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Soulat-Dufour L, Ichou F, Ponnaiah M, Lang S, Ederhy S, Adavane-Scheuble S, Chauvet-Droit M, Capderou E, Arnaud C, Le Goff W, Boccara F, Hatem SN, Cohen A. Left atrial strain: A memory of the severity of atrial myocardial stress in atrial fibrillation. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 117:134-142. [PMID: 38290892 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial (LA) strain is a simple marker of LA function. The aim of the study was to evaluate the determinants of atrial cardiomyopathy in AF. METHODS In this pilot study, we prospectively evaluated clinical, biological, metabolomic and echocardiographic parameters for 85 consecutive patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation (AF) with restoration of sinus rhythm at 6 months. Eighty-one patients with an analysable LA strain at 6 months were divided into groups according to median reservoir strain:<23.3% (n=40) versus≥23.3% (n=41). RESULTS Compared to patients with the highest LA strain, patients with lowest LA strain had multiple differences at admission: clinical (older age; more frequent history of AF; more patterns of persistent AF); biological (higher fasting blood glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and urea; lower glomerular filtration rate); metabolomic (higher levels of kynurenine, kynurenine/tryptophan, and urea/creatinine; lower levels of arginine and methionine/methionine sulfoxide); and echocardiographic (higher two-dimensional end-systolic LA volume [LAV] indexes; higher three-dimensional end-systolic and end-diastolic LAV and right atrial volume indexes; lower LA and right atrial emptying fractions and three-dimensional right ventricular ejection fraction) (all P<0.05). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to predict LA strain alteration at 6 months was highest for a combined score including clinical, biological, metabolomic and echocardiographic variables at admission (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.871; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS LA reservoir strain could be a memory of initial atrial myocardial stress in AF. It can be predicted using a combination of clinical, biological, metabolomic and echocardiographic admission variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Soulat-Dufour
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Farid Ichou
- Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Maharajah Ponnaiah
- Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ederhy
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Saroumadi Adavane-Scheuble
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Marion Chauvet-Droit
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Capderou
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Camille Arnaud
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Franck Boccara
- Inserm 938, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université Site Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane N Hatem
- Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ariel Cohen
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France.
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2
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Al-Owais MM, Hettiarachchi NT, Dallas ML, Scragg JL, Lippiat JD, Holden AV, Steele DS, Peers C. Inhibition of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 by hydrogen sulfide attenuates remodeling through S-nitrosylation-mediated signaling. Commun Biol 2023; 6:651. [PMID: 37336943 PMCID: PMC10279668 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated K+ channel plays a key role in atrial excitability, conducting the ultra-rapid rectifier K+ current (IKur) and contributing to the repolarization of the atrial action potential. In this study, we examine its regulation by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and in HEK293 cells expressing human Kv1.5. Pacing induced remodeling resulted in shorting action potential duration, enhanced both Kv1.5 channel and H2S producing enzymes protein expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. H2S supplementation reduced these remodeling changes and restored action potential duration through inhibition of Kv1.5 channel. H2S also inhibited recombinant hKv1.5, lead to nitric oxide (NO) mediated S-nitrosylation and activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by increased phosphorylation of Ser1177, prevention of NO formation precluded these effects. Regulation of Ikur by H2S has important cardiovascular implications and represents a novel and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moza M Al-Owais
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nishani T Hettiarachchi
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Jason L Scragg
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jonathan D Lippiat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arun V Holden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Derek S Steele
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chris Peers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Goette A, Brandner S. [Atrial fibrillation on the intensive care unit : The special prognostic importance of the first manifestation]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:391-397. [PMID: 36156739 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with increased mortality. The AF is classified into five different forms, initially diagnosed AF, paroxysmal AF, persistent AF, long-standing persistent AF and permanent AF. Studies could confirm that the first manifestation of AF (new onset AF) is of particular importance in intensive care patients. The mortality and costs are much higher than for patients with chronic AF. This important clinical difference of the AF pattern should be taken into consideration in the treatment of intensive care patients. The treatment of comorbidities is essential in the treatment concept on the ICU. In patients with an increased risk of thromboembolic complications, therapeutic anticoagulation is indicated, although the greatly increased risk of bleeding during intensive care treatment should be considered in individual cases. In cases of hemodynamic instability electrical cardioversion should immediately be carried out. Otherwise, pharmacological cardioversion can also be carried out. Apart from a few exceptions, amiodarone is the antiarrhythmic drug of choice for rhythm control due to the contraindications for other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goette
- Medizinische Klinik II: Kardiologie und Intensivmedizin, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098, Paderborn, Deutschland.
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4
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Lu Y, Zhao N, Du Y. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis reveals common potential mechanisms, progression markers, and immune cells of coronary virus disease 2019 and atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1027026. [PMID: 36352845 PMCID: PMC9637541 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1027026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in coronary virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, especially in severe patients. A history of AF can exacerbate COVID-19 symptoms. COVID-19 Patients with new-onset AF have prolonged hospital stays and increased death risk. However, the mechanisms and targets of the interaction between COVID-19 and AF have not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a series of bioinformatics analyses to understand biological pathways, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, gene regulatory networks (GRNs), and protein-chemical interactions between COVID-19 and AF and constructed an AF-related gene signature to assess COVID-19 severity and prognosis. RESULTS We found folate and one-carbon metabolism, calcium regulation, and TFG-β signaling pathway as potential mechanisms linking COVID-19 and AF, which may be involved in alterations in neutrophil metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial cell function. We identified hug genes and found that NF-κb, hsa-miR-1-3p, hsa-miR-124-3p, valproic acid, and quercetin may be key regulatory molecules. We constructed a 3-gene signature consisting of ARG1, GIMAP7, and RFX2 models for the assessment of COVID-19 severity and prognosis, and found that they are associated with neutrophils, T cells, and hematopoietic stem cells, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a dysregulation of metabolism, inflammation, and immunity between COVID-19 and AF, and identified several therapeutic targets and progression markers. We hope that the results will reveal important insights into the complex interactions between COVID-19 and AF that will drive novel drug development and help in severity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimei Du
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ohlrogge AH, Frost L, Schnabel RB. Harmful Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Atrial Myocardium. Cells 2022; 11:2576. [PMID: 36010652 PMCID: PMC9406618 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are widespread exposures that are legal and socially accepted in many societies. Both have been widely recognized as important risk factors for diseases in all vital organ systems including cardiovascular diseases, and with clinical manifestations that are associated with atrial dysfunction, so-called atrial cardiomyopathy, especially atrial fibrillation and stroke. The pathogenesis of atrial cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and stroke in context with smoking and alcohol consumption is complex and multifactorial, involving pathophysiological mechanisms, environmental, and societal aspects. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding alterations in the atrial myocardium that is associated with smoking and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie H. Ohlrogge
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Frost
- Diagnostic Centre, University Clinic for Development of Innovative Patient Pathways, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Renate B. Schnabel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Exosomes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Overexpressed Nrf2 Inhibit Cardiac Fibrosis in Rats with Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:2687807. [PMID: 35360547 PMCID: PMC8941574 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2687807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of multiple heart conditions, data on roles of Nrf2 within atrial fibrillation (AF) still remain scant. The present investigation had the aim of analyzing Nrf2-overexpressing role/s upon bone mesenchymal stem cell- (BMSC-) derived exosomes in rats with AF. Methods Exosomes were collected from control or Nrf2 lentivirus-transduced BMSCs and then injected into rats with AF through the tail vein. AF duration was observed using electrocardiography. Immunohistochemical staining was then employed for assessing Nrf2, HO-1, α-SMA, collagen I, or TGF-β1 expression profiles within atrial myocardium tissues. Conversely, Masson staining was utilized to evaluate atrial fibrosis whereas apoptosis within myocardia was evaluated through TUNEL assays. In addition, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, or IL-10 serum expression was assessed through ELISA. Results Results of the current study showed significant downregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 within AF rat myocardia. It was found that injection of the control or Lv-Nrf2 exosomes significantly alleviated and lowered AF timespans together with reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Moreover, injection of Lv-Nrf2 exosomes essentially lowered AF-driven atrial fibrosis and also inhibited inflammatory responses in the rats with AF. Conclusion Delivery of BMSC-derived exosomes using overexpressed Nrf2 inhibited AF-induced arrhythmias, myocardial fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway triggering.
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7
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Avula UMR, Dridi H, Chen BX, Yuan Q, Katchman AN, Reiken SR, Desai AD, Parsons S, Baksh H, Ma E, Dasrat P, Ji R, Lin Y, Sison C, Lederer WJ, Joca HC, Ward CW, Greiser M, Marks AR, Marx SO, Wan EY. Attenuating persistent sodium current-induced atrial myopathy and fibrillation by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e147371. [PMID: 34710060 PMCID: PMC8675199 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistically driven therapies for atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, are urgently needed, the development of which requires improved understanding of the cellular signaling pathways that facilitate the structural and electrophysiological remodeling that occurs in the atria. Similar to humans, increased persistent Na+ current leads to the development of an atrial myopathy and spontaneous and long-lasting episodes of AF in mice. How increased persistent Na+ current causes both structural and electrophysiological remodeling in the atria is unknown. We crossbred mice expressing human F1759A-NaV1.5 channels with mice expressing human mitochondrial catalase (mCAT). Increased expression of mCAT attenuated mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the structural remodeling that was induced by persistent F1759A-Na+ current. Despite the heterogeneously prolonged atrial action potential, which was unaffected by the reduction in ROS, the incidences of spontaneous AF, pacing-induced after-depolarizations, and AF were substantially reduced. Expression of mCAT markedly reduced persistent Na+ current-induced ryanodine receptor oxidation and dysfunction. In summary, increased persistent Na+ current in atrial cardiomyocytes, which is observed in patients with AF, induced atrial enlargement, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysmorphology, early after-depolarizations, and AF, all of which can be attenuated by resolving mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Clyde & Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bi-xing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Clyde & Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Steven R. Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Clyde & Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Haajra Baksh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Elaine Ma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Ruiping Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yejun Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - W. Jonathan Lederer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology and
| | - Humberto C. Joca
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology and
| | - Christopher W. Ward
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology and
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maura Greiser
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology and
| | - Andrew R. Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Clyde & Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven O. Marx
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Watts M, Kolluru GK, Dherange P, Pardue S, Si M, Shen X, Trosclair K, Glawe J, Al-Yafeai Z, Iqbal M, Pearson BH, Hamilton KA, Orr AW, Glasscock E, Kevil CG, Dominic P. Decreased bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide links vascular endothelium and atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101817. [PMID: 33310503 PMCID: PMC7732878 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress drives the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia. In the cardiovascular system, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) serves as the primary enzyme producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a mammalian gasotransmitter that reduces oxidative stress. Using a case control study design in patients with and without AF and a mouse model of CSE knockout (CSE-KO), we evaluated the role of H2S in the etiology of AF. Patients with AF (n = 51) had significantly reduced plasma acid labile sulfide levels compared to patients without AF (n = 65). In addition, patients with persistent AF (n = 25) showed lower plasma free sulfide levels compared to patients with paroxysmal AF (n = 26). Consistent with an important role for H2S in AF, CSE-KO mice had decreased atrial sulfide levels, increased atrial superoxide levels, and enhanced propensity for induced persistent AF compared to wild type (WT) mice. Rescuing H2S signaling in CSE-KO mice by Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) supplementation or reconstitution with endothelial cell specific CSE over-expression significantly reduced atrial superoxide, increased sulfide levels, and lowered AF inducibility. Lastly, low H2S levels in CSE KO mice was associated with atrial electrical remodeling including longer effective refractory periods, slower conduction velocity, increased myocyte calcium sparks, and increased myocyte action potential duration that were reversed by DATS supplementation or endothelial CSE overexpression. Our findings demonstrate an important role of CSE and H2S bioavailability in regulating electrical remodeling and susceptibility to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Watts
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Parinita Dherange
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Sibile Pardue
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Man Si
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Krystle Trosclair
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Neurosurgery and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - John Glawe
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Zaki Al-Yafeai
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Mazen Iqbal
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Brenna H Pearson
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Kathryn A Hamilton
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - A Wayne Orr
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Edward Glasscock
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Paari Dominic
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States.
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9
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Bostan C, Kaya A, Yiğit Z. Changes in pentraxin 3 and oxidative parameters during coronary bypass grafting and factors affecting postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520967561. [PMID: 33147418 PMCID: PMC7780577 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520967561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The performance of coronary bypass grafting (CBG) induces a type of subclinical systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The present study was performed to examine the changes in pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and oxidative parameters during cross-clamping in patients undergoing CBG. We also examined factors affecting the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). Method This study involved 40 patients who underwent elective on-pump CBG (33 men, 7 women; mean age, 60.8 ± 8.0 years). Blood specimens were drawn before anaesthesia and after aortic cross-clamping. POAF was detected by analysing the rhythm records of telemetry units for 96 hours postoperatively. Results The mean PTX3 concentration prior to surgery was 176.3 ± 148.4 pg/mL. After cross-clamping, it increased to 947.7 ± 377.2 pg/mL. The increase was statistically significant. Twelve patients had POAF. The leucocyte count and change in the oxidative stress index were significantly higher in patients without than with POAF. Although the increase in PTX3 was higher in patients without POAF, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The PTX3 concentration significantly increases during CBG. A significant change in the oxidative stress index and a more intense increase in the PTX3 concentration were seen in patients without POAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Bostan
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Biochemistry Laboratory, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Yiğit
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Dridi H, Kushnir A, Zalk R, Yuan Q, Melville Z, Marks AR. Intracellular calcium leak in heart failure and atrial fibrillation: a unifying mechanism and therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:732-747. [PMID: 32555383 PMCID: PMC8362847 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous essential cellular functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. The intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]) is regulated primarily by ion channels, pumps (ATPases), exchangers and Ca2+-binding proteins. Defective regulation of [Ca2+] is found in a diverse spectrum of pathological states that affect all the major organs. In the heart, abnormalities in the regulation of cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] occur in heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF), two common forms of heart disease and leading contributors to morbidity and mortality. In this Review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), the major sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-release channel in the heart, how RYR2 becomes dysfunctional in HF and AF, and its potential as a therapeutic target. Inherited RYR2 mutations and/or stress-induced phosphorylation and oxidation of the protein destabilize the closed state of the channel, resulting in a pathological diastolic Ca2+ leak from the SR that both triggers arrhythmias and impairs contractility. On the basis of our increased understanding of SR Ca2+ leak as a shared Ca2+-dependent pathological mechanism in HF and AF, a new class of drugs developed in our laboratory, known as rycals, which stabilize RYR2 channels and prevent Ca2+ leak from the SR, are undergoing investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kushnir
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Zalk
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zephan Melville
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Yoo S, Pfenniger A, Hoffman J, Zhang W, Ng J, Burrell A, Johnson DA, Gussak G, Waugh T, Bull S, Benefield B, Knight BP, Passman R, Wasserstrom JA, Aistrup GL, Arora R. Attenuation of Oxidative Injury With Targeted Expression of NADPH Oxidase 2 Short Hairpin RNA Prevents Onset and Maintenance of Electrical Remodeling in the Canine Atrium: A Novel Gene Therapy Approach to Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2020; 142:1261-1278. [PMID: 32686471 PMCID: PMC9277750 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder in adults and a major cause of stroke. Unfortunately, current treatments of AF are suboptimal because they are not targeted to the molecular mechanisms underlying AF. Using a highly novel gene therapy approach in a canine, rapid atrial pacing model of AF, we demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) generated oxidative injury causes upregulation of a constitutively active form of acetylcholine-dependent K+ current (IKACh), called IKH; this is an important mechanism underlying not only the genesis, but also the perpetuation of electric remodeling in the intact, fibrillating atrium. METHODS To understand the mechanism by which oxidative injury promotes the genesis and maintenance of AF, we performed targeted injection of NOX2 short hairpin RNA (followed by electroporation to facilitate gene delivery) in atria of healthy dogs followed by rapid atrial pacing. We used in vivo high-density electric mapping, isolation of atrial myocytes, whole-cell patch clamping, in vitro tachypacing of atrial myocytes, lucigenin chemiluminescence assay, immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS First, we demonstrate that generation of oxidative injury in atrial myocytes is a frequency-dependent process, with rapid pacing in canine atrial myocytes inducing oxidative injury through the induction of NOX2 and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. We show that oxidative injury likely contributes to electric remodeling in AF by upregulating IKACh by a mechanism involving frequency-dependent activation of PKCε (protein kinase C epsilon). The time to onset of nonsustained AF increased by >5-fold in NOX2 short hairpin RNA-treated dogs. Furthermore, animals treated with NOX2 short hairpin RNA did not develop sustained AF for up to 12 weeks. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying AF prevention was prolongation of atrial effective refractory periods, at least in part attributable to the attenuation of IKACh. Attenuated membrane translocation of PKCε appeared to be a likely molecular mechanism underlying this beneficial electrophysiological remodeling. CONCLUSIONS NOX2 oxidative injury (1) underlies the onset, and the maintenance of electric remodeling in AF, as well, and (2) can be successfully prevented with a novel, gene-based approach. Future optimization of this approach may lead to a novel, mechanism-guided therapy for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yoo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna Pfenniger
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jacob Hoffman
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jason Ng
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Amy Burrell
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David A. Johnson
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Georg Gussak
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Trent Waugh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Suzanne Bull
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brandon Benefield
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bradley P. Knight
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rod Passman
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Andrew Wasserstrom
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Rishi Arora
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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12
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Berlin S, Goette A, Summo L, Lossie J, Gebauer A, Al-Saady N, Calo L, Naccarelli G, Schunck WH, Fischer R, Camm AJ, Dobrev D. Assessment of OMT-28, a synthetic analog of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids, in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: Rationale and design of the PROMISE-AF phase II study. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100573. [PMID: 32685659 PMCID: PMC7356118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We designed a placebo controlled, double-blind, randomized, dose-finding phase II study on OMT-28 in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion (DCC) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PROMISE-AF). OMT-28 is a first-in-class, synthetic analog of 17,18-epoxyeicosatetetraenoic acid, a bioactive lipid mediator generated by cytochrome P450 enzymes from the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. OMT-28 improves Ca2+-handling and mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes and reduces pro-inflammatory signaling. This unique mode of action may provide a novel approach to target key mechanism contributing to AF pathophysiology. In a recent phase I study, OMT-28 was safe and well tolerated and showed favorable pharmacokinetics. The PROMISE-AF study (NCT03906799) is designed to assess the efficacy (primary objective), safety, and population pharmacokinetics (secondary objectives) of three different doses of OMT-28, administered once daily, versus placebo until the end of the follow-up period. Recruitment started in March 2019 and the study will include a total of 120 patients. The primary efficacy endpoint is the AF burden (% time with any AF), evaluated over a 13-week treatment period after DCC. AF burden is calculated based on continuous ECG monitoring using an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM). The primary efficacy analysis will be conducted on the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, whereas the safety analysis will be done on the safety population. Although ICMs have been used in other interventional studies to assess arrhythmia, PROMISE-AF will be the first study to assess antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of a novel rhythm-stabilizing drug after DCC by using ICMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Goette
- Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital, Paderborn, Germany.,Working Group Molecular Electrophysiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Calo
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald Naccarelli
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - A John Camm
- St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, Hirano K, Szeiffova Bacova B. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2844. [PMID: 32325836 PMCID: PMC7215427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A perennial task is to prevent the occurrence and/or recurrence of most frequent or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). VF may be lethal in cases without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or with failure of this device. Incidences of AF, even the asymptomatic ones, jeopardize the patient's life due to its complication, notably the high risk of embolic stroke. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in subclinical AF screening and searching for novel electrophysiological and molecular markers. Considering the worldwide increase in cases of thyroid dysfunction and diseases, including thyroid carcinoma, we aimed to explore the implication of thyroid hormones in pro-arrhythmic signaling in the pathophysiological setting. The present review provides updated information about the impact of altered thyroid status on both the occurrence and recurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, predominantly AF. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of both thyroid status monitoring and AF screening in the general population, as well as in patients with thyroid dysfunction and malignancies. Real-world data on early AF identification in relation to thyroid function are scarce. Even though symptomatic AF is rare in patients with thyroid malignancies, who are under thyroid suppressive therapy, clinicians should be aware of potential interaction with asymptomatic AF. It may prevent adverse consequences and improve the quality of life. This issue may be challenging for an updated registry of AF in clinical practice. Thyroid hormones should be considered a biomarker for cardiac arrhythmias screening and their tailored management because of their multifaceted cellular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis Tribulova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lin Hai Kurahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Peter Hlivak
- Department of Arrhythmias and Pacing, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pod Krásnou Hôrkou 1, 83348 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Barbara Szeiffova Bacova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Kanorskiy SG, Polischuk LV. [Control of ventricular rate in permanent atrial fibrillation: cardio-protec-tion and tissue hemodynamics]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2020; 60:30-36. [PMID: 32375613 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.3.n870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate myocardial injury and tissue hemodynamics in elderly patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) based on the achieved range of ventricular contraction rate (VCR).Materials and Methods This prospective, randomized, blind study included 75 patients aged ≥60 with permanent AF. All patients were prescribed bisoprolol as a VCR-reducing therapy. Patients were randomized to two groups according to the permuted-block design based on the range of resting VCR goal: group 1, 60-79 bpm (n=38) and group 2, 80-100 bpm (n=37). All patients also received perindopril and apixaban. Troponin I concentration was measured using the high-sensitivity assay (hsTn); parameters of tissue hemodynamics, including the mean blood flow velocity (Vm) and pulsatility index (PI), were measured using high-frequency ultrasound doppler flowmetry; echocardiographic indexes of left heart remodeling were recorded at baseline and after 6 month of VCR monitoring.Results Mean age of patients was 74±7 years. Medians [25th percentile; 75th percentile] of baseline hsTn concentrations were 10.2 [5.25; 21.2] ng / l in group 1 and 10.3 [5.4; 20.4] ng / ml in group 2 (p=0.91). 89.5 % of patients in group 1 and 100 % of patients in group 2 achieved the VCR range goal. At 6 month, resting VCRs were 70±4 bpm in group 1 (n=34) and 88±5 bpm in group 2 (n=37) (p1, p2<0.001). According to echocardiographic data significant progression of myocardial remodeling was not observed. Concentrations of hsTn significantly decreased in both groups but the decrease was more pronounced in group 1, to 8.0 [4.13; 17.23; p1<0.001] ng / l vs. 9.2 [4.8, 17.5] ng / l in group 2 (р1, p2<0.001). A weak direct correlation was found between the VCR decrease and hsTn concentration (rs=0.44; p=0.009 in group 1, and rs=0.41; p=0.01 in group 2); regression coefficient was 0.78 at 95 % confidence interval (CI), from 0.21 to 1.3 (p=0.009) in group 1, and 0.14 at 95 % CI, from 0.04 to 0.24 (p=0.007) in group 2. Vm values were increased to 2.93±0.10 (p<0.001) and 3.21±0.09 cm / sec (p<0.001) and PIs were decreased to 1.42±0.03 conv. units (p<0.01) and to 1.34±0.02 conv. units (p<0.001) in groups 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusion The treatment aimed at VCR control in patients older than 60 with permanent AF was associated with a positive dynamics of myocardial injury (hsTn) and tissue hemodynamics indexes (Vm и РI). This indicates a possibility for using these indexes for further improvement of managing such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kanorskiy
- Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - L V Polischuk
- Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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15
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Wenxin Keli Regulates Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Homeostasis and Improves Atrial Remodeling in Diabetic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2468031. [PMID: 32104528 PMCID: PMC7040409 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2468031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of both atrial fibrillation (AF) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Wenxin Keli (WXKL), an antiarrhythmic traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to prevent cardiac arrhythmias through modulation of cardiac ion channels. This study tested the hypothesis that WXKL can improve atrial remodeling in diabetic rats by restoring mitochondrial function. Primary atrial fibroblasts of neonatal SD rats were divided into four groups: control, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), H2O2+WXKL 1 g/L, and H2O2+WXKL 3 g/L groups. Intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial oxygen consumption were measured. SD male rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, DM, and DM+WXKL groups. Rats in the DM+WXKL group were treated with daily gavage of WXKL at 3 g/kg. After eight weeks, echocardiography, hemodynamic examination, histology, electrophysiology study, mitochondrial respiratory function, and western blots were assessed. H2O2 treatment led to increased ROS and decreased intracellular MMP and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in primary atrial fibroblasts. WXKL improved the above changes. DM rats showed increased atrial fibrosis, greater left atrial diameter, lower atrial conduction velocity, higher conduction heterogeneity, higher AF inducibility, and lower mitochondrial protein expression, and all these abnormal changes except for left atrial diameter were improved in the DM+WXKL group. WXKL improves atrial remodeling by regulating mitochondrial function and homeostasis and reducing mitochondrial ROS in diabetic rats.
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16
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Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation: Which One Is a True Marker? Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:8302326. [PMID: 31061732 PMCID: PMC6466952 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8302326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmias and associated with the risk of stroke and death. Continuous development of the diagnostic tool and prognostic stratification may lead to optimal management of AF. The use of biomarkers in the management of AF has been grown as an interesting topic. However, the AF biomarkers are not yet well established in the major guidelines. Among these biomarkers, a lot of data show troponin and brain natriuretic peptides are promising for the prediction of future events. The troponin elevation in AF patients may not necessarily be diagnosed as myocardial infarction or significant coronary artery stenosis, and brain natriuretic peptide elevation may not necessarily confirm heart failure. Troponin T and troponin I may predict postoperative AF. Furthermore, troponin and brain natriuretic peptide gave better prognostic performance when compared with the risk score available today.
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17
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Sun D, Tiedt S, Yu B, Jian X, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Boerwinkle E, Dichgans M, Fornage M. A prospective study of serum metabolites and risk of ischemic stroke. Neurology 2019; 92:e1890-e1898. [PMID: 30867269 PMCID: PMC6550501 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify promising blood-based biomarkers and novel etiologic pathways of disease risk, we applied an untargeted serum metabolomics profiling in a community-based prospective study of ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS In 3,904 men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study, Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association of incident IS with the standardized level of 245 fasting serum metabolites individually, adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, batch, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking status, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Validation of results was carried out in an independent sample of 114 IS cases and 112 healthy controls. RESULTS Serum levels of 2 long-chain dicarboxylic acids, tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate, were strongly correlated (r = 0.88) and were associated with incident IS after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.11 [1.06-1.16] and 1.12 [1.07-1.17], respectively; p < 0.0001). Analyses by IS subtypes suggested that these associations were specific to cardioembolic stroke (CES). Associations of tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate with IS were independently confirmed (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.76 [1.21; 2.56] and 1.60 [1.11; 2.32], respectively). CONCLUSION Two serum long-chain dicarboxylic acids, metabolic products of ω-oxidation of fatty acids, were associated with IS and CES independently of known risk factors. Pathways related to intracellular hexadecanedioate synthesis or those involved in its clearance from the circulation may mediate IS risk. These results highlight the potential of metabolomics to discover novel circulating biomarkers for stroke and to unravel novel pathways for IS and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokun Sun
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Bing Yu
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany.
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Lozano-Velasco E, Garcia-Padilla C, Aránega AE, Franco D. Genetics of Atrial Fibrilation: In Search of Novel Therapeutic Targets. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:183-194. [PMID: 30727926 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190206150349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmogenic disease in humans, ranging from 2% in the general population and rising up to 10-12% in 80+ years. Genetic analyses of AF familiar cases have identified a series of point mutations in distinct ion channels, supporting a causative link. However, these genetic defects only explain a minority of AF patients. Genomewide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), close to PITX2 on 4q25 chromosome, that are highly associated to AF. Subsequent GWAS studies have identified several new loci, involving additional transcription and growth factors. Furthermore, these risk 4q25 SNPs serve as surrogate biomarkers to identify AF recurrence in distinct surgical and pharmacological interventions. Experimental studies have demonstrated an intricate signalling pathway supporting a key role of the homeobox transcription factor PITX2 as a transcriptional regulator. Furthermore, cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperthyroidism, hypertension and redox homeostasis have been identified to modulate PITX2 driven gene regulatory networks. We provide herein a state-of-the-art review of the genetic bases of atrial fibrillation, our current understanding of the genetic regulatory networks involved in AF and its plausible usage for searching novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aránega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
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Hammwöhner M, Bukowska A, Mahardika W, Goette A. Clinical importance of atrial cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2018; 287:174-180. [PMID: 30527991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of thromboembolic complications. The risk of suffering a thromboembolic complication correlates with the CHA2DS2-VASc score identifying patients at increased risk. It is based on patient age, prior thromboembolic events, and clinical comorbidities, but not based on pathophysiological changes in different types of atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) as classified in the expert consensus on ACM published in 2016. The impact of different types of ACM has also been acknowledged in the expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this review is to review data on clinical importance of ACMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hammwöhner
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Alicia Bukowska
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wisnu Mahardika
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus, Paderborn, Germany.
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20
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Korantzopoulos P, Letsas K, Fragakis N, Tse G, Liu T. Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation: an update. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1199-1209. [PMID: 30003814 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1500696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrial remodelling involves electrophysiological and structural abnormalities that promote the development and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Experimental and clinical data indicate that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of atrial remodelling. The mechanistic links between atrial remodelling and oxidative stress are complex with several underlying diseases and conditions may affect these pathways. Therefore, the development of antioxidant interventions in this setting remains difficult. Besides classical antioxidant compounds, several agents with pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, have been tested in experimental and clinical settings with variable results. Strategies applying conventional antioxidants in specific situations such as postoperative atrial fibrillation show beneficial effects, especially the two-step regimen of antioxidants combination. Of note, there are limited data on the development of strategies that target specific sources of reactive oxygen species implicated in atrial remodelling. Lifestyle, diet, and risk factors modification is a complementary promising approach. This updated review provides a concise and critical overview of all available data regarding oxidative stress and its modulation in atrial fibrillation. Future directions on this exciting field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Letsas
- b Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology , "Evangelismos" General Hospital of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Fragakis
- c Third Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Athens , Greece
| | - Gary Tse
- d Department of Medicine and Therapeutics , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , P. R. China.,e Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tong Liu
- f Department of Cardiology , Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P. R. China
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21
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Bukowska A, Hammwöhner M, Corradi D, Mahardhika W, Goette A. Atrial thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation : Results from atrial fibrillation models and AF-patients. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2018; 29:76-83. [PMID: 29234866 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-017-0543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of thromboembolic complications. The risk of suffering a thromboembolic complication depends on the accompanying cardiac risk factors and the patient's age. For patients who have an increased risk, which is now classified using the CHA2DS2-VASc score, initiation of long-term oral anticoagulation is the first-line treatment. In AF, thrombi arise in the left atrial appendage. The present review will summarize the basic pathophysiology of thrombogenesis in AF and will provide the molecular basis of a process called prothrombotic endocardial remodeling. Despite oral anticoagulation being a central component of therapy, the present results can be used to support concomitant therapy with statins, angiotensin II blockers, etc. to inhibit atrial thromogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Bukowska
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammwöhner
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz Hospital, Am Busdorf 2, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Domenico Corradi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), Unit of Pathology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Wisno Mahardhika
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz Hospital, Am Busdorf 2, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz Hospital, Am Busdorf 2, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
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22
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Lozano-Velasco E, Wangensteen R, Quesada A, Garcia-Padilla C, Osorio JA, Ruiz-Torres MD, Aranega A, Franco D. Hyperthyroidism, but not hypertension, impairs PITX2 expression leading to Wnt-microRNA-ion channel remodeling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188473. [PMID: 29194452 PMCID: PMC5711019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PITX2 is a homeobox transcription factor involved in embryonic left/right signaling and more recently has been associated to cardiac arrhythmias. Genome wide association studies have pinpointed PITX2 as a major player underlying atrial fibrillation (AF). We have previously described that PITX2 expression is impaired in AF patients. Furthermore, distinct studies demonstrate that Pitx2 insufficiency leads to complex gene regulatory network remodeling, i.e. Wnt>microRNAs, leading to ion channel impairment and thus to arrhythmogenic events in mice. Whereas large body of evidences has been provided in recent years on PITX2 downstream signaling pathways, scarce information is available on upstream pathways influencing PITX2 in the context of AF. Multiple risk factors are associated to the onset of AF, such as e.g. hypertension (HTN), hyperthyroidism (HTD) and redox homeostasis impairment. In this study we have analyzed whether HTN, HTD and/or redox homeostasis impact on PITX2 and its downstream signaling pathways. Using rat models for spontaneous HTN (SHR) and experimentally-induced HTD we have observed that both cardiovascular risk factors lead to severe Pitx2 downregulation. Interesting HTD, but not SHR, leads to up-regulation of Wnt signaling as well as deregulation of multiple microRNAs and ion channels as previously described in Pitx2 insufficiency models. In addition, redox signaling is impaired in HTD but not SHR, in line with similar findings in atrial-specific Pitx2 deficient mice. In vitro cell culture analyses using gain- and loss-of-function strategies demonstrate that Pitx2, Zfhx3 and Wnt signaling influence redox homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Thus, redox homeostasis seems to play a pivotal role in this setting, providing a regulatory feedback loop. Overall these data demonstrate that HTD, but not HTN, can impair Pitx2>>Wnt pathway providing thus a molecular link to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Quesada
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Julia A. Osorio
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
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23
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Bukowska A, Felgendreher M, Scholz B, Wolke C, Schulte JS, Fehrmann E, Wardelmann E, Seidl MD, Lendeckel U, Himmler K, Gardemann A, Goette A, Müller FU. CREM-transgene mice: An animal model of atrial fibrillation and thrombogenesis. Thromb Res 2017; 163:172-179. [PMID: 28807377 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular pathomechanisms underlying atrial thrombogenesis are multifactorial and still require detailed investigations. Transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-directed expression of the transcriptional repressor CREM-IbΔC-X (CREM-TG) represent an experimental model of atrial fibrillation (AF) that shows a gradual, age-dependent progression from atrial ectopy to persistent AF. Importantly, this model develops biatrial thrombi. The molecular characteristics related to the thrombogenesis in CREM-TG mice have not been studied, yet. METHODS The inflammatory and prothrombotic state was evaluated at the transcriptional (qRT-PCR) and protein level in the left (LA) and right atria (RA) from CREM-TG mice at the age of 20weeks and compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, histological analyses of atrial thrombi were performed. RESULTS The endocardial dysfunction was mirrored by diminished levels of eNOS-mRNA in both atria (RA: 0.79±0.04, LA: 0.72±0.06; each P<0.05). Moreover, the PAI-1/t-PA mRNA ratio was significantly increased in both atria (RA: 3.6±0.6; P<0.01, LA: 4.0±1.0; P<0.05) indicating a high risk of thrombus formation. However, the inflammatory phenotype was more pronounced in the RA and was reflected by a significant increase in the mRNA levels encoding adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (2.1±0.2; P<0.01), VCAM-1 (2.3±0.5; P<0.05), and selectin P (3.6±0.5: P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CREM-TG mice represent a valuable model for studying atrial thrombogenesis and assessing therapeutic approaches preventing embolic events in the systemic and pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bukowska
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Felgendreher
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - B Scholz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - C Wolke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - J S Schulte
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - E Fehrmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - E Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - M D Seidl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - U Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Himmler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - A Gardemann
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Goette
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; St. Vincenz-Hospital, Paderborn, Germany
| | - F U Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
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24
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Abstract
The balance of oxidants and antioxidants within the cell is crucial for maintaining health, and regulating physiological processes such as signalling. Consequently, imbalances between oxidants and antioxidants are now understood to lead to oxidative stress, a physiological feature that underlies many diseases. These processes have spurred the field of chemical biology to develop a plethora of sensors, both small-molecule and fluorescent protein-based, for the detection of specific oxidizing species and general redox balances within cells. The mitochondrion, in particular, is the site of many vital redox reactions. There is therefore a need to target redox sensors to this particular organelle. It has been well established that targeting mitochondria can be achieved by the use of a lipophilic cation-targeting group, or by utilizing natural peptidic mitochondrial localization sequences. Here, we review how these two approaches have been used by a number of researchers to develop mitochondrially localized fluorescent redox sensors that are already proving useful in providing insights into the roles of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth J. New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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25
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Kaur A, Jankowska K, Pilgrim C, Fraser ST, New EJ. Studies of Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation with a Ratiometric and Reversible Sensor of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:667-79. [PMID: 26865422 PMCID: PMC4860629 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic elevations in cellular redox state are known to result in the onset of various pathological conditions, but transient increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are necessary for signal transduction and various physiological functions. There is a distinct lack of reversible fluorescent tools that can aid in studying and unraveling the roles of ROS/RNS in physiology and pathology by monitoring the variations in cellular ROS levels over time. In this work, we report the development of ratiometric fluorescent sensors that reversibly respond to changes in mitochondrial redox state. RESULTS Photophysical studies of the developed flavin-rhodamine redox sensors, flavin-rhodamine redox sensor 1 (FRR1) and flavin-rhodamine redox sensor 2 (FRR2), confirmed the reversible response of the probes upon reduction and re-oxidation over more than five cycles. The ratiometric output of FRR1 and FRR2 remained unaltered in the presence of other possible cellular interferants (metals and pH). Microscopy studies indicated clear mitochondrial localization of both probes, and FRR2 was shown to report the time-dependent increase of mitochondrial ROS levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation in macrophages. Moreover, it was used to study the variations in mitochondrial redox state in mouse hematopoietic cells at different stages of embryonic development and maturation. INNOVATION This study provides the first ratiometric and reversible probes for ROS, targeted to the mitochondria, which reveal variations in mitochondrial ROS levels at different stages of embryonic and adult blood cell production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that with their ratiometric and reversible outputs, FRR1 and FRR2 are valuable tools for the future study of oxidative stress and its implications in physiology and pathology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 667-679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- 1 School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Chelsea Pilgrim
- 2 Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- 2 Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- 1 School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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26
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Franco D, Lozano-Velasco E, Aranega A. Gene regulatory networks in atrial fibrillation. World J Med Genet 2016; 6:1-16. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmogenic syndrome in humans. With an estimate incidence of 1%-2% in the general population, AF raises up to almost 10%-12% in 80+ years. Thus, AF represents nowadays a highly prevalent medical problem generating a large economic burden. At the electrophysiological level, distinct mechanisms have been elucidated. Yet, despite its prevalence, the genetic and molecular culprits of this pandemic cardiac electrophysiological abnormality have remained largely obscure. Molecular genetics of AF familiar cases have demonstrated that single nucleotide mutations in distinct genes encoding for ion channels underlie the onset of AF, albeit such alterations only explain a minor subset of patients with AF. In recent years, analyses by means of genome-wide association studies have unraveled a more complex picture of the etiology of AF, pointing out to distinct cardiac-enriched transcription factors, as well as to other regulatory genes. Furthermore a new layer of regulatory mechanisms have emerged, i.e., post-transcriptional regulation mediated by non-coding RNA, which have been demonstrated to exert pivotal roles in cardiac electrophysiology. In this manuscript, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the genetic regulatory networks that if impaired exert electrophysiological abnormalities that contribute to the onset, and subsequently, on self-perpetuation of AF.
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27
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Simon JN, Ziberna K, Casadei B. Compromised redox homeostasis, altered nitroso-redox balance, and therapeutic possibilities in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:510-8. [PMID: 26786158 PMCID: PMC4777914 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the initiation, development, and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been linked to alterations in myocyte redox state, the field lacks a complete understanding of the impact these changes may have on cellular signalling, atrial electrophysiology, and disease progression. Recent studies demonstrate spatiotemporal changes in reactive oxygen species production shortly after the induction of AF in animal models with an uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase activity ensuing in the presence of long-standing persistent AF, ultimately leading to a major shift in nitroso–redox balance. However, it remains unclear which radical or non-radical species are primarily involved in the underlying mechanisms of AF or which proteins are targeted for redox modification. In most instances, only free radical oxygen species have been assessed; yet evidence from the redox signalling field suggests that non-radical species are more likely to regulate cellular processes. A wider appreciation for the distinction of these species and how both species may be involved in the development and maintenance of AF could impact treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize how redox second-messenger systems are regulated and discuss the recent evidence for alterations in redox regulation in the atrial myocardium in the presence of AF, while identifying some critical missing links. We also examine studies looking at antioxidants for the prevention and treatment of AF and propose alternative redox targets that may serve as superior therapeutic options for the treatment of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Simon
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Klemen Ziberna
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Casadei
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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28
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Opacic D, van Bragt KA, Nasrallah HM, Schotten U, Verheule S. Atrial metabolism and tissue perfusion as determinants of electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:527-41. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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29
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Mesubi OO, Anderson ME. Atrial remodelling in atrial fibrillation: CaMKII as a nodal proarrhythmic signal. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:542-57. [PMID: 26762270 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CaMKII is a serine-threonine protein kinase that is abundant in myocardium. Emergent evidence suggests that CaMKII may play an important role in promoting atrial fibrillation (AF) by targeting a diverse array of proteins involved in membrane excitability, cell survival, calcium homeostasis, matrix remodelling, inflammation, and metabolism. Furthermore, CaMKII inhibition appears to protect against AF in animal models and correct proarrhythmic, defective intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in fibrillating human atrial cells. This review considers current concepts and evidence from animal and human studies on the role of CaMKII in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olurotimi O Mesubi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 9026, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 9026, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Department of Physiology and the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Tsai FC, Chang GJ, Hsu YJ, Lin YM, Lee YS, Chen WJ, Kuo CT, Yeh YH. Proinflammatory gene expression in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery and maze ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:1673-1682.e5. [PMID: 26774166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is difficult to achieve rhythm control in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). The radiofrequency maze procedure is an effective means in curing AF with a variable recurrence rate depending on patient characteristics and AF duration. In these patients, the characteristics of the atrial substrate have not been well investigated. Because the inflammatory process has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of AF, we sought to characterize the proinflammatory gene expression in left atria obtained from patients with AF undergoing mitral valve surgery combined with the maze procedure to distinguish the changes associated with AF and its recurrence after the surgical ablation. METHODS Left atrial appendages from 35 patients receiving mitral valve surgery were used for study. Ten patients had sinus rhythm (SR) and 25 patients had persistent AF for more than 1 year and underwent the maze procedure. Among the AF patients, 13 patients remained in SR (AF-SR) and 12 patients had recurrent AF during the 1-year clinical follow-up (AF-AF). The nCounter Human Inflammation Array (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, Wash) was used for evaluating proinflammatory gene expression. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were applied for studying messenger RNA and protein expression. RESULTS Of 144 expressed proinflammatory genes, the inflammation array analysis revealed that 32 genes were differentially expressed between AF (including AF-SR and AF-AF) and SR. Thirteen genes were differentially expressed between AF-SR and AF-AF. The array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction produced parallel results in analyzing the expression of particular genes. Concordant with the gene expression difference between AF and SR patients, rapid pacing increased the expressions of SHC1, RHOA, PDGFA, and TRAF2 in HL-1 myocytes, implicating a causative effect of tachyarrhythmia on these genes. Compared with AF-SR, AF-AF expressed more intense oxidative stress, upregulations of collagen, transforming growth factor beta 1, and intranuclear nuclear factor of activated T-cells. Regression analysis showed that increased left atrial diameter was associated with the expression of RHOA and STAT1. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression profiles of proflammatory genes were presented between SR and AF and between maintained SR and recurrent AF after the maze procedure. The identified inflammatory molecules associated with AF and failed surgical ablation may provide clues for developing new potential therapeutic targets to improve AF rhythm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chun Tsai
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Min Lin
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Kuo
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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31
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Korantzopoulos P, Kyrlas K, Liu T, Li G, Goudevenos JA. Red blood cell distribution width and atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome. J Cardiol 2015; 67:551-4. [PMID: 26321105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a marker of anisocytosis of erythrocytes and is related to inflammatory stress. Recently, RDW has been associated with AF. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential association of RDW with AF history in patients with SSS. METHODS Consecutive patients with symptomatic SSS undergoing dual-chamber pacemaker implantation were screened. Baseline clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic parameters were recorded. Conventional inflammatory indexes were also assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for parameters associated with AF were performed. RESULTS The final study population consisted of 101 patients (47 men); median age: 77 [73-82] years. The demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between tachy-brady (AF history) patients (n=32) and patients with other forms of SSS (n=69). Left atrial diameter was increased in tachy-brady patients [44 (39-48)mm vs. 39 (36-44)mm; p=0.05]. Also, the RDW was greater in these patients [14.7 (13.6-15.4)% vs. 13.7 (13.4-14.3)%; p=0.02]. Multivariate analysis showed that RDW is independently associated with AF (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.06-2.85; p=0.04). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.69 (p=0.028). A RDW cut-off point of 14 was related to AF with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 69%. CONCLUSION RDW is associated with AF history in patients with SSS. The prognostic value of RDW in terms of future AF development and arrhythmia perpetuation in these patients should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Kyrlas
- First Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Goudevenos
- First Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Mitochondrial oxidative stress promotes atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11427. [PMID: 26169582 PMCID: PMC4501003 DOI: 10.1038/srep11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Indeed, the prevalence of AF increases with age as does oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms linking redox state to AF are not well understood. In this study we identify a link between oxidative stress and aberrant intracellular Ca2+ release via the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) that promotes AF. We show that RyR2 are oxidized in the atria of patients with chronic AF compared with individuals in sinus rhythm. To dissect the molecular mechanism linking RyR2 oxidation to AF we used two murine models harboring RyR2 mutations that cause intracellular Ca2+ leak. Mice with intracellular Ca2+ leak exhibited increased atrial RyR2 oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and AF susceptibility. Both genetic inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production and pharmacological treatment of RyR2 leakage prevented AF. Collectively, our results indicate that alterations of RyR2 and mitochondrial ROS generation form a vicious cycle in the development of AF. Targeting this previously unrecognized mechanism could be useful in developing effective interventions to prevent and treat AF.
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Zakkar M, Ascione R, James AF, Angelini GD, Suleiman MS. Inflammation, oxidative stress and postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:13-20. [PMID: 26116810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication of cardiac surgery that occurs in up to 60% of patients. POAF is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, stroke and other arrhythmias that can impact on early and long term clinical outcomes and health economics. Many factors such as disease-induced cardiac remodelling, operative trauma, changes in atrial pressure and chemical stimulation and reflex sympathetic/parasympathetic activation have been implicated in the development of POAF. There is mounting evidence to support a major role for inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of POAF. Both are consequences of using cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion following ischaemic cardioplegic arrest. Subsequently, several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs have been tested in an attempt to reduce the incidence of POAF. However, prevention remains suboptimal and thus far none of the tested drugs has provided sufficient efficacy to be widely introduced in clinical practice. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the onset and persistence of POAF is needed to develop more effective prediction and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zakkar
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - R Ascione
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - A F James
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - G D Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - M S Suleiman
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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