1
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Wang J, Zhou T. Unveiling gut microbiota's role: Bidirectional regulation of drug transport for improved safety. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39180410 DOI: 10.1002/med.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Drug safety is a paramount concern in the field of drug development, with researchers increasingly focusing on the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota in this context. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining drug safety. It can influence drug transport processes in the body through various mechanisms, thereby modulating their efficacy and toxicity. The main mechanisms include: (1) The gut microbiota directly interacts with drugs, altering their chemical structure to reduce toxicity and enhance efficacy, thereby impacting drug transport mechanisms, drugs can also change the structure and abundance of gut bacteria; (2) bidirectional regulation of intestinal barrier permeability by gut microbiota, promoting the absorption of nontoxic drugs and inhibiting the absorption of toxic components; (3) bidirectional regulation of the expression and activity of transport proteins by gut microbiota, selectively promoting the absorption of effective components or inhibiting the absorption of toxic components. This bidirectional regulatory role enables the gut microbiota to play a key role in maintaining drug balance in the body and reducing adverse reactions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms sheds light on novel approaches to minimize toxic side effects, enhance drug efficacy, and ultimately improve drug safety. This review systematically examines the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota in drug transportation from the aforementioned aspects, emphasizing their significance in ensuring drug safety. Furthermore, it offers a prospective outlook from the standpoint of enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing drug toxicity, underscoring the importance of further exploration in this research domain. It aims to provide more effective strategies for drug development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Roesner JM, Vergara AG, Paragas EM, Aliwarga T, Humphreys S. Enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions: a review of in vivo and in vitro methodologies, regulatory guidance, and translation to the clinic. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39057923 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be caused by altered activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the presence of a perpetrator drug, mostly via inhibition or induction. We identified a gap in the literature for a state-of-the art detailed overview assessing this type of DDI risk in the context of drug development. This manuscript discusses in vitro and in vivo methodologies employed during the drug discovery and development process to predict clinical enzyme-mediated DDIs, including the determination of clearance pathways, metabolic enzyme contribution, and the mechanisms and kinetics of enzyme inhibition and induction. We discuss regulatory guidance and highlight the utility of in silico physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, an approach that continues to gain application and traction in support of regulatory filings. Looking to the future, we consider DDI risk assessment for targeted protein degraders, an emerging small molecule modality, which does not have recommended guidelines for DDI evaluation. Our goal in writing this report was to provide early-career researchers with a comprehensive view of the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic DDI landscape to aid their drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Roesner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Wada K, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, Fujisawa T. Hepatic enzyme induction and its potential effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in the metamorphosing tadpole of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39039701 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic enzyme induction, an inherent defense system against xenobiotics, is known to simultaneously affect endocrine system functions in mammals under specific conditions, particularly thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. While this phenomenon has been studied extensively, the pathway leading to this indirect thyroid effect in mammals has unclear applicability to amphibians, despite the importance of amphibian species in assessing thyroid-disruptive chemicals. Here, we investigated the effects of three well-known mammalian enzyme inducers-β-naphthoflavone (BNF), pregnenolone carbonitrile (PCN), and sodium phenobarbital (NaPB)-on the gene expression of phase-I and phase-II metabolizing enzymes in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Waterborne exposure to BNF and PCN significantly induced the expression of both phase-I (cytochrome P450, CYP) and phase-II enzymes (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT and sulfotransferase, SULT), but in different patterns, while NaPB exposure induced CYP2B expression without affecting phase-II enzymes in tadpoles, in contrast to mammals. Furthermore, an ex vivo hepatic enzyme activity assay confirmed that BNF treatment significantly increased phase-II metabolic activity (glucuronidation and sulfation) toward TH. These results suggest the potential for certain mammalian enzyme inducers to influence TH clearance in X. laevis tadpoles. Our findings provide insights into the profiles of xenosensing activity and enzyme induction in amphibians, which can facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of indirect effects on the thyroid system via hepatic enzyme induction in nonmammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Wada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamaguchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tanaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
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Zhao P, Fan S, Zhou Y, Huang M, Gao Y, Bi H. Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Do Not Perform Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:88-98. [PMID: 38719477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates various physiologic and pathologic processes. Phase separation is a dynamic biophysical process in which biomacromolecules form liquid-like condensates, which have been identified as contributors to many cellular functions, such as signal transduction and transcription regulation. However, the possibility of phase separation for CAR and PPARα remains unknown. This study explored the potential phase separation of CAR and PPARα The computational analysis utilizing algorithm tools examining the intrinsically disordered regions of CAR and PPARα suggested a limited likelihood of undergoing phase separation. Experimental assays under varying conditions of hyperosmotic stress and agonist treatments confirmed the absence of phase separation for these receptors. Additionally, the optoDroplets assay, which utilizes blue light stimulation to induce condensate formation, showed that there was no condensate formation of the fusion protein of Cry2 with CAR or PPARα Furthermore, phase separation of CAR or PPARα did not occur despite reduced target expression under hyperosmotic stress. In conclusion, these findings revealed that neither the activation of CAR and PPARα nor hyperosmotic stress induces phase separation of CAR and PPARα in cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are key regulators of various functions in the body. This study showed that CAR and PPARα do not exhibit phase separation under hyperosmotic stress or after agonist-induced activation. These findings provide new insights into the CAR and PPARα biology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yanying Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Min Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yue Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
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Datta-Mannan A, Shanks E, Yuen E, Jin Y, Rehmel J, Hall SD. Identification of a Safe and Tolerable Carbamazepine Dosing Paradigm that Facilitates Effective Evaluation of CYP3A4 Induction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38864600 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the recommended alternative to rifampicin as a CYP3A4 inducer in drug-drug interaction studies. However, the traditional CBZ dosing paradigm can lead to several adverse events (AEs). This study tested a shorter CBZ dosing regimen using the CYP3A4-sensitive index substrate midazolam (MDZ). This was a fixed-sequence arm of an open-label, phase I study (NCT04840888). Healthy participants (n = 15) aged 18-63 years received oral doses of 1.2 mg MDZ alone (Day 1), CBZ b.i.d. alone (100 mg Days 2-4; 200 mg Days 5-7; 300 mg Days 8-10 and 12-13), and 300 mg CBZ b.i.d. plus 1.2 mg MDZ (Days 11 and 14). One participant (6.7%) experienced constipation due to treatment with CBZ plus MDZ on Day 11. One participant (6.7%) experienced urticaria (Days 12-13), and two participants (13.3%) experienced somnolence (Days 8-10) due to treatment with 300 mg CBZ b.i.d. alone. All AEs were mild. For MDZ, the geometric mean (90% CI) ratio (vs. Day 1) of the area under the curve (AUC 0-∞) was 0.28 (0.24-0.31) on Day 11 and 0.26 (0.23-0.29) on Day 14. The AUC (0-12 hours) of CBZ was 114,000 ng∙h/mL on Day 11 and 105,000 ng∙h/mL on Day 14. Steady-state concentrations of CBZ and induction of CYP3A4 were achieved on Day 11. The data are consistent with predictions of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models in Simcyp. The 9-day dosing regimen for CBZ induction was well-tolerated by healthy participants, supporting the use of a shorter CBZ regimen for CYP3A4 induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eunice Yuen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Yan Jin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Gao X, Yu J, Zhang L, Shi H, Yan Y, Han Y, Fang M, Liu Y, Wu C, Fan S, Huang C. Mulberrin extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans through detoxification function. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:833-845. [PMID: 38291015 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mulberrin, a naturally occurring flavone found in mulberry and Romulus Mori, exhibits diverse biological functions. Here, we showed that mulberrin extended both the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Moreover, mulberrin increased the worms' resistance to toxicants and activated the expression of detoxification genes. The longevity-promoting effect of mulberrin was attenuated in nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) homologous nhr-8 and daf-12 mutants, indicating that the lifespan extending effects of mulberrin in C. elegans may depend on nuclear hormone receptors NHR-8/DAF-12. Further analyses revealed the potential associations between the longevity effects of mulberrin and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Together, our findings suggest that mulberrin may prolong lifespan and healthspan by activating detoxification functions mediated by nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglv Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Al-Bari MAA, Peake N, Eid N. Tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidities: Mechanistic insights for clinical considerations and treatment challenges. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:853-866. [PMID: 38766427 PMCID: PMC11099355 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death among infectious diseases, particularly in poor countries. Viral infections, multidrug-resistant and ex-tensively drug-resistant TB strains, as well as the coexistence of chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus (DM) greatly aggravate TB morbidity and mortality. DM [particularly type 2 DM (T2DM)] and TB have converged making their control even more challenging. Two contemporary global epidemics, TB-DM behaves like a syndemic, a synergistic confluence of two highly prevalent diseases. T2DM is a risk factor for developing more severe forms of multi-drug resistant-TB and TB recurrence after preventive treatment. Since a bidirectional relationship exists between TB and DM, it is necessary to concurrently treat both, and promote recommendations for the joint management of both diseases. There are also some drug-drug interactions resulting in adverse treatment outcomes in TB-DM patients including treatment failure, and reinfection. In addition, autophagy may play a role in these comorbidities. Therefore, the TB-DM comorbidities present several health challenges, requiring a focus on multidisciplinary collaboration and integrated strategies, to effectively deal with this double burden. To effectively manage the comorbidity, further screening in affected countries, more suitable drugs, and better treatment strategies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Peake
- Biosciences and Chemistry and Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Siqueira JS, Garcia JL, Ferron AJT, Moreto F, Sormani LE, Costa MR, Palacio TLN, Nai GA, Aldini G, Francisqueti-Ferron FV, Correa CR, D'Amato A. Proteomic study of gamma-oryzanol preventive effect on a diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 127:109607. [PMID: 38432453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease associated with obesity and diabetes prevalence. The use of natural compounds has become an attractive approach to prevent NAFLD and its progression. Gamma-oryzanol (Orz) is a natural compound whose beneficial effects on chronic metabolic diseases have been reported. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the preventive effect of Orz on the hepatic proteome in a diet induced NAFLD model. Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three experimental groups (n=6/group) according to the diet received for 30 weeks: Control group, high sugar-fat (HSF) group, and HSF+Orz group. The isolated Orz was added to the chow at the dose of 0.5% (w/w). We evaluated the nutritional profile, characterized the presence of steatosis through histological analysis, triglyceride content in liver tissue and hepatic inflammation. Next, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics of hepatic tissue. Network analysis was performed to describe involved protein pathways. NAFLD induction was characterized by the presence of hepatic steatosis. Orz prevented lipid accumulation. The compound prevented alterations of the hepatic proteome, highlighted by the modulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, and the sirtuin signaling pathway. It was possible to identify key altered pathways of NAFLD pathophysiology modulated by Orz which may provide insights into NAFLD treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando Moreto
- Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Gisele Alborghetti Nai
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alfonsina D'Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Rashidian A, Dušek J, Drastik M, Smutná L, Fritsche K, Braeuning A, Pijnenburg D, van Beuningen R, Honkakoski P, Poso A, Kronenberger T, Pavek P. Filling the Blank Space: Branched 4-Nonylphenol Isomers Are Responsible for Robust Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activation by Nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6913-6923. [PMID: 38593436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), a para-substituted phenolic compound with a straight or branched carbon chain, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and food contaminant. 4-NP, particularly the branched form, has been identified as an endocrine disruptor (ED) with potent activities on estrogen receptors. Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) is another crucial nuclear receptor that regulates hepatic lipid, glucose, and steroid metabolism and is involved in the ED mechanism of action. An NP mixture has been described as an extremely potent activator of both human and rodent CAR. However, detailed mechanistic aspects of CAR activation by 4-NP are enigmatic, and it is not known if 4-NP can directly interact with the CAR ligand binding domain (LBD). Here, we examined interactions of individual branched (22NP, 33NP, and 353NP) and linear 4-NPs with CAR variants using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, cellular experiments with various CAR expression constructs, recombinant CAR LBD in a TR-FRET assay, or a differentiated HepaRG hepatocyte cellular model. Our results demonstrate that branched 4-NPs display more stable poses to activate both wild-type CAR1 and CAR3 variant LBDs in MD simulations. Consistently, branched 4-NPs activated CAR3 and CAR1 LBD more efficiently than linear 4-NP. Furthermore, in HepaRG cells, we observed that all 4-NPs upregulated CYP2B6 mRNA, a relevant hallmark for CAR activation. This is the first study to provide detailed insights into the direct interaction between individual 4-NPs and human CAR-LBD, as well as its dominant variant CAR3. The work could contribute to the safer use of individual 4-NPs in many areas of industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rashidian
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Drastik
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Kristin Fritsche
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 's-Hertogenbosch 5211HH, Netherlands
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 's-Hertogenbosch 5211HH, Netherlands
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, Kuopio 72011, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Excellence Cluster "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections" (CMFI), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Excellence Cluster "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections" (CMFI), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
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Ho YS, Torres-Vergara P, Penny J. Regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC5 by nuclear receptors in porcine blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3092-3109. [PMID: 37476954 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Blood-brain barrier (BBB) ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC5 transporters influence central therapeutic drug distribution. Transporter expression is regulated by the NR3C1, NR1I3 and NR1I2 nuclear receptors, but their precise roles in brain are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of selective ligand-based activation of NR3C1, NR1I3, NR1I2 and NR2B1 in porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary cultures of PBECs were exposed to NR3C1, NR1I3 and NR1I2 ligands and ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC5 transporter activities determined by measuring intracellular accumulation of fluorescent probes. Western blotting was used to determine the effects of receptor ligands on expression of ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC5, NR1I2, NR1I3, NR3C1 and NR2B1. Fluorescent immunocytochemistry was employed to assess the effects of receptor ligands on the cellular localisation of NR1I2 and NR1I3. KEY RESULTS The NR1I2 agonist rifampicin significantly up-regulated ABCG2 activity, which is counteracted by co-treatment with NR1I2 antagonist l-sulforaphane. The NR1I3 agonist 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde and inverse agonist meclizine significantly down-regulated ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC5 activity. NR3C1 agonist dexamethasone significantly increased ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC5 activity and ABCG2 and ABCC5 protein expression, which was counteracted by co-treatment with the NR3C1 antagonist mifepristone. This first study demonstrates that NR1I3 and NR3C1 regulate ABCC5 activity and protein expression in BBB endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In PBECs, expression of key ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and nuclear receptors is differentially regulated by NR1I3, NR1I2, NR3C1 and NR2B1. This will help to better understand the response of the BBB to physiological and pharmacological activation of nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Siong Ho
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pablo Torres-Vergara
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Rakateli L, Huchzermeier R, van der Vorst EPC. AhR, PXR and CAR: From Xenobiotic Receptors to Metabolic Sensors. Cells 2023; 12:2752. [PMID: 38067179 PMCID: PMC10705969 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, xenobiotic receptors are known for their role in chemical sensing and detoxification, as receptor activation regulates the expression of various key enzymes and receptors. However, recent studies have highlighted that xenobiotic receptors also play a key role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and therefore function also as metabolic sensors. Since dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for various cardiometabolic diseases, like atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, it is of major importance to understand the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by xenobiotic receptors. In this review, three major xenobiotic receptors will be discussed, being the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Specifically, this review will focus on recent insights into the metabolic functions of these receptors, especially in the field of lipid metabolism and the associated dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonida Rakateli
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rosanna Huchzermeier
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Brožová ZR, Dušek J, Palša N, Maixnerová J, Kamaraj R, Smutná L, Matouš P, Braeuning A, Pávek P, Kuneš J, Gathergood N, Špulák M, Pour M, Carazo A. 2-Substituted quinazolines: Partial agonistic and antagonistic ligands of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115631. [PMID: 37473690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-one and 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline-4-thione as potent, but non-specific activators of the human Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, NR1I3), a series of quinazolinones substituted at the C2 phenyl ring was prepared to examine their ability to selectively modulate human CAR activity. Employing cellular and in vitro TR-FRET assays with wild-type CAR or its variant 3 (CAR3) ligand binding domains (LBD), several novel partial human CAR agonists and antagonists were identified. 2-(3-Methylphenyl) quinazolinone derivatives 7d and 8d acted as partial agonists with the recombinant CAR LBD, the former in nanomolar units (EC50 = 0.055 μM and 10.6 μM, respectively). Moreover, 7d did not activate PXR, and did not show any signs of cytotoxicity. On the other hand, 2-(4-bromophenyl)quinazoline-4-thione 7l possessed significant CAR antagonistic activity, although the compound displayed no agonistic or inverse agonistic activities. A compound possessing purely antagonistic effect was thus identified for the first time. These and related compounds may serve as a remedy in xenobiotic intoxication or, conversely, in suppression of undesirable hepatic CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Rania Brožová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Palša
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Maixnerová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matouš
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Špulák
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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13
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Yan J, Gu Q, Meng C, Liu J, Liu F, Xia C. Panaxytriol upregulates CYP3A4 expression through the interaction between nuclear regulators and DNA response elements. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116398. [PMID: 36948264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cytochrome P3A4 (CYP3A4) is a crucial drug-metabolizing enzyme, and its expression is regulated by the pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1), and acetyltransferase P300. Panaxytriol is a naturally derived active substance extracted from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. which is widely used clinically. Our previous studies have shown that panaxytriol induces CYP3A4 expression through PXR activation, which is antagonized by high CAR expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of panaxytriol in inducing CYP3A4 expression via interactions between nuclear regulators and DNA response elements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunoprecipitation technique was used to assess the binding levels of PXR and CAR with the coactivators SRC-1 and P300 in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to investigate the PXR and CAR interaction with the CYP3A4 promoter response element ER-6/DR-3. RESULTS The binding of PXR to SRC-1, P300, and the response elements ER-6 and DR-3 was improved with an increase in panaxytriol concentration (10-80 μM), and the binding affinity was further enhanced upon CAR silencing. The binding of CAR to SRC-1 and the response elements ER-6 and DR-3 was significantly higher at 80 μM panaxytriol, whereas no significant binding was observed between CAR and P300. CONCLUSION Panaxytriol promoted the recruitment of PXR to SRC-1 and P300, binding to ER-6 and DR-3, and upregulating CYP3A4 expression. Furthermore, an interactive dialogue regulatory mechanism between PXR and CAR was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdi Yan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China.
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14
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Wuerger LTD, Kudiabor F, Alarcan J, Templin M, Poetz O, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Okadaic Acid Activates JAK/STAT Signaling to Affect Xenobiotic Metabolism in HepaRG Cells. Cells 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 36899906 PMCID: PMC10000888 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a marine biotoxin that is produced by algae and accumulates in filter-feeding shellfish, through which it enters the human food chain, leading to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) after ingestion. Furthermore, additional effects of OA have been observed, such as cytotoxicity. Additionally, a strong downregulation of the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the liver can be observed. The underlying mechanisms of this, however, remain to be examined. In this study, we investigated a possible underlying mechanism of the downregulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and retinoid-X-receptor alpha (RXRα) by OA through NF-κB and subsequent JAK/STAT activation in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Our data suggest an activation of NF-κB signaling and subsequent expression and release of interleukins, which then activate JAK-dependent signaling and thus STAT3. Moreover, using the NF-κB inhibitors JSH-23 and Methysticin and the JAK inhibitors Decernotinib and Tofacitinib, we were also able to demonstrate a connection between OA-induced NF-κB and JAK signaling and the downregulation of CYP enzymes. Overall, we provide clear evidence that the effect of OA on the expression of CYP enzymes in HepaRG cells is regulated through NF-κB and subsequent JAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T. D. Wuerger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicia Kudiabor
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Mejdrová I, Dušek J, Škach K, Stefela A, Skoda J, Chalupský K, Dohnalová K, Pavkova I, Kronenberger T, Rashidian A, Smutná L, Duchoslav V, Smutny T, Pávek P, Nencka R. Discovery of Novel Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonists with the Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Structure. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2422-2456. [PMID: 36756805 PMCID: PMC10017030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays significant roles in many hepatic functions, such as fatty acid oxidation, biotransformation, liver regeneration, as well as clearance of steroid hormones, cholesterol, and bilirubin. CAR has been proposed as a hypothetical target receptor for metabolic or liver disease therapy. Currently known prototype high-affinity human CAR agonists such as CITCO (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime) have limited selectivity, activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) receptor, a related receptor of the NR1I subfamily. We have discovered several derivatives of 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine that directly activate human CAR in nanomolar concentrations. While compound 39 regulates CAR target genes in humanized CAR mice as well as human hepatocytes, it does not activate other nuclear receptors and is nontoxic in cellular and genotoxic assays as well as in rodent toxicity studies. Our findings concerning potent human CAR agonists with in vivo activity reinforce the role of CAR as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mejdrová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Stefela
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Dohnalová
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st
Medical Faculty, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 112 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Faculty
of Military Health Sciences, University
of Defense, Trebeska
1575, 500 01 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Azam Rashidian
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Duchoslav
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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16
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Men S, Wang H. Phenobarbital in Nuclear Receptor Activation: An Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:210-218. [PMID: 36351837 PMCID: PMC9900862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drug that can also benefit newborns from hyperbilirubinemia. Being the first drug demonstrating hepatic induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP), PB has since been broadly used as a model compound to study xenobiotic-induced drug metabolism and clearance. Mechanistically, PB-mediated CYP induction is linked to a number of nuclear receptors, such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and estrogen receptor α, with CAR being the predominant regulator. Unlike prototypical agonistic ligands, PB-mediated activation of CAR does not involve direct binding with the receptor. Instead, dephosphorylation of threonine 38 in the DNA-binding domain of CAR was delineated as a key signaling event underlying PB-mediated indirect activation of CAR. Further studies revealed that such phosphorylation sites appear to be highly conserved among most human nuclear receptors. Interestingly, while PB is a pan-CAR activator in both animals and humans, PB activates human but not mouse PXR. The species-specific role of PB in gene regulation is a key determinant of its implication in xenobiotic metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of PB-provoked transactivation of nuclear receptors with a focus on CAR and PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extensive studies using PB as a research tool have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis underlying nuclear receptor-mediated drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In particular, CAR has been established as a cell signaling-regulated nuclear receptor in addition to ligand-dependent functionality. This mini-review highlights the mechanisms by which PB transactivates CAR and PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
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17
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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19
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Why Do Dietary Flavonoids Have a Promising Effect as Enhancers of Anthracyclines? Hydroxyl Substituents, Bioavailability and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010391. [PMID: 36613834 PMCID: PMC9820151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines currently play a key role in the treatment of many cancers, but the limiting factor of their use is the widespread phenomenon of drug resistance and untargeted toxicity. Flavonoids have pleiotropic, beneficial effects on human health that, apart from antioxidant activity, are currently considered small molecules-starting structures for drug development and enhancers of conventional therapeutics. This paper is a review of the current and most important data on the participation of a selected series of flavonoids: chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin, which differ in the presence of an additional hydroxyl group, in the formation of a synergistic effect with anthracycline antibiotics. The review includes a characterization of the mechanism of action of flavonoids, as well as insight into the physicochemical parameters determining their bioavailability in vitro. The crosstalk between flavonoids and the molecular activity of anthracyclines discussed in the article covers the most important common areas of action, such as (1) disruption of DNA integrity (genotoxic effect), (2) modulation of antioxidant response pathways, and (3) inhibition of the activity of membrane proteins responsible for the active transport of drugs and xenobiotics. The increase in knowledge about the relationship between the molecular structure of flavonoids and their biological effect makes it possible to more effectively search for derivatives with a synergistic effect with anthracyclines and to develop better therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.
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20
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Sato T, Shizu R, Miura Y, Hosaka T, Kanno Y, Sasaki T, Yoshinari K. Development of a strategy to identify and evaluate direct and indirect activators of constitutive androstane receptor in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Chen W, Tu P, Ye X, Tang Q, Yu T, Zheng X. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside impacts fecal discharge of polystyrene microplastics in mice: Potential role of microbiota-derived metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 453:116212. [PMID: 36057402 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic particles degraded from plastic litters are recognized as a global environmental pollutant, which can be transferred and enriched via the food chain to impact ecosystems and human health. A balanced gut microbiota contributes to human health through host-gut interactions, environmentally-driven factors such as microplastic exposure would disturb the gut bacteria and affect its functionality. Dietary compounds can remodel the compositions of gut microbes, and interact with bacteria exerting profound effects on host physiology. This study explored the effects of bayberry-derived anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and microplastic polystyrene (PS) on the gut microbiome in C57BL/6 mice, especially the alterations of gut bacteria and its metabolites. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, variations in gut bacterial composition and enrichment of functional pathways were found upon PS and C3G administration. Meanwhile, the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were identified by metabolomic analysis. Importantly, colonic and fecal PS levels were found to be strongly correlated with key microbiota-derived metabolites, which are associated with xenobiotic metabolism via regulation of xenobiotics-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. These results may offer new insights regarding the protective effects of C3G against xenobiotic PS exposure and the roles of gut bacterial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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22
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Fan X, Wang S, Hu S, Yang B, Zhang H. Host-microbiota interactions: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the acute and chronic phases of cerebral ischemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967300. [PMID: 36032153 PMCID: PMC9411800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota and brain function has been studied intensively in recent years, and gut microbiota has been linked to a couple of neurological disorders including stroke. There are multiple studies linking gut microbiota to stroke in the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important mediator of acute ischemic damage and can result in subsequent neuroinflammation. AHR can affect these responses by sensing microbiota metabolites especially tryptophan metabolites and is engaged in the regulation of acute ischemic brain injury and chronic neuroinflammation after stroke. As an important regulator in the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis, AHR has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment. In this review, we discuss the research progress on AHR regarding its role in ischemic stroke and prospects to be used as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment, aiming to provide a potential direction for the development of new treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhang,
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23
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Wuerger LT, Hammer HS, Hofmann U, Kudiabor F, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Okadaic acid influences xenobiotic metabolism in HepaRG cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:1053-1065. [PMID: 36172076 PMCID: PMC9489895 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is an algae-produced lipophilic marine biotoxin that accumulates in the fatty tissue of filter-feeding shellfish. Ingestion of contaminated shellfish leads to the diarrheic shellfish poisoning syndrome. Furthermore, several other effects of OA like genotoxicity, liver toxicity and tumor-promoting properties have been observed, probably linked to the phosphatase-inhibiting properties of the toxin. It has been shown that at high doses OA can disrupt the physical barrier of the intestinal epithelium. As the intestine and the liver do not only constitute a physical, but also a metabolic barrier against xenobiotic exposure, we here investigated the impact of OA on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporter proteins in human HepaRG cells liver cells in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The interplay of OA with known CYP inducers was also studied. Data show that the expression of various xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs was downregulated after exposure to OA. Moreover, OA was able to counteract the activation of CYPs by their inducers. A number of transporters were also mainly downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that OA has a significant effect on xenobiotic metabolism barrier in liver cells, highlighting the possibility for interactions of OA exposure with the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T.D. Wuerger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Kudiabor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Holger Sieg, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany, E-mail:
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Dracheva E, Norinder U, Rydén P, Engelhardt J, Weiss JM, Andersson PL. In Silico Identification of Potential Thyroid Hormone System Disruptors among Chemicals in Human Serum and Chemicals with a High Exposure Index. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8363-8372. [PMID: 35561338 PMCID: PMC9228062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Data on toxic effects are at large missing the prevailing understanding of the risks of industrial chemicals. Thyroid hormone (TH) system disruption includes interferences of the life cycle of the thyroid hormones and may occur in various organs. In the current study, high-throughput screening data available for 14 putative molecular initiating events of adverse outcome pathways, related to disruption of the TH system, were used to develop 19 in silico models for identification of potential thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals. The conformal prediction framework with the underlying Random Forest was used as a wrapper for the models allowing for setting the desired confidence level and controlling the error rate of predictions. The trained models were then applied to two different databases: (i) an in-house database comprising xenobiotics identified in human blood and ii) currently used chemicals registered in the Swedish Product Register, which have been predicted to have a high exposure index to consumers. The application of these models showed that among currently used chemicals, fewer were overall predicted as active compared to chemicals identified in human blood. Chemicals of specific concern for TH disruption were identified from both databases based on their predicted activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dracheva
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, KB.E6, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Department
of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm
University, Box 7003, SE-164 07 Kista, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rydén
- Department
of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, MIT.E.351, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Josefin Engelhardt
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana M. Weiss
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik L. Andersson
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, KB.E6, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Romaldini A, Spanò R, Catalano F, Villa F, Poggi A, Sabella S. Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Graphene Oxide Trigger Acute-Phase Response and Impairment of Phase-I Xenobiotic Metabolism in Upcyte® Hepatocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:867728. [PMID: 35662849 PMCID: PMC9161028 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.867728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of graphene oxide on hepatic functional cells represents a crucial evaluation step for its potential application in nanomedicine. Primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for studying drug toxicity and metabolism; however, current technical limitations may slow down the large-scale diffusion of this cellular tool for in vitro investigations. To assess the potential hepatotoxicity of graphene oxide, we propose an alternative cell model, the second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes, which show metabolic and functional profiles akin to primary human hepatocytes. Cells were acutely exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of graphene oxide (≤80 μg/ml) for 24 h and stress-related cell responses (such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response) were evaluated, along with a broad investigation of graphene oxide impact on specialized hepatic functions. Results show a mild activation of early apoptosis but not oxidative stress or inflammatory response in our cell model. Notably, while graphene oxide clearly impacted phase-I drug-metabolism enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4, CYP2C9) through the inhibition of gene expression and metabolic activity, conversely, no effect was observed for phase-II enzyme GST and phase-III efflux transporter ABCG2. The GO-induced impairment of CYP3A4 occurs concomitantly with the activation of an early acute-phase response, characterized by altered levels of gene expression and protein production of relevant acute-phase proteins (i.e., CRP, Albumin, TFR, TTR). These data suggest that graphene oxide induces an acute phase response, which is in line with recent in vivo findings. In conclusion, upcyte® hepatocytes appear a reliable in vitro model for assessing nanomaterial-induced hepatotoxicity, specifically showing that sub-lethal doses of graphene oxide have a negative impact on the specialized hepatic functions of these cells. The impairment of the cytochrome P450 system, along with the activation of an acute-phase response, may suggest potential detrimental consequences for human health, as altered detoxification from xenobiotics and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romaldini
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - R. Spanò
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - F. Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - F. Villa
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - S. Sabella
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: S. Sabella,
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26
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Li Z, Kwon SM, Li D, Li L, Peng X, Zhang J, Sueyoshi T, Raufman JP, Negishi M, Wang XW, Wang H. Human constitutive androstane receptor represses liver cancer development and hepatoma cell proliferation by inhibiting erythropoietin signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101885. [PMID: 35367211 PMCID: PMC9052153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that plays a crucial role in regulating xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation by modulating the transcription of numerous target genes. CAR activation has been established as the mode of action by which phenobarbital-like nongenotoxic carcinogens promote liver tumor formation in rodents. This paradigm, however, appears to be unrelated to the function of human CAR (hCAR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hCAR expression is significantly lower in HCC than that in adjacent nontumor tissues and, importantly, reduced hCAR expression is associated with a worse HCC prognosis. We also show overexpression of hCAR in human hepatoma cells (HepG2 and Hep3B) profoundly suppressed cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, soft-agar colony formation, and the growth of xenografts in nude mice. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the expression of erythropoietin (EPO), a pleiotropic growth factor, was markedly repressed by hCAR in hepatoma cells. Addition of recombinant EPO in HepG2 cells partially rescued hCAR-suppressed cell viability. Mechanistically, we showed that overexpressing hCAR repressed mitogenic EPO-EPO receptor signaling through dephosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Furthermore, we found that hCAR downregulates EPO expression by repressing the expression and activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, a key transcription factor regulating EPO expression. Collectively, our results suggest that hCAR plays a tumor suppressive role in HCC development, which differs from that of rodent CAR and offers insight into the hCAR-hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha-EPO axis in human liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - So Mee Kwon
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, and Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiwei Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sueyoshi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Office of Research and Development, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, and Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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27
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Rizzolo D, Kong B, Piekos S, Chen L, Zhong X, Lu J, Shi J, Zhu HJ, Yang Q, Li A, Li L, Wang H, Siemiątkowska A, Park C, Kagan L, Guo GL. Effects of Overexpression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19 on Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:468-477. [PMID: 34965924 PMCID: PMC11022908 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors 15 (FGF15) and 19 (FGF19) are endocrine growth factors that play an important role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. FGF15/19-based therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cholestatic liver diseases. To determine the physiologic impact of long-term elevations of FGF15/19, a transgenic mouse model with overexpression of Fgf15 (Fgf15 Tg) was used in the current study. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed elevations of the expression of several genes encoding phase I drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), including Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11, in Fgf15 Tg mice. We found that the induction of several Cyp2b isoforms resulted in increased function of CYP2B in microsomal metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies. Because the CYP2B family is known to be induced by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), to determine the role of CAR in the observed inductions, we crossed Fgf15 Tg mice with CAR knockout mice and found that CAR played a minor role in the observed alterations in DME expression. Interestingly, we found that the overexpression of Fgf15 in male mice resulted in a phenotypical switch from the male hepatic expression pattern of DMEs to that of female mice. Differences in secretion of growth hormone (GH) between male and female mice are known to drive sexually dimorphic, STAT5b-dependent expression patterns of hepatic genes. We found that male Fgf15 Tg mice presented with many features similar to GH deficiency, including lowered body length and weight, Igf-1 and Igfals expression, and STAT5 signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The overexpression of Fgf15 in mice causes an alteration in DMEs at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels, which is not entirely due to CAR activation but associated with lower GH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Stephanie Piekos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Albert Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Anna Siemiątkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Celine Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (D.R., B.K., G.L.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (A.S., C.P., L.K.), Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education (A.S., C.P., L.K.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) (D.R., G.L.G.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey (D.R., G.L.G.); VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.P., L.C., X.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.); In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, LLC, Columbia, Maryland (Q.Y., A.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L., H.W.); and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (A.S.)
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Šimečková P, Pěnčíková K, Kováč O, Slavík J, Pařenicová M, Vondráček J, Machala M. In vitro profiling of toxic effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on nuclear receptor signaling, disruption of endogenous metabolism and induction of cellular stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:151967. [PMID: 34843781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may interact with multiple intracellular receptors and related signaling pathways. We comprehensively evaluated the toxicity profiles of six environmentally relevant PAHs differing in structure, genotoxicity and their ability to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We focused particularly on their impact on intracellular hormone-, xenobiotic- and lipid-sensing receptors, as well as on cellular stress markers, combining a battery of human reporter gene assays and qRT-PCR evaluation of endogenous gene expression in human hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells, with LC/MS-MS analysis of cellular sphingolipids. The effects of PAHs included: activation of estrogen receptor α (in case of fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)), suppression of androgen receptor activity (Fla, BaA, BaP and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF)), enhancement of dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor activity (chrysene (Chry), BaA, and BaP), and potentiation of triiodothyronine-induced thyroid receptor α activity (all tested PAHs). PAHs also induced transcription of endogenous gene targets of constitutive androstane receptor (Fla, Pyr), or repression of target genes of pregnane X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (in case of the AhR-activating PAHs - Chry, BaA, BaP, and BkF) in HepaRG cells. In the same cell model, the AhR agonists reduced the expression of glucose metabolism genes (PCK1, G6PC and PDK4), and they up-regulated levels of glucosylceramides, together with a concomitant induction of expression of UGCG, glucosylceramide synthesis enzyme. Finally, both BaP and BkF were found to induce expression of early stress and genotoxicity markers: ATF3, EGR1, GDF15, CDKN1A/p21, and GADD45A mRNAs, while BaP alone increased levels of IL-6 mRNA. Overall, whereas low-molecular-weight PAHs exerted significant effects on nuclear receptors (with CYP2B6 induction observed already at nanomolar concentrations), the AhR activation by 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs appeared to be a key mechanism underlying their impact on nuclear receptor signaling, endogenous metabolism and induction of early stress and genotoxicity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Šimečková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pařenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Shin A, Waxman DJ. Impact of neonatal activation of nuclear receptor CAR (Nr1i3) on Cyp2 gene expression in adult mouse liver. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:298-310. [PMID: 35285501 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to environmental chemicals is proposed to reprogram development and alter disease susceptibility later in life. Supporting this, neonatal activation of the nuclear receptor CAR (Nr1i3) by TCPOBOP induces persistent expression of mouse hepatic Cyp2 genes into adulthood, attributed to long-term epigenetic memory of the early life exposure [Hepatology (2012) 56:1499-1509]. Here, we confirm that the same high-dose (15x ED50) neonatal TCPOBOP exposure used in that work induces prolonged (12 weeks) increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression; however, we show that the persistence of expression can be fully explained by the persistence of residual TCPOBOP in liver tissue. When the long-term presence of TCPOBOP in tissue was eliminated by decreasing the neonatal TCPOBOP dose 22-fold (0.67x ED50), strong neonatal increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression were still obtained but did not persist into adulthood. Furthermore, the neonatal ED50-range TCPOBOP exposure did not sensitize mice to a subsequent, low-dose TCPOBOP treatment. In contrast, neonatal treatment with phenobarbital, a short half-life (t1/2=8 h) agonist of CAR and of PXR (Nr1i2), induced high-level neonatal activation of Cyp2 genes and also altered their responsiveness to low-dose phenobarbital exposure at adulthood by either increasing (Cyp2b10) or decreasing (Cyp2c55) expression. Thus, neonatal xenobiotic exposure can reprogram hepatic Cyp2 genes and alter their responsiveness to exposures later in life. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider xenobiotic dose, half-life and persistence in tissue when evaluating the long-term effects of early life environmental chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Shin
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Habano W, Miura T, Terashima J, Ozawa S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a DNA methylation reader in the stress response pathway. Toxicology 2022; 470:153154. [PMID: 35301058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates various cellular responses upon exposure to exogenous and endogenous stress factors. In these responses, AhR plays a dual role as a stress sensor for detecting various AhR ligands and as a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of downstream effector genes, such as those encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes. As a transcription factor, it selectively binds to the unmethylated form of a specific sequence called the xenobiotic responsive element (XRE). We suggest that AhR is a novel DNA methylation reader, unlike classical methylation readers, such as methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, which binds to methylated sequences. Under physiological conditions of continuous exposure to endogenous AhR ligands, such as kynurenine, methylation states of the individual target XREs must be strictly regulated to select and coordinate the expression of downstream genes responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. In contrast, long-term exposure to AhR ligands frequently leads to changes in the methylation patterns around the XRE sequence. These data indicate that AhR may contribute to the adaptive cellular response to various stresses by modulating DNA methylation. Thus, the DNA methylation profile of AhR target genes should be dynamically controlled through a balance between robustness and flexibility under both physiological and stress conditions. AhR is a pivotal player in the regulation of stress response as it shows versatility by functioning as a stress sensor, methylation reader, and putative methylation modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Habano
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Toshitaka Miura
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| | - Jun Terashima
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shogo Ozawa
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
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31
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Honkakoski P. Searching for CAR modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1002-1009. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nieves KM, Hirota SA, Flannigan KL. Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis: harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G268-G281. [PMID: 34941453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The commensal bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, driving the development of the immune system and maintaining metabolic and tissue homeostasis in the local environment. The intestinal microbiota has the capacity to generate a wide array of chemical metabolites to which the cells of the intestinal mucosa are exposed. Host cells express xenobiotic receptors, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), that can sense and respond to chemicals that are generated by nonhost pathways. In this review, we outline the physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and the PXR, with a focus on ligands generated by the stepwise catabolism of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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33
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The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010061. [PMID: 35011625 PMCID: PMC8750019 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor known for modulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), such as cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, is functionally involved in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies. Furthermore, PXR activity relates to that of other NRs, such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), through a crosstalk that in turn orchestrates a complex network of responses. Thus, besides regulating DMETs, PXR signaling is involved in both liver damage progression and repair and in the neoplastic transition to hepatocellular carcinoma. We here summarize the present knowledge about PXR expression and function in chronic liver diseases characterized by different etiologies and clinical outcome, focusing on the molecular pathways involved in PXR activity. Although many molecular details of these finely tuned networks still need to be fully understood, we conclude that PXR and its modulation could represent a promising pharmacological target for the identification of novel therapeutical approaches to chronic liver diseases.
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Shi J, Weng JH, Mitchison TJ. Immunomodulatory drug discovery from herbal medicines: Insights from organ-specific activity and xenobiotic defenses. eLife 2021; 10:e73673. [PMID: 34779403 PMCID: PMC8592567 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicines, which emphasize a holistic, patient-centric view of disease treatment, provide an exciting starting point for discovery of new immunomodulatory drugs. Progress on identification of herbal molecules with proven single agent activity has been slow, in part because of insufficient consideration of pharmacology fundamentals. Many molecules derived from medicinal plants exhibit low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance, leading to low systemic exposure. Recent research suggests that such molecules can act locally in the gut or liver to activate xenobiotic defense pathways that trigger beneficial systemic effects on the immune system. We discuss this hypothesis in the context of four plant-derived molecules with immunomodulatory activity: indigo, polysaccharides, colchicine, and ginsenosides. We end by proposing research strategies for identification of novel immunomodulatory drugs from herbal medicine sources that are informed by the possibility of local action in the gut or liver, leading to generation of systemic immune mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Shi
- Centre for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Jui-Hsia Weng
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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Molecular Mechanisms of the SLC13A5 Gene Transcription. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100706. [PMID: 34677420 PMCID: PMC8537064 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate is a crucial energy sensor that plays a central role in cellular metabolic homeostasis. The solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5), a sodium-coupled citrate transporter highly expressed in the mammalian liver with relatively low levels in the testis and brain, imports citrate from extracellular spaces into the cells. The perturbation of SLC13A5 expression and/or activity is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance, cell proliferation, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. SLC13A5 has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of these metabolic disorders. In the liver, the inductive expression of SLC13A5 has been linked to several xenobiotic receptors such as the pregnane X receptor and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as well as certain hormonal and nutritional stimuli. Nevertheless, in comparison to the heightened interest in understanding the biological function and clinical relevance of SLC13A5, studies focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of SLC13A5 expression are relatively limited. In this review, we discuss the current advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the expression of SLC13A5 is regulated. We expect this review will provide greater insights into the regulation of the SLC13A5 gene transcription and the signaling pathways involved therein.
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Preiss LC, Liu R, Hewitt P, Thompson D, Georgi K, Badolo L, Lauschke VM, Petersson C. Deconvolution of Cytochrome P450 Induction Mechanisms in HepaRG Nuclear Hormone Receptor Knockout Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:668-678. [PMID: 34035124 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and PXR/CAR knockout (KO) HepaRG cells, as well as a PXR reporter gene assay, were used to investigate the mechanism of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction by prototypical substrates and a group of compounds from the Merck KGaA oncology drug discovery pipeline. The basal and inducible gene expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 of nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) KO HepaRG relative to control HepaRG was characterized. The basal expression of CYP3A4 was markedly higher in the PXR (10-fold) and CAR (11-fold) KO cell lines compared with control HepaRG, whereas inducibility was substantially lower. Inversely, basal expression of CYP3A4 in PXR/CAR double KO (dKO) was low (10-fold reduction). Basal CYP2B6 expression was high in PXR KO (9-fold) cells which showed low inducibility, whereas the basal expression remained unchanged in CAR and dKO cell lines compared with control cells. Most of the test compounds induced CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 via PXR and, to a lesser extent, via CAR. Furthermore, other non-NHR-driven induction mechanisms were implicated, either alone or in addition to NHRs. Notably, 5 of the 16 compounds (31%) that were PXR inducers in HepaRG did not activate PXR in the reporter gene assay, illustrating the limitations of this system. This study indicates that HepaRG is a highly sensitive system fit for early screening of cytochrome P450 (P450) induction in drug discovery. Furthermore, it shows the applicability of HepaRG NHR KO cells as tools to deconvolute mechanisms of P450 induction using novel compounds representative for oncology drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes the identification of induction mechanisms of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 for an assembly of oncology drug candidates using HepaRG nuclear hormone receptor knockout and displays its advantages compared to a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay. With this study, risk assessment of drug candidates in early drug development can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Preiss
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Ruoqi Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - David Thompson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Carl Petersson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
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Skaria T, Bachli E, Schoedon G. Transcriptional Regulation of Drug Metabolizing CYP Enzymes by Proinflammatory Wnt5A Signaling in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:619588. [PMID: 34079452 PMCID: PMC8165381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.619588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by proinflammatory mediators in hepatocytes, enterocytes and renal tubular epithelium is an established mechanism affecting pharmacokinetics. Emerging evidences indicate that vascular endothelial cell expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters may regulate pharmacokinetic pathways in heart to modulate local drug bioavailability and toxicity. However, whether inflammation regulates pharmacokinetic pathways in human cardiac vascular endothelial cells remains largely unknown. The lipid modified protein Wnt5A is emerging as a critical mediator of proinflammatory responses and disease severity in sepsis, hypertension and COVID-19. In the present study, we employed transcriptome profiling and gene ontology analyses to investigate the regulation of expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by Wnt5A in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Our study shows for the first time that Wnt5A induces the gene expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes involved in phase I metabolism of a broad spectrum of drugs including chloroquine (the controversial drug for COVID-19) that is known to cause toxicity in myocardium. Further, the upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression is preserved even during inflammatory crosstalk between Wnt5A and the prototypic proinflammatory IL-1β in human coronary artery endothelial cells. These findings stimulate further studies to test the critical roles of vascular endothelial cell CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, and the potential of vascular-targeted therapy with CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors in modulating myocardial pharmacokinetics in Wnt5A-associated inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Skaria
- Inflammation Research Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Esther Bachli
- Department of Medicine, Uster Hospital, Uster, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Schoedon
- Inflammation Research Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Bomann W, Tinwell H, Jenkinson P, Kluxen FM. Metribuzin-induced non-adverse liver changes result in rodent-specific non-adverse thyroid effects via uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT, UGT) modulation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104884. [PMID: 33596450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metribuzin is a herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis and has been used for over 40 years. Its main target organ is the liver and to some extent the kidney in rats, dogs, and rabbits. Metribuzin shows a specific thyroxine (T4) profile in rat studies with T4 increases at low doses and T4 decreases at higher doses. Only the T4 decreases occur together with histopathological changes in the thyroid and weight changes of liver and thyroid. A set of experiments was conducted to investigate metribuzin's endocrine disruptor potential according to European guidance and regulations. The results indicate that a liver enzyme modulation, i.e. of the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT, UGT), is most likely responsible for both increased and decreased plasma thyroxine level and for thyroid histopathological observations. Animals with high T4 levels show low UGT activity, while animals with low T4 levels show high UGT activity. A causal relationship was inferred, since other potentially human-relevant mode of action (MOA) pathways were excluded in dedicated studies, i.e. inhibition of deiodinases (DIO), inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or of the sodium importer system (NIS). This liver metabolism-associated MOA is considered not relevant for human hazard assessment, due to species differences in thyroid homeostasis between humans and rats and, more importantly, based on experimental data showing that metribuzin affects UGT activity in rat but not in human hepatocytes. Further, we discuss whether or not increased T4 levels in the rat, in the absence of histopathological changes, should be considered as adverse and therefore used as an appropriate hazard model for humans. Based on a weight of evidence approach, metribuzin should not be classified as an endocrine disruptor with regard to the thyroid modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Bomann
- Toxconsult, 9393 W 110th Street, 51 Corporate Woods, Suite 500, Overland Park, KS, 66210, USA.
| | - Helen Tinwell
- Bayer.SAS, 16 rue Jean-Marie Leclair, 69009, Lyon, France
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Hartman JH, Widmayer SJ, Bergemann CM, King DE, Morton KS, Romersi RF, Jameson LE, Leung MCK, Andersen EC, Taubert S, Meyer JN. Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:51-94. [PMID: 33616007 PMCID: PMC7958427 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1884921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a major model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Numerous papers on toxicology and pharmacology in C. elegans have been published, and this species has now been adopted by investigators in academic toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery labs. C. elegans has also attracted the interest of governmental regulatory agencies charged with evaluating the safety of chemicals. However, a major, fundamental aspect of toxicological science remains underdeveloped in C. elegans: xenobiotic metabolism and transport processes that are critical to understanding toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, and extrapolation to other species. The aim of this review was to initially briefly describe the history and trajectory of the use of C. elegans in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Subsequently, physical barriers to chemical uptake and the role of the worm microbiome in xenobiotic transformation were described. Then a review of what is and is not known regarding the classic Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III processes was performed. In addition, the following were discussed (1) regulation of xenobiotic metabolism; (2) review of published toxicokinetics for specific chemicals; and (3) genetic diversity of these processes in C. elegans. Finally, worm xenobiotic transport and metabolism was placed in an evolutionary context; key areas for future research highlighted; and implications for extrapolating C. elegans toxicity results to other species discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samuel J Widmayer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Dillon E King
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine S Morton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Riccardo F Romersi
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura E Jameson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University - West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University - West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Dept. Of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, the University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Burk O, Kronenberger T, Keminer O, Lee SML, Schiergens TS, Schwab M, Windshügel B. Nelfinavir and Its Active Metabolite M8 Are Partial Agonists and Competitive Antagonists of the Human Pregnane X Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:184-196. [PMID: 33483427 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir is currently being analyzed for repurposing as an anticancer drug for many different cancers because it exerts manifold off-target protein interactions, finally resulting in cancer cell death. Xenosensing pregnane X receptor (PXR), which also participates in the control of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, was previously shown to be activated by nelfinavir; however, the exact molecular mechanism is still unknown. The present study addresses the effects of nelfinavir and its major and pharmacologically active metabolite nelfinavir hydroxy-tert-butylamide (M8) on PXR to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Molecular docking suggested direct binding to the PXR ligand-binding domain, which was confirmed experimentally by limited proteolytic digestion and competitive ligand-binding assays. Concentration-response analyses using cellular transactivation assays identified nelfinavir and M8 as partial agonists with EC50 values of 0.9 and 7.3 µM and competitive antagonists of rifampin-dependent induction with IC50 values of 7.5 and 25.3 µM, respectively. Antagonism exclusively resulted from binding into the PXR ligand-binding pocket. Impaired coactivator recruitment by nelfinavir as compared with the full agonist rifampin proved to be the underlying mechanism of both effects on PXR. Physiologic relevance of nelfinavir-dependent modulation of PXR activity was investigated in respectively treated primary human hepatocytes, which showed differential induction of PXR target genes and antagonism of rifampin-induced ABCB1 and CYP3A4 gene expression. In conclusion, we elucidate here the molecular mechanism of nelfinavir interaction with PXR. It is hypothesized that modulation of PXR activity may impact the anticancer effects of nelfinavir. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nelfinavir, which is being investigated for repurposing as an anticancer medication, is shown here to directly bind to human pregnane X receptor (PXR) and thereby act as a partial agonist and competitive antagonist. Its major metabolite nelfinavir hydroxy-tert-butylamide exerts the same effects, which are based on impaired coactivator recruitment. Nelfinavir anticancer activity may involve modulation of PXR, which itself is discussed as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy and for the reversal of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Oliver Keminer
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Serene M L Lee
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (O.B., M.S.); Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany (T.K., O.K., B.W.); Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany (S.M.L.L., T.S.S.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (M.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (B.W.)
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Skoda J, Dusek J, Drastik M, Stefela A, Dohnalova K, Chalupsky K, Smutny T, Micuda S, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Pavek P. Diazepam Promotes Translocation of Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) via Direct Interaction with the Ligand-Binding Domain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122532. [PMID: 33255185 PMCID: PMC7761063 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is the essential regulator of genes involved both in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. Diazepam has been shown as a potent stimulator of CAR nuclear translocation and is assumed as an indirect CAR activator not interacting with the CAR cavity. In this study, we sought to determine if diazepam is a ligand directly interacting with the CAR ligand binding domain (LBD) and if it regulates its target genes in a therapeutically relevant concentration. We used different CAR constructs in translocation and luciferase reporter assays, recombinant CAR-LBD in a TR-FRET assay, and target genes induction studied in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), HepaRG cells, and in CAR humanized mice. We also used in silico docking and CAR-LBD mutants to characterize the interaction of diazepam and its metabolites with the CAR cavity. Diazepam and its metabolites such as nordazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam are activators of CAR+Ala in translocation and two-hybrid assays and fit the CAR cavity in docking experiments. In gene reporter assays with CAR3 and in the TR-FRET assay, only diazepam significantly interacts with CAR-LBD. Diazepam also promotes up-regulation of CYP2B6 in PHHs and in HepaRG cells. However, in humanized CAR mice, diazepam significantly induces neither CYP2B6 nor Cyp2b10 genes nor does it regulate critical genes involved in glucose and lipids metabolism and liver proliferation. Thus, we demonstrate that diazepam interacts with human CAR-LBD as a weak ligand, but it does not significantly affect expression of tested CAR target genes in CAR humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Jan Dusek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Drastik
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Alzbeta Stefela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Klara Dohnalova
- 1 Medical Faculty, Charles University, Katerinská 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495-067-334
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Pande P, Zhong XB, Ku WW. Histone Methyltransferase G9a Regulates Expression of Nuclear Receptors and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in HepaRG Cells at Basal Level and in Fatty Acid Induced Steatosis. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1321-1329. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Küblbeck J, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. Cells 2020; 9:E2306. [PMID: 33076503 PMCID: PMC7602645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) has emerged as a master activator of drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that govern the clearance of both exogenous and endogenous small molecules. Recent studies indicate that CAR participates, together with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and transcription factors, in regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatocyte communication, proliferation and toxicity, and liver tumor development in rodents. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a wide range of persistent organic compounds that have been associated with aberrations of hormone-dependent physiological processes. Their adverse health effects include metabolic alterations such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease in animal models and humans exposed to EDCs. As numerous xenobiotics can activate CAR, its role in EDC-elicited adverse metabolic effects has gained much interest. Here, we review the key features and mechanisms of CAR as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, species differences and selectivity of CAR ligands, contribution of CAR to regulation hepatic metabolism, and evidence for CAR-dependent EDC action therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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44
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Pavek P. 3D Spheroids of Primary Human Hepatocytes: An In Vitro Model That Will Make Pharmacotherapy Safer? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1186-1188. [PMID: 32951204 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pavek
- Group of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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45
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Noncanonical Constitutive Androstane Receptor Signaling in Gene Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186735. [PMID: 32937916 PMCID: PMC7555422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is extremely important for the regulation of many physiological processes, especially xenobiotic (drug) metabolism and transporters. CAR differs from steroid hormone receptors in that it can be activated using structurally unrelated chemicals, both through direct ligand-binding and ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms. By binding to specific responsive elements on DNA, CAR increases the expression of its target genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Therefore, CAR is mainly characterized as a ligand-dependent or ligand-independent transcription factor, and the induction of gene expression is considered the canonical mode of CAR action. Consistent with its central role in xenobiotic metabolism, CAR signaling includes a collection of mechanisms that are employed alongside the core transcriptional machinery of the receptor. These so-called noncanonical CAR pathways allow the receptor to coordinate the regulation of many aspects of cell biology. In this mini-review, we review noncanonical CAR signaling, paying special attention to the role of CAR in energy homeostasis and cell proliferation.
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46
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Ma N, He T, Johnston LJ, Ma X. Host-microbiome interactions: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a critical node in tryptophan metabolites to brain signaling. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1203-1219. [PMID: 32401136 PMCID: PMC7524279 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1758008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is not only a nutrient enhancer but also has systemic effects. Trp metabolites signaling through the well-known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) constitute the interface of microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, the pathway through which Trp metabolites affect central nervous system (CNS) function have not been fully elucidated. AhR participates in a broad variety of physiological and pathological processes that also highly relevant to intestinal homeostasis and CNS diseases. Via the AhR-dependent mechanism, Trp metabolites connect bidirectional signaling between the gut microbiome and the brain, mediated via immune, metabolic, and neural (vagal) signaling mechanisms, with downstream effects on behavior and CNS function. These findings shed light on the complex Trp regulation of microbiome-gut-brain axis and add another facet to our understanding that dietary Trp is expected to be a promising noninvasive approach for alleviating systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J. Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, USA
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,CONTACT Xi Ma State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing100193, China
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47
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Kuhnert L, Giantin M, Dacasto M, Halwachs S, Honscha W. AhR-activating pesticides increase the bovine ABCG2 efflux activity in MDCKII-bABCG2 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237163. [PMID: 32764792 PMCID: PMC7413513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In bovine mammary glands, the ABCG2 transporter actively secretes xenobiotics into dairy milk. This can have significant implications when cattle are exposed to pesticide residues in feed. Recent studies indicate that the fungicide prochloraz activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, increasing bovine ABCG2 (bABCG2) gene expression and efflux activity. This could enhance the accumulation of bABCG2 substrates in dairy milk, impacting pesticide risk assessment. We therefore investigated whether 13 commonly used pesticides in Europe are inducers of AhR and bABCG2 activity. MDCKII cells expressing mammary bABCG2 were incubated with pesticides for up to 72 h. To reflect an in vivo situation, applied pesticide concentrations corresponded to the maximum residue levels (MRLs) permitted in bovine fat or muscle. AhR activation was ascertained through CYP1A mRNA expression and enzyme activity, measured by qPCR and 7-ethoxyresorufin-Ο-deethylase (EROD) assay, respectively. Pesticide-mediated increase of bABCG2 efflux activity was assessed using the Hoechst 33342 accumulation assay. For all assays, the known AhR-activating pesticide prochloraz served as a positive control, while the non-activating tolclofos-methyl provided the negative control. At 10-fold MRL concentrations, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diflufenican, ioxynil, rimsulfuron, and tebuconazole significantly increased CYP1A1 mRNA levels, CYP1A activity, and bABCG2 efflux activity compared to the vehicle control. In contrast, dimethoate, dimethomorph, glyphosate, iprodione, methiocarb and thiacloprid had no impact on AhR-mediated CYP1A1 mRNA levels, CYP1A activity or bABCG2 efflux. In conclusion, the MDCKII-bABCG2 cell model proved an appropriate tool for identifying AhR- and bABCG2-inducing pesticides. This provides an in vitro approach that could reduce the number of animals required in pesticide approval studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kuhnert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Mery Giantin
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Agripolis Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Agripolis Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Sandra Halwachs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walther Honscha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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48
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Bayliak MM, Demianchuk OI, Gospodaryov DV, Abrat OB, Lylyk MP, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Mutations in genes cnc or dKeap1 modulate stress resistance and metabolic processes in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 248:110746. [PMID: 32579905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 and its negative regulator Keap1 play important roles in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in animal cells. Nrf2 activates defenses against oxidative stress and xenobiotics. Homologs of Nrf2 and Keap1 are present in Drosophila melanogaster (CncC and dKeap1, respectively). The aim of this study was to explore effects of CncC deficiency (due to mutation in the cnc gene) or enhanced activity (due to mutation in the dKeap1 gene) on redox status and energy metabolism of young adult flies in relation to behavioral traits and resistance to a number of stressors. Deficiency in either CncC or dKeap1 delayed pupation and increased climbing activity and heat stress resistance in 2-day-old adult flies. Males and females of the ∆keap1 line shared some similarities such as elevated antioxidant defense as well as lower triacylglyceride and higher glucose levels. Males of the ∆keap1 line also had a higher activity of hexokinase, whereas ∆keap1 females showed higher glycogen levels and lower values of respiratory control and ATP production than flies of the control line. Mutation of cnc gene in allele cncEY08884 caused by insertion of P{EPgy2} transposon in cnc promotor did not affect significantly the levels of metabolites and redox parameters, and even activated some components of antioxidant defense. These data suggest that the mutation can be hypomorphic as well as CncC protein can be dispensable for adult fruit flies under physiological conditions. In females, CncC mutation led to lower mitochondrial respiration, higher hexokinase activity and higher fecundity as compared with the control line. Either CncC activation or its deficiency affected stress resistance of flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Bayliak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| | - Oleh I Demianchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro V Gospodaryov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| | - Oleksandra B Abrat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Maria P Lylyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
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49
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Faber SC, Giani Tagliabue S, Bonati L, Denison MS. The Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Naphthoquinone-Dependent Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114111. [PMID: 32526934 PMCID: PMC7312509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) are clinically promising biologically active chemicals that have been shown to stimulate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, but whether they are direct or indirect ligands or activate the AhR in a ligand-independent manner is unknown. Given the structural diversity of AhR ligands, multiple mechanisms of AhR activation of gene expression, and species differences in AhR ligand binding and response, we examined the ability of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ to bind to and activate the mouse and human AhRs using a series of in vitro AhR-specific bioassays and in silico modeling techniques. Both NQs induced AhR-dependent gene expression in mouse and human hepatoma cells, but were more potent and efficacious in human cells. 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ stimulated AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro and was inhibited by AhR antagonists. Ligand binding analysis confirmed the ability of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ to competitively bind to the AhR ligand binding cavity and the molecular determinants for interactions were predicted by molecular modeling methods. NQs were shown to bind distinctly differently from that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and differences were also observed between species. Mutation of amino acid residues (F289, M334, and M342) involved in critical NQ:AhR binding interactions, decreased NQ- and AhR-dependent gene expression, consistent with a role for these residues in binding and activation of the AhR by NQs. These studies provide insights into the molecular mechanism of action of NQs and contribute to the development of emerging NQ-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Faber
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sara Giani Tagliabue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.G.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Bonati
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.G.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(530)-752-3879
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50
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Hendriks DFG, Vorrink SU, Smutny T, Sim SC, Nordling Å, Ullah S, Kumondai M, Jones BC, Johansson I, Andersson TB, Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Clinically Relevant Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Mechanisms and Drug Screening in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:844-855. [PMID: 32320483 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction is an important cause of drug-drug interactions, making early identification of drug candidates with CYP3A4 induction liability in drug development a prerequisite. Here, we present three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a novel CYP3A4 induction screening model. Screening of 25 drugs (12 known CYP3A4 inducers in vivo and 13 negative controls) at physiologically relevant concentrations revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity of the system. Three of the in vivo CYP3A4 inducers displayed much higher CYP3A4 induction capacity in 3D spheroid cultures as compared with in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Among those, we identified AZD1208, a proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase inhibitor terminated in phase I of development due to unexpected CYP3A4 autoinduction, as a CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroids but not in 2D monolayer cultures. Gene knockdown experiments revealed that AZD1208 requires pregnane X receptor (PXR) to induce CYP3A4. Rifampicin requires solely PXR to induce CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, while phenobarbital-mediated induction of these CYPs did not show absolute dependency on either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), suggesting its ability to switch nuclear receptor activation. Mechanistic studies into AZD1208 uncovered an involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in CYP3A4 induction that is sensitive to the culture format used, as revealed by its inhibition of ERK1/2 Tyrosine 204 phosphorylation and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) pressure. In line, we also identified lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR/HER2) inhibitor, as another CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroid culture. Our findings offer insights into the pathways involved in CYP3A4 induction and suggest PHH spheroids for preclinical CYP3A4 induction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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