1
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Perraud V, Roundtree K, Morris PM, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Implications for new particle formation in air of the use of monoethanolamine in carbon capture and storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9005-9020. [PMID: 38440810 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Alkanolamines are currently being deployed in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and atmospheric emissions have been found to coincide with locations exhibiting elevated concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA). It is thus critical to understand the fate and potential atmospheric reactions of these chemicals. This study reports the characterization of sub-10 nm nanoparticles produced through the acid-base reaction between gas phase monoethanolamine (MEA) and MSA, a product of organosulfur compound oxidation in air, using a flow reactor under dry and humid (up to ∼60% RH) conditions. Number size distribution measurements show that MEA is even more efficient than methylamine in forming nanoparticles on reaction with MSA. This is attributed to the fact that the MEA structure contains both an -NH2 and an -OH group that facilitate hydrogen bonding within the clusters, in addition to the electrostatic interactions. Due to this already strong H-bond network, water has a relatively small influence on new particle formation (NPF) and growth in this system, in contrast to MSA reactions with alkylamines. Acid/base molar ratios of unity for 4-12 nm particles were measured using thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The data indicate that reaction of MEA with MSA may dominate NPF under some atmospheric conditions. Thus, the unique characteristics of alkanolamines in NPF must be taken into account for accurate predictions of impacts of CCS on visibility, health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kanuri Roundtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Patricia M Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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2
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Liu Y, Ge D, Zhou J, Chu Y, Zheng X, Ke L, Li P, Lu Y, Zou X, Xia L, Liu Y, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. HS-SPME-GC-MS Untargeted Analysis of Normal Rat Organs Ex Vivo: Differential VOC Discrimination and Fingerprint VOC Identification. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37392185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human metabolites has been a topic of interest as it holds the potential for the development of non-invasive technologies to screen for organ lesions in vivo. However, it remains unclear whether VOCs differ among healthy organs. Consequently, a study was conducted to analyze VOCs in ex vivo organ tissues obtained from 16 Wistar rats, comprising 12 different organs. The VOCs released from each organ tissue were detected by the headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. In the untargeted analysis of 147 chromatographic peaks, the differential volatiles of rat organs were explored based on the Mann-Whitney U test and fold change (FC > 2.0) compared with other organs. It was found that there were differential VOCs in seven organs. A discussion on the possible metabolic pathways and related biomarkers of organ differential VOCs was conducted. Based on the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve, we found that differential VOCs in the liver, cecum, spleen, and kidney can be used as the unique identification of the corresponding organ. In this study, differential VOCs of organs in rats were systematically reported for the first time. Profiles of VOCs produced by healthy organs can serve as a reference or baseline that may indicate the presence of disease or abnormalities in the organ's function. Differential VOCs can be used as the fingerprint of organs, and future integration with metabolic research may contribute to the development of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Dianlong Ge
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Jijuan Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangxue Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li Ke
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
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3
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Vacca M, Celano G, Calabrese FM, Rocchetti MT, Iacobellis I, Serale N, Calasso M, Gesualdo L, De Angelis M. In vivo evaluation of an innovative synbiotics on stage IIIb-IV chronic kidney disease patients. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215836. [PMID: 37396126 PMCID: PMC10311028 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbiota unbalance has been proven to affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and, noteworthy, microbiota composition and activity are implicated in CKD worsening. The progression of kidney failure implies an exceeding accumulation of waste compounds deriving from the nitrogenous metabolism in the intestinal milieu. Therefore, in the presence of an altered intestinal permeability, gut-derived uremic toxins, i.e., indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), can accumulate in the blood. Methods In a scenario facing the nutritional management as adjuvant therapy, the present study assessed the effectiveness of an innovative synbiotics for its ability to modulate the patient gut microbiota and metabolome by setting a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial accounting for IIIb-IV stage CKD patients and healthy controls. Metataxonomic fecal microbiota and fecal volatilome were analyzed at the run-in, after 2 months of treatment, and after 1 month of wash out. Results Significant changes in microbiota profile, as well as an increase of the saccharolytic metabolism, in feces were found for those CKD patients that were allocated in the synbiotics arm. Conclusions Noteworthy, the here analyzed data emphasized a selective efficacy of the present synbiotics on a stage IIIb-IV CKD patients. Nonetheless, a further validation of this trial accounting for an increased patient number should be considered. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT03815786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Vacca
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Ilaria Iacobellis
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nadia Serale
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Calasso
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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4
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Shahi F, Forrester S, Redeker K, Chong JP, Barlow G. Case Report: The effect of intravenous and oral antibiotics on the gut microbiome and breath volatile organic compounds over one year. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:50. [PMID: 36874581 PMCID: PMC9975432 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17450.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern and better understanding of the gut microbiome, a known 'amplifier' of AMR, may allow future clinicians to tailor therapy to minimise this risk and offer a personalised medicine approach. To examine the gut microbiome, patients are required to provide faecal samples; more convenient and cheaper solutions need to be found. METHODS As part of a pilot study looking at how routes of administration affect the gut microbiome in NHS patients undergoing routine clinical management for infections, we hypothesised that effects on the gut microbiome varied with the route and metabolism of antibiotic used, and these changes may be reflected in breath metabolites. We present a case report of a patient with an unusual clinical history, alongside breath metabolite and gut microbiome data taken before, during and after antibiotic therapy over a period of one year. RESULTS We noted a shift in the dominant Bacteroides strain in the patient's gut microbiome between pre- and post-therapy samples, along with an alteration in the composition of breath metabolites. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a framework for similar future work and highlights the need for further research on the relationships between changes in microbial gut communities and antimicrobial exposure, patient clinical status, and the metabolites of human breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shahi
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James P.J. Chong
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gavin Barlow
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
- Experimental Medicine and Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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5
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Than N, Chik Z, Bowers A, Bozano L, Adebiyi A. Quantitation of ethanol in UTI assay for volatile organic compound detection by electronic nose using the validated headspace GC-MS method. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275517. [PMID: 36201443 PMCID: PMC9536638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease detection through gas analysis has long been the topic of many studies because of its potential as a rapid diagnostic technique. In particular, the pathogens that cause urinary tract infection (UTI) have been shown to generate different profiles of volatile organic compounds, thus enabling the discrimination of causative agents using an electronic nose. While past studies have performed data collection on either agar culture or jellified urine culture, this study measures the headspace volume of liquid urine culture samples. Evaporation of the liquid and the presence of background compounds during electronic nose (e-nose) device operation could introduce variability to the collected data. Therefore, a headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for quantitating ethanol in the headspace of the urine samples. By leveraging the new method to characterize the sample stability during e-nose measurement, it was revealed that ethanol concentration dropped more than 15% after only three measurement cycles, which equal 30 minutes for this study. It was further shown that by using only data within the first three cycles, better accuracies for between-day classification were achieved, which was 73.7% and 97.0%, compared to using data from within the first nine cycles, which resulted in 65.0% and 81.1% accuracies. Therefore, the newly developed method provides better quality control for data collection, paving ways for the future establishment of a training data library for UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Than
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Zamri Chik
- Universiti Malaya Bioequivalence Testing Centre (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amy Bowers
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Luisa Bozano
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Aminat Adebiyi
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Shahi F, Forrester S, Redeker K, Chong JP, Barlow G. Case Report: The effect of intravenous and oral antibiotics on the gut microbiome and breath volatile organic compounds over one year. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:50. [PMID: 36874581 PMCID: PMC9975432 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17450.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern and better understanding of the gut microbiome, a known 'amplifier' of AMR, may allow future clinicians to tailor therapy to minimise this risk and offer a personalised medicine approach. To examine the gut microbiome, patients are required to provide faecal samples; more convenient and cheaper solutions need to be found. METHODS As part of a pilot study looking at how routes of administration affect the gut microbiome in NHS patients undergoing routine clinical management for infections, we hypothesised that effects on the gut microbiome varied with the route and metabolism of antibiotic used, and these changes may be reflected in breath metabolites. We present a case report of a patient with an unusual clinical history, alongside breath metabolite and gut microbiome data taken before, during and after antibiotic therapy over a period of one year. RESULTS We noted a shift in the dominant Bacteroides strain in the patient's gut microbiome between pre- and post-therapy samples, along with an alteration in the composition of breath metabolites. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a framework for similar future work and highlights the need for further research on the relationships between changes in microbial gut communities and antimicrobial exposure, patient clinical status, and the metabolites of human breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shahi
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James P.J. Chong
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gavin Barlow
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
- Experimental Medicine and Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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7
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Willis CN, Larson SR, Andama A, Jaganath D, Misra M, Cattamanchi A, Mohanty SK. Engineered Electroactive Solutions for Electrochemical Detection of Tuberculosis-Associated Volatile Organic Biomarkers. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2022; 22:2984-2992. [PMID: 36157103 PMCID: PMC9495895 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3126732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening of tuberculosis by evaluation of associated volatile organic biomarkers in breath is a promising technology that is significantly faster and more convenient than traditional sputum culture tests. Methyl nicotinate (MN) and methyl p-anisate (MPA) have been isolated as potential biomarkers for mycobacterium tuberculosis and have been found in the breath of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. A novel approach to detection of these biomarkers in liquid droplets (e.g. from breath condensate) using inexpensive screen-printed electrodes is presented. Previous modelling studies suggest that these biomarkers complex with certain transition metals of particular valence state. This interaction can be exploited by mixing the biomarker sample into an electroactive solution (EAS) containing the functional metal ion and observing the change electrochemically. The study focuses on low biomarker concentrations, determined to be clinically relevant based on preliminary GC-MS studies of the levels found in patient breath. It was found that both the cyclic voltammogram and square wave voltammogram of copper(II) change significantly when as little as 0.1 mM MN is added to the solution, with analysis times of less than 2 min. Copper(II) exhibits three separate peaks during square wave voltammetry. The location and area of each peak are affected differently as the concentration of MN increases, suggesting a reaction with specific oxidation states of the metal. In this way, a "fingerprint" method can be used to identify biomarkers once their known interaction is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Willis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shaylee R Larson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alfred Andama
- Department of Medicine and the Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Devan Jaganath
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Manoranjan Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Tuberculosis, and the Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Swomitra K Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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8
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Shahi F, Forrester S, Redeker K, Chong JP, Barlow G. Case Report: The effect of intravenous and oral antibiotics on the gut microbiome and breath volatile organic compounds over one year. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:50. [PMID: 36874581 PMCID: PMC9975432 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17450.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern and better understanding of the gut microbiome, a known 'amplifier' of AMR, may allow future clinicians to tailor therapy to minimise this risk and offer a personalised medicine approach. To examine the gut microbiome, patients are required to provide faecal samples; more convenient and cheaper solutions need to be found. METHODS As part of a pilot study looking at how routes of administration affect the gut microbiome in NHS patients undergoing routine clinical management for infections, we hypothesised that effects on the gut microbiome varied with the route and metabolism of antibiotic used, and these changes may be reflected in breath metabolites. We present a case report of a patient with an unusual clinical history, alongside breath metabolite and gut microbiome data taken before, during and after antibiotic therapy over a period of one year. RESULTS We noted a shift in the dominant Bacteroides strain in the patient's gut microbiome between pre- and post-therapy samples, along with an alteration in the composition of breath metabolites. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a framework for similar future work and highlights the need for further research on the relationships between changes in microbial gut communities and antimicrobial exposure, patient clinical status, and the metabolites of human breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shahi
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James P.J. Chong
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gavin Barlow
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
- Experimental Medicine and Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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9
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Wehedy E, Shatat IF, Al Khodor S. The Human Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:790783. [PMID: 35111779 PMCID: PMC8801809 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.790783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing global health burden. Current treatments for CKD include therapeutics to target factors that contribute to CKD progression, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, and drugs to control blood pressure and proteinuria control. Recently, associations between chronic disease processes and the human microbiota and its metabolites have been demonstrated. Dysbiosis—a change in the microbial diversity—has been observed in patients with CKD. The relationship between CKD and dysbiosis is bidirectional; gut-derived metabolites and toxins affect the progression of CKD, and the uremic milieu affects the microbiota. The accumulation of microbial metabolites and toxins is linked to the loss of kidney functions and increased mortality risk, yet renoprotective metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids help restore kidney functions and increase the survival rate in CKD patients. Specific dietary interventions to alter the gut microbiome could improve clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. Low-protein and high-fiber diets increase the abundance of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and anti-inflammatory bacteria. Fluctuations in the urinary microbiome are linked to increased susceptibility to infection and antibiotic resistance. In this review, we describe the potential role of the gut, urinary and blood microbiome in CKD pathophysiology and assess the feasibility of modulating the gut microbiota as a therapeutic tool for treating CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Wehedy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
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10
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Silva LG, Bueno SCE, da Silva MG, Mota L, Sthel MS, de Castro MPP, Santiago Neto RM, Kuba VM. Photoacoustic detection of ammonia exhaled by individuals with chronic kidney disease. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:983-991. [PMID: 34050494 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) has been reported as a breath biomarker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually detected at concentrations greater than 0.25 parts per million by volume (ppmV). NH3 was detected in breath of individuals with CKD through gaseous photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). The efficiency of hemodialysis (HD) was demonstrated. Eight volunteers aged between 20 and 60 years and without previous respiratory disease were eligible, among which six were control volunteers (CV) and two volunteers with advanced CKD, named CKDV1 and CKDV2. The presence of CKD was confirmed by the calculation of creatinine clearance (CC) according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Before HD, the mean NH3 concentration exhaled by CKDV1 was 0.9 ± 0.1 ppmV and after HD was 0.20 ± 0.03 ppmV, which demonstrated an efficiency of 76% NH3 reduction in breath. The CKDV2 exhaled 1.27 ± 0.03 ppmV of NH3 pre-HD and 0.42 ± 0.08 ppmV post-HD, which resulted in efficiency of about 67%. It was not possible to quantify NH3 from CV, what led us to infer that all of them exhaled amounts below the detection limit, i.e., 0.20 ppmV. This assumption is underpinned by CC, whose values hovered at 90 ≤ CC ≤ 120 mL/ min, confirming normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Genuncio Silva
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Sâmylla Cristina Espécie Bueno
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes da Silva
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mota
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Silva Sthel
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Maria Priscila Pessanha de Castro
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | | | - Valeska Mansur Kuba
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 217, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28035-581, Brazil
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11
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Thiol-Amine Functionalized Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomarker Gases Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of gas molecules are expelled in exhaled breath, and some of them can reveal diseases and metabolomic disorders. For that reason, the development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable sensing devices has been attracting growing interest. Here, we present the development of different chemoresistors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with platinum (MWCNT/Pt) and palladium (MWCNT/Pt) nanoparticles and also functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (Thiol-amine). The nanocomposites developed are a proof-of-concept to detect some biomarker molecules. Specifically, the capability to identify and measure different concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either aromatic (toluene and benzene) and non-aromatic (ethanol and methanol) was assessed. As a result, this paper reports the significant differences in sensing performance achieved according to the metal nanoparticle used, and the high sensitivity obtained when SAMs are grown on the sensitive film, acting as a receptor for biomarker vapours.
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12
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Lau WL, Chang Y, Vaziri ND. The consequences of altered microbiota in immune-related chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1791-1798. [PMID: 32437554 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal gut microbiome modulates host enterocyte metabolism and shapes local and systemic immunity. Accumulation of urea and other waste products in chronic kidney disease induces gut dysbiosis and intestinal wall inflammation (leaky gut). There are decreased numbers of bacteria that generate short-chain fatty acids, which are an important nutrient source for host enterocytes and also contribute to regulation of the host immune system. Anaerobic proteolytic bacteria that express urease, uricase and indole and p-cresol enzymes, such as Enterobacteria and Enterococci, are increased. Microbial-derived uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide contribute to the pathophysiology of immune-related kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis and immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. Animal and clinical studies suggest potential benefits of dietary and probiotic interventions in slowing the progression of immune-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Yongen Chang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Abstract
Breathing air is a fundamental human need, yet its safety, when challenged by various harmful or lethal substances, is often not properly guarded. For example, air toxicity is currently monitored only for a single or a limited number of known toxicants, thus failing to warn against possible hazardous air fully. Here, we discovered that, within minutes, living rats emitted distinctive profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via breath when exposed to various airborne toxicants such as endotoxin, O3, ricin, and CO2. Compared to background indoor air, when exposed to ricin or endotoxin aerosols, breath-borne VOC levels, especially that of carbon disulfide, were shown to decrease, while their elevated levels were observed for exposure to O3 and CO2. A clear contrast in breath-borne VOC profiles of rats exposed to different toxicants was observed with a statistical significance. Differences in microRNA regulations such as miR-33, miR-146a, and miR-155 from rats' blood samples revealed different mechanisms used by rats in combating different air toxicant challenges. Similar to dogs, rats were found here to be able to sniff off toxic air by releasing a specific breath-borne VOC profile. The discovered science opens a new arena for online monitoring of air toxicity and health effects of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Sruthy PC, Nagarajan V, Chandiramouli R. Interaction studies of kidney biomarker volatiles on black phosphorene nanoring: A first-principles investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107566. [PMID: 32088561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the electronic properties of black phosphorene nanoring (BPN) and adsorption behavior of chronic kidney disease biomarker vapors on BPN. The designed BPN is stable, which is ensured by the formation energy with a value of -3.857eV/atom. The band gap of BPN is recorded as 0.716eV showing the semiconductor property. The prominent kidney disease biomarker vapors, namely isoprene, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal are allowed to interact on BPN and studied based on adsorption property on BPN. Based on charge transfer, energy band gap variation and adsorption energy, we studied the adsorption behavior of BPN towards kidney disease biomarkers. Our findings show that BPN can be used to detect the presence of kidney biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Sruthy
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - V Nagarajan
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - R Chandiramouli
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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Peña J, Fernández Laespada ME, García Pinto C, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Multiple headspace sampling coupled to a programmed temperature vaporizer to improve sensitivity in headspace-gas chromatography. Determination of aldehydes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121824. [PMID: 31731218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of sensitivity in headspace (HS) sampling of not very volatile analytes constitutes a challenge that has usually been approached through coupling with additional techniques. Here we propose a new methodology for increasing sensitivity through a multistep approach. This proof of concept is based on direct coupling of a headspace sampler with a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a gas chromatograph (GC), with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Analytes are extracted from the same vial in a stepwise procedure, splitting the headspace generation time of conventional HS into four periods and using the PTV to cryogenically trap the analytes during the successive HS samplings. Solvent vent mode is mandatory in order to retain the analytes, purging the gas solvent at an adequate initial low temperature and flash-heating the PTV liner in a quick ramp (720 °C/min), once the HS samplings are finished. Linear aldehydes, from pentanal to decanal, possible biomarkers of several diseases have been selected as model compounds. This multiple HS method has been compared with conventional HS, and it has been validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.004 to 0.159 µg/L. Enrichment factors (EF) in relation to the conventional HS method ranged from 3.0 to 6.7, except for pentanal (EF: 0.8), which is too volatile and polar to be trapped in the PTV with the multiple HS methodology. Similar enrichment factors were obtained in a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mª Esther Fernández Laespada
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Carmelo García Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Changes During Dialysis. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:239-246. [PMID: 30365402 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize volatile organic compounds in breath exhaled by ventilated care patients with acute kidney injury and changes over time during dialysis. DESIGN Prospective observational feasibility study. SETTING Critically ill patients on an ICU in a University Hospital, Germany. PATIENTS Twenty sedated, intubated, and mechanically ventilated patients with acute kidney injury and indication for dialysis. INTERVENTIONS Patients exhalome was evaluated from at least 30 minutes before to 7 hours after beginning of continuous venovenous hemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Expired air samples were aspirated from the breathing circuit at 20-minute intervals and analyzed using multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry. Volatile organic compound intensities were compared with a ventilated control group with normal renal function. A total of 60 different signals were detected by multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry, of which 44 could be identified. Thirty-four volatiles decreased during hemodialysis, whereas 26 remained unaffected. Forty-five signals showed significant higher intensities in patients with acute kidney injury compared with control patients with normal renal function. Among these, 30 decreased significantly during hemodialysis. Volatile cyclohexanol (23 mV; 2575th, 19-38), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (16 mV, 9-26), 3-methylbutanal (20 mV; 14-26), and dimer of isoprene (26 mV; 18-32) showed significant higher intensities in acute kidney impairment compared with control group (12 mV; 10-16 and 8 mV; 7-14 and not detectable and 4 mV; 0-6; p < 0.05) and a significant decline after 7 hours of continuous venovenous hemodialysis (16 mV; 13-21 and 7 mV; 6-13 and 9 mV; 8-13 and 14 mV; 10-19). CONCLUSIONS Exhaled concentrations of 45 volatile organic compounds were greater in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury than in patients with normal renal function. Concentrations of two-thirds progressively decreased during dialysis. Exhalome analysis may help quantify the severity of acute kidney injury and to gauge the efficacy of dialysis.
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Dharani S, Nagarajan V, Chandiramouli R. Perceptions on the adsorption of COPD biomarker vapors on violet phosphorene nanosheet - A first-principles study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 91:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Lau WL, Vaziri ND. The Leaky Gut and Altered Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2018; 27:458-461. [PMID: 29056165 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease results in disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as profound changes in the gut microbial flora. These events are largely mediated by (1) heavy influx of circulating urea to the gut lumen and (2) dietary restrictions of foods containing high fiber (such as fruits and vegetable) and symbiotic organisms (such as yogurt and cheese) imposed to mitigate hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia. Collectively, these factors promote systemic inflammation and cardiovascular morbidity by mediating microbial dysbiosis, disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and translocation of endotoxin, bacterial fragments, and uremic toxins across the "leaky gut" into the bloodstream. Strategies aimed at increasing dietary fiber and lowering urea burden may help to attenuate uremia-induced microbial dysbiosis and epithelial barrier breakdown, and thereby improve systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, California.
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Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), influx of urea and other retained toxins exerts a change in the gut microbiome. There is decreased number of beneficial bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, an essential nutrient for the colonic epithelium, concurrent with an increase in bacteria that produce uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulphate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Due to intestinal wall inflammation and degradation of intercellular tight junctions, gut-derived uremic toxins translocate into the bloodstream and exert systemic effects. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for gut-derived uremic toxins in promoting multiorgan dysfunction via inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptosis pathways. End-organ effects include vascular calcification, kidney fibrosis, anemia, impaired immune system, adipocyte dysfunction with insulin resistance, and low turnover bone disease. Higher blood levels of gut-derived uremic toxins are associated with increased cardiovascular events and mortality in the CKD population. Clinical trials that have examined interventions to trap toxic products or reverse gut microbial dysbiosis via oral activated charcoal AST-120, prebiotics and probiotics have not shown impact on cardiovascular or survival outcomes but were limited by sample size and short trials. In summary, the gut microbiome is a major contributor to adverse cardiovascular outcomes and progression of CKD.
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20
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Millet P, Opiekun M, Martin T, Beauchamp GK, Kimball BA. Cytokine contributions to alterations of the volatile metabolome induced by inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:312-320. [PMID: 29241669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate that inflammation affects body odor. Volatile signals associated with inflammation induced by pyrogens like LPS are detectable both by conspecifics and chemical analyses. However, little is known about the mechanisms which translate detection of a foreign molecule or pathogen into a unique body odor, or even how unique that odor may be. Here, we utilized C57BL/6J trained mice to identify the odor of LPS-treated conspecifics to investigate potential pathways between LPS-induced inflammation and changes in body odor, as represented by changes in urine odor. We hypothesized that the change in volatile metabolites could be caused directly by the pro-inflammatory cytokine response mediated by TNF or IL-1β, or by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response mediated by IL-10. We found that trained biosensors generalized learned LPS-associated odors to TNF-induced odors, but not to IL-1β or IL-10-induced odors. Analyses of urine volatiles using headspace gas chromatography revealed distinct profiles of volatile compounds for each treatment. Instrumental discrimination relied on a mixture of compounds, including 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, cedrol, nonanal, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and dehydro-exo-brevicomin. Although interpretation of LDA modeling differed from behavioral testing, it does suggest that treatment with TNF, IL-1β, and LPS can be distinguished by their resultant volatile profiles. These findings indicate there is information found in body odors on the presence of specific cytokines. This result is encouraging for the future of disease diagnosis via analysis of volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Millet
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | - Talia Martin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Bruce A Kimball
- USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Vanholder R, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G. Biochemical and Clinical Impact of Organic Uremic Retention Solutes: A Comprehensive Update. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010033. [PMID: 29316724 PMCID: PMC5793120 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these compounds along their physico-chemical characteristics as small water-soluble compounds or groups, protein bound compounds and middle molecules. All but one solute (glomerulopressin) affected at least one mechanism with the potential to contribute to the uremic syndrome. In general, several mechanisms were influenced for each individual solute or group of solutes, with some impacting up to 7 different biological systems of the 11 considered. The inflammatory, cardio-vascular and fibrogenic systems were those most frequently affected and they are one by one major actors in the high morbidity and mortality of CKD but also the mechanisms that have most frequently been studied. A scoring system was built with the intention to classify the reviewed compounds according to the experimental evidence of their toxicity (number of systems affected) and overall experimental and clinical evidence. Among the highest globally scoring solutes were 3 small water-soluble compounds [asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA); trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); uric acid], 6 protein bound compounds or groups of protein bound compounds [advanced glycation end products (AGEs); p-cresyl sulfate; indoxyl sulfate; indole acetic acid; the kynurenines; phenyl acetic acid;] and 3 middle molecules [β2-microglobulin; ghrelin; parathyroid hormone). In general, more experimental data were provided for the protein bound molecules but for almost half of them clinical evidence was missing in spite of robust experimental data. The picture emanating is one of a complex disorder, where multiple factors contribute to a multisystem complication profile, so that it seems of not much use to pursue a decrease of concentration of a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen Pletinck
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eva Schepers
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Fitzgerald J, Fenniri H. Cutting Edge Methods for Non-Invasive Disease Diagnosis Using E-Tongue and E-Nose Devices. BIOSENSORS 2017; 7:E59. [PMID: 29215588 PMCID: PMC5746782 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic cross-reactive sensor arrays (B-CRSAs) have been used to detect and diagnose a wide variety of diseases including metabolic disorders, mental health diseases, and cancer by analyzing both vapor and liquid patient samples. Technological advancements over the past decade have made these systems selective, sensitive, and affordable. To date, devices for non-invasive and accurate disease diagnosis have seen rapid improvement, suggesting a feasible alternative to current standards for medical diagnostics. This review provides an overview of the most recent B-CRSAs for diagnostics (also referred to electronic noses and tongues in the literature) and an outlook for future technological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Hicham Fenniri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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de Andrade LS, Ramos CI, Cuppari L. The cross-talk between the kidney and the gut: implications for chronic kidney disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Krishnan ST, Son KH, Kim N, Viswanath B, Kim S, An JH. Development of simple and sensitive hydrogel based colorimetric sensor array for the real-time quantification of gaseous ammonia. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:583-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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Das S, Pal S, Mitra M. Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Biol Eng 2016; 36:605-624. [PMID: 27853412 PMCID: PMC5083779 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human exhaled breath can provide deep insight into the status of various biochemical processes in the human body. VOCs can serve as potential biomarkers of physiological and pathophysiological conditions related to several diseases. Breath VOC analysis, a noninvasive and quick biomonitoring approach, also has potential for the early detection and progress monitoring of several diseases. This paper gives an overview of the major VOCs present in human exhaled breath, possible biochemical pathways of breath VOC generation, diagnostic importance of their analysis, and analytical techniques used in the breath test. Breath analysis relating to diabetes mellitus and its characteristic breath biomarkers is focused on. Finally, some challenges and limitations of the breath test are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235 India
| | - Saurabh Pal
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mitra
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
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27
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Fitzgerald JE, Bui ETH, Simon NM, Fenniri H. Artificial Nose Technology: Status and Prospects in Diagnostics. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 35:33-42. [PMID: 27612567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic crossreactive sensor arrays have been used to detect and analyze a wide variety of vapor and liquid components in applications such as food science, public health and safety, and diagnostics. As technology has advanced over the past three decades, these systems have become selective, sensitive, and affordable. Currently, the need for noninvasive and accurate devices for early disease diagnosis remains a challenge. This Opinion article provides an overview of the various types of biomimetic crossreactive sensor arrays (also referred to as electronic noses or tongues in the literature), their current use and future directions, and an outlook for future technological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Fitzgerald
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA
| | - Eric T H Bui
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1 Bowdoin Square, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1 Bowdoin Square, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hicham Fenniri
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA.
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28
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Bayrakli I, Öztürk Ö, Akman H. Investigation of acetone, butanol and carbon dioxide as new breath biomarkers for convenient and noninvasive diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1890-1899. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Bayrakli
- Biomedical Engineering; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
| | - Önder Öztürk
- Department of Chest Diseases; Suleyman Demirel University, School of Medicine; Isparta Turkey
| | - Hatice Akman
- Biomedical Engineering; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
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29
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Zeng Q, Li P, Cai Y, Zhou W, Wang H, Luo J, Ding J, Chen H. Detection of creatinine in exhaled breath of humans with chronic kidney disease by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016008. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Poesen R, Windey K, Neven E, Kuypers D, De Preter V, Augustijns P, D'Haese P, Evenepoel P, Verbeke K, Meijers B. The Influence of CKD on Colonic Microbial Metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1389-99. [PMID: 26400570 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the colonic microbiota as a relevant source of uremic retention solutes accumulating in CKD. Renal disease can also profoundly affect the colonic microenvironment and has been associated with a distinct colonic microbial composition. However, the influence of CKD on the colonic microbial metabolism is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied fecal metabolite profiles of hemodialysis patients and healthy controls using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. We observed a clear discrimination between both groups, with 81 fecal volatile organic compounds detected at significantly different levels in hemodialysis patients and healthy controls. To further explore the differential impact of renal function loss per se versus the effect of dietary and other CKD-related factors, we also compared fecal metabolite profiles between patients on hemodialysis and household contacts on the same diet, which revealed a close resemblance. In contrast, significant differences were noted between the fecal samples of rats 6 weeks after 5/6th nephrectomy and those of sham-operated rats, still suggesting an independent influence of renal function loss. Thus, CKD associates with a distinct colonic microbial metabolism, although the effect of renal function loss per se in humans may be inferior to the effects of dietary and other CKD-related factors. The potential beneficial effect of therapeutics targeting colonic microbiota in patients with CKD remains to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Poesen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Windey
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Targid) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Neven
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Dirk Kuypers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Preter
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Targid) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Björn Meijers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Lau WL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Vaziri ND. The Gut as a Source of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 130:92-8. [PMID: 25967288 PMCID: PMC4485546 DOI: 10.1159/000381990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a non-traditional risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. In recent years, the gastrointestinal tract has emerged as a major instigator of systemic inflammation in CKD. Postmortem studies previously discovered gut wall inflammation throughout the digestive tract in chronic dialysis patients. In CKD animals, colon wall inflammation is associated with breakdown of the epithelial tight junction barrier ('leaky gut') and translocation of bacterial DNA and endotoxin into the bloodstream. Gut bacterial DNA and endotoxin have also been detected in the serum from CKD and dialysis patients, whereby endotoxin levels increase with the CKD stage and correlate with the severity of systemic inflammation in the dialysis population. The CKD diet that is low in plant fiber and symbiotic organisms (in adherence with low potassium, low phosphorus intake) can alter the normal gut microbiome, leading to overgrowth of bacteria that produce uremic toxins such as cresyl and indoxyl molecules. The translocation of these toxins from the 'leaky gut' into the bloodstream further promotes systemic inflammation, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and CKD progression. Data are lacking on optimal fiber and yogurt consumption in CKD that would favor growth of a more symbiotic microbiome while avoiding potassium and phosphorus overload. Prebiotic and probiotic formulations have shown promise in small clinical trials, in terms of lowering serum levels of uremic toxins and improving quality of life. The evidence points to a strong relationship between intestinal inflammation and adverse outcomes in CKD, and more trials investigating gut-targeted therapeutics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif., USA
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Vaziri ND, Zhao YY, Pahl MV. Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:737-46. [PMID: 25883197 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress which play a central role in CKD progression and its adverse consequences. Although many of the causes and consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation in CKD have been extensively explored, little attention had been paid to the intestine and its microbial flora as a potential source of these problems. Our recent studies have revealed significant disruption of the colonic, ileal, jejunal and gastric epithelial tight junction in different models of CKD in rats. Moreover, the disruption of the epithelial barrier structure and function found in uremic animals was replicated in cultured human colonocytes exposed to uremic human plasma in vitro We have further found significant changes in the composition and function of colonic bacterial flora in humans and animals with advanced CKD. Together, uremia-induced impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier structure and function and changes in composition of the gut microbiome contribute to the systemic inflammation and uremic toxicity by accommodating the translocation of endotoxin, microbial fragments and other noxious luminal products in the circulation. In addition, colonic bacteria are the main source of several well-known pro-inflammatory uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, trimethylamine-N-oxide and many as-yet unidentified retained compounds in end-stage renal disease patients. This review is intended to provide an overview of the effects of CKD on the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier structure and their role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation and uremic toxicity. In addition, potential interventions aimed at mitigating these abnormalities are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine V Pahl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
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Sensor arrays based on nanoparticles for early detection of kidney injury by breath samples. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1767-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antón AP, Ferreira AMC, Pinto CG, Cordero BM, Pavón JLP. Headspace generation coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the automated determination and quantification of endogenous compounds in urine. Aldehydes as possible markers of oxidative stress. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Amann A, Costello BDL, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Pleil J, Ratcliffe N, Risby T. The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J Breath Res 2014; 8:034001. [PMID: 24946087 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. Antoine Lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, Wilhelm (Vilém) Petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and Johannes Müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. A recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. For a large number of compounds, real-time analysis of exhaled breath or skin emanations has been performed, e.g., during exertion of effort on a stationary bicycle or during sleep. Volatile compounds in exhaled breath, which record historical exposure, are called the 'exposome'. Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound concentrations can be used to mirror metabolic or (patho)physiological processes in the whole body or blood concentrations of drugs (e.g. propofol) in clinical settings-even during artificial ventilation or during surgery. Also compounds released by bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumonia could be very interesting. Methyl methacrylate (CAS 80-62-6), for example, was observed in the headspace of Streptococcus pneumonia in concentrations up to 1420 ppb. Fecal volatiles have been implicated in differentiating certain infectious bowel diseases such as Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Cholera. They have also been used to differentiate other non-infectious conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, alterations in urine volatiles have been used to detect urinary tract infections, bladder, prostate and other cancers. Peroxidation of lipids and other biomolecules by reactive oxygen species produce volatile compounds like ethane and 1-pentane. Noninvasive detection and therapeutic monitoring of oxidative stress would be highly desirable in autoimmunological, neurological, inflammatory diseases and cancer, but also during surgery and in intensive care units. The investigation of cell cultures opens up new possibilities for elucidation of the biochemical background of volatile compounds. In future studies, combined investigations of a particular compound with regard to human matrices such as breath, urine, saliva and cell culture investigations will lead to novel scientific progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Univ-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr, 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
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Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ, Pahl M, Andersen GL, Vaziri ND. Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol 2014; 39:230-237. [PMID: 24643131 DOI: 10.1159/000360010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiome constitutes a symbiotic ecosystem that is essential for health, and changes in its composition/function cause various illnesses. Biochemical milieu shapes the structure and function of the microbiome. Recently, we found marked differences in the abundance of numerous bacterial taxa between ESRD and healthy individuals. Influx of urea and uric acid and dietary restriction of fruits and vegetables to prevent hyperkalemia alter ESRD patients' intestinal milieu. We hypothesized that relative abundances of bacteria possessing urease, uricase, and p-cresol- and indole-producing enzymes is increased, while abundance of bacteria containing enzymes converting dietary fiber to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is reduced in ESRD. METHODS Reference sets of bacteria containing genes of interest were compiled to family, and sets of intestinal bacterial families showing differential abundances between 12 healthy and 24 ESRD individuals enrolled in our original study were compiled. Overlap between sets was assessed using hypergeometric distribution tests. RESULTS Among 19 microbial families that were dominant in ESRD patients, 12 possessed urease, 5 possessed uricase, and 4 possessed indole and p-cresol-forming enzymes. Among 4 microbial families that were diminished in ESRD patients, 2 possessed butyrate-forming enzymes. Probabilities of these overlapping distributions were <0.05. CONCLUSIONS ESRD patients exhibited significant expansion of bacterial families possessing urease, uricase, and indole and p-cresol forming enzymes, and contraction of families possessing butyrate-forming enzymes. Given the deleterious effects of indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, and urea-derived ammonia, and beneficial actions of SCFA, these changes in intestinal microbial metabolism contribute to uremic toxicity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakk Wong
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Yvette M Piceno
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Madeleine Pahl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gary L Andersen
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Breath analysis of ammonia, volatile organic compounds and deuterated water vapor in chronic kidney disease and during dialysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:843-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatile metabolites present in trace amounts in exhaled breath of healthy individuals and patients, for example those with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), can now be detected and quantified by sensitive analytical techniques. In this review, special attention is given to the major retention metabolites resulting from dialysis-dependent CKD stage 5 and especially ammonia, as a potential estimator of the severity of uremia. However, other biomarkers are important, including the hydrocarbons isoprene, ethane and pentane, in that they are likely to indicate tissue injury associated with the dialysis treatment itself. Evaluation of over-hydration, a serious complication of CKD stage5 can be improved by analysis of deuterium in exhaled water vapor after ingestion of a known amount of deuterated water, so providing total body water measurements at the bedside to support clinical management of volume status.
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Jankowski J, Westhof T, Vaziri ND, Ingrosso D, Perna AF. Gases as Uremic Toxins: Is There Something in the Air? Semin Nephrol 2014; 34:135-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Stiegel MA, Hu D, Oliver KD, Olenick C, Strynar M, Clark M, Madden MC, Funk WE. Estimating common parameters of lognormally distributed environmental and biomonitoring data: harmonizing disparate statistics from publications. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:341-68. [PMID: 25333994 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.956854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The progression of science is driven by the accumulation of knowledge and builds upon published work of others. Another important feature is to place current results into the context of previous observations. The published literature, however, often does not provide sufficient direct information for the reader to interpret the results beyond the scope of that particular article. Authors tend to provide only summary statistics in various forms, such as means and standard deviations, median and range, quartiles, 95% confidence intervals, and so on, rather than providing measurement data. Second, essentially all environmental and biomonitoring measurements have an underlying lognormal distribution, so certain published statistical characterizations may be inappropriate for comparisons. The aim of this study was to review and develop direct conversions of different descriptions of data into a standard format comprised of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) and then demonstrate how, under the assumption of lognormal distribution, these parameters are used to answer questions of confidence intervals, exceedance levels, and statistical differences among distributions. A wide variety of real-world measurement data sets was reviewed, and it was demonstrated that these data sets are indeed of lognormal character, thus making them amenable to these methods. Potential errors incurred from making retrospective estimates from disparate summary statistics are described. In addition to providing tools to interpret "other people's data," this review should also be seen as a cautionary tale for publishing one's own data to make it as useful as possible for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Science Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Barbour AG, Hirsch CM, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Meinardi S, Lewis ERG, Estabragh AS, Blake DR. Elevated carbon monoxide in the exhaled breath of mice during a systemic bacterial infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69802. [PMID: 23936104 PMCID: PMC3729689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is the specimen of choice for most laboratory tests for diagnosis and disease monitoring. Sampling exhaled breath is a noninvasive alternative to phlebotomy and has the potential for real-time monitoring at the bedside. Improved instrumentation has advanced breath analysis for several gaseous compounds from humans. However, application to small animal models of diseases and physiology has been limited. To extend breath analysis to mice, we crafted a means for collecting nose-only breath samples from groups and individual animals who were awake. Samples were subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry procedures developed for highly sensitive analysis of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. We evaluated the system with experimental systemic infections of severe combined immunodeficiency Mus musculus with the bacterium Borrelia hermsii. Infected mice developed bacterial densities of ∼107 per ml of blood by day 4 or 5 and in comparison to uninfected controls had hepatosplenomegaly and elevations of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. While 12 samples from individual infected mice on days 4 and 5 and 6 samples from uninfected mice did not significantly differ for 72 different VOCs, carbon monoxide (CO) was elevated in samples from infected mice, with a mean (95% confidence limits) effect size of 4.2 (2.8–5.6), when differences in CO2 in the breath were taken into account. Normalized CO values declined to the uninfected range after one day of treatment with the antibiotic ceftriaxone. Strongly correlated with CO in the breath were levels of heme oxygenase-1 protein in serum and HMOX1 transcripts in whole blood. These results (i) provide further evidence of the informativeness of CO concentration in the exhaled breath during systemic infection and inflammation, and (ii) encourage evaluation of this noninvasive analytic approach in other various other rodent models of infection and for utility in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Barbour
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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