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The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy. Hum Cell 2023; 36:98-120. [PMID: 36334180 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system and its wide-ranging components to deliver anti-tumor responses. In immune escape mechanisms, tumor microenvironment-associated soluble factors and cell surface-bound molecules are mainly accountable for the dysfunctional activity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and stromal cells. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), are also key tumor-promoting immune cells. These potent immunosuppressive networks avert tumor rejection at various stages, affecting immunotherapies' outcomes. Numerous clinical trials have elucidated that disruption of immunosuppression could be achieved via checkpoint inhibitors. Another approach utilizes enzymes that can restore the body's potential to counter cancer by triggering the immune system inhibited by the tumor microenvironment. These immunotherapeutic enzymes can catalyze an immunostimulatory signal and modulate the tumor microenvironment via effector molecules. Herein, we have discussed the immuno-metabolic roles of various enzymes like ATP-dephosphorylating ectoenzymes, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, phenylamine, tryptophan, and arginine catabolizing enzymes in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the enzymes involved in modulating the tumor microenvironment may help find new opportunities for cancer therapeutics.
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Baghbani E, Noorolyai S, Shanehbandi D, Mokhtarzadeh A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Shahgoli VK, Brunetti O, Rahmani S, Shadbad MA, Baghbanzadeh A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Regulation of immune responses through CD39 and CD73 in cancer: Novel checkpoints. Life Sci 2021; 282:119826. [PMID: 34265363 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has been implicated in attenuating anti-tumoral immune responses and tumor growth in various cancers. Inhibitory immune checkpoints have been introduced as the primary culprits for developing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, a better understanding of the cross-talk between inhibitory immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment can pave the way for introducing novel approaches for treating affected patients. Growing evidence indicates that CD39 and CD73, as novel checkpoints, can transform adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mediated pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment into an adenosine-mediated immunosuppressive one via the purinergic signaling pathway. Indeed, enzymatic processes of CD39 and CD73 have crucial roles in adjusting the extent, intensity, and chemical properties of purinergic signals. This study aims to review the biological function of CD39 and CD73 and shed light on their significance in regulating anti-tumoral immune responses in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- IRCCS Bari, Italy, Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology DIMO, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wu C, Rao X, Lin W. Immune landscape and a promising immune prognostic model associated with TP53 in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 10:806-823. [PMID: 33314730 PMCID: PMC7897963 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose TP53 mutation, one of the most frequent mutations in early‐stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), triggers a series of alterations in the immune landscape, progression, and clinical outcome of early‐stage LUAD. Our study was designed to unravel the effects of TP53 mutation on the immunophenotype of early‐stage LUAD and formulate a TP53‐associated immune prognostic model (IPM) that can estimate prognosis in early‐stage LUAD patients. Materials and methods Immune‐associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TP53 mutated (TP53MUT) and TP53 wild‐type (TP53WT) early‐stage LUAD were comprehensively analyzed. Univariate Cox analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis identified the prognostic immune‐associated DEGs. We constructed and validated an IPM based on the TCGA and a meta‐GEO composed of GSE72094, GSE42127, and GSE31210, respectively. The CIBERSORT algorithm was analyzed for assessing the percentage of immune cell types. A nomogram model was established for clinical application. Results TP53 mutation occurred in approximately 50.00% of LUAD patients, stimulating a weakened immune response in early‐stage LUAD. Sixty‐seven immune‐associated DEGs were determined between TP53WT and TP53MUT cohort. An IPM consisting of two prognostic immune‐associated DEGs (risk score = 0.098 * ENTPD2 expression + 0.168 * MIF expression) was developed through 397 cases in the TCGA and further validated based on 623 patients in a meta‐GEO. The IPM stratified patients into low or high risk of undesirable survival and was identified as an independent prognostic indicator in multivariate analysis (HR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.43–3.06, p < 0.001). Increased expressions of PD‐L1, CTLA‐4, and TIGIT were revealed in the high‐risk group. Prognostic nomogram incorporating the IPM and other clinicopathological parameters (TNM stage and age) achieved optimal predictive accuracy and clinical utility. Conclusion The IPM based on TP53 status is a reliable and robust immune signature to identify early‐stage LUAD patients with high risk of unfavorable survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengde Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Rao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Mansour M, Ismail S, Abou-Aisha K. Bacterial delivery of the anti-tumor azurin-like protein Laz to glioblastoma cells. AMB Express 2020; 10:59. [PMID: 32221741 PMCID: PMC7099546 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-00995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium VNP-20009 (VNP) is a non-pathogenic attenuated strain, which, as a facultative anaerobe, preferentially accumulates in hypoxic regions of solid tumors. Here, VNP was utilized as a delivery vehicle of the anti-tumor protein Lipidated azurin, Laz, which is produced by the meningitis-causing bacterium Neisseria meningitides. In brain cancer cells, Laz has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis through an interaction with the tumor suppressor protein p53. In this study, the laz gene, including its signal sequence, was cloned downstream of a hypoxia inducible promoter (HIP-1), before being electroporated into VNP. Successful ectopic expression and export of the Laz protein by VNP under hypoxic conditions were confirmed by Western blot analysis of the cell-free culture medium. Effective expression of Laz by VNP was investigated in two glioblastoma cell lines: LN-229 and U-373, with the latter line carrying a mutated version of p53; as well as in the breast cancer line MCF-7. Cytotoxicity of the VNP-Laz was assessed by determining the fluorescence of the apoptotic marker caspases 3/7. Compared to the purified Laz, VNP-Laz, significantly induced apoptosis in MCF-7, LN-229 and, to a much lower extent in U-373 cells, suggesting a p53-linked mechanism. Our results might represent a new approach of targeted gene delivery and suggest a potential application in brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Main Entrance Fifth Settlement, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shehab Ismail
- The Cancer Research Institute CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Khaled Abou-Aisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Main Entrance Fifth Settlement, Cairo, Egypt
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Willig JB, Vianna DRB, Beckenkamp A, Beckenkamp LR, Sévigny J, Wink MR, Buffon A, Pilger DA. Imatinib mesylate affects extracellular ATP catabolism and expression of NTPDases in a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:29-40. [PMID: 31955347 PMCID: PMC7166234 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by the occurrence of the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation. First-line therapy for CML consists of treatment with imatinib mesylate, which selectively inhibits the BCR-ABL protein by competing for its ATP-binding site. Adenine nucleotide signaling is modulated by the ectonucleotidases and this pathway is related to tumorigenic processes. Considering the relationship between ATP and cancer, we aimed to evaluate the influence of imatinib mesylate on the expressions and functions of the NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) enzymes in imatinib-sensitive and -resistant K-562 cell lines. mRNA analysis showed that K-562 cells express all ENTPDs and NT5E. However, when treated with imatinib mesylate for 24 h, the expression of ENTPD1, -2, -3 and -5 increased, leading to a higher nucleotides hydrolysis rate. HPLC analysis identified increased ATP degradation in cells after 24 h of treatment, with consequent ADP and AMP formation, corroborating the increase in gene and protein expression of ectonucleotidases as observed in previous results. On the other hand, we observed that imatinib-resistant K-562 cells presented a decrease in nucleotide hydrolysis and expressions of ENTPD1 and -5. These results suggest an involvement of imatinib in modulating ectonucleotidases in CML that will need further investigation. Since these ectonucleotidases have important catalytic activities in the tumor microenvironment, their modulation in CML cells may represent an important therapeutic approach to regulate levels of extracellular adenine nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Biz Willig
- Faculty of Farmacy, Program for Post-graduation in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Renz Barreto Vianna
- Faculty of Farmacy, Program for Post-graduation in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Beckenkamp
- Faculty of Farmacy, Program for Post-graduation in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Liziane Raquel Beckenkamp
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Faculty of Farmacy, Program for Post-graduation in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo André Pilger
- Faculty of Farmacy, Program for Post-graduation in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analyses, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-000, Brazil.
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Mohammed Khan K, Salar U, Afzal S, Wadood A, Taha M, Perveen S, Khan H, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Schiff bases of tryptamine as potent inhibitors of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases): Structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:253-266. [PMID: 30391856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of NTPDases leads to a number of pathological situations such as thrombosis, and cancer. Thus, effective inhibitors are required to combat these pathological situations. Different classes of NTPDase inhibitors are reported so far including nucleotides and their derivatives, sulfonated dyes such as reactive blue 2, suramin and its derivatives, and polyoxomatalates (POMs). Suramin is a well-known and potent NTPDase inhibitor, nonetheless, a range of side effects are also associated with it. Reactive blue 2 also had non-specific side effects that become apparent at high concentrations. In addition, most of the NTPDase inhibitors are high molecular weight compounds, always required tedious chemical steps to synthesize. Hence, there is still need to explore novel, low molecular weight, easy to synthesize, and potent NTPDase inhibitors. Keeping in mind the known NTPDase inhibitors with imine functionality and nitrogen heterocycles, Schiff bases of tryptamine, 1-26, were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as EI-MS, HREI-MS, 1H-, and 13C NMR. All the synthetic compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory avidity against activities of three major isoforms of NTPDases: NTPDase-1, NTPDase-3, and NTPDase-8. Cumulatively, eighteen compounds were found to show potent inhibition (Ki = 0.0200-0.350 μM) of NTPDase-1, twelve (Ki = 0.071-1.060 μM) of NTPDase-3, and fifteen compounds inhibited (Ki = 0.0700-4.03 μM) NTPDase-8 activity. As a comparison, the Kis of the standard inhibitor suramin were 1.260 ± 0.007, 6.39 ± 0.89 and 1.180 ± 0.002 μM, respectively. Kinetic studies were performed on lead compounds (6, 5, and 21) with human (h-) NTPDase-1, -3, and -8, and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that they were all competitive inhibitors. In silico study was conducted on compound 6 that showed the highest level of inhibition of NTPDase-1 to understand the binding mode in the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Uzma Salar
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saira Afzal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research (CADR), Department of Pharmacy COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, UCSS, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
| | - Huma Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, UCSS, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research (CADR), Department of Pharmacy COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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Extracellular ATP is Differentially Metabolized on Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Surface in Comparison to Normal Cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2018; 11:61-70. [PMID: 29455338 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-018-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer has been increasing. Nevertheless, its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In recent years, extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides have emerged as important modulators of tumor microenvironment. Extracellular ATP is mainly hydrolyzed by NTPDase1/CD39 and NTPDase2/CD39L1, generating AMP, which is hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to adenosine, a possible promoter of tumor growth and metastasis. There are no studies evaluating the expression and functionality of these ectonucleotidases on normal or tumor-derived thyroid cells. Thus, we investigated the ability of thyroid cancer cells to hydrolyze extracellular ATP generating adenosine, and the expression of ecto-enzymes, as compared to normal cells. We found that normal thyroid derived cells presented a higher ability to hydrolyze ATP and higher mRNA levels for ENTDP1-2, when compared to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) derived cells, which had a higher ability to hydrolyze AMP and expressed CD73 mRNA and protein at higher levels. In addition, adenosine induced an increase in proliferation and migration in PTC derived cells, whose effect was blocked by APCP, a non-hydrolysable ADP analogue, which is an inhibitor of CD73. Taken together, these results showed that thyroid follicular cells have a functional purinergic signaling. The higher expression of CD73 in PTC derived cells might favor the accumulation of extracellular adenosine in the tumor microenvironment, which could promote tumor progression. Therefore, as already shown for other tumors, the purinergic signaling should be considered a potential target for thyroid cancer management and treatment.
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Mehta N, Lyon JG, Patil K, Mokarram N, Kim C, Bellamkonda RV. Bacterial Carriers for Glioblastoma Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 4:1-17. [PMID: 28345020 PMCID: PMC5363759 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of aggressive glioblastoma brain tumors is challenging, largely due to diffusion barriers preventing efficient drug dosing to tumors. To overcome these barriers, bacterial carriers that are actively motile and programmed to migrate and localize to tumor zones were designed. These carriers can induce apoptosis via hypoxia-controlled expression of a tumor suppressor protein p53 and a pro-apoptotic drug, Azurin. In a xenograft model of human glioblastoma in rats, bacterial carrier therapy conferred a significant survival benefit with 19% overall long-term survival of >100 days in treated animals relative to a median survival of 26 days in control untreated animals. Histological and proteomic analyses were performed to elucidate the safety and efficacy of these carriers, showing an absence of systemic toxicity and a restored neural environment in treated responders. In the treated non-responders, proteomic analysis revealed competing mechanisms of pro-apoptotic and drug-resistant activity. This bacterial carrier opens a versatile avenue to overcome diffusion barriers in glioblastoma by virtue of its active motility in extracellular space and can lead to tailored therapies via tumor-specific expression of tumoricidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Mehta
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, UA Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Johnathan G Lyon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, UA Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0271, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, UA Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Nassir Mokarram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0271, USA
| | - Christine Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, UA Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0271, USA
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Burnstock G, Di Virgilio F. Purinergic signalling and cancer. Purinergic Signal 2014; 9:491-540. [PMID: 23797685 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for extracellular nucleotides are widely expressed by mammalian cells. They mediate a large array of responses ranging from growth stimulation to apoptosis, from chemotaxis to cell differentiation and from nociception to cytokine release, as well as neurotransmission. Pharma industry is involved in the development and clinical testing of drugs selectively targeting the different P1 nucleoside and P2 nucleotide receptor subtypes. As described in detail in the present review, P2 receptors are expressed by all tumours, in some cases to a very high level. Activation or inhibition of selected P2 receptor subtypes brings about cancer cell death or growth inhibition. The field has been largely neglected by current research in oncology, yet the evidence presented in this review, most of which is based on in vitro studies, although with a limited amount from in vivo experiments and human studies, warrants further efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of purinoceptor targeting in cancer.
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Beckenkamp A, Santana DB, Bruno AN, Calil LN, Casali EA, Paccez JD, Zerbini LF, Lenz G, Wink MR, Buffon A. Ectonucleotidase expression profile and activity in human cervical cancer cell lines. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:95-104. [PMID: 24697693 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most frequent cancer in women worldwide. Adenine nucleotide signaling is modulated by the ectonucleotidases that act in sequence, forming an enzymatic cascade. Considering the relationship between the purinergic signaling and cancer, we studied the E-NTPDases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and E-NPPs in human cervical cancer cell lines and keratinocytes. We evaluated the expression profiles of these enzymes using RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The activities of these enzymes were examined using ATP, ADP, AMP, and p-nitrophenyl-5'-thymidine monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) as substrate, in a colorimetric assay. The extracellular adenine nucleotide hydrolysis was estimated by HPLC analysis. The hydrolysis of all substrates exhibited a linear pattern and these activities were cation-dependent. An interesting difference in the degradation rate was observed between cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and C33A and normal imortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. The mRNA of ecto-5'-nucleotidase, E-NTPDases 5 and 6 were detectable in all cell lines, and the dominant gene expressed was the Entpd 5 enzyme, in SiHa cell line (HPV16 positive). In accordance with this result, a higher hydrolysis activity for UDP and GDP nucleotides was observed in the supernatant of the SiHa cells. Both normal and cancer cells presented activity and mRNAs of members of the NPP family. Considering that these enzymes exert an important catalytic activity, controlling purinergic nucleotide concentrations in tumors, the presence of ectonucleotidases in cervical cancer cells can be important to regulate the levels of extracellular adenine nucleotides, limiting their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Beckenkamp
- a LABC - Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, bairro Santana, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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de Oliveira CB, Comunello LN, Maciel ÉS, Giubel SR, Bruno AN, Chiela ECF, Lenz G, Gnoatto SCB, Buffon A, Gosmann G. The inhibitory effects of phenolic and terpenoid compounds from Baccharis trimera in Siha cells: differences in their activity and mechanism of action. Molecules 2013; 18:11022-32. [PMID: 24022763 PMCID: PMC6270023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Baccharis trimera is used in folk medicine as a tea for digestive and liver diseases. It possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that are related to the presence of phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to investigate the anti-proliferative properties of phenolic (PHE) and terpenoid (SAP) compounds from B. trimera on human cervical cancer. The treatment of SiHa cells with PHE for 24 h suppressed colony formation in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited proliferation and inhibited cell motility. Although SAP inhibited the proliferation of SiHa cells in a dose-dependent manner, it increased colony formation and did not inhibit cell motility. PHE and SAP also promoted a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase levels in the culture medium in a dose-dependent manner, indicating a loss of cell membrane integrity. Moreover, PHE promoted necrotic cell death, whereas SAP induced apoptosis. These compounds are new anticancer prototypes due their significant anticancer activity demonstrated herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane B. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica (LAFIS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.O.); (L.N.C.); (É.S.M.); (S.C.B.G.)
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas (LABC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Lucimara N. Comunello
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica (LAFIS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.O.); (L.N.C.); (É.S.M.); (S.C.B.G.)
| | - Érica S. Maciel
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica (LAFIS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.O.); (L.N.C.); (É.S.M.); (S.C.B.G.)
| | - Scheron R. Giubel
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Porto Alegre 90030-041, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.R.G.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Alessandra N. Bruno
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Porto Alegre 90030-041, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.R.G.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Eduardo C. F. Chiela
- Laboratório de Sinalização e Plasticidade Celular, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (E.C.F.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Guido Lenz
- Laboratório de Sinalização e Plasticidade Celular, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (E.C.F.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Simone C. B. Gnoatto
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica (LAFIS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.O.); (L.N.C.); (É.S.M.); (S.C.B.G.)
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas (LABC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica (LAFIS), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.O.); (L.N.C.); (É.S.M.); (S.C.B.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-51-3308-5516; Fax: +55-51-3308-5437
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12
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Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:355-67. [PMID: 23601906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration, magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the conversion of ADP/ATP to AMP and AMP to adenosine, respectively. This drives a shift from an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. The CD39/CD73 pathway changes dynamically with the pathophysiological context in which it is embedded. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that altering this catabolic machinery can change the course or dictate the outcome of several pathophysiological events, such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases, infections, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer, suggesting these ectoenzymes are novel therapeutic targets for managing a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Ectonucleotidases in tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells: an overview. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:959848. [PMID: 23118517 PMCID: PMC3477596 DOI: 10.1155/2012/959848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points out that genetic alteration does not guarantee the development of a tumor and indicates that complex interactions of tumor cells with the microenvironment are fundamental to tumorigenesis. Among the pathological alterations that give tumor cells invasive potential, disruption of inflammatory response and the purinergic signaling are emerging as an important component of cancer progression. Nucleotide/nucleoside receptor-mediated cell communication is orchestrated by ectonucleotidases, which efficiently hydrolyze ATP, ADP, and AMP to adenosine. ATP can act as danger signaling whereas adenosine, acts as a negative feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. Many tumors exhibit alterations in ATP-metabolizing enzymes, which may contribute to the pathological events observed in solid cancer. In this paper, the main changes occurring in the expression and activity of ectonucleotidases in tumor cells as well as in tumor-associated immune cells are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on the understanding of the purinergic signaling primarily as exemplified by research done by the group on gliomas.
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Crystallographic evidence for a domain motion in rat nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) 1. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:288-306. [PMID: 22100451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a physiologically important class of membrane-bound ectonucleotidases responsible for the regulation of extracellular levels of nucleotides. CD39 or NTPDase1 is the dominant NTPDase of the vasculature. By hydrolyzing proinflammatory ATP and platelet-activating ADP to AMP, it blocks platelet aggregation and supports blood flow. Thus, great interest exists in understanding the structure and dynamics of this prototype member of the eukaryotic NTPDase family. Here, we report the crystal structure of a variant of soluble NTPDase1 lacking a putative membrane interaction loop identified between the two lobes of the catalytic domain. ATPase and ADPase activities of this variant are determined via a newly established kinetic isothermal titration calorimetry assay and compared to that of the soluble NTPDase1 variant characterized previously. Complex structures with decavanadate and heptamolybdate show that both polyoxometallates bind electrostatically to a loop that is involved in binding of the nucleobase. In addition, a comparison of the domain orientations of the four independent proteins in the crystal asymmetric unit provides the first direct experimental evidence for a domain motion of NTPDases. An interdomain rotation angle of up to 7.4° affects the active site cleft between the two lobes of the protein. Comparison with a previously solved bacterial NTPDase structure indicates that the domains may undergo relative rotational movements of more than 20°. Our data support the idea that the influence of transmembrane helix dynamics on activity is achieved by coupling to a domain motion.
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Deaglio S, Robson SC. Ectonucleotidases as regulators of purinergic signaling in thrombosis, inflammation, and immunity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:301-32. [PMID: 21586363 PMCID: PMC5879773 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evolving studies in models of transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer, among others, have implicated purinergic signaling in clinical manifestations of vascular injury and thrombophilia, inflammation, and immune disturbance. Within the vasculature, spatial and temporal expression of CD39 nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family members together with CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase control platelet activation, thrombus size, and stability. This is achieved by closely regulated phosphohydrolytic activities to scavenge extracellular nucleotides, maintain P2-receptor integrity, and coordinate adenosinergic signaling responses. The CD38/CD157 family of extracellular NADases degrades NAD(+) and generates Ca(2+)-active metabolites, including cyclic ADP ribose and ADP ribose. These mediators regulate leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. These mechanisms are crucial in vascular homeostasis, hemostasis, thrombogenesis, and during inflammation. There has been recent interest in ectonucleotidase expression by immune cells. CD39 expression identifies Langerhans-type dendritic cells and efficiently distinguishes T regulatory cells from other resting or activated T cells. CD39, together with CD73 in mice, serves as an integral component of the suppressive machinery of T cells. Purinergic responses also impact generation of T helper-type 17 cells. Further, CD38 and changes in NAD(+) availability modulate ADP ribosylation of the cytolytic P2X7 receptor that deletes T regulatory cells. Expression of CD39, CD73, and CD38 ectonucleotidases on either endothelial or immune cells allows for homeostatic integration and control of vascular inflammatory and immune cell reactions at sites of injury. Ongoing development of therapeutic strategies targeting these and other ectonucleotidases offers promise for the management of vascular thrombosis, disordered inflammation, and aberrant immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Turin & Human Genetics Foundation, Italy
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Zhi X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu J, Jian R, Tang S, Yin L, Zhou P. RNAi-mediated CD73 suppression induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2561-9. [PMID: 20874842 PMCID: PMC11159901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), a cell surface protein that hydrolyzes extracellular AMP into adenosine and phosphate, is overexpressed in many solid tumors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased CD73 may promote tumor progression by examining the effect of CD73 suppression via RNA interference and CD73 overexpression on tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Using digitized whole-body images, plate clone forming assay and TUNEL assay in frozen tissue sections, we found that the cell growth rate was significantly lower in vivo and in vitro after CD73 suppression and late apoptosis was much higher in xenograft tumors developed from the CD73-siRNA transfected MB-MDA-231 clone (P1). By flow cytometry, the P1 cell cycle was arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, Bcl-2 was downregulated, while Bax and caspase-3 were upregulated with CD73 suppression. CD73 inhibitor α,β-methylene adenosine-5'-disphosphate (APCP) functioned similarly with RNAi-mediated CD73 suppression. In addition, in transfected MCF-7 cells, we found that CD73 overexpression increased cell viability and promoted cell cycle progression, depending on its enzyme activity. More intriguingly, CD73 overexpression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells produces a tumorigenic phenotype. We conclude that CD73 plays an important role in breast cancer growth by affecting cell cycle progression and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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17
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Buffon A, Casali EA, Cardoso VV, Zerbini LF, Robson SC, Sarkis JJF, Wink MR. Differential expression of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases by Walker 256 mammary cancer cells in solid tumors and malignant ascites. Life Sci 2010; 86:435-40. [PMID: 20117116 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Expression of ectoenzymes responsible for nucleotide phosphohydrolysis to form adenosine may represent a mechanism that facilitates the proliferation and spread of malignancy. In this study, we have identified and characterized the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) family members expressed during the subcutaneous tumor growth and in the ascitic form of Walker 256 mammary tumor cells. MAIN METHODS The biochemical characteristics in ascitic forms and expression of NPP 1, 2, and 3 in both solid and ascitic forms of Walker 256 tumor were investigated using RT-PCR and real-time PCR. KEY FINDINGS Walker 256 tumor cells demonstrate E-NPP activities that are associated with extracellular hydrolysis of p-Nph-5'-TMP, and define the biochemical characteristics. The K(m) and maximal velocity for the hydrolysis of p-Nph-5'-TMP in the ascitic tumor cells were in accordance with the NPP reaction. The mRNA expression in the cells of the ascitic form of Walker 256 tumor revealed transcripts for NPP2 and NPP3, whereas elevated expression of NPP3 was observed in solid tumor, after 6, 10, and 15days of inoculation. The dominant gene expressed in both forms of the tumor was the NPP3 enzyme. However, this enzyme was expressed more during tumor development in vivo, when compared with the ascitic cells. SIGNIFICANCE We have previously demonstrated that Walker 256 tumor cells express mRNA for ecto-5'-nucleotidase and E-NTPDases. Thus, coexistence with NPP3 suggests an ectonucleotidase "enzyme chain" that is responsible for the sequential hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine, which may be an important therapeutic target in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Buffon
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Mandapathil M, Szczepanski MJ, Szajnik M, Ren J, Lenzner DE, Jackson EK, Gorelik E, Lang S, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. Increased ectonucleotidase expression and activity in regulatory T cells of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6348-57. [PMID: 19825957 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency and activity are increased in cancer patients and play a major role in tumor escape. Although disease progression is favored by the presence of Treg, mechanisms used by Treg to suppress antitumor immunity are unknown. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 are expressed in Treg and convert ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. In this study, the involvement of the adenosinergic pathway in Treg-mediated suppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients was evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HNSCC patients with an active disease (n = 19) and patients with no evident disease after therapy (n = 14) were studied. Ectonucleotidase expression on CD4(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with normal controls. Ectonucleotidase activity was also compared within these three groups. The data were analyzed for associations of ectonucleotidase expression/function with disease stage. RESULTS The percentages and expression levels of CD39 and CD73 in CD4(+) T cells and Treg were greater in HNSCC than in normal controls and highest in patients with no evident disease. Patients' Treg hydrolyzed ATP at higher rates and produced higher levels of adenosine than normal controls' Treg. The increased frequency and enzymatic activity of CD4(+)CD39(+) cells corresponded to increased adenosine-mediated suppression of effector T cells, which was partly inhibited by ARL67156, an ectonucleotidase inhibitor, and by ZM241385, a selective A(2a)/A(2b) receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS CD39(+) Treg frequency and adenosine-mediated suppression are significantly increased in HNSCC patients. The adenosinergic pathway is involved in Treg-mediated immunosuppression in cancer and its attenuation could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magis Mandapathil
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Katebi M, Soleimani M, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A receptors play an active role in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell development. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:438-44. [PMID: 19056861 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0908520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play a role in wound healing and tissue repair and may also be useful for organ regeneration. As we have demonstrated previously that A(2A) adenosine receptors (A(2A)R) promote tissue repair and wound healing by stimulating local repair mechanisms and enhancing accumulation of endothelial progenitor cells, we investigated whether A(2A)R activation modulates BM-MSC proliferation and differentiation. BM-MSCs were isolated and cultured from A(2A)-deficient and ecto-5'nucleotidase (CD73)-deficient female mice; the MSCs were identified and quantified by a CFU-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. Procollagen alpha2 type I expression was determined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. MSC-specific markers were examined in primary cells and third-passage cells by cytofluorography. PCR and real time-PCR were used to quantitate adenosine receptor and CD73 expression. There were significantly fewer CFU-Fs in cultures of BM-MSCs from A(2A)R knockout (KO) mice or BM-MSCs treated with the A(2A)R antagonist ZM241385, 1 microM. Similarly, there were significantly fewer procollagen alpha2 type I-positive MSCs in cultures from A(2A)R KO and antagonist-treated cultures as well. In late passage cells, there were significantly fewer MSCs from A(2A) KO mice expressing CD90, CD105, and procollagen type I (P<0.05 for all; n=3). These findings indicate that adenosine and adenosine A(2A)R play a critical role in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of mouse BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Katebi
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Pellegatti P, Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Piccardi F, Pistoia V, Di Virgilio F. Increased level of extracellular ATP at tumor sites: in vivo imaging with plasma membrane luciferase. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2599. [PMID: 18612415 PMCID: PMC2440522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing awareness that tumour cells build up a “self-advantageous” microenvironment that reduces effectiveness of anti-tumour immune response. While many different immunosuppressive mechanisms are likely to come into play, recent evidence suggests that extracellular adenosine acting at A2A receptors may have a major role in down-modulating the immune response as cancerous tissues contain elevated levels of adenosine and adenosine break-down products. While there is no doubt that all cells possess plasma membrane adenosine transporters that mediate adenosine uptake and may also allow its release, it is now clear that most of extracellularly-generated adenosine originates from the catabolism of extracellular ATP. Methodology/Principal Findings Measurement of extracellular ATP is generally performed in cell supernatants by HPLC or soluble luciferin-luciferase assay, thus it generally turns out to be laborious and inaccurate. We have engineered a chimeric plasma membrane-targeted luciferase that allows in vivo real-time imaging of extracellular ATP. With this novel probe we have measured the ATP concentration within the tumour microenvironment of several experimentally-induced tumours. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that ATP in the tumour interstitium is in the hundrends micromolar range, while it is basically undetectable in healthy tissues. Here we show that a chimeric plasma membrane-targeted luciferase allows in vivo detection of high extracellular ATP concentration at tumour sites. On the contrary, tumour-free tissues show undetectable extracellular ATP levels. Extracellular ATP may be crucial for the tumour not only as a stimulus for growth but also as a source of an immunosuppressive agent such as adenosine. Our approach offers a new tool for the investigation of the biochemical composition of tumour milieu and for development of novel therapies based on the modulation of extracellular purine-based signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pellegatti
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Bianchi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM, Bonan CD, Wyse ATS. NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in physiological and disease conditions: new perspectives for human health. Biofactors 2007; 31:77-98. [PMID: 18806312 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520310205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides act as signaling molecules involved in a wide spectrum of biological effects. Their levels are controlled by a complex cell surface-located group of enzymes called ectonucleotidases. There are four major families of ectonucleotidases, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases/CD39), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (E-NPPs), alkaline phosphatases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. In the last few years, substantial progress has been made toward the molecular identification of members of the ectonucleotidase families and their enzyme structures and functions. In this review, there is an emphasis on the involvement of NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in disease processes in several tissues and cell types. Brief background information is given about the general characteristics of these enzymes, followed by a discussion of their roles in thromboregulatory events in diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cancer, as well as in pathological conditions where platelets are less responsive, such as in chronic renal failure. In addition, immunomodulation and cell-cell interactions involving these enzymes are considered, as well as ATP and ADP hydrolysis under different clinical conditions related with alterations in the immune system, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Finally, changes in ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis induced by inborn errors of metabolism, seizures and epilepsy are discussed in order to highlight the importance of these enzymes in the control of neuronal activity in pathological conditions. Despite advances made toward understanding the molecular structure of ectonucleotidases, much more investigation will be necessary to entirely grasp their role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa C Schetinger
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria-RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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