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Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Abe A, Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Bouchev P, Bouley R, Shayman JA. The role of lysosomal phospholipase A2 in the catabolism of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate and association with phospholipidosis. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100574. [PMID: 38857781 PMCID: PMC11277439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) is an acidic glycerophospholipid localized to late endosomes and lysosomes. However, the metabolism of BMP is poorly understood. Because many drugs that cause phospholipidosis inhibit lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2, PLA2G15, LYPLA3) activity, we investigated whether this enzyme has a role in BMPcatabolism. The incubation of recombinant human LPLA2 (hLPLA2) and liposomes containing the naturally occurring BMP (sn-(2-oleoyl-3-hydroxy)-glycerol-1-phospho-sn-1'-(2'-oleoyl-3'-hydroxy)-glycerol (S,S-(2,2',C18:1)-BMP) resulted in the deacylation of this BMP isomer. The deacylation rate was 70 times lower than that of dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), an isomer and precursor of BMP. The release rates of oleic acid from DOPG and four BMP stereoisomers by LPLA2 differed. The rank order of the rates of hydrolysis were DOPG>S,S-(3,3',C18:1)-BMP>R,S-(3,1',C18:1)-BMP>R,R-(1,1',C18:1)>S,S-(2,2')-BMP. The cationic amphiphilic drug amiodarone (AMD) inhibited the deacylation of DOPG and BMP isomers by hLPLA2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Under these experimental conditions, the IC50s of amiodarone-induced inhibition of the four BMP isomers and DOPG were less than 20 μM and approximately 30 μM, respectively. BMP accumulation was observed in AMD-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The accumulated BMP was significantly reduced by exogenous treatment of cells with active recombinant hLPLA2 but not with diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated recombinant hLPLA2. Finally, a series of cationic amphiphilic drugs known to cause phospholipidosis were screened for inhibition of LPLA2 activity as measured by either the transacylation or fatty acid hydrolysis of BMP or phosphatidylcholine as substrates. Fifteen compounds demonstrated significant inhibition with IC50s ranging from 6.8 to 63.3 μM. These results indicate that LPLA2 degrades BMP isomers with different substrate specificities under acidic conditions and may be the key enzyme associated with BMP accumulation in drug-induced phospholipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Philip Bouchev
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renee Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, OH, USA
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Nyame K, Xiong J, de Jong AP, Alsohybe HN, Raaben M, Hartmann G, Simcox JA, Blomen VA, Abu-Remaileh M. PLA2G15 is a Lysosomal BMP Hydrolase with Ester Position Specificity and its Targeting Ameliorates Lysosomal Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597919. [PMID: 38895439 PMCID: PMC11185675 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes catabolize lipids and other biological molecules, a function essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis. Key to lipid catabolism in the lysosome is bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), a major lipid constituent of intralysosomal vesicles (ILVs) and a stimulator of lipid-degrading enzymes. BMP levels are altered in a broad spectrum of human conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although BMP synthase was recently discovered, it has long been thought that BMP's unique stereochemistry confers resistance to acid phospholipases, a requirement for its role in the lysosome. Here, we demonstrate that PLA2G15, a major lysosomal phospholipase, efficiently hydrolyzes BMP with primary esters regardless of stereochemistry. Interestingly, we discover that BMP's unique esterification position is what confers resistance to hydrolysis. Purified PLA2G15 catabolizes most BMP species derived from cell and tissue lysosomes under acidic conditions. Furthermore, PLA2G15 catalytic activity against synthesized BMP stereoisomers with primary esters was comparable to its canonical substrates. Conversely, BMP with secondary esters is intrinsically stable in vitro and requires acyl migration for hydrolysis in lysosomes. Consistent with our biochemical data, PLA2G15-deficient tissues and cells accumulate multiple BMP species, a phenotype reversible by supplementing wildtype PLA2G15 but not its catalytically dead mutant. Increasing BMP levels by targeting PLA2G15 reverses the cholesterol accumulation phenotype in Niemann Pick Disease Type C (NPC1) patient fibroblasts and significantly ameliorate disease pathologies in NPC1-deficient mice leading to extended lifespan. Our findings establish the rules that govern the stability of BMP in the lysosome and identify PLA2G15 as a lysosomal BMP hydrolase and as a potential target for modulating BMP levels for therapeutic intervention.
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Bogojevic O, Zhang Y, Wolff CD, Nygaard JV, Wiking L, Arevång C, Guo Z. A sustainable and regioselective synthesis of Hemi-bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates and bis(diacylglycero)phosphates. iScience 2023; 26:107075. [PMID: 37448559 PMCID: PMC10336169 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable and green approach was developed for the scalable synthesis of uncommon naturally occurring phospholipid species, Hemi-bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates (Hemi-BMPs) and bis(diacylglycero)phosphates (BDPs) via the phospholipase D (PLD) mediated transphosphatidylation. PLD from Streptomyces sp. showed great substrate promiscuity for both phospholipids from different biological sources, and alcohol donors with diverse regiochemistry; monoacylglycerols with diverse fatty acyl structures (C12-C22), affording 74-92 wt% yields in 2 h. Experimental results demonstrated that the reaction rate is rather independent of phosphatidyls but to a large extent governed by the size, shape and regiolocation of fatty acyls incorporated on the glycerol backbone, particularly for the regio-isomers of bulky diacylglycerols (Sn-1,3 or Sn-1,2), which displays great diversity. In addition, a plausible mechanism is proposed based on molecular simulations for an elaborated explanation of the reaction thermodynamic and kinetic favorability toward the synthesis of Hemi-BMPs and BDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogojevic
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Daugaard Wolff
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Vinge Nygaard
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Wiking
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Hullin-Matsuda F, Colosetti P, Rabia M, Luquain-Costaz C, Delton I. Exosomal lipids from membrane organization to biomarkers: Focus on an endolysosomal-specific lipid. Biochimie 2022; 203:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carrière F, Longhi S, Record M. The endosomal lipid bis(monoacylglycero) phosphate as a potential key player in the mechanism of action of chloroquine against SARS-COV-2 and other enveloped viruses hijacking the endocytic pathway. Biochimie 2020; 179:237-246. [PMID: 32485205 PMCID: PMC7261073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial drug Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine have shown antiviral activities in vitro against many viruses, including coronaviruses, dengue virus and the biosafety level 4 Nipah and Hendra paramyxoviruses. The in vivo efficacy of CQ in the treatment of COVID-19 is currently a matter of debate. CQ is a lysosomotrophic compound that accumulates in lysosomes, as well as in food vacuoles of Plasmodium falciparum. In the treatment of malaria, CQ impairs the digestion and growth of the parasite by increasing the pH of the food vacuole. Similarly, it is assumed that the antiviral effects of CQ results from the increase of lysosome pH and the inhibition of acidic proteases involved in the maturation of virus fusion protein. CQ has however other effects, among which phospholipidosis, characterized by the accumulation of multivesicular bodies within the cell. The increase in phospholipid species particularly concerns bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), a specific lipid of late endosomes involved in vesicular trafficking and pH-dependent vesicle budding. It was shown previously that drugs like progesterone, the cationic amphiphile U18666A and the phospholipase inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluoro phosphonate (MAFP) induce the accumulation of BMP in THP-1 cells and decrease cell infection by human immunodeficiency virus. HIV viral particles were found to be retained into large endosomal-type vesicles, preventing virus spreading. Since BMP was also reported to favour virus entry through hijacking of the endocytic pathway, we propose here that BMP could play a dual role in viral infection, with its antiviral effects triggered by lysosomotropic drugs like CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR7281, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, AFMB, UMR7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Michel Record
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations,", 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse cedex 1, France.
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Luquain-Costaz C, Rabia M, Hullin-Matsuda F, Delton I. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, an important actor in the host endocytic machinery hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. Biochimie 2020; 179:247-256. [PMID: 33159981 PMCID: PMC7642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, redirect infected cell metabolism to their own purposes. After binding to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface, the SARS-CoV-2 is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis ending in the acidic endolysosomal compartment. The virus hijacks the endosomal machinery leading to fusion of viral and endosomal membranes and release of the viral RNA into the cytosol. This mini-review specifically highlights the membrane lipid organization of the endosomal system focusing on the unconventional and late endosome/lysosome-specific phospholipid, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). BMP is enriched in alveolar macrophages of lung, one of the target tissue of SARS-CoV-2. This review details the BMP structure, its unsaturated fatty acid composition and fusogenic properties that are essential for the highly dynamic formation of the intraluminal vesicles inside the endosomes. Interestingly, BMP is necessary for infection and replication of enveloped RNA virus such as SARS-CoV-1 and Dengue virus. We also emphasize the role of BMP in lipid sorting and degradation, especially cholesterol transport in cooperation with Niemann Pick type C proteins (NPC 1 and 2) and with some oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) as well as in sphingolipid degradation. Interestingly, numerous virus infection required NPC1 as well as ORPs along the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, BMP content is increased during pathological endosomal lipid accumulation in various lysosomal storage disorders. This is particularly important knowing the high percentage of patients with metabolic disorders among the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients presenting severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Luquain-Costaz
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxence Rabia
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle Delton
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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Showalter MR, Berg AL, Nagourney A, Heil H, Carraway KL, Fiehn O. The Emerging and Diverse Roles of Bis(monoacylglycero) Phosphate Lipids in Cellular Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218067. [PMID: 33137979 PMCID: PMC7663174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although understudied relative to many phospholipids, accumulating evidence suggests that bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) is an important class of regulatory lipid that plays key roles in lysosomal integrity and function. BMPs are rare in most mammalian tissues, comprising only a few percent of total cellular lipid content, but are elevated in cell types such as macrophages that rely heavily on lysosomal function. BMPs are markedly enriched in endosomal and lysosomal vesicles compared to other organelles and membranous structures, and their unique sn-1:sn-1′ stereoconfiguration may confer stability within the hydrolytic lysosomal environment. BMP-enriched vesicles serve in endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and function as docking structures for the activation of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes, notably those involved in the catabolic breakdown of sphingolipids. BMP levels are dysregulated in lysosomal storage disorders, phospholipidosis, metabolic diseases, liver and kidney diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. However, whether BMP alteration is a mediator or simply a marker of pathological states is unclear. Likewise, although BMP acyl chain composition may be altered with disease states, the functional significance of specific BMP species remains to be resolved. Newly developed tools for untargeted lipidomic analysis, together with a deeper understanding of enzymes mediating BMP synthesis and degradation, will help shed further light on the functional significance of BMPs in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Showalter
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.R.S.); (A.N.); (H.H.)
| | - Anastasia L. Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (K.L.C.III)
| | - Alexander Nagourney
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.R.S.); (A.N.); (H.H.)
| | - Hailey Heil
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.R.S.); (A.N.); (H.H.)
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.L.B.); (K.L.C.III)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.R.S.); (A.N.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang G, Wang Y, Liu N, Liu M. The role of exosome lipids in central nervous system diseases. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:743-756. [PMID: 32681787 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are common diseases that threaten human health. The CNS is highly enriched in lipids, which play important roles in maintaining normal physiological functions of the nervous system. Moreover, many CNS diseases are closely associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) . Through novel forms of intercellular communication, exosomes secreted by brain cells can mediate inter-neuronal signaling and play important roles in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Lipids are essential components of exosomes, with cholesterol and sphingolipid as representative constituents of its bilayer membrane. In the CNS, lipids are closely related to the formation and function of exosomes. Their dysregulation causes abnormalities in exosomes, which may, in turn, lead to dysfunctions in inter-neuronal communication and promote diseases. Therefore, the role of lipids in the treatment of neurological diseases through exosomes has received increasing attention. The aim of this review is to discuss the relationship between lipids and exosomes and their roles in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ningyuan Liu
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mujun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
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Sahaka M, Amara S, Wattanakul J, Gedi MA, Aldai N, Parsiegla G, Lecomte J, Christeller JT, Gray D, Gontero B, Villeneuve P, Carrière F. The digestion of galactolipids and its ubiquitous function in Nature for the uptake of the essential α-linolenic acid. Food Funct 2020; 11:6710-6744. [PMID: 32687132 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids, mainly monogalactosyl diglycerides and digalactosyl diglycerides are the main lipids found in the membranes of plants, algae and photosynthetic microorganisms like microalgae and cyanobacteria. As such, they are the main lipids present at the surface of earth. They may represent up to 80% of the fatty acid stocks, including a large proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA). Nevertheless, the interest in these lipids for nutrition and other applications remains overlooked, probably because they are dispersed in the biomass and are not as easy to extract as vegetable oils from oleaginous fruit and oil seeds. Another reason is that galactolipids only represent a small fraction of the acylglycerolipids present in modern human diet. In herbivores such as horses, fish and folivorous insects, galactolipids may however represent the main source of dietary fatty acids due to their dietary habits and digestion physiology. The development of galactolipase assays has led to the identification and characterization of the enzymes involved in the digestion of galactolipids in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as by microorganisms. Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) has been identified as an important factor of galactolipid digestion in humans, together with pancreatic carboxyl ester hydrolase (CEH). The levels of PLRP2 are particularly high in monogastric herbivores thus highlighting the peculiar role of PLRP2 in the digestion of plant lipids. Similarly, pancreatic lipase homologs are found to be expressed in the midgut of folivorous insects, in which a high galactolipase activity can be measured. In fish, however, CEH is the main galactolipase involved. This review discusses the origins and fatty acid composition of galactolipids and the physiological contribution of galactolipid digestion in various species. This overlooked aspect of lipid digestion ensures not only the intake of ALA from its main natural source, but also the main lipid source of energy for growth of some herbivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay Sahaka
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamed A Gedi
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - John T Christeller
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Gray
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Yuan QL, Zhang YG, Chen Q. Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutics as MSC Trophic Mediators in Regenerative Medicine. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1735-1742. [PMID: 31168963 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent progenitor cells with the capabilities of self-renewing, differentiating into multiple lineages, and achieving trophic effects during tissue repair. MSCs can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles, which mediate their trophic effects on other cells. Carrying a variety of intracellular molecules of MSCs including lipids, proteins, RNA (mRNA and noncoding RNA), and DNA, EVs deliver them into other cells to regulate tissue regeneration process. The therapeutic effects of MSC-derived EVs have been observed in a number of animal disease models. In this review, we focus on the current state and future directions of MSC-derived EVs in regenerative medicine. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ling Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bone and Joint Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bone and Joint Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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12
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Lee JC, Yang JS, Moon MH. Simultaneous Relative Quantification of Various Polyglycerophospholipids with Isotope-Labeled Methylation by Nanoflow Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6716-6723. [PMID: 31008580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a comprehensive analytical method for the separation and relative quantification of polyglycerophospholipids (PGPLs), including phosphatidylglycerol (PG), bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), bis(diacylglycero)phosphate (BDP), Hemi BDP, cardiolipin (CL), monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), and dilysocardiolipin (DLCL), using isotope-labeled methylation (ILM) with nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Abnormal levels of BMP and CL have been associated with the pathology of lysosomal storage and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, simultaneous analysis of all PGPLs is important to understand the mechanisms and pathologies of such diseases. In this study, improved separation and MS detection of PGPLs, including their regioisomers, was achieved by the methylation of PGPL. ILM-based relative quantification was applied to lipid extracts from a dopaminergic cell line (SH-SY5Y) treated with drugs commonly used for Parkinson's disease (PD), resulting in the identification of 229 unique PGPLs, including 121 CLs, 71 MLCLs, and 16 Hemi BDP species. The drug treatment induced significant increases in the amount of CLs containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains, including 20:4 and 22:6, as well as decreased levels of BMP, Hemi BDP, and BDP species, demonstrating the feasibility of using ILM for the comprehensive and high-speed relative quantification of PGPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Joon Seon Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Korea
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13
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Deng H, Sun C, Sun Y, Li H, Yang L, Wu D, Gao Q, Jiang X. Lipid, Protein, and MicroRNA Composition Within Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:178-186. [PMID: 29782191 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were regarded as one of the most promising type of seed cells in tissue engineering due to its easy accessibility and multipotent feature of being able to differentiate into adipocyte, osteoblast, cardiomyocytes, and neurons. For years, MSCs have been applied in treating cardiovascular disease, reconstructing kidney injury, and remodeling immune system with remarkable achievements. Basic researches revealed that its clinic effects are not only due to their pluripotent ability but also through their paracrine function that they synthesize and secrete a broad spectrum of growth factors and cytokines. Recent studies show that exosomes is the main paracrine executor of MSCs. The lipid bilayer of exosome maintains its stability and integrity and keeps biological potency of biological substance within it. MSC-derived exosomes were shown to be successful in treating many diseases, including tumor and cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact composition of MSC-derived exosomes is not known yet. In this review, we will discuss the lipid, protein, and microRNA contents within MSC-derived exosomes based on current studies to guide further research and clinical applications of MSC-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- 1 First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Chun Sun
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Yingxin Sun
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Huhu Li
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Danbin Wu
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Gao
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- 2 School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin, China
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14
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IR spectroscopy analysis of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 interaction with phospholipids: 1. Discriminative recognition of mixed micelles versus liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 211:52-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Lysosomal Lipases PLRP2 and LPLA2 Process Mycobacterial Multi-acylated Lipids and Generate T Cell Stimulatory Antigens. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Chap H. Forty five years with membrane phospholipids, phospholipases and lipid mediators: A historical perspective. Biochimie 2016; 125:234-49. [PMID: 27059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases play a key role in the metabolism of phospholipids and in cell signaling. They are also a very useful tool to explore phospholipid structure and metabolism as well as membrane organization. They are at the center of this review, covering a period starting in 1971 and focused on a number of subjects in which my colleagues and I have been involved. Those include determination of phospholipid asymmetry in the blood platelet membrane, biosynthesis of lysophosphatidic acid, biochemistry of platelet-activating factor, first attempts to define the role of phosphoinositides in cell signaling, and identification of novel digestive (phospho)lipases such as pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) or phospholipase B. Besides recalling some of our contributions to those various fields, this review makes an appraisal of the impressive and often unexpected evolution of those various aspects of membrane phospholipids and lipid mediators. It is also the occasion to propose some new working hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Chap
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France. hugues.chap.@univ-tlse3.fr
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17
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Pribasnig MA, Mrak I, Grabner GF, Taschler U, Knittelfelder O, Scherz B, Eichmann TO, Heier C, Grumet L, Kowaliuk J, Romauch M, Holler S, Anderl F, Wolinski H, Lass A, Breinbauer R, Marsche G, Brown JM, Zimmermann R. α/β Hydrolase Domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) Degrades the Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Lipid Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29869-81. [PMID: 26491015 PMCID: PMC4705992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
α/β Hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) can act as monoacylglycerol hydrolase and is believed to play a role in endocannabinoid signaling as well as in the pathogenesis of obesity and liver steatosis. However, the mechanistic link between gene function and disease is incompletely understood. Here we aimed to further characterize the role of ABHD6 in lipid metabolism. We show that mouse and human ABHD6 degrade bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) with high specific activity. BMP, also known as lysobisphosphatidic acid, is enriched in late endosomes/lysosomes, where it plays a key role in the formation of intraluminal vesicles and in lipid sorting. Up to now, little has been known about the catabolism of this lipid. Our data demonstrate that ABHD6 is responsible for ∼90% of the BMP hydrolase activity detected in the liver and that knockdown of ABHD6 increases hepatic BMP levels. Tissue fractionation and live-cell imaging experiments revealed that ABHD6 co-localizes with late endosomes/lysosomes. The enzyme is active at cytosolic pH and lacks acid hydrolase activity, implying that it degrades BMP exported from acidic organelles or de novo-formed BMP. In conclusion, our data suggest that ABHD6 controls BMP catabolism and is therefore part of the late endosomal/lysosomal lipid-sorting machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Pribasnig
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Irina Mrak
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Scherz
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Grumet
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Kowaliuk
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Romauch
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Felix Anderl
- the University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - J Mark Brown
- the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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18
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Record M, Carayon K, Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Exosomes as new vesicular lipid transporters involved in cell-cell communication and various pathophysiologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:108-20. [PMID: 24140720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that have emerged as a new intercellular communication system between an intracellular compartment of a donor cell towards the periphery or an internal compartment of a recipient cell. The bioactivity of exosomes resides not only in their protein and RNA contents but also in their lipidic molecules. Exosomes display original lipids organized in a bilayer membrane and along with the lipid carriers such as fatty acid binding proteins that they contain, exosomes transport bioactive lipids. Exosomes can vectorize lipids such as eicosanoids, fatty acids, and cholesterol, and their lipid composition can be modified by in-vitro manipulation. They also contain lipid related enzymes so that they can constitute an autonomous unit of production of various bioactive lipids. Exosomes can circulate between proximal or distal cells and their fate can be regulated in part by lipidic molecules. Compared to their parental cells, exosomes are enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin and their accumulation in cells might modulate recipient cell homeostasis. Exosome release from cells appears to be a general biological process. They have been reported in all biological fluids from which they can be recovered and can be monitors of specific pathophysiological situations. Thus, the lipid content of circulating exosomes could be useful biomarkers of lipid related diseases. Since the first lipid analysis of exosomes ten years ago detailed knowledge of exosomal lipids has accumulated. The role of lipids in exosome fate and bioactivity and how they constitute an additional lipid transport system are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Record
- INSERM-UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Sterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovation in Oncology", BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 Rue du Pont Saint-Pierre, 31052 Toulouse Cedex, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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19
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Chapuy-Regaud S, Subra C, Requena M, de Medina P, Amara S, Delton-Vandenbroucke I, Payre B, Cazabat M, Carriere F, Izopet J, Poirot M, Record M. Progesterone and a phospholipase inhibitor increase the endosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate content and block HIV viral particle intercellular transmission. Biochimie 2013; 95:1677-88. [PMID: 23774297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone, the cationic amphiphile U18666A and a phospholipase inhibitor (Methyl Arachidonyl Fluoro Phosphonate, MAFP) inhibited by 70%-90% HIV production in viral reservoir cells, i.e. human THP-1 monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). These compounds triggered an inhibition of fluid phase endocytosis (macropinocytosis) and modified cellular lipid homeostasis since endosomes accumulated filipin-stained sterols and Bis(Monoacylglycero)Phosphate (BMP). BMP was quantified using a new cytometry procedure and was increased by 1.25 times with MAFP, 1.7 times with U18666A and 2.5 times with progesterone. MAFP but not progesterone or U18666A inhibited the hydrolysis of BMP by the Pancreatic Lipase Related Protein 2 (PLRP2) as shown by in-vitro experiments. The possible role of sterol transporters in steroid-mediated BMP increase is discussed. Electron microscopy showed the accumulation of viral particles either into large intracellular viral-containing compartments or outside the cells, indicating that endosomal accumulation of BMP could block intracellular biogenesis of viral particles while inhibition of macropinocytosis would prevent viral particle uptake. This is the first report linking BMP metabolism with a natural steroid such as progesterone or with involvement of a phospholipase A1 activity. BMP cellular content could be used as a biomarker for efficient anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- INSERM, U1043, Equipe Infection virales: persistance, réponse de l'hôte et physiopathologie, Toulouse F-31300, France
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20
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Bohdanowicz M, Grinstein S. Role of Phospholipids in Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Macropinocytosis. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:69-106. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis are fundamental processes that enable cells to sample their environment, eliminate pathogens and apoptotic bodies, and regulate the expression of surface components. While a great deal of effort has been devoted over many years to understanding the proteins involved in these processes, the important contribution of phospholipids has only recently been appreciated. This review is an attempt to collate and analyze the rapidly emerging evidence documenting the role of phospholipids in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. A primer on phospholipid biosynthesis, catabolism, subcellular distribution, and transport is presented initially, for reference, together with general considerations of the effects of phospholipids on membrane curvature and charge. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the critical functions of phospholipids in the internalization processes and in the maturation of the resulting vesicles and vacuoles as they progress along the endo-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bohdanowicz
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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21
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Accardo A, Leone M, Tesauro D, Aufiero R, Bénarouche A, Cavalier JF, Longhi S, Carriere F, Rossi F. Solution conformational features and interfacial properties of an intrinsically disordered peptide coupled to alkyl chains: a new class of peptide amphiphiles. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1401-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Understanding the lipid-digestion processes in the GI tract before designing lipid-based drug-delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:105-24. [PMID: 22833936 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the compounds present in lipid-based drug-delivery systems are esters, such as acylglycerols, phospholipids, polyethyleneglycol mono- and di-esters and polysorbate, which can be hydrolyzed by the various lipolytic enzymes present in the GI tract. Lipolysis of these compounds, along with dietary fats, affects the solubility, dispersion and bioavailibity of poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharmaceutical scientists have been taking a new interest in fat digestion in this context, and several studies presenting in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis models have been published. In most models, it is generally assumed that pancreatic lipase is the main enzyme involved in the gastrointestinal lipolysis of lipid formulations. It was established, however, that gastric lipase, pancreatic carboxyl ester hydrolaze and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 are the major players involved in the lipolysis of lipid excipients containing acylglycerols and polyethyleneglycol esters. These findings have shown that the lipolysis of lipid excipients may actually start in the stomach and involve several lipolytic enzymes. These findings should therefore be taken into account when testing in vitro the dispersion and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs formulated with lipids. In this review, we present the latest data available about the lipolytic enzymes involved in gastrointestinal lipolysis and suggest tracks for designing physiologically relevant in vitro digestion models.
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Amara S, Delorme V, Record M, Carrière F. Inhibition of phospholipase A1, lipase and galactolipase activities of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1379-85. [PMID: 22835523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) is a known inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and some other serine enzymes. MAFP was found here to be an irreversible inhibitor of human pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (HPLRP2), an enzyme displaying lipase, phospholipase A1 and galactolipase activities. In the presence of MAFP, mass spectrometry analysis of HPLRP2 revealed a mass increase of 351Da, suggesting a covalent binding of MAFP to the active site serine residue. When HPLRP2 was pre-incubated with MAFP before measuring residual activity, a direct inhibition of HPLRP2 occurred, confirming that HPLRP2 has an active site freely accessible to solvent and differs from most lipases in solution. HPLRP2 activities on tributyrin (TC4), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and monogalactosyl dioctanoylglycerol (C8-MGDG) were equally inhibited under these conditions. Bile salts were not required to trigger the inhibition, but they significantly increased the rate of HPLRP2 inhibition, probably because of MAFP micellar solubilization. Since HPLRP2 is active on various substrates that self-organize differently in the presence of water, HPLRP2 inhibition by MAFP was tested in the presence of these substrates after adding MAFP in the course of the lipolysis reaction. In this case, the rates of inhibition of lipase, phospholipase A1 and galactolipase activities were not equivalent (triglycerides>PC>MGDG), suggesting different enzyme/inhibitor partitioning between the aqueous phase and lipid aggregates. The inhibition by MAFP of a well identified phospholipase A1 (HPLRP2), present in pancreatic juice and also in human monocytes, indicates that MAFP cannot be used for discriminating phospholipase A2 from A1 activities at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Amara
- CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université-Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse-UMR 7282, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
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