one reported for trypsin, i.e., Arg11-Ile12 peptide bond. We showed that the cleavage was impeded by the presence of the neighboring glycosylation of Thr5. Moreover, in vitro studies using electron microscopy showed that calpain-cleaved protein does not form fibrils as observed after trypsin cleavage. Collectively, our results show that calpain-2 cleaves Reg-1α in vitro, and that this action is not associated with fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-6714-3889
| | - Françoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Joan Torrent
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Mestre-Frances
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
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Yao S, Hao L, Zhou R, Jin Y, Huang J, Wu C. Multispecies biofilms in fermentation: Biofilm formation, microbial interactions, and communication. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3346-3375. [PMID: 35762651 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Food fermentation is driven by microorganisms, which usually coexist as multispecies biofilms. The activities and interactions of functional microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria in biofilms have important implications for the quality and safety of fermented foods. It was verified that the biofilm lifestyle benefited the fitness of microorganisms in harsh environments and intensified the cooperation and competition between biofilm members. This review focuses on multispecies biofilm formation, microbial interactions and communication in biofilms, and the application of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Microbial aggregation and adhesion are important steps in the early stage of multispecies biofilm formation. Different biofilm-forming abilities and strategies among microorganisms lead to several types of multispecies biofilm formation. The spatial distribution of multispecies biofilms reflects microbial interactions and biofilm function. Then, we discuss the intrinsic factors and external manifestations of multispecies biofilm system succession. Several typical interspecies cooperation and competition modes and mechanisms of microbial communication were reviewed in this review. The main limitations of the studies included in this review are the relatively small number of studies of biofilms formed by functional microorganisms during fermentation and the lack of direct evidence for the formation process of multispecies biofilms and microbial interactions and communication within biofilms. This review aims to provide the food industry with a sufficient understanding of multispecies biofilms in food fermentation. Practical Application: Meanwhile, it offers a reference value for better controlling and utilizing biofilms during food fermentation process, and the improvement of the yield, quality, and safety of fermented products including Chinese Baijiu, cheeese,kefir, soy sauce, kombucha, and fermented olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Barreto E Barreto L, Rattes IC, da Costa AV, Gama P. Paneth cells and their multiple functions. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:701-710. [PMID: 35032139 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine mucosa is lined by specialized cells that form the crypt-villus axis, which expands its surface. Among the six intestinal epithelial cell types, the Paneth cell is located at the base of the crypt, and it contains numerous granules in its cytoplasm, composed of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins and lysozyme, and growth factors, such as EGF, TGF-alpha, and Wnt ligands. Together, these elements act in the defense against microorganisms, regulation of intestinal microbiota, maintenance, and regulation of stem cell identity. Pathologies that target Paneth cells can disturb such defense activity, but they also affect the maintenance of stem cell niche. In that way, Crohn's disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and graft-versus-host disease promote a reduction of Paneth cell population, and consequently of secretion of their products into the lumen of the crypts, making the affected organism predisposed to infections and dysbiosis. Additionally, the emergence of new intestinal cells is also decreased. This review aims to address the main characteristics of Paneth cells, highlighting their multiple functions and the importance of their preservation to ensure bowel homeostasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laylla Barreto E Barreto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Campos Rattes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vasques da Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kang G, Oh I, Pyo J, Kang D, Son B. Clinicopathological Significance and Prognostic Implications of REG4 Immunohistochemical Expression in Colorectal Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:938. [PMID: 34577861 PMCID: PMC8464993 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic implications of REG4 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods: We performed immunohistochemical analysis for REG4 cytoplasmic expression in 266 human CRC tissues. Correlations between REG4 expression, clinicopathological characteristics, and survival were investigated in CRC. Results: REG4 was expressed in 84 of 266 CRC tissues (31.6%). REG4 expression was significantly more frequent in the right colon than that in the left colon and rectum (p = 0.002). However, we observed no significant correlation between REG4 expression and other clinicopathological parameters. REG4 expression was significantly higher in CRCs with low stroma than in those with high stroma (p = 0.006). In addition, REG4 was more frequently expressed in CRCs with the mucinous component than in those without it (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between REG4 expression and overall recurrence-free survival (p = 0.132 and p = 0.480, respectively). Patients with REG4 expression showed worse overall and recurrence-free survival in the high-stroma subgroup (p = 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively), but no such correlation was seen in the low stroma subgroup (p = 0.232 and p = 0.575, respectively). Conclusions: REG4 expression was significantly correlated with tumor location, amount of stroma, and mucinous component in CRCs. In patients with high stroma, REG4 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Daehang Hospital, Seoul 06699, Korea;
| | - Ilhwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea;
| | - Jungsoo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea;
| | - Dongwook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Korea;
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa Street, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Byoungkwan Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea;
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Ghidini M, Vuozzo M, Galassi B, Mapelli P, Ceccarossi V, Caccamo L, Picchio M, Dondossola D. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) for Staging and Disease Response Assessment in Localized and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4155. [PMID: 34439307 PMCID: PMC8394552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. Even after radical surgical procedures, PC patients have poor survival rates, with a high chance of relapse (70-80%). Imaging is involved in all aspects of the clinical management of PC, including detection and characterization of primary tumors and their resectability, assessment of vascular, perineural and lymphatic invasion and detection of distant metastases. The role of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) in detecting PC is still controversial, with the international guidelines not recommending its routine use. However, in resectable PC, PET/CT may play a role in assessing PC stage and grade and potential resectability after neoadjuvant treatment. Quantitative image analysis (radiomics) and new PET/CT radiotracers account for future developments in metabolic imaging and may further improve the relevance of this technique in several aspects of PC. In the present review, the current state of the art and future directions of PET/CT in resectable PC are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidini
- Operative Unit of Oncology, Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marta Vuozzo
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Galassi
- Operative Unit of Oncology, Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paola Mapelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.M.); (M.P.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Ceccarossi
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (L.C.); (D.D.)
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (L.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Picchio
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.M.); (M.P.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Dondossola
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (L.C.); (D.D.)
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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6
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Moussaed M, Huc-Brandt S, Cubedo N, Silhol M, Murat S, Lebart MC, Kovacs G, Verdier JM, Trousse F, Rossel M, Marcilhac A. Regenerating islet-derived 1α (REG-1α) protein increases tau phosphorylation in cell and animal models of tauopathies. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:136-148. [PMID: 30092268 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
REG-1α, a secreted protein containing a C-type lectin domain, is expressed in various organs and plays different roles in digestive system cells in physiological and pathological conditions. Like other members of the Reg family, REG-1α is expressed also in the brain where it has different functions. For instance, we previously reported that REG-1α regulates neurite outgrowth and is overexpressed during the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, REG-1α function in neural cells during neural degeneration remains unknown. First, REG-1α and phosphorylated tau expression were assessed in tissue sections from the hippocampus, representing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), from patients with AD, and from basal ganglia, representing subcortical NFTs, from patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We found an association between REG-1α expression, tau hyperphosphorylation and NFTs in human brain samples from patients with these neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the effects of REG-1α overexpression on tau phosphorylation and axonal morphology were investigated i) in primary cultures of rat neurons that express human tau P301L and ii) in a transgenic zebrafish model of tauopathy that expresses human tau P301L. In the tau P301L cell model, REG-1α overexpression increased tau phosphorylation at the S202/T205 and S396 residues (early and late stages of abnormal phosphorylation, respectively) through the AKT/GSK3-β pathway. This effect was associated with axonal defects both in tau P301L-expressing rat neurons and zebrafish embryos. Our findings suggest a functional role for REG-1α during tauopathy development and progression and, specifically, its involvement in the modification of tau phosphorylation temporal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Moussaed
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Sylvaine Huc-Brandt
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Nicolas Cubedo
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Michele Silhol
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Samy Murat
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Group, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Francoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Mireille Rossel
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, PSL University, Montpellier F-34095, France.
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7
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Yao S, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Hu G, Zhu Z, Li F. Preclinical PET imaging of HIP/PAP using 1'- 18F-fluoroethyl- β-D-lactose. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75162-75173. [PMID: 29088854 PMCID: PMC5650409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims at preclinical evaluation of a recently reported lactose analogue, 1'-18F-fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose (18F-FEL), in binding to hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas and pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) in vitro and in vivo. Methods In this study, a multifunctional module was employed for the automated synthesis of 18F-FEL. Additional radiochemical purity, biodistribution, in vitro and in vivo competition, metabolic stability and micro-PET studies were performed using T3M4 and SK-BR-3 xenografts. Expression of HIP/PAP in T3M4 and SK-BR-3 tumor sections and cell lines were tested with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis. Results The synthesis of 18F-FEL was completed in 30 min, with a radiochemical yield of 20 ± 5% and specific activity of 14.2 ± 7.1 GBq/μmol. 18F-FEL exhibited high HIP/PAP-binding affinity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.0 ± 4.0 nM. 18F-FEL demonstrated high stability and specific tumor accumulation, which was reduced by approximately 80% in a PET competition assay by co-injection of β-D-lactose. High expression of HIP/PAP was detected in T3M4 tumors and cell line, but negative result was found for SK-BR-3 cell line. Conclusion 18F-FEL has a high binding property to HIP/PAP, high stability and excellent pharmacokinetics in vivo and therefore warrants further evaluation in a proof-of-concept study in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaping Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guilan Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
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Reding T, Palmiere C, Pazhepurackel C, Schiesser M, Bimmler D, Schlegel A, Süss U, Steiner S, Mancina L, Seleznik G, Graf R. The pancreas responds to remote damage and systemic stress by secretion of the pancreatic secretory proteins PSP/regI and PAP/regIII. Oncotarget 2017; 8:30162-30174. [PMID: 28415799 PMCID: PMC5444734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with infection and sepsis serum levels of Pancreatic Stone protein/regenerating protein I (PSP) are highly elevated. The origin of PSP during these conditions is presumably the pancreas, however, an intestinal origin cannot be excluded. Similarly, pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) was identified in the pancreas. These proteins were also localized in intestinal organs. Here we aim to elucidate the bio-distribution of PSP and PAP in animal models of sepsis and in healthy humans. RESULTS PSP and PAP responded to remote lesions in rats although the pancreatic response was much more pronounced than the intestinal. Tissue distribution of PSP demonstrated a 100-fold higher content in the pancreas compared to any other organ while PAP was most abundant in the small intestine. Both proteins responded to CLP or sham operation in the pancreas. PSP also increased in the intestine during CLP. The distribution of PSP and PAP in human tissue mirrored the distribution in the murine models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Distribution of PSP and PAP was visualized by immunohistochemistry. Rats and mice underwent midline laparotomies followed by mobilization of tissue and incision of the pancreatic duct or duodenum. Standard cecum-ligation-puncture (CLP) procedures or sham laparotomies were performed. Human tissue extracts were analyzed for PSP and PAP. CONCLUSIONS The pancreas reacts to remote lesions and septic insults in mice and rats with increased PSP synthesis, while PAP is selectively responsive to septic events. Furthermore, our results suggest that serum PSP in septic patients is predominantly derived through an acute phase response of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Reding
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Clinsyjos Pazhepurackel
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schiesser
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bimmler
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Süss
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Steiner
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leandro Mancina
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta Seleznik
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Lepage D, Bruneau J, Brouillard G, Jones C, Lussier CR, Rémillard A, Lemieux É, Asselin C, Boudreau F. Identification of GATA-4 as a novel transcriptional regulatory component of regenerating islet-derived family members. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1411-22. [PMID: 26477491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are exposed to luminal bacterial threat and require adequate defense mechanisms to ensure host protection and epithelium regeneration against possible deleterious damage. Differentiated intestinal epithelial cells produce antimicrobial and regenerative components that protect against such challenges. Few intestinal specific transcription factors have been identified to control the switching from repression to activation of this class of gene. Herein, we show that gene transcription of some regenerating islet-derived (REG) family members is dependent on the transcription factor GATA-4. Silencing of GATA-4 expression in cultured intestinal epithelial cells identified Reg3β as a target gene using an unbiased approach of gene expression profiling. Co-transfection and RNA interference assays identified complex GATA-4-interactive transcriptional components required for the activation or repression of Reg3β gene activity. Conditional deletion of Gata4 in the mouse intestinal epithelium supported its regulatory role for Reg1, Reg3α, Reg3β and Reg3γ genes. Reg1 dramatic down-modulation of expression in Gata4 conditional null mice was associated with a significant decrease in intestinal epithelial cell migration. Altogether, these results identify a novel and complex role for GATA-4 in the regulation of REG family members gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lepage
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Joannie Bruneau
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Geneviève Brouillard
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Christine Jones
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Carine R Lussier
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Anthony Rémillard
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Étienne Lemieux
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada.
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Zhu X, Han Y, Yuan C, Tu W, Qiu G, Lu S, Lu H, Peng Z, Zhou C. Overexpression of Reg4, alone or combined with MMP-7 overexpression, is predictive of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:320-8. [PMID: 25338725 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4 (Reg4) is a secreted protein that plays a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we examined the relationship between Reg4 and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) expression in CRC, particularly with regard to metastasis. RT-qPCR, western blotting, tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect Reg4 and MMP-7 expression in CRC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues. As compared with normal tissues, most paired colon cancers showed a ≥2-fold increase in the Reg4 and MMP-7 mRNA levels, which was subsequently validated by the post-transcriptional levels. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Reg4 was associated with lymph node and distant metastasis, advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, and histologic grade. Further studies showed the correlation between Reg4 and MMP-7 expression was significant in CRC with distant metastasis (r=0.555, P=0.021) and in the lymph‑node metastasis samples (r=0.557, P<0.001). Patients with tumor positivity for the two molecules showed a worse prognosis even after radical surgery (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with Reg4- and MMP-7-positive tumors had extremely poor OS (HR 4.63; 95% CI 2.43-8.81; P<0.001) and DFS (HR 3.88; 95% CI 2.08-7.22; P<0.001). Reg4 expression may be useful in the prediction of colon cancer prognosis when combined with MMP-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Chenwei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Su Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Chongzhi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Underwood MA, Arriola J, Gerber CW, Kaveti A, Kalanetra KM, Kananurak A, Bevins CL, Mills DA, Dvorak B. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: alterations in inflammation, innate immune response, and the microbiota. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:326-33. [PMID: 25000347 PMCID: PMC4167942 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics decrease the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We sought to determine the impact of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) in the established rat model of NEC. METHODS Rat pups delivered 1 d prior to term gestation were assigned to one of three groups: dam fed (DF), formula fed (FF), or fed with formula supplemented with 5 × 10(6) CFU B. infantis per day (FF+Binf). Experimental pups were exposed to hypoxia and cold stress. Ileal tissue was examined for pathology and expression of inflammatory mediators, antimicrobial peptides, and goblet-cell products. Ceca were assessed for bacterial composition by analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence. RESULTS Administration of B. infantis significantly reduced the incidence of NEC, decreased expression of Il6, Cxcl1, Tnfa, Il23, and iNOS, and decreased expression of the antimicrobial peptides Reg3b and Reg3g. There was significant microbial heterogeneity both within groups and between experiments. The cecal microbiota was not significantly different between the FF and FF+Binf groups. Bifidobacteria were not detected in the cecum in significant numbers. CONCLUSION In the rat model, the inflammation associated with NEC was attenuated by administration of probiotic B. infantis. Dysbiosis was highly variable, precluding determination of the precise role of the microbiota in experimental NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA,Corresponding author: Mark A. Underwood MD; Division of Neonatology, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Jennifer Arriola
- Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children’s Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Colin W. Gerber
- Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children’s Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Ashwini Kaveti
- Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children’s Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Karen M. Kalanetra
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis CA
| | - Anchasa Kananurak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Charles L. Bevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis CA
| | - Bohuslav Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children’s Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Arumugam T, Paolillo V, Young D, Wen X, Logsdon CD, De Palatis L, Alauddin MM. Preliminary evaluation of 1'-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([(18)F]FEL) for detection of pancreatic cancer in nude mouse orthotopic xenografts. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:833-40. [PMID: 25189831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early detection of pancreatic cancer could save many thousands of lives. Non-invasive diagnostic imaging, including PET with [(18)F]FDG, has inadequate resolution for detection of small (2-3 mm) pancreatic tumours. We demonstrated the efficacy of PET imaging with an (18)F-labelled lactose derivative, [(18)F]FEDL, that targets HIP/PAP, a biomarker that is overexpressed in the peritumoural pancreas. We developed another analogue, 1-[(18)F]fluoroethyl lactose ([(18)F]FEL), which is simpler to synthesise, for the same application. We conducted a preliminary evaluation of the new probe and its efficacy in detecting orthotopic pancreatic carcinoma xenografts in mice. METHODS Xenografts were developed in nude mice by injecting L3.6 pl/GL(+) pancreatic carcinoma cells into the pancreas of each mouse. Tumour growth was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI); accuracy of BLI tumour size estimates was verified by MRI in two representative mice. When the tumour size reached approximately 2-3mm, the animals were injected with [(18)F]FEL (3.7 MBq) and underwent static PET/CT scans. Blood samples were collected at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 60 min after [(18)F]FEL injection to track blood clearance. Following imaging, animals were sacrificed and their organs and tumours/pancreatic tissue were collected and counted on a gamma counter. Pancreas, including tumour, was frozen, sliced and used for autoradiography and immunohistochemical analysis of HIP/PAP expression. RESULTS Tumour growth was rapid, as observed by BLI and MRI. Blood clearance of [(18)F]FEL was bi-exponential, with half-lives of approximately 3.5 min and 40 min. Mean accumulation of [(18)F]FEL in the peritumoural pancreatic tissue was 1.29±0.295 %ID/g, and that in the normal pancreas of control animals was 0.090±0.101 %ID/g. [(18)F]FEL was cleared predominantly by the kidneys. Comparative analysis of autoradiographic images and immunostaining results demonstrated a correlation between [(18)F]FEL binding and HIP/PAP expression. CONCLUSION [(18)F]FEL may be useful for non-invasive imaging of early-stage pancreatic tumours by PET. The results warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvengadam Arumugam
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vincenzo Paolillo
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Young
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - XiaoXia Wen
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louis De Palatis
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mian M Alauddin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Paolillo V, De Palatis L, Alauddin MM. Optimization of precursor synthesis, formulation and stability of 1'-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]FEL) for preclinical studies in detection of pancreatic cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:364-70. [PMID: 24508409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1'-[(18)F]Fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([(18)F]FEL) is a new PET imaging agent for early detection of pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously reported the syntheses of [(18)F]FEL using a bromo- and a tosyl- precursor, followed by an improved method using a nosyl-precursor. However, some steps in the synthesis of the precursor appeared to be problematic producing low yields. Here, we report on an optimized method for synthesis of the precursor and production of [(18)F]FEL; we also describe [(18)F]FEL's formulation and stability. METHODS Acetylation of D-lactose 1 was performed following a literature procedure to obtain 1',2',3',6',2,3,4,6-D-lactose octa-acetate 2a/2b. Bromination of 2a/2b was performed using HBr/acetic acid to produce 1'-bromo-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-α-D-lactose 3. Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol was performed in the presence of Ag-tosylate and an excess of ethylene glycol to produce 4a. Compound 4a was reacted with p-nitrophenylsulfonyl chloride to produce the nosyl derivative 5. Radiofluorination of 5 was performed using K[(18)F]fluoride/kryptofix to obtain 6, which was purified by HPLC and hydrolyzed with Na-methoxide to produce 7. RESULTS Compound 2 (2a/2b) was obtained in 83% yield as a mixture of two anomeric products. Compound 3 was obtained from the 2a/2b mixture in 80% yield as one product. Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol produced 4a in 90% yield. Compound 5 was obtained in 64% yield, and radiofluorination of 5 produced 6 in 62.5% ± 7.5% yields (n=8). Hydrolysis of 6 with Na-methoxide produced 7 in 42.0% ± 7.0% yield (n=8) from the end of bombardment. CONCLUSIONS A simple 4-step synthesis of the precursor, compound 5, has been achieved with improved yields. A new formulation of [(18)F]FEL has been developed that allows the product to remain stable at ambient temperature for use in animal studies. This improved synthesis of the precursor and stable formulation of [(18)F]FEL should be useful for routine production of the radiotracer and its preclinical and, possibly, clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Paolillo
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louis De Palatis
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mian M Alauddin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Secq V, Mallmann C, Gironella M, Lopez B, Closa D, Garcia S, Christa L, Montalto G, Dusetti N, Iovanna JL. PAP/HIP protein is an obesogenic factor. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:225-31. [PMID: 23881718 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article we report the obesogenic role of the acute phase protein PAP/HIP. We found that the transgenic TgPAP/HIP mice develop spontaneous obesity under standard nutritional conditions, with high levels of glucose, leptin, and LDL and low levels of triglycerides and HDL in blood. Accordingly, PAP/HIP-deficient mice are skinny under standard nutritional conditions. We also found that expression of PAP/HIP is induced in intestinal epithelial cells in response to gavage with olive oil and this induction is AG490 sensitive. We demonstrated that incubation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with a low concentration as 1 ng/ml of recombinant PAP/HIP results in accelerated BrdU incorporation in vitro. PAP/HIP-dependent adipocytes growth is sensitive to the MEK inhibitor U0126. Finally, patients with severe obesity present higher blood levels of PAP/HIP than non-obese control individuals. Altogether our data suggest that PAP/HIP could be a mediator of fat tissue development, released by the intestine and induced by the presence of food into the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Secq
- Centre de Recherche en Carcérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM UMR 1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille University and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Abstract
The regenerating gene (Reg) family is a group of small molecules that includes four members found in various species, although only three are found in human tissues. Their expression is stimulated by certain growth factors or cytokines. The Reg family plays different roles in proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptosis through activating different signaling pathways. Their dysexpression is closely associated with a number of human conditions and diseases such as inflammation and cancer, especially in the human digestive system. Clinically, upregulation of Reg proteins is usually demonstrated in histological sections and sera from cancer patients. Therefore, Reg proteins can predict the progression and prognosis of cancers, especially those of the digestive tract, and can also act as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Scherr A, Graf R, Bain M, Christ-Crain M, Müller B, Tamm M, Stolz D. Pancreatic stone protein predicts positive sputum bacteriology in exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2013; 143:379-387. [PMID: 22922487 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stone protein/regenerating protein (PSP/reg) serum levels are supposed to be increased in bacterial inflammation. PSP/reg levels also might be useful, therefore, as a predictor of bacterial infection in COPD. METHODS Two hundred consecutive patients presenting to the ED due to acute exacerbation of COPD were prospectively assessed. Patients were evaluated based on clinical, laboratory, and lung functional parameters at admission (exacerbation) and after short-term follow-up (14-21 days). PSP/reg serum values were measured by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PSP/reg levels were elevated in subjects with COPD exacerbation (23.8 ng/mL; 95% CI, 17.1-32.7) when compared with those with stable disease (19.1 ng/mL; 95% CI, 14.1-30.4; P 5 .03) and healthy control subjects (14.0 ng/mL; 95% CI , 12.0-19.0; P , .01). Higher PSP/reg values were observed in exacerbations with positive sputum bacteriology compared with those with negative sputum bacteriology (26.1 ng/mL [95% CI, 19.2-38.1] vs 20.8 ng/mL [95% CI , 15.6-27.2]; P , .01). Multivariate regression analysis revealed PSP/reg level as an independent predictor of positive sputum bacteriology. A combination of a PSP/reg cutoff value of . 33.9 ng/mL and presence of discolored sputum had a specificity of 97% to identify patients with pathogenic bacteria on sputum culture. In contrast, PSP/reg levels , 18.4 ng/mL and nonpurulent sputum ruled out positive bacterial sputum culture (sensitivity, 92%). In survival analysis, high PSP/reg levels at hospital admission were associated with increased 2-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS Serum PSP/reg level might represent a promising new biomarker to identify bacterial etiology of COPD exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Scherr
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Basel
| | - Rolf Graf
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich
| | - Martha Bain
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Basel
| | - Beat Müller
- Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Basel
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Basel.
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Turkman N, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. An improved synthesis of 1'-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]-FEL) for positron emission tomography imaging of pancreatic cancer. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:351-5. [PMID: 24285438 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Earlier, we reported syntheses of ethyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,4')-2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-β-D-glucopyranoside (Et-[(18)F]FDL) and 1'-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([(18)F]-FEL) for positron emission tomography (PET) of pancreatic carcinoma. Et-[(18)F]FDL requires a precursor, which involves 11 steps to synthesize and produces overall low yields. Synthesis of precursors for [(18)F]-FEL requires four steps, but those precursors produced low radiochemical yields. Here, we report new precursors and an improved synthesis of [(18)F]-FEL. METHOD Two precursors, 1'-(methanesulfonyl)ethyl-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-lactose 2a and 1'-(p-nitrophenyl-sulfonyl)ethyl-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-lactose 2b, were synthesized from lactose in four steps. Radiofluorination reactions were performed using K(18)F/kryptofix and the crude product [(18)F]-3 was purified by HPLC. Basic hydrolysis of [(18)F]-3 produced 1'-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose [(18)F]-4, which was neutralized, diluted with saline, filtered on a 0.22-µm filter, and analyzed by radio-TLC. RESULTS The average radiochemical yields of [(18)F]-4 (d. c.) from 2a and 2b were 21% (n = 6) and 65% (n = 6), respectively, with >99% radiochemical purity and specific activity of 55.5 GBq/µmol. Synthesis time was 90-95 min from the end of bombardment. CONCLUSION An improved synthesis of [(18)F]FEL has been achieved in high yields, with high purity and specific activity. Precursor 2b with this method should be applicable for high yield automated production in a commercial synthesis module for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashaat Turkman
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Wayne state University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Luo C, Li B, Liu L, Yin HP, Wang M, Liu JL. Transcriptional activation of Reg2 and Reg3β genes by glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 in pancreatic acinar and islet cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:187-96. [PMID: 23147030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reg family proteins are expressed in the pancreas and involved in pancreatitis and islet β-cell growth. In order to explore transcriptional control, we transfected luciferase reporter genes driven by Reg promoters into acinar AR42J and islet MIN6 cells. Dexamethasone (DEX) significantly increased the promoter expression of Reg2 and Reg3β genes and the levels of endogenous Reg3β mRNA and protein in AR42J cells. DEX-induced promoter activation was inhibited by the inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, nicotinamide. In MIN6 cells, DEX moderately stimulated the transcription of Reg3β but not Reg2 promoter. While IL-6 alone had no effect, coculture with DEX produced a remarkable synergism on Reg3β gene transcription, which was abolished by nicotinamide. Our results demonstrated a significant and direct stimulation of Reg2 and Reg3β genes by glucocorticoids, all three were activated in response to inflammation such as in pancreatitis. Prominent stimulation of specific Reg genes by glucocorticoids may constitute a functional synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Muniz LR, Knosp C, Yeretssian G. Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis, infection, and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:310. [PMID: 23087688 PMCID: PMC3466489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including defensins and cathelicidins, constitute an arsenal of innate regulators of paramount importance in the gut. The intestinal epithelium is exposed to myriad of enteric pathogens and these endogenous peptides are essential to fend off microbes and protect against infections. It is becoming increasingly evident that AMPs shape the composition of the commensal microbiota and help maintain intestinal homeostasis. They contribute to innate immunity, hence playing important functions in health and disease. AMP expression is tightly controlled by the engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their impairment is linked to abnormal host responses to infection and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review, we provide an overview of the mucosal immune barriers and the intricate crosstalk between the host and the microbiota during homeostasis. We focus on the AMPs and pay particular attention to how PRRs promote their secretion in the intestine. Furthermore, we discuss their production and main functions in three different scenarios, at steady state, throughout infection with enteric pathogens and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Muniz
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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Yang X, Jin H, Liu K, Gu Q, Xu X. A novel peptide derived from human pancreatitis-associated protein inhibits inflammation in vivo and in vitro and blocks NF-kappa B signaling pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29155. [PMID: 22195011 PMCID: PMC3237597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is a pancreatic secretory protein belongs to the group VII of C-type lectin family. Emerging evidence suggests that PAP plays a protective effect in inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we newly identified a 16-amino-acid peptide (named PAPep) derived from C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) of human PAP with potent anti-inflammatory activity using both in vivo and in vitro assays. Methodology/Principal Findings We assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of PAPep on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats and demonstrated that intravitreal pretreatment of PAPep concentration-dependently attenuated clinical manifestation of EIU rats, reduced protein leakage and cell infiltration into the aqueous humor (AqH), suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 production in ocular tissues, and improved histopathologic manifestation of EIU. Furthermore, PAPep suppressed the LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells, inhibited protein expression of ICAM-1 in TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as U937 cells adhesion to HUVECs. Western blot analysis in ocular tissues and different cell lines revealed that the possible mechanism for this anti-inflammatory effect of PAPep may depend on its ability to inhibit the activation of NF-kB signaling pathway. Conclusions/Significance Our studies provide the first evidence that the sequence of PAPep is within the critically active region for the anti-inflammatory function of PAP and the peptide may be a promising candidate for the management of ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Acquatella-Tran Van Ba I, Marchal S, François F, Silhol M, Lleres C, Michel B, Benyamin Y, Verdier JM, Trousse F, Marcilhac A. Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α) protein is new neuronal secreted factor that stimulates neurite outgrowth via exostosin Tumor-like 3 (EXTL3) receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4726-39. [PMID: 22158612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α)/lithostathine, a member of a family of secreted proteins containing a C-type lectin domain, is expressed in various organs and plays a role in proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and carcinogenesis of cells of the digestive system. We previously reported that Reg-1α is overexpressed during the very early stages of Alzheimer disease, and Reg-1α deposits were detected in the brain of patients with Alzheimer disease. However, the physiological function of Reg-1α in neural cells remains unknown. Here, we show that Reg-1α is expressed in neuronal cell lines (PC12 and Neuro-2a) and in rat primary hippocampal neurons (E17.5). Reg-1α is mainly localized around the nucleus and at the membrane of cell bodies and neurites. Transient overexpression of Reg-1α or addition of recombinant Reg-1α significantly increases the number of cells with longer neurites by stimulating neurite outgrowth. These effects are abolished upon down-regulation of Reg-1α by siRNA and following inhibition of secreted Reg-1α by antibodies. Moreover, Reg-1α colocalizes with exostosin tumor-like 3 (EXTL3), its putative receptor, at the membrane of these cells. Overexpression of EXTL3 increases the effect of recombinant Reg-1α on neurite outgrowth, and Reg-1α is not effective when EXTL3 overexpression is down-regulated by shRNA. Our findings indicate that Reg-1α regulates neurite outgrowth and suggest that this effect is mediated by its receptor EXTL3.
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Parikh A, Stephan AF, Tzanakakis ES. Regenerating proteins and their expression, regulation and signaling. Biomol Concepts 2011; 3:57-70. [PMID: 22582090 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerating (Reg) protein family comprises C-type lectin-like proteins discovered independently during pancreatitis and pancreatic islet regeneration. However, an increasing number of studies provide evidence of participation of Reg proteins in the proliferation and differentiation of diverse cell types. Moreover, Reg family members are associated with various pathologies, including diabetes and forms of gastrointestinal cancer. These findings have led to the emergence of key roles for Reg proteins as anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and mitogenic agents in multiple physiologic and disease contexts. Yet, there are significant gaps in our knowledge regarding the regulation of expression of different Reg genes. In addition, the pathways relaying Reg-triggered signals, their targets and potential cross-talk with other cascades are still largely unknown. In this review, the expression patterns of different Reg members in the pancreas and extrapancreatic tissues are described. Moreover, factors known to modulate Reg levels in different cell types are discussed. Several signaling pathways, which have been implicated in conferring the effects of Reg ligands to date, are also delineated. Further efforts are necessary for elucidating the biological processes underlying the action of Reg proteins and their involvement in various maladies. Better understanding of the function of Reg genes and proteins will be beneficial in the design and development of therapies utilizing or targeting this protein group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirath Parikh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
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Boeck L, Graf R, Eggimann P, Pargger H, Raptis DA, Smyrnios N, Thakkar N, Siegemund M, Rakic J, Tamm M, Stolz D. Pancreatic stone protein: a marker of organ failure and outcome in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2011; 140:925-932. [PMID: 21835904 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common hospital-acquired, life-threatening infection. Poor outcome and health-care costs of nosocomial pneumonia remain a global burden. Currently, physicians rely on their experience to discriminate patients with good and poor outcome. However, standardized prognostic measures might guide medical decisions in the future. Pancreatic stone protein (PSP)/regenerating protein (reg) is associated with inflammation, infection, and other disease-related stimuli. The prognostic value of PSP/reg among critically ill patients is unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate PSP/reg in VAP. METHODS One hundred one patients with clinically diagnosed VAP were assessed. PSP/reg was retrospectively analyzed using deep-frozen serum samples from VAP onset up to day 7. The main end point was death within 28 days after VAP onset. RESULTS Serum PSP/reg was associated with the sequential organ failure assessment score from VAP onset (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.49 P < .001) up to day 7. PSP/reg levels at VAP onset were elevated in nonsurvivors (n = 20) as compared with survivors (117.0 ng/mL [36.1-295.3] vs 36.3 ng/mL [21.0-124.0] P = .011). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of PSP/reg to predict mortality/survival were 0.69 at VAP onset and 0.76 at day 7. Two PSP/reg cutoffs potentially allow for identification of individuals with a particularly good and poor outcome. Whereas PSP/reg levels below 24 ng/mL at VAP onset were associated with a good chance of survival, levels above 177 ng/mL at day 7 were present in patients with a very poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum PSP/reg is a biomarker related to organ failure and outcome in patients with VAP. TRIAL REGISTRY ISRCTN.org; No.: ISRCTN61015974; URL: www.isrctn.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Boeck
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Eggimann
- Department of Adult Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans Pargger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri A Raptis
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Smyrnios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Nehal Thakkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janko Rakic
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine and Respiratory Cell Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Mauro V, Volle DH, Chevallier D, Haudebourg J, Sénégas-Balas F, Pointis G. Regenerating I messenger RNA and protein expression in the failing human testis: a potential molecular prognostic marker of seminoma. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1841-8. [PMID: 21683984 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infertility has been stated as a risk factor for testicular cancer; but currently, there is no prognostic indicator of tumor development from the pathologic testis with impaired spermatogenesis. Regenerating proteins are expressed in many human tissues including the testis, and their role in carcinogenesis has been well documented. In the present work, regenerating I messenger RNA and protein expression and cellular protein localization were studied in testicular biopsies of patients with normal (obstructive azoospermia) or impaired spermatogenesis (nonobstructive azoospermia) and in seminoma testis by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. No significant differences in regenerating I transcripts were reported between the 3 groups studied. However, regenerating I protein was highly expressed in pure seminoma and in placental-like alkaline phosphatase-positive seminiferous tubules with in situ carcinoma. Regenerating I protein levels measured by Western blotting increased from the placental-like alkaline phosphatase-negative distal region of the seminoma to the pure placental-like alkaline phosphatase-positive tumoral region. Importantly, although cells localized in seminiferous tubules of obstructive azoospermic patients with normal spermatogenesis were very slightly labeled, persisting germ, Sertoli, and myoid cells and fibrous tissues were strongly regenerating I positive in seminiferous tubules of nonobstructive azoospermia. These results suggest the possibility to use regenerating I as a prognostic marker of tumoral development in the infertile testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mauro
- INSERM U 895, C3M, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 151 route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice, France
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Turkman N, Pal A, Tong WP, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. Radiosynthesis of 1′-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]-FEL) for early detection of pancreatic carcinomas with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Building and maintaining a homeostatic relationship between a host and its colonizing microbiota entails ongoing complex interactions between the host and the microorganisms. The mucosal immune system, including epithelial cells, plays an essential part in negotiating this equilibrium. Paneth cells (specialized cells in the epithelium of the small intestine) are an important source of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine. These cells have become the focus of investigations that explore the mechanisms of host-microorganism homeostasis in the small intestine and its collapse in the processes of infection and chronic inflammation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the intestinal microbiota and describe the cell biology of Paneth cells, emphasizing the composition of their secretions and the roles of these cells in intestinal host defence and homeostasis. We also highlight the implications of Paneth cell dysfunction in susceptibility to chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011. [PMID: 21423246 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2546.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Building and maintaining a homeostatic relationship between a host and its colonizing microbiota entails ongoing complex interactions between the host and the microorganisms. The mucosal immune system, including epithelial cells, plays an essential part in negotiating this equilibrium. Paneth cells (specialized cells in the epithelium of the small intestine) are an important source of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine. These cells have become the focus of investigations that explore the mechanisms of host-microorganism homeostasis in the small intestine and its collapse in the processes of infection and chronic inflammation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the intestinal microbiota and describe the cell biology of Paneth cells, emphasizing the composition of their secretions and the roles of these cells in intestinal host defence and homeostasis. We also highlight the implications of Paneth cell dysfunction in susceptibility to chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Shaw PL, Kirschner AN, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus envelope protein gp42. Virus Genes 2010; 40:307-19. [PMID: 20162447 PMCID: PMC2854865 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a membrane protein essential for fusion and entry of EBV into host B-lymphocytes. Gp42 is a member of the protein-fold family C-type lectin or lectin-like domains (CLECT or CTLD) and specifically is classified as a natural-killer receptor (NKR)-like CLECT. Literature review and phylogenetic comparison show that EBV gp42 shares a common structure with other NKR-like CLECTs and possibly with many viral CTLDs, but does not appear to exhibit some common binding characteristics of many CTLDs, such as features required for calcium binding. The flexible N-terminal region adjacent to the CTLD fold is important for binding to other EBV glycoproteins and for a cleavage site that is necessary for infection of host cells. From structural studies of gp42 unbound and bound to receptor and extensive mutational analysis, a general model of how gp42 triggers membrane fusion utilizing both the flexible N-terminal region and the CTLD domain has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Galter Health Sciences Library, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Austin N. Kirschner
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Guo Y, Xu J, Li N, Gao F, Huang P. RegIV potentiates colorectal carcinoma cell migration and invasion via its CRD domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 199:38-44. [PMID: 20417867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The RegIV gene is differentially expressed in cancer and noncancerous cells. In this study, we investigated the role of RegIV and its CRD domain in the invasion and migration of human colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells. Recombinant plasmids, pcDNA3.1-RegIV and pcDNA3.1-RegIV CRD, were constructed and transfected into LoVo cells. The in vivo RegIV and RegIV CRD mRNA and protein levels were then analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and flat plate colony-forming assays, and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were assessed with a Transwell chamber. A high level of RegIV and RegIV carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) expression was demonstrated in RegIV and RegIV CRD-transfected cells. There were no differences in cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis between the LoVo/RegIV and untreated LoVo cells (P > 0.05). However, the LoVo/RegIV cells, but not LoVo/RegIV CRD cells, displayed greater migration and invasion abilities compared to the empty vector and untreated LoVo cells. The migrated cell numbers of the LoVo/RegIV, LoVo/RegIV CRD, LoVo/empty vector, and control LoVo groups were 247.00 +/- 10.61, 146.27 +/- 6.81, 151.16 +/- 7.18, and 149.65 +/- 6.53 cells per field, respectively (P < 0.05). The invasion cell numbers of the four groups were 57.00 +/- 3.00, 31.53 +/- 2.72, 30.3 +/- 2.07, and 32.16 +/- 2.30 cells per field, respectively. RegIV enhances LoVo cell migration and invasion, and its CRD domain is critical for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, Southeastern University, Nanjing, China
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30
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Flores LG, Bertolini S, Yeh HH, Young D, Mukhopadhyay U, Pal A, Ying Y, Volgin A, Shavrin A, Soghomonyan S, Tong W, Bornmann W, Alauddin MM, Logsdon C, Gelovani JG. Detection of pancreatic carcinomas by imaging lactose-binding protein expression in peritumoral pancreas using [18F]fluoroethyl-deoxylactose PET/CT. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7977. [PMID: 19956730 PMCID: PMC2776527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma with highly sensitive diagnostic imaging methods could save lives of many thousands of patients, because early detection increases resectability and survival rates. Current non-invasive diagnostic imaging techniques have inadequate resolution and sensitivity for detection of small size (∼2–3 mm) early pancreatic carcinoma lesions. Therefore, we have assessed the efficacy of positron emission tomography and computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging with β-O-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,4′)-2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoroethyl-D-glucopyranose ([18F]FEDL) for detection of less than 3 mm orthotopic xenografts of L3.6pl pancreatic carcinomas in mice. [18F]FEDL is a novel radioligand of hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP), which is overexpressed in peritumoral pancreatic acinar cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Dynamic PET/CT imaging demonstrated rapid accumulation of [18F]FEDL in peritumoral pancreatic tissue (4.04±2.06%ID/g), bi-exponential blood clearance with half-lives of 1.65±0.50 min and 14.14±3.60 min, and rapid elimination from other organs and tissues, predominantly by renal clearance. Using model-independent graphical analysis of dynamic PET data, the average distribution volume ratio (DVR) for [18F]FEDL in peritumoral pancreatic tissue was estimated as 3.57±0.60 and 0.94±0.72 in sham-operated control pancreas. Comparative analysis of quantitative autoradiographic images and densitometry of immunohistochemically stained and co-registered adjacent tissue sections demonstrated a strong linear correlation between the magnitude of [18F]FEDL binding and HIP/PAP expression in corresponding regions (r = 0.88). The in situ analysis demonstrated that at least a 2–4 fold apparent lesion size amplification was achieved for submillimeter tumors and to nearly half a murine pancreas for tumors larger than 3 mm. Conclusion/Significance We have demonstrated the feasibility of detection of early pancreatic tumors by non-invasive imaging with [18F]FEDL PET/CT of tumor biomarker HIP/PAP over-expressed in peritumoral pancreatic tissue. Non-invasive non-invasive detection of early pancreatic carcinomas with [18F]FEDL PET/CT imaging should aid the guidance of biopsies and additional imaging procedures, facilitate the resectability and improve the overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Garcia Flores
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susanna Bertolini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hsin Hsin Yeh
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Young
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Uday Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Pal
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yunming Ying
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrei Volgin
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr Shavrin
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William Tong
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William Bornmann
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mian M. Alauddin
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Craig Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juri G. Gelovani
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research (CABIR), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Legoffic A, Calvo E, Cano C, Folch-Puy E, Barthet M, Delpero JR, Ferrés-Masó M, Dagorn JC, Closa D, Iovanna J. The reg4 gene, amplified in the early stages of pancreatic cancer development, is a promising therapeutic target. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7495. [PMID: 19834624 PMCID: PMC2760775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our work was to identify the genes specifically altered in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and especially those that are altered early in cancer development. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gene copy number was systematically assessed with an ultra-high resolution CGH oligonucleotide microarray in DNA from samples of pancreatic cancer. Several new cancer-associated variations were observed. In this work we focused on one of them, involving the reg4 gene. Gene copy number gain of the reg4 gene was confirmed by qPCR in 14 cancer samples. It was also found with increased copy number in most PanIN3 samples. The relationship betweena gain in reg4 gene copy number and cancer development was investigated on the human pancreatic cancer cell line Mia-PaCa2 xenografted under the skin of nude mice. When cells were transfected with a vector allowing reg4 expression, they generated tumors almost twice larger in size. In addition, these tumors were more resistant to gemcitabine treatment than control tumors. Interestingly, weekly intraperitoneal administration of a monoclonal antibody to reg4 halved the size of tumors generated by Mia-PaCa2 cells, suggesting that the antibody interfered with a paracrine/autocrine mechanism involving reg4 and stimulating cancer progression. The addition of gemcitabine resulted in further reduction, tumors becoming 5 times smaller than control. Exposure to reg4 antibody resulted in a significant decrease in intra-tumor levels of pAkt, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, survivin and cyclin D1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE It was concluded that adjuvant therapies targeting reg4 could improve the standard treatment of pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Legoffic
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille France
| | - Ezequiel Calvo
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Carla Cano
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille France
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Barthet
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille France
| | - Jean Robert Delpero
- Département de Chirurgie Oncologique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Montse Ferrés-Masó
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Charles Dagorn
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille France
| | - Daniel Closa
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Iovanna
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille France
- * E-mail:
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Proteolytic activation of human pancreatitis-associated protein is required for peptidoglycan binding and bacterial aggregation. Biochem J 2009; 420:335-43. [PMID: 19254208 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PAP (pancreatitis-associated protein) is a 16 kDa lectin-like protein, which becomes robustly up-regulated in the pancreatic juice during acute pancreatitis. Trypsin cleaves the N-terminus of PAP, which in turn forms insoluble fibrils. PAP and its paralogue, the pancreatic stone protein, induce bacterial aggregation and, more recently, PAP was shown to bind to the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria and exert a direct bactericidal effect. However, the role of N-terminal processing in the antibacterial function of PAP has remained unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that N-terminal cleavage of PAP by trypsin at the Arg37-Ile38 peptide bond or by elastase at the Ser35-Ala36 peptide bond is a prerequisite for binding to the peptidoglycan of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The tryptic site in PAP was also efficiently cleaved by nprE (extracellular neutral metalloprotease) secreted from B. subtilis. Trypsin-mediated processing of PAP resulted in the formation of the characteristic insoluble PAP species, whereas elastase-processed PAP remained soluble. N-terminally processed PAP induced rapid aggregation of B. subtilis without significant bacterial killing. The bacteria-aggregating activities of trypsin-processed and elastase-processed PAP were comparable. In contrast with previous reports, the Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterium was not aggregated. We conclude that N-terminal processing is necessary for the peptidoglycan binding and bacteria-aggregating activity of PAP and that trypsin-processed and elastase-processed forms are functionally equivalent. The observations also extend the complement of proteases capable of PAP processing, which now includes trypsins, pancreatic elastases and bacterial zinc metalloproteases of the thermolysin type.
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Viterbo D, Bluth MH, Mueller CM, Zenilman ME. Mutational characterization of pancreatitis-associated protein 2 domains involved in mediating cytokine secretion in macrophages and the NF-kappaB pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1959-68. [PMID: 18641333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis-associated protein 2 (PAP2) is a member of the Reg3 gene family and is classified as a group 7 C-type lectin-like protein. In rats, each of the three PAP isoforms has independent immunologic functional effects on macrophages. We have previously shown that PAP2 up-regulates inflammatory cytokines in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner and acts through NF-kappaB mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to determine protein domains that are essential for the immunologic function of PAP2 by mutational or chemical analysis. The protein activity for each mutant was determined by measuring TNF-alpha, IL-6, or IL-1 production in macrophages. Truncation of the first 25 residues on the N terminus of PAP2 did not affect protein activity whereas truncation of the last 30 residues of the C terminus of PAP2 completely inactivated the function of PAP2. Additionally, reduction of three disulfide bonds proved to be important for the activity of this protein. Further investigation revealed two invariant disulfide bonds were important for activity of PAP2 while the disulfide bond that is observed in long-form C-type lectin proteins was not essential for activity. Coupling the ability of PAP2 to up-regulate inflammatory cytokines via NF-kappaB with its associated expression in acute pancreatitis, a condition with aberrant concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, we investigated whether PAP2 mutants mechanistically activate the NF-kappaB-signaling pathway and demonstrate that preincubation with select rPAP2 mutant proteins affect translocation of this transcription factor into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Viterbo
- Department of Surgery, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Viterbo D, Bluth MH, Lin YY, Mueller CM, Wadgaonkar R, Zenilman ME. Pancreatitis-associated protein 2 modulates inflammatory responses in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1948-58. [PMID: 18641332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis-associated proteins (PAP) are stress-induced secretory proteins that are implicated in immunoregulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAP is up-regulated in acute pancreatitis and that gene knockdown of PAP correlated with worsening severity of pancreatitis, suggesting a protective effect for PAP. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PAP2 in the regulation of macrophage physiology. rPAP2 administration to clonal (NR8383) and primary macrophages were followed by an assessment of cell morphology, inflammatory cytokine expression, and studies of cell-signaling pathways. NR8383 macrophages which were cultured in the presence of PAP2 aggregated and exhibited increased expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10; no significant change was observed in IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 when compared with controls. Chemical inhibition of the NFkappaB pathway abolished cytokine production and PAP facilitated nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and phosphorylation of IkappaB alpha inhibitory protein suggesting that PAP2 signaling involves this pathway. Cytokine responses were dose dependent. Interestingly, similar findings were observed with primary macrophages derived from lung, peritoneum, and blood but not spleen. Furthermore, PAP2 activity was inhibited by the presence of serum, inhibition which was overcome with increased PAP2. Our results demonstrate a new function for PAP2: it stimulates macrophage activity and likely modulates the inflammatory environment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Viterbo
- Department of Surgery, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Deletion of the mouse RegIIIbeta (Reg2) gene disrupts ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling and delays myelination of mouse cranial motor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11400-5. [PMID: 18678917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711978105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of cytokines and growth factors support the development and subsequent maintenance of postnatal motor neurons. RegIIIbeta, also known as Reg2 in rat and HIP/PAP1 in humans, is a member of a family of growth factors found in many areas of the body and previously shown to play an important role in both the development and regeneration of subsets of motor neurons. It has been suggested that RegIIIbeta expressed by motor neurons is both an obligatory intermediate in the downstream signaling of the leukemia inhibitory factor/ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) family of cytokines, maintaining the integrity of motor neurons during development, as well as a powerful influence on Schwann cell growth during regeneration of the peripheral nerve. Here we report that in mice with a deletion of the RegIIIbeta gene, motor neuron survival was unaffected up to 28 weeks after birth. However, there was no CNTF-mediated rescue of neonatal facial motor neurons after axotomy in KO animals when compared with wild-type. In mice, RegIIIbeta positive motor neurons are concentrated in cranial motor nuclei that are involved in the patterning of swallowing and suckling. We found that suckling was impaired in RegIIIbeta KO mice and correlated this with a significant delay in myelination of the hypoglossal nerve. In summary, we propose that RegIIIbeta has an important role to play in the developmental fine-tuning of neonatal motor behaviors mediating the response to peripherally derived cytokines and growth factors and regulating the myelination of motor axons.
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Collett A, Higgs NB, Gironella M, Zeef LAH, Hayes A, Salmo E, Haboubi N, Iovanna JL, Carlson GL, Warhurst G. Early molecular and functional changes in colonic epithelium that precede increased gut permeability during colitis development in mdr1a(-/-) mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:620-31. [PMID: 18275070 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early molecular changes preceding the onset of mucosal inflammation in colitis and their temporal relationship with gut permeability remain poorly defined. This study investigated functional and transcriptomic changes in mdr1a(-/-) mice lacking the intestinal transporter P-glycoprotein, which develop colitis spontaneously when exposed to normal enteric flora. METHODS Mdr1a(-/-) mice were housed in specific pathogen-free conditions to slow colitis development and compared to congenic controls. Mucosal permeability and cytokine secretion were analyzed in ex vivo colon. Gene expression in colonic mucosal and epithelial preparations was analyzed by microarray and qPCR. Colonocyte responsiveness to bacterial antigens was measured in short-term culture. RESULTS Colon from 4-5-week-old, disease-free mdr1a(-/-) mice was histologically normal with no evidence of increased permeability compared to controls. However, these tissues display a distinctive pattern of gene expression involving significant changes in a small number of genes. The majority of upregulated genes were associated with bacterial recognition and the ubiquitin-proteasome system and were gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) responsive. Expression of the antiinflammatory factor pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) and the related gene RegIIIgamma were markedly reduced. Colonocytes from 4-5-week mdr1a(-/-) exhibit similar transcriptomic changes, accompanied by higher basal chemokine secretion and increased responsiveness to LPS. Significant increases in colonic permeability were associated with older (12-16-week) mdr1a(-/-) mice displaying molecular and functional evidence of active inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that early epithelial changes associated with altered responsiveness to bacteria precede increased permeability and mucosal inflammation in this model of colitis, highlighting the importance of P-glycoprotein in regulating interactions with the commensal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collett
- Infection, Injury and Inflammation Research Group, Division of Medicine and Neurosciences, University of Manchester and Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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Castellarin ML, Petropavlovskaia M, Lipsett MA, Rosenberg L. The identification and sequence analysis of a new Reg3gamma and Reg2 in the Syrian golden hamster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1769:579-85. [PMID: 17673309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating (Reg) genes are associated with tissue repair and have been directly implicated in pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. A hamster Reg3, Islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP), has been shown to possess anti-diabetic properties in rodent models. Although several Reg3 proteins have been identified in other species, INGAP is the only Reg3 found in hamsters. To identify new Reg3 genes in the hamster pancreas we employed homology reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using degenerate Reg3 primers, followed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). We report here the discovery of a new hamster Reg3 gene of 765 nucleotides (nt) that encodes a 174-amino acid (aa) protein. This protein sequence was identified as a novel hamster Reg3gamma with 78% and 75% identity to the rat Reg3gamma and mouse Reg3gamma protein, respectively. We also fully sequenced the previously reported partial sequence of the hamster Reg1 gene coding region using RACE to yield a 756-nt transcript that encodes a deduced 173 aa protein. This protein was identified as hamster Reg2, rather than Reg1 as was initially reported, with an 81% identity to mouse Reg2. The spatial gene expression patterns of the hamster Reg genes, analyzed by RT-PCR, were similarly distributed with low level expression being found globally throughout the body. Mice and hamsters are the only species known to carry either of the functional INGAP or Reg2 genes. It remains to be determined whether these genes bestow mice and hamsters with special regenerative abilities in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro L Castellarin
- Research Institute of The McGill University Health Centre and The Department of Surgery, McGill University, C9-128 The Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
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Kaneko K, Ando H, Seo T, Ono Y, Tainaka T, Sumida W. Proteomic analysis of protein plugs: causative agent of symptoms in patients with choledochal cyst. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1979-86. [PMID: 17415647 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of choledochal cysts are caused by protein plugs. We performed proteomic analysis of protein plugs to elucidate formation mechanism. Protein plugs were obtained from three pediatric patients with choledochal cyst. Proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel bands common to the samples were excised for mass spectrometry. Mass spectra were compared with the NCBI database for protein identification. Gel bands of protein plug samples were predominant at 14 kilodaltons (kDa), followed by 29 kDa. Four other thin bands were common to the plug samples. Four bands (including 14 and 29 kDa) were identified as lithostathine, and one band as serum albumin. Plugs consisted mostly of lithostathine, a protein secreted by pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic juice. The mechanism involves trypsinogen and lithostathine regurgitating into the cyst through an aberrant union of pancreaticobiliary ducts. Activated trypsin cleaves soluble lithostathine into insoluble forms that aggregate to form plugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenitiro Kaneko
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Algül H, Treiber M, Lesina M, Nakhai H, Saur D, Geisler F, Pfeifer A, Paxian S, Schmid RM. Pancreas-specific RelA/p65 truncation increases susceptibility of acini to inflammation-associated cell death following cerulein pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1490-501. [PMID: 17525802 PMCID: PMC1868784 DOI: 10.1172/jci29882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB/Rel has been shown to be involved in inflammatory disease. Here we studied the role of RelA/p65, the main transactivating subunit, during acute pancreatitis using a Cre-loxP strategy. Selective truncation of the rela gene in pancreatic exocrine cells led to both severe injury of the acinar cells and systemic complications including lung and liver damage. Our data demonstrated that expression and induction of the protective pancreas-specific acute phase protein pancreatitis-associated protein 1 (PAP1) depended on RelA/p65. Lentiviral gene transfer of PAP1 cDNA reduced the extent of necrosis and infiltration in the pancreata of mice with selective truncation of RelA/p65. These results provide in vivo evidence for RelA/p65 protection of acinar cell death via upregulation of PAP1. Moreover, our data underscore the pancreas-specific role of NF-kappaB/Rel and suggest multidimensional roles of NF-kappaB/Rel in different cells and contexts during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Algül
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Treiber
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marina Lesina
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hassan Nakhai
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Paxian
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurology Unit, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Lipsett MA, Castellarin ML, Rosenberg L. Acinar plasticity: development of a novel in vitro model to study human acinar-to-duct-to-islet differentiation. Pancreas 2007; 34:452-7. [PMID: 17446845 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3180335c80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The plasticity of pancreatic tissue is demonstrated in many pancreatic diseases. It has previously been shown that pancreatic islet-to-duct transformation and acinoductal metaplasia have been associated with both pancreatic regeneration and adenocarcinoma in various in vivo and in vitro settings. Understanding this inherent morphogenetic plasticity of the adult pancreas could lead to new therapeutic approaches to pancreatic disease. METHODS Cadaveric human pancreases (n = 7) were digested, and purified acinar tissue, which was approximately 85% immunoreactive for amylase and approximately 15% immunoreactive for CK-19, was embedded in a type 1 collagen matrix and cultured in a differentiation medium (DM) consisting of Dulbecco modified Eagle/F12 medium supplemented with cholera toxin (100 ng/mL), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/mL), and insulin (24 mU/mL) for 8 days. After this initial period, the resulting tissues were cultured in DM without cholera toxin, supplemented with gastrin (50 nmol/L) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 10 ng/mL), with islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP; 167 nmol/L) or with gastrin + HGF + INGAP for 6 days. Tissue samples were then analyzed for amylase, cytokeratin 19, pancreas duodenum homeobox 1, and endocrine hormone immunoreactivity as well as dithizione positivity. RESULTS After 8 days of culture, approximately 90% of acini transformed into ductlike structures. This acinoductal transformation was characterized by a complete absence of amylase staining, with virtually all cells CK-19 immunoreactive. Addition of INGAP led to an approximately 18-fold increase in pancreas duodenum homeobox 1 immunoreactivity, although without an observed increase in insulin production as measured by dithizone positivity. However, when acinar-derived ductlike structures were cultured with gastrin + HGF + INGAP, the total incidence of dithizone-positive structures increased approximately 6-fold (10.9 +/- 2.9% vs 1.7 +/- 0.4%, P = 0.037). Treatment with gastrin + HGF alone led to no significant change in any of the measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel in vitro model of adult human acinoductal metaplasia that will aid not only in developing new methods of expanding beta-cell mass but also provide insights into pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lipsett
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lieu HT, Simon MT, Nguyen-Khoa T, Kebede M, Cortes A, Tebar L, Smith AJH, Bayne R, Hunt SP, Bréchot C, Christa L. Reg2 inactivation increases sensitivity to Fas hepatotoxicity and delays liver regeneration post-hepatectomy in mice. Hepatology 2006; 44:1452-64. [PMID: 17133485 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reg2/RegIIIbeta is the murine homologue of the human secreted HIP/PAP C-type lectin. HIP/PAP transgenic mice were protected against acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure and were stimulated to regenerate post-hepatectomy. To assess the role of Reg2, we used Reg2-/- mice in a model of fulminant hepatitis induced by Fas and in the post-hepatectomy regeneration. Within 4 hours of J0-2 treatment (0.5 microg/g), only 50% of the Reg2-/- mice were alive but with an increased sensitivity to Fas-induced oxidative stress and a decreased level of Bcl-xL. In contrast, HIP/PAP transgenic mice were resistant to Fas, with HIP/PAP serving as a sulfhydryl buffer to slow down decreases in glutathione and Bcl-xL. In Reg2-/- mice, liver regeneration was markedly impaired, with 29% mortality and delay of the S-phase and the activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. Activation of STAT3 began on time at 3 hours but persisted strongly up to 72 hours despite significant accumulation of SOCS3. Thus, Reg2 deficiency induced exaggerated IL-6/STAT-3 activation and mito-inhibition. Because the Reg2 gene was activated between 6 and 24 hours after hepatectomy in wild-type mice, Reg2 could mediate the TNF-alpha/IL-6 priming signaling by exerting a negative feed-back on STAT3/IL-6 activation to allow the hepatocytes to progress through the cell cycle. In conclusion, Reg2 deficiency enhanced liver sensitivity to Fas-induced oxidative stress and delayed liver regeneration with persistent TNF-alpha/IL6/STAT3 signaling. In contrast, overexpression of human HIP/PAP promoted liver resistance to Fas and accelerated liver regeneration with early activation/deactivation of STAT3. Reg2/HIP/PAP is therefore a critical mitogenic and antiapoptotic factor for the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh-Tu Lieu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U785, Paris, France
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Norkina O, Graf R, Appenzeller P, De Lisle RC. Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice that constitutively overexpress Reg/PAP genes. BMC Gastroenterol 2006; 6:16. [PMID: 16700916 PMCID: PMC1479353 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse pancreas has constitutively elevated expression of the Reg/PAP cell stress genes (60-fold greater Reg3α, and 10-fold greater PAP/Reg3β and Reg3γ). These genes are suggested to be involved in protection or recovery from pancreatic injury. Methods To test this idea the supramaximal caerulein model was used to induce acute pancreatitis in wild type and CF mice. Serum amylase, pancreatic water content (as a measure of edema), pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity, and Reg/PAP expression were quantified. Results In both wild type and CF mice caerulein induced similar elevations in serum amylase (maximal at 12 h), pancreatic edema (maximal at 7 h), and pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity (MPO, a marker of neutrophil infiltration; maximal at 7 h). By immunohistochemistry, Reg3α was strongly expressed in the untreated CF pancreas but not in wild type. During pancreatitis, Reg3α was intensely expressed in foci of inflamed tissue in both wild type and CF. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis is not ameliorated in the CF mouse even though the Reg/PAP stress genes are already highly upregulated. While Reg/PAP may be protective they may also have a negative effect during pancreatitis due to their anti-apoptotic activity, which has been shown to increase the severity of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Norkina
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Rolf Graf
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Appenzeller
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert C De Lisle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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