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Mak KM, Shekhar AC. Soybean polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is beneficial in liver and extrahepatic tissue injury: An update in experimental research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2162-2186. [PMID: 37814787 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is a purified polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine extract of soybeans. This article updates PPC's beneficial effects on various forms of liver cell injury and other tissues in experimental research. PPC downregulates hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression and associated hepatotoxicity, as well as attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipoprotein oxidation and steatosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury. PPC inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in ethanol or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells/macrophages. It promotes M2-type macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism. PPC mitigates steatosis in NAFLD through inhibiting polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-type Kupffer cells, alleviating metabolic inflammation, remodeling hepatic lipid metabolism, correcting imbalances between lipogenesis and lipolysis and enhancing lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. PPC is antifibrotic by preventing progression of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis in baboons and also prevents CCl4-induced fibrosis in rats. PPC supplementation replenishes the phosphatidylcholine content of damaged cell membranes, resulting in increased membrane fluidity and functioning. Phosphatidylcholine repletion prevents increased membrane curvature of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and decreases sterol regulatory element binding protein-1-mediated lipogenesis, reducing steatosis. PPC remodels gut microbiota and affects hepatic lipid metabolism via the gut-hepatic-axis and also alleviates brain inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment via the gut-brain-axis. Additionally, PPC protects extrahepatic tissues from injury caused by various toxic compounds by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and membrane damage. It also stimulates liver regeneration, enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy/chemotherapy, and inhibits experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. PPC's beneficial effects justify it as a supportive treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Sánchez V, Baumann A, Brandt A, Wodak MF, Staltner R, Bergheim I. Oral Supplementation of Phosphatidylcholine Attenuates the Onset of a Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis in Female C57BL/6J Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:785-800. [PMID: 38262589 PMCID: PMC10966192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Changes in phosphatidylcholine levels in the liver have been associated with the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Here, the effects of supplementing phosphatidylcholine on the development of early signs of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis were assessed. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed a liquid control or a fructose-, fat-, and/or cholesterol-rich diet for 7 or 8 weeks. The diets of female mice were fortified ± phosphatidylcholine (12.5 mg/g diet). In liver tissue and portal blood, indices of liver damage, inflammation, and bacterial endotoxemia were measured. J774A.1 cells and human monocytes preincubated with phosphatidylcholine (0.38 mmol/L) were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (50-100 ng/mL) ± the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activator pioglitazone (10 μmol/L) or ± a liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) antagonist 1-(3'-[1-(2-[4-morpholinyl]ethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-biphenylyl)ethanon (1-10 μmol/L). RESULTS In fructose-, fat-, and/or cholesterol-rich diet-fed mice the development of fatty liver and the beginning of inflammation were associated with significantly lower hepatic phosphatidylcholine levels when compared with controls. Supplementing phosphatidylcholine significantly attenuated the development of fatty liver and inflammation, being associated with protection against the induction of PPARγ2, and activation of nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor α whereas Lrh1 expression was unchanged. The protective effects of phosphatidylcholine on the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of J774A.1 cells and human monocytes were attenuated significantly by the PPARγ activator pioglitazone and the LRH-1 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that phosphatidylcholine levels in the liver are lower in early metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice and that supplementation of phosphatidylcholine can diminish the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease through mechanisms involving LRH-1/PPARγ2/ nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian F Wodak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Sun C, Lan F, Zhou Q, Guo X, Jin J, Wen C, Guo Y, Hou Z, Zheng J, Wu G, Li G, Yan Y, Li J, Ma Q, Yang N. Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in chickens: integrated analysis of the host genome, molecular phenomics and gut microbiome. Gigascience 2024; 13:giae023. [PMID: 38837944 PMCID: PMC11152177 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is the initial manifestation of abnormal liver functions and often leads to liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans and fatty liver syndrome in animals. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of a large chicken population consisting of 705 adult hens by combining host genome resequencing; liver transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analysis; and microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of each gut segment. The results showed the heritability (h2 = 0.25) and duodenal microbiability (m2 = 0.26) of hepatic steatosis were relatively high, indicating a large effect of host genetics and duodenal microbiota on chicken hepatic steatosis. Individuals with hepatic steatosis had low microbiota diversity and a decreased genetic potential to process triglyceride output from hepatocytes, fatty acid β-oxidation activity, and resistance to fatty acid peroxidation. Furthermore, we revealed a molecular network linking host genomic variants (GGA6: 5.59-5.69 Mb), hepatic gene/protein expression (PEMT, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine N-methyltransferase), metabolite abundances (folate, S-adenosylmethionine, homocysteine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine), and duodenal microbes (genus Lactobacillus) to hepatic steatosis, which could provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of fatty liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangren Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiqin Wu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Guangqi Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Yiyuan Yan
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Layer, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Junying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Zhang X, Xu B, Hou Z, Xie C, Niu Y, Dai Q, Yan X, Wu D. Dietary ε-Polylysine Affects on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites Profiling in Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:842686. [PMID: 35571901 PMCID: PMC9097516 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.842686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the antibacterial effects of ε-polylysine acting on cell membranes, and that glycerol phospholipids are important components of the cell membrane, we hypothesized that ε-polylysine may regulate glycerophospholipid metabolism by modifying the gut microbiota. To test this hypothesis, we treated post-weaning C57 mice with different levels of ε-polylysine (0, 300, 600, and 1,200 ppm) in their basic diet. The growth performance and morphology of intestine were then determined. Modification of the gut microbiota and their function were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing. Metabolite identification was performed using the LC-MS method. The results showed that body weight decreased with an increasing supplemental level of ε-polylysine from 5 to 7 weeks (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed after 8 weeks (P > 0.05). Supplementation with 1,200 ppm ε-polylysine changed the morphology of the jejunum and ileum, increased the villus length, decreased the crypt depth of the jejunum, and decreased the villus length and crypt depth of the ileum (P < 0.05). ε-Polylysine shifted the intestine microbiota by changing alpha diversity (Chao 1, observed species, Shannon, and Simpson indices) and varied at different times. ε-polylysine decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes at 4 week, but increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes at 10 week. ε-Polylysine regulated genera associated with lipid metabolism such as Parabacteroides, Odoribacter, Akkermansia, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Collinsella, Ruminococcaceae, and Intestinimonas. During the adult period, the genera Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, and Streptomyces were positively associated with PC, PE, LysoPC, LysoPE, 1-Arachidonoylglycerophosphoinositol and OHOHA-PS (R > 0.6, P < 0.001), but changes in Blautia, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Odoribacter, Allobaculum, Ruminococcaceae UCG-004, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and Lachnospiraceae UCG-010 were negatively correlated with glycerophospholipid metabolites (R < −0.6, P < 0.001). The abundance of glycerophospholipid metabolites, including PC, PE, lysoPC, and lysoPE, were decreased by ε-polylysine. Furthermore, ε-polylysine reduced the incidence of the genera including Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Prevotellaceae, Butyricimonas, and Escherichia-Shigella and reduced the abundance of Faecalibaculum, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002. In conclusion, ε-polylysine modified gut microbiota composition and function while also restraining pathogenic bacteria. The glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway and associated metabolites may be regulated by intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoyang Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenping Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaorong Niu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Duanqin Wu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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Uehara K, Sostre-Colón J, Gavin M, Santoleri D, Leonard KA, Jacobs RL, Titchenell PM. Activation of Liver mTORC1 Protects Against NASH via Dual Regulation of VLDL-TAG Secretion and De Novo Lipogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1625-1647. [PMID: 35240344 PMCID: PMC9046248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulation of liver lipid metabolism is associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a spectrum of liver diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the liver, insulin controls lipid homeostasis by increasing triglyceride (TAG) synthesis, suppressing fatty acid oxidation, and enhancing TAG export via very low-density lipoproteins. Downstream of insulin signaling, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), is a key regulator of lipid metabolism. Here, we define the role of hepatic mTORC1 activity in mouse models of NASH and investigate the mTORC1-dependent mechanisms responsible for protection against liver damage in NASH. METHODS Utilizing 2 rodent NASH-promoting diets, we demonstrate that hepatic mTORC1 activity was reduced in mice with NASH, whereas under conditions of insulin resistance and benign fatty liver, mTORC1 activity was elevated. To test the beneficial effects of hepatic mTORC1 activation in mouse models of NASH, we employed an acute, liver-specific knockout model of TSC1 (L-TSC-KO), a negative regulator of mTORC1. RESULTS L-TSC-KO mice are protected from and have improved markers of NASH including reduced steatosis, decreased circulating transaminases, and reduced expression of inflammation and fibrosis genes. Mechanistically, protection from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by constitutive mTORC1 activity occurred via promotion of the phosphatidylcholine synthesizing enzyme, CCTα, and enhanced very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride export. Additionally, activation of mTORC1 protected from hepatic steatosis via negative feedback of the mTORC2-AKT-FOXO-SREBP1c lipogenesis axis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study identifies a protective role for liver mTORC1 signaling in the initiation and progression of NASH in mice via dual control of lipid export and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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6
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Aragón-Herrera A, Otero-Santiago M, Anido-Varela L, Moraña-Fernández S, Campos-Toimil M, García-Caballero T, Barral L, Tarazón E, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, Gualillo O, Moscoso I, Lage R, González-Juanatey JR, Feijóo-Bandín S, Lago F. The Treatment With the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modifies the Hepatic Metabolome of Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Towards a Protective Profile. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827033. [PMID: 35185578 PMCID: PMC8847595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)) trial evidenced the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidences have shown the benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on improving liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM. Metabolomic studies have been shown to be very useful to improve the understanding of liver pathophysiology during the development and progression of metabolic hepatic diseases, and because the effects of empagliflozin and of other SGLT2 inhibitors on the complete metabolic profile of the liver has never been analysed before, we decided to study the impact on the liver of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats of a treatment for 6 weeks with empagliflozin using an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the purpose to help to clarify the benefits of the use of empagliflozin at hepatic level. We found that empagliflozin is able to change the hepatic lipidome towards a protective profile, through an increase of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated glycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also induces a decrease in the levels of the markers of inflammation IL-6, chemerin and chemerin receptor in the liver. Our results provide new evidences regarding the molecular pathways through which empagliflozin could exert hepatoprotector beneficial effects in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Aragón-Herrera
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Otero-Santiago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Anido-Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Group of Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CD Pharma), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Barral
- Group of Polymers, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Moscoso
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS-SERGAS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research and Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Liu J, Yuan J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang G. Serum metabolomic patterns in young patients with ischemic stroke: a case study. Metabolomics 2021; 17:24. [PMID: 33554271 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and adult disability. The incidence of ischemic stroke continues to rise in young adults. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of metabolic changes and explore possible mechanisms in young ischemic stroke patients without common risk factors. METHODS This study investigated serum metabolomics in 50 young patients with newly suffered ischemic stroke and 50 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Liquid chromatography coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-S mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used to analyze amino acid or bile acid, and free fatty acid or lipid was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a Qtrap5500 mass spectrometer with an ESI source. The metabolomic data were analyzed by performing a multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 197 metabolites, including amino acids, bile acids, free fatty acids, and lipids, were identified in all participants. Multivariate models showed significant differences in serum metabolomic patterns between young patients with ischemic stroke and healthy controls. The stroke patients had increased L-methionine, homocysteine, glutamine, uric acid, GCDCA, and PE (18:0/20:4, 16:0/22:5), and decreased levels of L-citrulline, taurine, PC (16:2/22:6, 16:2/20:5, 15:0/18:2), and SM (d18:1/23:0, d20:0/19:1, d18:1/22:0, d16:0/26:1, d16:0/18:0, d16:0/22:1, d18:1/19:1, d16:0/17:1, d16:1/24:1, d18:1/19:0). Based on the identified metabolites, the metabolic pathways of arginine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were significantly enriched in the young patients with ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Serum metabolomic patterns were significantly different between young patients with ischemic stroke and healthy controls. Our study is beneficial in providing a further view into the pathophysiology of young patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Junliang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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8
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Haberl EM, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Höring M, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Buechler C. Hepatic lipid profile in mice fed a choline-deficient, low-methionine diet resembles human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:250. [PMID: 33298075 PMCID: PMC7727224 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data support a role for lipids in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. With experimental models such data can be challenged or validated. Mice fed a low-methionine, choline-deficient (LMCD) diet develop NASH and, when injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN), HCC. Here, lipidomic analysis was used to elucidate whether the NASH and HCC associated lipid derangements resemble the lipid profile of the human disease. METHODS Lipids were measured in the liver of mice fed a control or a LMCD diet for 16 weeks. DEN was injected at young age to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis. DEN treatment associated changes of the lipid composition and the tumor lipidome were evaluated. RESULTS LMCD diet fed mice accumulated ceramides and triacylglycerols in the liver. Phospholipids enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids were also increased, whereas hepatic cholesterol levels remained unchanged in the LMCD model. Phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine concentrations declined in the liver of LMCD diet fed mice. The changes of most lipids associated with LMCD diet feeding were similar between water and DEN injected mice. Several polyunsaturated (PU) diacylglycerol species were already low in the liver of DEN injected mice fed the control diet. Tumors developed in the liver of LMCD diet fed mice injected with DEN. The tumor specific lipid profile, however, did not resemble the decrease of ceramides and PU phospholipids, which was consistently described in human HCC. Triacylglycerols declined in the cancer tissues, which is in accordance with a low expression of lipogenic enzymes in the tumors. CONCLUSIONS The LMCD model is suitable to study NASH associated lipid reprogramming. Hepatic lipid profile was modestly modified in the DEN injected mice suggesting a function of these derangements in carcinogenesis. Lipid composition of liver tumors did not resemble the human HCC lipidome, and most notably, lipogenesis and triacylglycerol levels were suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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9
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Rescue of Hepatic Phospholipid Remodeling Defectin iPLA2β-Null Mice Attenuates Obese but Not Non-Obese Fatty Liver. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091332. [PMID: 32957701 PMCID: PMC7565968 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β or PLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes. The ubiquitously expressed iPLA2β catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs) to generate a fatty acid and a lysoPL. We studied the role of iPLA2β on PL metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By using global deletion iPLA2β-null mice, we investigated three NAFLD mouse models; genetic Ob/Ob and long-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding (representing obese NAFLD) as well as feeding with methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet (representing non-obese NAFLD). A decrease of hepatic PLs containing monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease of the ratio between PLs and cholesterol esters were observed in all three NAFLD models. iPLA2β deficiency rescued these decreases in obese, but not in non-obese, NAFLD models. iPLA2β deficiency elicited protection against fatty liver and obesity in the order of Ob/Ob › HFD » MCD. Liver inflammation was not protected in HFD NAFLD, and that liver fibrosis was even exaggerated in non-obese MCD model. Thus, the rescue of hepatic PL remodeling defect observed in iPLA2β-null mice was critical for the protection against NAFLD and obesity. However, iPLA2β deletion in specific cell types such as macrophages may render liver inflammation and fibrosis, independent of steatosis protection.
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10
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da Silva RP, Eudy BJ, Deminice R. One-Carbon Metabolism in Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis: One-Carbon to Rule Them All. J Nutr 2020; 150:994-1003. [PMID: 32119738 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a term used to characterize a range of disease states that involve the accumulation of fat in the liver but are not associated with excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD is a prevalent disease that can progress to organ damage like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many animal models have demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism is strongly associated with NAFLD. Phosphatidylcholine is an important phospholipid that affects hepatic lipid homeostasis and de novo synthesis of this phospholipid is associated with NAFLD. However, one-carbon metabolism serves to support all cellular methylation reactions and catabolism of methionine, serine, glycine, choline, betaine, tryptophan, and histidine. Several different pathways within one-carbon metabolism that play important roles in regulating energy metabolism and immune function have received less attention in the study of fatty liver disease and fibrosis. This review examines what we have learned about hepatic lipid metabolism and liver damage from the study of one-carbon metabolism thus far and highlights unexplored opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P da Silva
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandon J Eudy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic effects of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor L. in growing pigs by transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32158542 PMCID: PMC7055059 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothesis was tested that insect meal (IM) as protein source influences intermediary metabolism of growing pigs. To test this, 30 male, 5-week-old crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 10 pigs each with similar body weights (BW) and fed isonitrogenous diets either without (CON) or with 5% IM (IM5) or 10% IM (IM10) from Tenebrio molitor L. for 4 weeks and key metabolic tissues (liver, muscle, plasma) were analyzed using omics-techniques. Results Most performance parameters did not differ across the groups, whereas ileal digestibilities of most amino acids were 6.7 to 15.6%-units lower in IM10 than in CON (P < 0.05). Transcriptomics of liver and skeletal muscle revealed a total of 166 and 198, respectively, transcripts differentially expressed between IM10 and CON (P < 0.05). Plasma metabolomics revealed higher concentrations of alanine, citrulline, glutamate, proline, serine, tyrosine and valine and a lower concentration of asparagine in IM10 than in CON (P < 0.05). Only one out of fourteen quantifiable amino acid metabolites, namely methionine sulfoxide (MetS), in plasma was elevated by 45% and 71% in IM5 and IM10, respectively, compared to CON (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of both, major carnitine/acylcarnitine species and bile acids were not different across groups. Lipidomics of liver and plasma demonstrated no differences in the concentrations of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and the main phospholipids, lysophospholipids and sphingolipids between groups. The percentages of all individual phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species in the liver showed no differences between groups, except those with 6 double bonds (PC 38:6, PC 40:6, PE 38:6, PE 40:6), which were markedly lower in IM10 than in CON (P < 0.05). In line with this, the percentage of C22:6n-3 in hepatic total lipids was lower in IM10 than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Comprehensive analyzes of the transcriptome, lipidome and metabolome of key metabolic tissues indicate that partial or complete replacement of a conventional protein source by IM in the diet has only a weak impact on the intermediary metabolism of growing pigs. Thus, it is concluded that IM from Tenebrio molitor L. can be used as a dietary source of protein in pigs without causing adverse effects on metabolism.
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12
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Rein-Fischboeck L, Haberl EM, Pohl R, Feder S, Liebisch G, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Variations in hepatic lipid species of age-matched male mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet and housed in different animal facilities. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:172. [PMID: 31521175 PMCID: PMC6745065 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common disease and feeding mice a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet is a frequently used model to study its pathophysiology. Genetic and environmental factors influence NASH development and liver lipid content, which was studied herein using C57BL/6 J mice bred in two different animal facilities. Methods Age-matched male C57BL/6 J mice bred in two different animal facilities (later on referred to as WT1 and WT2) at the University Hospital of Regensburg were fed identical MCD or control chows for 2 weeks. Hepatic gene and protein expression and lipid composition were determined. Results NASH was associated with increased hepatic triglycerides, which were actually higher in WT1 than WT2 liver in both dietary groups. Cholesterol contributes to hepatic injury but was only elevated in WT2 NASH liver. Ceramides account for insulin resistance and cell death, and ceramide species d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/18:0 were higher in the NASH liver of both groups. Saturated sphingomyelins only declined in WT1 NASH liver. Lysophosphatidylcholine concentrations were quite normal in NASH and only one of the 12 altered phosphatidylcholine species declined in NASH liver of both groups. Very few phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol species were comparably regulated in NASH liver of both animal groups. Seven of these lipid species declined and two increased in NASH. Notably, hepatic mRNA expression of proinflammatory (F4/80, CD68, IL-6, TNF and chemerin) and profibrotic genes (TGF beta and alpha SMA) was comparable in WT1 and WT2 mice. Conclusions Mice housed and bred in different animal facilities had comparable disease severity of NASH whereas liver lipids varied among the groups. Thus, there was no specific lipid signature for NASH in the MCD model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1114-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Jung TW, Park T, Park J, Kim U, Je HD, Kim HD, Cho SW, Abd El-Aty AM, Song JH, Kim HC, Shin YK, Jeong JH. Phosphatidylcholine causes adipocyte-specific lipolysis and apoptosis in adipose and muscle tissues. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214760. [PMID: 30958839 PMCID: PMC6453443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) formula has been therapeutically used to reduce areas of localized fat. However, no single research has been carried out on its effect on a variety of cells in adipose and muscle tissues. Herein, the current study aimed to explore the activity of PPC on different cells in adipose and muscle tissues and to investigate the molecular mechanisms contributing to the effects of PPC on lipolysis and apoptosis. mRNA expression levels of various genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein expression levels were observed through Western blotting and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Lipolysis and caspase 3 activity assay were performed using commercial kits. PPC induces lipolysis and apoptosis in adipocytes (3T3-L1), but not in the other tested cells, including skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 myocytes), endothelial cells (HUVEC), and fibroblasts (BJ). The possible role of TNFα and IL-1β-mediated pathways on the effects of PPC was also revealed. We confirmed that treatment with PPC caused lipolysis and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (only in 3T3-L1 adipocytes). The effect of PPC observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was not evident in C2C12 myocytes, HUVEC, and fibroblasts. PPC also increased TNFα and IL-1β expression and release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent fashion, but not in C2C12 myocytes, HUVEC, and BJ. Suppression of TNFα or IL-1β reversed PPC-induced lipolysis and apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting that PPC could promote adipocyte-specific lipolysis and apoptosis through TNFα and IL-1β-mediated signaling. We conclude that the specific activity of PPC on adipocyte in adipose without other tissue damages can be an effective approach for melting lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwang Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uiseok Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Dong Je
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Dong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biotechnology, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jin-Ho Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyoo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHJ); (YKS)
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHJ); (YKS)
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14
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Otto AC, Gan-Schreier H, Zhu X, Tuma-Kellner S, Staffer S, Ganzha A, Liebisch G, Chamulitrat W. Group VIA phospholipase A2 deficiency in mice chronically fed with high-fat-diet attenuates hepatic steatosis by correcting a defect of phospholipid remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:662-676. [PMID: 30735855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A defect of hepatic remodeling of phospholipids (PL) is seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NASH) indicating pivotal role of PL metabolism in this disease. The deletion of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPla2β) protects ob/ob mice from hepatic steatosis (BBAlip 1861, 2016, 440-461), however its role in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH is still elusive. Here, wild-type and iPla2β-null mice were subjected to chronic feeding with HFD for 6 months. We showed that protection was observed in iPla2β-null mice with an attenuation of diet-induced body and liver-weight gains, liver enzymes, serum free fatty acids as well as hepatic TG and steatosis scores. iPla2β deficiency under HFD attenuated the levels of 1-stearoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) as well as elevation of hepatic arachidonate, arachidonate-containing cholesterol esters and prostaglandin E2. More importantly, this deficiency rescued a defect in PL remodeling and attenuated the ratio of saturated and unsaturated PL. The protection by iPla2β deficiency was not observed during short-term HFD feeding of 3 or 5 weeks which showed no PL remodeling defect. In addition to PC/PE, this deficiency reversed the suppression of PC/PI and PE/PI among monounsaturated PL. However, this deficiency did not modulate hepatic PL contents and PL ratios in ER fractions, ER stress, fibrosis, and inflammation markers. Hence, iPla2β inactivation protected mice against hepatic steatosis and obesity during chronic dietary NASH by correcting PL remodeling defect and PI composition relative to PC and PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xingya Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ganzha
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Meyer S, Gessner DK, Wen G, Most E, Liebisch G, Zorn H, Ringseis R, Eder K. The Antisteatotic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Insect Meal in Obese Zucker Rats is Accompanied by Profound Changes in Hepatic Phospholipid and 1-Carbon Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801305. [PMID: 30688013 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The hypothesis is tested that insect meal, which has a low methionine content, reduces the hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC):phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio, which is a critical determinant of hepatic lipid synthesis, by decreasing availability of the methionine metabolite S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). METHODS AND RESULTS Obese rats (n = 24) are randomly divided into two groups (Obese Casein and Obese Insect) of 12 rats each. In addition, lean rats (n = 12) are used as control group (LC). Groups LC and OC receive a control diet with casein as protein source, whereas in the OI group, casein is replaced isonitrogenously by insect meal, which is found to be less digestible (-12% units). Plasma and liver concentrations of lipids and hepatic expression of lipid synthesizing genes are reduced in the OI group compared to the OC group. Plasma and liver concentration of PC and the PC:PE ratio are decreased in the OI group compared to the OC group, while hepatic concentration of SAM and the hepatic SAM:S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio is lower in the OI group than in the OC group. CONCLUSION The decrease of the hepatic PC:PE ratio is probably a key mechanism explaining the pronounced antisteatotic and hypolipidemic action of insect meal in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Zhai L, Ning ZW, Huang T, Wen B, Liao CH, Lin CY, Zhao L, Xiao HT, Bian ZX. Cyclocarya paliurus Leaves Tea Improves Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Mice: A Lipidomics-Based Network Pharmacology Study. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 30210345 PMCID: PMC6121037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis afflict over 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes, causing diabetic dyslipidemia. Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) leaf is a herbal tea which has long been consumed by the Chinese population, particularly people suffering from obesity and diabetes. CP appears to exhibit a hypolipidemic effect in lipid loaded mice (Kurihara et al., 2003), although the detailed mechanisms and active ingredients for this hypolipidemic effect have not yet been answered. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of CP and predicted the mechanisms by utilizing lipidomics, serum-pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology approaches. Our results revealed that serum and hepatic levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), as well as 30 lipids including cholesterol ester (CE), diglyceride (DG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) in CP-treated mice were improved in comparison with untreated diabetic mice. In parallel, 14 phytochemical compounds of CP were determined in mice serum after CP administration. Mechanistically, the network pharmacology analysis revealed the predicted targets of CP’s active ingredients ALOX12, APP, BCL2, CYP2C9, PTPN1 and linked lipidome targets PLD2, PLA2G(s), and PI3K(s) families could be responsible for the CP effects on diabetic dyslipidemia. In conclusion, this study revealed the beneficial effects of CP on diabetic dyslipidemia are achieved by reducing accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and regulating circulatory lipids in diabetic mice, possibly through PI3K signaling and MAPK signaling pathways.
Work flow of the evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea on dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zi-Wan Ning
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liao
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Chen ZF, Dong XL, Huang QK, Hong WD, Wu WZ, Wu JS, Pan S. The combined effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome on colorectal carcinoma mortality: a retrospective in Chinese females. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:163. [PMID: 30097069 PMCID: PMC6086998 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research aimed to investigate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) had both individual and synergistic effects on the prognosis for female colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. METHODS The relationship between CRC prognosis and NAFLD as well as MetS was evaluated in 764 female participants. Based on the NAFLD level, patients were divided into significant NAFLD (SNAFLD), "moderate" and "severe" level, and non-SNAFLD, "non" and "mild" level. All the patients were categorized into four subgroups according to the status of SNAFLD and MetS and then a comparison of CRC prognosis among those four groups was performed. RESULTS NAFLD, SNAFLD, and MetS were independent factors for CRC-specific mortality with the adjustment of age and other confounders. The hazard ratio (HR) of CRC-specific mortality in MetS (+) SNAFLD (+) group was significantly higher than that in other three groups. Relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) was 2.203 with 95% CI ranged from 0.197 to 4.210, attributable proportion (AP) was 0.444 with range from 0.222 to 0.667, and synergy index (SI) of 2.256 with 95% CI from 1.252 to 4.065, indicating SNAFLD and MetS had a significant synergic effect on CRC-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS SNAFLD and MetS are independent risk factors for CRC-specific mortality in females. Moreover, those two diseases have a synergistic effect on promoting CRC-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Feng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ke Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang-Dong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Sheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Chen DZ, Xu QM, Wu XX, Cai C, Zhang LJ, Shi KQ, Shi HY, Li LJ. The Combined Effect of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome on Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Females in Eastern China. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2314769. [PMID: 30151008 PMCID: PMC6087573 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2314769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential combined effects of NAFLD and MetS on the development of osteoporosis. The relationship between NAFLD and MetS and osteoporosis was assessed in 938 postmenopausal female participants. Moderate and severe NAFLDs were combined as significant NAFLD (SNAFLD). All the subjects were divided into 4 subgroups based on the status of SNAFLD and MetS. Relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) of interaction, and synergy index (SI) were used to investigate the additive interaction of those two factors. NAFLD, SNAFLD, and MetS were independent factors for osteoporosis with the adjustment of age and other confounders. The incidence of osteoporosis in MetS (+) SNAFLD (+) group was significantly higher than that in other three groups. RERI was 2.556 (95% CI = 0.475-4.636), AP was 0.454 (95% CI = 0.201-0.706), and SI was 2.231 (95% CI = 1.124 to 4.428), indicating the significant combined interaction of SNAFLD and MetS on the development of osteoporosis. SNAFLD and MetS are independent risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal females, respectively. Moreover, SNAFLD and MetS have an additive effect on the development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiao-Mai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ling-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ke-Qing Shi
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hong-Ying Shi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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19
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Quinn WJ, Wan M, Shewale SV, Gelfer R, Rader DJ, Birnbaum MJ, Titchenell PM. mTORC1 stimulates phosphatidylcholine synthesis to promote triglyceride secretion. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4207-4215. [PMID: 29035283 DOI: 10.1172/jci96036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and secretion are closely linked to nutrient availability. After a meal, hepatic TAG formation from fatty acids is decreased, largely due to a reduction in circulating free fatty acids (FFA). Despite the postprandial decrease in FFA-driven esterification and oxidation, VLDL-TAG secretion is maintained to support peripheral lipid delivery and metabolism. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the postprandial control of VLDL-TAG secretion remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is essential for this sustained VLDL-TAG secretion and lipid homeostasis. In murine models, the absence of hepatic mTORC1 reduced circulating TAG, despite hepatosteatosis, while activation of mTORC1 depleted liver TAG stores. Additionally, mTORC1 promoted TAG secretion by regulating phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CCTα), the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Increasing PC synthesis in mice lacking mTORC1 rescued hepatosteatosis and restored TAG secretion. These data identify mTORC1 as a major regulator of phospholipid biosynthesis and subsequent VLDL-TAG secretion, leading to increased postprandial TAG secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Wan
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and
| | - Swapnil V Shewale
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and.,Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and.,Department of Physiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Xiao X, Hu M, Zhang X, Hu JZ. NMR-based Metabolomics Analysis of Liver from C57BL/6 Mouse Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2017; 188:44-55. [PMID: 28463589 PMCID: PMC5564182 DOI: 10.1667/rr14602.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ionizing radiation to human health are of great concern in the field of space exploration and for patients considering radiotherapy. However, to date, the effect of high-dose radiation on metabolism in the liver has not been clearly defined. In this study, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics combined with multivariate data analysis was applied to study the changes of metabolism in the liver of C57BL/6 mouse after whole-body gamma (3.0 and 7.8 Gy) or proton (3.0 Gy) irradiation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures analysis (OPLS) were used for classification and identification of potential biomarkers associated with exposure to gamma and proton radiation. The results show that the radiation exposed groups can be well separated from the control group. Where the same dose was received, the proton exposed group was nevertheless well separated from the gamma-exposed group, indicating that different radiation sources induce different alterations in the metabolic profile. Common among all high-dose gamma and proton exposed groups were the statistically decreased concentrations of choline, O-phosphocholine and trimethylamine N-oxide, while the concentrations of glutamine, glutathione, malate, creatinine, phosphate, betaine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate were statistically and significantly elevated. Since these altered metabolites are associated with multiple biological pathways, the results suggest that radiation induces abnormality in multiple biological pathways. In particular, metabolites such as 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, betaine, glutamine, choline and trimethylamine N-oxide may be prediagnostic biomarkers candidates for ionizing exposure of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Xiao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mary Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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21
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Khan A, Pan JH, Cho S, Lee S, Kim YJ, Park YH. Investigation of the Hepatoprotective Effect of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc Extract in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Injury Through High-Resolution Metabolomics. J Med Food 2017. [PMID: 28650205 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the changes in the metabolomics profile of liver damage caused by alcohol consumption and verify the beneficial effect of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc extract (PME) in protection of alcohol-induced injury by attenuating the level of identified metabolites. Mice were treated with PME and saline or untreated once daily for 5 days, followed by alcohol injection. The plasma samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based high-resolution metabolomics followed by a multivariate statistical analysis using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 to obtain significantly expressed metabolites, using a false discovery rate threshold of q = 0.05. Metabolites were annotated using Metlin database and mapped through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Among 4999 total features, 101 features were significant among alcohol- and PME-treated mice groups. All the samples cluster showed a clear separation in the heat map, and the scores plot of orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model discriminated the three groups. Phosphatidylcholine, Saikosaponin BK1, Ganoderiol I, and N-2-[4-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy) phenyl] ethylcinnamide were among the significant compounds with a low intensity in alcohol group compared to PME group, suggesting that these compounds have a relation in the development of PME's protective effect. The study confirms the hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of PME against alcohol-induced liver steatosis, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- 1 Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- 2 Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
| | - Seongha Cho
- 1 Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
| | - Sojung Lee
- 2 Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- 2 Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
| | - Youngja H Park
- 1 Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University , Sejong, Korea
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22
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Gluchowski NL, Becuwe M, Walther TC, Farese RV. Lipid droplets and liver disease: from basic biology to clinical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:343-355. [PMID: 28428634 PMCID: PMC6319657 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids during times of energy excess and serve as an energy reservoir during deprivation. Many prevalent metabolic diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome or obesity, often result in abnormal lipid accumulation in lipid droplets in the liver, also called hepatic steatosis. Obesity-related steatosis, or NAFLD in particular, is a major public health concern worldwide and is frequently associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we review the latest insights into the biology of lipid droplets and their role in maintaining lipid homeostasis in the liver. We also offer a perspective of liver diseases that feature lipid accumulation in these lipid storage organelles, which include NAFLD and viral hepatitis. Although clinical applications of this knowledge are just beginning, we highlight new opportunities for identifying molecular targets for treating hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L. Gluchowski
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 300 Longwood Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michel Becuwe
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tobias C. Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert V. Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Kim JY, Kwon MS, Son J, Kang SW, Song Y. Selective effect of phosphatidylcholine on the lysis of adipocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176722. [PMID: 28463991 PMCID: PMC5413042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a serious health risk factor, is often associated with depression and negatively affects many aspects of life. Injection of a formula comprising phosphatidylcholine (PPC) and deoxycholate (DC) has emerged as an alternative to liposuction in the reduction of local fat deposits. However, the formula component mainly responsible for this effect and the mechanism behind the actions of the components with respect to fat reduction are unknown. Here, we investigate the specific effects of PPC and DC on adipocyte viability. When exposed to PPC or DC, 3T3L1 preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes showed dose dependent decrease in cell viability. Interestingly, while DC mediated cell death was non-specific to both preadipocytes and adipocytes, PPC specifically induced a decrease in mature adipocyte viability, but had less effect on preadipocytes. Injection of PPC and DC into inguinal fat pads caused reduction in size. PPC injections preferentially decreased gene expression in mature adipocytes, while a strong inflammatory response was elicited by DC injection. In line with the decreased adipocyte viability, exposure of differentiated adipocytes to PPC resulted in triglyceride release, with a minimal effect on free fatty acids release, suggesting that its fat-reducing effect mediated mainly through the induction of adipocyte cell death rather than lipolysis. Taken together, it appears that PPC specifically affects adipocytes, and has less effect on preadipocyte viability. It can therefore be a promising agent to selectively reduce adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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24
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van der Veen JN, Kennelly JP, Wan S, Vance JE, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. The critical role of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1558-1572. [PMID: 28411170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are the most abundant phospholipids in all mammalian cell membranes. In the 1950s, Eugene Kennedy and co-workers performed groundbreaking research that established the general outline of many of the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis. In recent years, the importance of phospholipid metabolism in regulating lipid, lipoprotein and whole-body energy metabolism has been demonstrated in numerous dietary studies and knockout animal models. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unappreciated impact of phospholipid metabolism on health and disease. Abnormally high, and abnormally low, cellular PC/PE molar ratios in various tissues can influence energy metabolism and have been linked to disease progression. For example, inhibition of hepatic PC synthesis impairs very low density lipoprotein secretion and changes in hepatic phospholipid composition have been linked to fatty liver disease and impaired liver regeneration after surgery. The relative abundance of PC and PE regulates the size and dynamics of lipid droplets. In mitochondria, changes in the PC/PE molar ratio affect energy production. We highlight data showing that changes in the PC and/or PE content of various tissues are implicated in metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and obesity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - John P Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Heath Research Innovations, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Sereana Wan
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Jean E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Heath Research Innovations, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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25
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Pan S, Hong W, Wu W, Chen Q, Zhao Q, Wu J, Jin Y. The relationship of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome for colonoscopy colorectal neoplasm. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5809. [PMID: 28079806 PMCID: PMC5266168 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal neoplasm is considered to have a strong association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), respectively. The relationship among NAFLD, MetS, and colorectal neoplasm was assessed in 1793 participants. Participants were divided into 4 groups based on the status of NAFLD and MetS. Relative excess risks of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI) were applied to evaluate the additive interaction. NAFLD and MetS were significantly correlated with colorectal neoplasm and colorectal cancer (CRC), respectively. The incidence of CRC in NAFLD (+) MetS (+) group was significantly higher than other 3 groups. The result of RERI, AP, and SI indicated the significant additive interaction of NAFLD and MetS on the development of CRC. NAFLD and MetS are risk factors for colorectal neoplasm and CRC, respectively. And NAFLD and MetS have an additive effect on the development of CRC.
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26
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Ilan Y. Compounds of the sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways as secondary messenger molecules: new targets for novel therapies for fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1102-17. [PMID: 27173510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The compounds of sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways have been studied as potential secondary messenger molecules in various systems, along with liver function and insulin resistance. Secondary messenger molecules act directly or indirectly to affect cell organelles and intercellular interactions. Their potential role in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and diabetes has been suggested. Data samples collected from patients with Gaucher's disease, who had high levels of glucocerebroside, support a role for compounds from these pathways as a messenger molecules in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease and diabetes. The present review summarizes some of the recent data on the role of glycosphingolipid molecules as messenger molecules in various physiological and pathological conditions, more specifically including insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring liver dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294:225-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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van der Veen JN, Lingrell S, Gao X, Quiroga AD, Takawale A, Armstrong EA, Yager JY, Kassiri Z, Lehner R, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Pioglitazone attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G526-38. [PMID: 26797396 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is an important enzyme in hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis. Pemt(-/-) mice are protected against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance; however, these mice develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) activation by pioglitazone might stimulate adipocyte proliferation, thereby directing lipids from the liver toward white adipose tissue. Pioglitazone might also act directly on PPARγ in the liver to improve NAFLD. Pemt(+/+) and Pemt(-/-) mice were fed a HFD with or without pioglitazone (20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 10 wk. Pemt(-/-) mice were protected from HFD-induced obesity but developed NAFLD. Treatment with pioglitazone caused an increase in body weight gain in Pemt(-/-) mice that was mainly due to increased adiposity. Moreover, pioglitazone improved NAFLD in Pemt(-/-) mice, as indicated by a 35% reduction in liver weight and a 57% decrease in plasma alanine transaminase levels. Livers from HFD-fed Pemt(-/-) mice were steatotic, inflamed, and fibrotic. Hepatic steatosis was still evident in pioglitazone-treated Pemt(-/-) mice; however, treatment with pioglitazone reduced hepatic fibrosis, as evidenced by reduced Sirius red staining and lowered mRNA levels of collagen type Iα1 (Col1a1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (Timp1), α-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), and transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β). Similarly, oxidative stress and inflammation were reduced in livers from Pemt(-/-) mice upon treatment with pioglitazone. Together, these data show that activation of PPARγ in HFD-fed Pemt(-/-) mice improved liver function, while these mice were still protected against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susanne Lingrell
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xia Gao
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abhijit Takawale
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Edward A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerome Y Yager
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Bidirectional Relationships and Disconnects between NAFLD and Features of the Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:367. [PMID: 26978356 PMCID: PMC4813227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a wide spectrum of liver disease from simple steatosis, to steatohepatitis, (both with and without liver fibrosis), cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure. NAFLD also increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and both HCC and end stage liver disease may markedly increase risk of liver-related mortality. NAFLD is increasing in prevalence and is presently the second most frequent indication for liver transplantation. As NAFLD is frequently associated with insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia, NAFLD is often considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. There is growing evidence that this relationship between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome is bidirectional, in that NAFLD can predispose to metabolic syndrome features, which can in turn exacerbate NAFLD or increase the risk of its development in those without a pre-existing diagnosis. Although the relationship between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome is frequently bidirectional, recently there has been much interest in genotype/phenotype relationships where there is a disconnect between the liver disease and metabolic syndrome features. Such potential examples of genotypes that are associated with a dissociation between liver disease and metabolic syndrome are patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) (I148M) and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 protein (TM6SF2) (E167K) genotypes. This review will explore the bidirectional relationship between metabolic syndrome and NAFLD, and will also discuss recent insights from studies of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes that may give insight into how and why metabolic syndrome features and liver disease are linked in NAFLD.
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Deng X, Wang J, Jiao L, Utaipan T, Tuma-Kellner S, Schmitz G, Liebisch G, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. iPLA2β deficiency attenuates obesity and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice through hepatic fatty-acyl phospholipid remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:449-61. [PMID: 26873633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PLA2G6 or GVIA calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2β) is identified as one of the NAFLD modifier genes in humans, and thought to be a target for NAFLD therapy. iPLA2β is known to play a house-keeping role in phospholipid metabolism and remodeling. However, its role in NAFLD pathogenesis has not been supported by results obtained from high-fat feeding of iPLA2β-null (PKO) mice. Unlike livers of human NAFLD and genetically obese rodents, fatty liver induced by high-fat diet is not associated with depletion of hepatic phospholipids. We therefore tested whether iPLA2β could regulate obesity and hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice by cross-breeding PKO with ob/ob mice to generate ob/ob-PKO mice. Here we observed an improvement in ob/ob-PKO mice with significant reduction in serum enzymes, lipids, glucose, insulin as well as improved glucose tolerance, and reduction in islet hyperplasia. The improvement in hepatic steatosis measured by liver triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol esters was associated with decreased expression of PPARγ and de novo lipogenesis genes, and the reversal of β-oxidation gene expression. Notably, ob/ob livers contained depleted levels of lysophospholipids and phospholipids, and iPLA2β deficiency in ob/ob-PKO livers lowers the former, but replenished the latter particularly phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) that contained arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Compared with WT livers, PKO livers also contained increased PE and PC containing AA and DHA. Thus, iPLA2β deficiency protected against obesity and ob/ob fatty liver which was associated with hepatic fatty-acyl phospholipid remodeling. Our results support the deleterious role of iPLA2β in severe obesity associated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanyarath Utaipan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hyperreactivity of Blood Leukocytes in Patients with NAFLD to Ex Vivo Lipopolysaccharide Treatment Is Modulated by Metformin and Phosphatidylcholine but Not by Alpha Ketoglutarate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143851. [PMID: 26629827 PMCID: PMC4667886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Toll-like receptor 4 and proinflammatory cytokines play a central role in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We investigated IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα production and toll-like receptor 4 in both--obese and lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who met different sets of metabolic syndrome criteria and linked the results with the disease burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS 95 subjects were divided into four groups depending on the following criteria: presence or absence of metabolic syndrome and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, glucose tolerance (prediabetes or normoglycemia) and BMI value (obese or lean). We determined the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and monocyte toll-like receptor 4 expression in fresh blood as well as in blood cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide with or without metformin, alphaketoglutarate or phosphatidylcholine supplementation. RESULTS The blood leukocytes of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are hypersensitive to lipopolysaccharide treatment and produce elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to ex vivo treatment with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, they overexpress toll-like receptor-4. Hyperreactivity was typical mainly for obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease together with metabolic syndrome and decreased with the severity of disease. Metformin was the most effective in attenuation of hyperreactivity in all groups of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but in obese patients the effectiveness of metformin was weaker than in lean. The reduction of cytokine level by metformin was accompanied by the decrease in toll-like receptor-4 expression. phosphatidylcholine also attenuated hyperreactivity to lipopolysaccharide but mainly in obese patients. Alpha ketoglutarate did not modulate cytokines' level and toll-like receptor 4 expression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. CONCLUSIONS Metformin and phosphatidylcholine attenuated lipopolysaccharide induced toll-like receptor 4 overexpression and overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, their efficacy depended on combined presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Gao X, van der Veen JN, Vance JE, Thiesen A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Lack of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase alters hepatic phospholipid composition and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2689-99. [PMID: 26391255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with development of steatohepatitis. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is a hepatic enzyme located on the ER and mitochondria-associated membranes and catalyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We hypothesized that PEMT deficiency in mice alters ER phospholipid content, thereby inducing ER stress and sensitizing the mice to diet-induced steatohepatitis. METHODS PC and PE mass were measured in hepatic ER fractions from chow-fed and high fat-fed Pemt(-/-) and Pemt(+/+) mice. Proteins implicated in ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) were assessed in mouse livers and in McArdle-RH7777 hepatoma cells that expressed or lacked PEMT. The chemical chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid was administered to cells and HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice to alleviate ER stress. RESULTS In chow-fed Pemt(-/-) mice, the hepatic PC/PE ratio in the ER was lower than in Pemt(+/+) mice, and levels of ER stress markers, CHOP and BIP, were higher without activation of the UPR. In livers of HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice the ER had a lower PC/PE ratio, and exhibited more ER stress and UPR activation. Similarly, the UPR was repressed in McArdle cells expressing PEMT compared with those lacking PEMT, with concomitantly lower levels of CHOP and BIP. 4-Phenyl butyric acid attenuated activation of the UPR and ER stress in McArdle cells lacking PEMT, but not the hepatic ER stress in HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION PEMT deficiency reduces the PC/PE ratio in the ER and induces ER stress, which sensitizes the mice to HF-induced steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jean E Vance
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Host cell phosphatidylcholine is a key mediator of malaria parasite survival during liver stage infection. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:778-86. [PMID: 25498345 PMCID: PMC4271766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During invasion, Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, wraps itself in a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), which constitutes a critical interface between the parasite and its host cell. Within hepatocytes, each Plasmodium sporozoite generates thousands of new parasites, creating high demand for lipids to support this replication and enlarge the PVM. Here, a global analysis of the total lipid repertoire of Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes reveals an enrichment of neutral lipids and the major membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC). While infection is unaffected in mice deficient in key enzymes involved in neutral lipid synthesis and lipolysis, ablation of rate-limiting enzymes in hepatic PC biosynthetic pathways significantly decreases parasite numbers. Host PC is taken up by both P. berghei and P. falciparum and is necessary for correct localization of parasite proteins to the PVM, which is essential for parasite survival. Thus, Plasmodium relies on the abundance of these lipids within hepatocytes to support infection.
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Gao X, van der Veen JN, Fernandez-Patron C, Vance JE, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Insufficient glucose supply is linked to hypothermia upon cold exposure in high-fat diet-fed mice lacking PEMT. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1701-10. [PMID: 26113536 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice that lack phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pemt(-/-) mice) are protected from high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity. HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice show higher oxygen consumption and heat production, indicating that more energy might be utilized for thermogenesis and might account for the resistance to diet-induced weight gain. To test this hypothesis, HF-fed Pemt(-/-) and Pemt(+/+) mice were challenged with acute cold exposure at 4°C. Unexpectedly, HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice developed hypothermia within 3 h of cold exposure. In contrast, chow-fed Pemt(-/-) mice, possessing similar body mass, maintained body temperature. Lack of PEMT did not impair the capacity for thermogenesis in skeletal muscle or brown adipose tissue. Plasma catecholamines were not altered by Pemt genotype, and stimulation of lipolysis was intact in brown and white adipose tissue of Pemt(-/-) mice. HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice also developed higher systolic blood pressure, accompanied by reduced cardiac output. Choline supplementation reversed the cold-induced hypothermia in HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice with no effect on blood pressure. Plasma glucose levels were ∼50% lower in HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice compared with Pemt(+/+) mice. Choline supplementation normalized plasma hypoglycemia and the expression of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis. We propose that cold-induced hypothermia in HF-fed Pemt(-/-) mice is linked to plasma hypoglycemia due to compromised hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Departments of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Departments of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Jean E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Departments of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Berlanga A, Guiu-Jurado E, Porras JA, Aragonès G, Auguet T. [Role of metabolic lipases and lipotoxicity in the development of non-alcoholic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2015; 28:47-61. [PMID: 26049666 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease in developed countries, covering a spectrum of pathological conditions ranging from single steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pathogenesis has been often interpreted by the "double-hit" hypothesis, where the lipid accumulation in the liver is followed by proinflammatory mediators inducing inflammation, hepatocellular injury and fibrosis. Nowadays, a more complex model suggests that free fatty acids and their metabolites could be the true lipotoxic agents that contribute to the development of NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance, suggesting a central role for metabolic lipases in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Berlanga
- Grupo de recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, España
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Grupo de recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, España
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Grupo de recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, España; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Tarragona, España
| | - Gemma Aragonès
- Grupo de recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, España
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Grupo de recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, España; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Tarragona, España.
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Gao X, van der Veen JN, Zhu L, Chaba T, Ordoñez M, Lingrell S, Koonen DPY, Dyck JRB, Gomez-Muñoz A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Vagus nerve contributes to the development of steatohepatitis and obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. J Hepatol 2015; 62:913-20. [PMID: 25433161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), a liver enriched enzyme, is responsible for approximately one third of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), Pemt(-/-) mice are protected from HF-induced obesity; however, they develop steatohepatitis. The vagus nerve relays signals between liver and brain that regulate peripheral adiposity and pancreas function. Here we explore a possible role of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in the development of diet induced obesity and steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice. METHODS 8-week old Pemt(-/-) and Pemt(+/+) mice were subjected to hepatic vagotomy (HV) or capsaicin treatment, which selectively disrupts afferent nerves, and were compared to sham-operated or vehicle-treatment, respectively. After surgery, mice were fed a HFD for 10 weeks. RESULTS HV abolished the protection against the HFD-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in Pemt(-/-) mice. HV normalized phospholipid content and prevented steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice. Moreover, HV increased the hepatic anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, reduced chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and the ER stress marker C/EBP homologous protein. Furthermore, HV normalized the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins and of proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase in Pemt(-/-) mice. However, disruption of the hepatic afferent vagus nerve by capsaicin failed to reverse either the protection against the HFD-induced obesity or the development of HF-induced steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal signals via the hepatic vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and protection against obesity in HFD fed Pemt(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Linfu Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd Chaba
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marta Ordoñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Susanne Lingrell
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre and Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, and Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Gao X, van der Veen JN, Hermansson M, Ordoñez M, Gomez-Muñoz A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Decreased lipogenesis in white adipose tissue contributes to the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Acid sphingomyelinase-ceramide system in steatohepatitis: a novel target regulating multiple pathways. J Hepatol 2015; 62:219-33. [PMID: 25281863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatohepatitis (SH) is an intermediate stage of fatty liver disease and is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide that may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. SH encompasses alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the latter being of particular concern as it is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and has become a major cause of liver transplantation. The molecular mechanisms governing the transition from steatosis to SH are not fully understood. Here we discuss emerging data indicating that the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), a specific mechanism of ceramide generation, is required for the activation of key pathways that regulate steatosis, fibrosis and lipotoxicity, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Moreover, ASMase modulates alterations of the methionine cycle and phosphatidylcholine homeostasis, two crucial events involved in SH that regulate methylation reactions, antioxidant defence and membrane integrity. These new findings suggest that targeting ASMase in combination with restoring methionine metabolism and phosphatidylcholine levels may be of utility in the treatment of SH.
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Lee HS, Nam Y, Chung YH, Kim HR, Park ES, Chung SJ, Kim JH, Sohn UD, Kim HC, Oh KW, Jeong JH. Beneficial effects of phosphatidylcholine on high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in mice. Life Sci 2014; 118:7-14. [PMID: 25445436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Soybean-derived PC is an essential cell membrane phospholipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential alleviation effects of soybean PC on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its related complications. MAIN METHODS We fed C57BL/6 mice a HFD for 12 weeks and administered PC orally for 8 or 12 weeks at different doses. At the end of the experiment, blood was prepared for biochemical analysis and leptin ELISA. Aorta, epididymal and mesenteric fat and liver were removed surgically, weighed and observed for histological or immunohistochemical changes. KEY FINDINGS PC significantly prevented body weight gain and lipid accumulation and alleviated hyperlipidemia by decreasing triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and the atherogenic index in serum or by increasing the HDL/TC ratio. Aortic apoE expression and serum leptin levels were suppressed by PC treatment in the HFD-induced obese mouse model. Elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in HFD-fed mice were decreased in the PC groups. PC treatment significantly decreased HFD-induced liver weight and hepatic lipid accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE PC treatment alleviated HFD-induced obese status and obesity-related complications such as hyperlipidemic changes that induce cardiovascular disease and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Rim Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Woong Oh
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea; Christmas clinic, Sin-gal-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2014; 510:84-91. [PMID: 24899308 DOI: 10.1038/nature13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its downstream sequelae, hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, are rapidly growing epidemics, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates, and soaring health-care costs. Developing interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which excess hepatic lipid develops and causes hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Proposed mechanisms implicate various lipid species, inflammatory signalling and other cellular modifications. Studies in mice and humans have elucidated a key role for hepatic diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase Cε in triggering hepatic insulin resistance. Therapeutic approaches based on this mechanism could alleviate the related epidemics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
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da Silva RP, Kelly KB, Al Rajabi A, Jacobs RL. Novel insights on interactions between folate and lipid metabolism. Biofactors 2014; 40:277-83. [PMID: 24353111 PMCID: PMC4153959 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Folate is an essential B vitamin required for the maintenance of AdoMet-dependent methylation. The liver is responsible for many methylation reactions that are used for post-translational modification of proteins, methylation of DNA, and the synthesis of hormones, creatine, carnitine, and phosphatidylcholine. Conditions where methylation capacity is compromised, including folate deficiency, are associated with impaired phosphatidylcholine synthesis resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. In addition, folate intake and folate status have been associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we provide insight on the relationship between folate and lipid metabolism, and an outlook for the future of lipid-related folate research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - René L Jacobs
- *Address for correspondence: René L. Jacobs, Ph.D., Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, 4-002 Li Ka Shing (LKS) Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. Fax: +780-492-9270; E-mail:
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Al Rajabi A, Castro GSF, da Silva RP, Nelson RC, Thiesen A, Vannucchi H, Vine DF, Proctor SD, Field CJ, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL. Choline supplementation protects against liver damage by normalizing cholesterol metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr knockout mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr 2014; 144:252-7. [PMID: 24368431 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary choline is required for proper structure and dynamics of cell membranes, lipoprotein synthesis, and methyl-group metabolism. In mammals, choline is synthesized via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pemt), which converts phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. Pemt(-/-) mice have impaired VLDL secretion and developed fatty liver when fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Because of the reduction in plasma lipids, Pemt(-/-)/low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr(-/-)) mice are protected from atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of dietary choline in the metabolic phenotype of Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) male mice. At 10-12 wk of age, Pemt(+/+)/Ldlr(-/-) (HF(+/+)) and half of the Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) (HF(-/-)) mice were fed an HF diet with normal (1.3 g/kg) choline. The remaining Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) mice were fed an HF diet supplemented (5 g/kg) with choline (HFCS(-/-) mice). The HF diet contained 60% of calories from fat and 1% cholesterol, and the mice were fed for 16 d. HF(-/-) mice lost weight and developed hepatomegaly, steatohepatitis, and liver damage. Hepatic concentrations of free cholesterol, cholesterol-esters, and triglyceride (TG) were elevated by 30%, 1.1-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively, in HF(-/-) compared with HF(+/+) mice. Choline supplementation normalized hepatic cholesterol, but not TG, and dramatically improved liver function. The expression of genes involved in cholesterol transport and esterification increased by 50% to 5.6-fold in HF(-/-) mice when compared with HF(+/+) mice. Markers of macrophages, oxidative stress, and fibrosis were elevated in the HF(-/-) mice. Choline supplementation normalized the expression of these genes. In conclusion, HF(-/-) mice develop liver failure associated with altered cholesterol metabolism when fed an HF/normal choline diet. Choline supplementation normalized cholesterol metabolism, which was sufficient to prevent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis development and improve liver function. Our data suggest that choline can promote liver health by maintaining cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Al Rajabi
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, and
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Chamulitrat W, Liebisch G, Xu W, Gan-Schreier H, Pathil A, Schmitz G, Stremmel W. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide inhibits lipoapoptosis by shifting fatty acid pools toward monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in mouse hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:696-709. [PMID: 23974795 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) is a hepatoprotectant in inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia in mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We studied the ability of UDCA-LPE to inhibit palmitate (Pal)-induced apoptosis in primary hepatocytes and delineate cytoprotective mechanisms. We showed that lipoprotection by UDCA-LPE was mediated by cAMP and was associated with increases in triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs). An inhibitor of cAMP-effector protein kinase A partially reversed the protective effects of UDCA-LPE. Lipidomic analyses of fatty acids and PL composition revealed a shift of lipid metabolism from saturated Pal to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly, oleate, docosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate. The latter two ω-3 fatty acids were particularly found in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine pools. The catalysis of Pal by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is a known mechanism for the channeling of Pal away from apoptosis. SCD-1 protein was upregulated during UDCA-LPE lipoprotection. SCD-1 knockdown of Pal-treated cells showed further increased apoptosis, and the extent of UDCA-LPE protection was reduced. Thus, the major mechanism of UDCA-LPE lipoprotection involved a metabolic shift from toxic saturated toward cytoprotective unsaturated fatty acids in part via SCD-1. UDCA-LPE may thus be a therapeutic agent for treatment of NASH by altering distinct pools of fatty acids for storage into TGs and PLs, and the latter may protect lipotoxicity at the membrane levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany (W.C., H.G.-S., A.P., W.S.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (G.L., G.S.); and Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.X.)
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Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TE, Edris AE. Potential protective effect ofNigella sativacrude oils towards fatty liver in rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Y. Al-Okbi
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doha A. Mohamed
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thanaa E. Hamed
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr E. Edris
- Aroma & Flavor Chemistry Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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The pro-inflammatory action of tumour necrosis factor-α in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is independent of the NSMAF gene product. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:147-54. [PMID: 23044079 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis remains unclear. AIMS We evaluated the role of TNF-α and NSMAF gene product factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation, a protein adaptor of the TNF-α receptor-1, in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS Mice deficient either for TNF-α or factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation, as well as control animals, were fed a methionine and choline-deficient diet for 5 weeks. Liver histology, serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase levels were compared between groups. RESULTS Weight loss, decrease of serum triglyceride and glucose levels and increase of alanine aminotransferase levels were attenuated in TNF(-/-) mice. Similarly, we found a significantly lower lobular inflammation in TNF(-/-) mice. Liver expression of transforming growth factor-β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(1, 2) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was attenuated in TNF(-/-) mice. In addition, the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine liver ratio decrease was less important in TNF(-/-) mice. The increase in hepatic sphingomyelin and ceramide levels was less pronounced in TNF(-/-) animals. CONCLUSION Whereas TNF-α modulates the inflammatory process that underlies methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, its effects are not mediated by factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation. Whether changes in liver lipids, like phosphatidylcholine and ceramide, are causally involved in tumour necrosis factor-mediated liver inflammation remains an open issue.
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Sun Z, Lazar MA. Dissociating fatty liver and diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:4-12. [PMID: 23043895 PMCID: PMC3532558 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is epidemiologically associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), leading to a speculation of a reciprocal cause-effect relationship and a vicious cycle of pathology. Here, we summarize recent literature reporting dissociation of hepatosteatosis from insulin resistance in genetic mouse models and clinical studies. We highlight rhythmic flows of metabolic intermediates between hepatic lipid synthesis and glucose production in normal circadian physiology. Blocking triglyceride (TG) secretion, subcellular lipid sequestration, lipolysis deficiency, enhanced lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis defects, or inhibition of fatty acid oxidation all result in hepatosteatosis without causing hyperglycemia or insulin resistance, suggesting that the cause-effect relationship between hepatosteatosis and diabetes does not exist in all situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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