1
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Dangelmaier C, Vari HR, Vajipayajula DN, Elzoheiry M, Wright M, Iyer A, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Phosphorylation of (Ser 291) in the linker insert of Syk negatively regulates ITAM signaling in platelets. Platelets 2024; 35:2369766. [PMID: 38904212 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2024.2369766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) has been studied extensively in hematopoietic cells. Metabolic mapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry, however, indicate that one of the most frequently detected phosphorylation sites encompassed S297 (S291 in mice) located within the linker B region of Syk. It has been reported that Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates Syk S297, thus influencing Syk activity. However, conflicting studies suggest that this phosphorylation enhances as well as reduces Syk activity. To clarify the function of this site, we generated Syk S291A knock-in mice. We used platelets as a model system as they possess Glycoprotein VI (GPVI), a receptor containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) which transduces signals through Syk. Our analysis of the homozygous mice indicated that the knock-in platelets express only one isoform of Syk, while the wild-type expresses two isoforms at 69 and 66 kDa. When the GPVI receptor was activated with collagen-related peptide (CRP), we observed an increase in functional responses and phosphorylations in Syk S291A platelets. This potentiation did not occur with AYPGKF or 2-MeSADP, although they also activate PKC isoforms. Although there was potentiation of platelet functional responses, there was no difference in tail bleeding times. However, the time to occlusion in the FeCl3 injury model was enhanced. These data indicate that the effects of Syk S291 phosphorylation represent a significant outcome on platelet activation and signaling in vitro but also reveals its multifaceted nature demonstrated by the differential effects on physiological responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dhruv N Vajipayajula
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manal Elzoheiry
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monica Wright
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashvin Iyer
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Cervi G, D'Alessio R, Bindi S, Buffa L, Burocchi A, Canevari G, Modugno M, Motto I, Saturno G, Orsini P. Discovery and optimization of 4-pyrazolyl-2-aminopyrimidine derivatives as potent spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116375. [PMID: 38604095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key signal transduction mediator of the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal BCR signaling plays a key role in initiation and development of B-cell-derived hematological malignancies, therefore, Syk represents a potential target for inhibiting the BCR signaling resulting in a therapeutic effect in these cancers. Herein, we describe a novel series of SYK inhibitors with 4-(3'-pyrazolyl)-2-amino-pyrimidine scaffold. Extensive study of structure-activity relationships led to the identification of 1 (NMS-0963), a highly potent Syk inhibitor (IC50 = 3 nM) endowed with high selectivity within a panel of tested kinases and high antiproliferative activity in SYK-dependent BaF3-TEL/SYK cells and in other BCR-dependent hematological tumor cell lines. Additionally, 1 effectively inhibited Syk phosphorylation and downstream signaling mediators of the BCR in treated cells. In in vivo pharmacokinetics studies, 1, displayed good pharmacokinetics properties, with linear exposure with dose and excellent oral bioavailability. These findings suggest that 1 is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating BCR-dependent hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cervi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy.
| | - Roberto D'Alessio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Simona Bindi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Buffa
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Michele Modugno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Ilaria Motto
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
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3
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Barbosa JA, Yang CT, Finatto AN, Cantarelli VS, de Oliveira Costa M. T-independent B-cell effect of agents associated with swine grower-finisher diarrhea. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:991-1001. [PMID: 38044397 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Swine dysentery, spirochetal colitis, and salmonellosis are production-limiting enteric diseases of global importance to the swine industry. Despite decades of efforts, mitigation of these diseases still relies on antibiotic therapy. A common knowledge gap among the 3 agents is the early B-cell response to infection in pigs. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the porcine B-cell response to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira hampsonii (virulent and avirulent strains), Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, the agents of the syndromes mentioned above. Immortalized porcine B-cell line derived from a crossbred pig with lymphoma were co-incubated for 8 h with each pathogen, as well as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a sham-inoculum (n = 3/treatment). B-cell viability following treatments was evaluated using trypan blue, and the expression levels of B-cell activation-related genes was profiled using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Only S. Typhimurium and LPS led to increased B-cell mortality. B. pilosicoli downregulated B-lymphocyte antigen (CD19), spleen associated tyrosine Kinase (syk), tyrosine-protein kinase (lyn), and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and elicited no change in immunoglobulin-associated beta (CD79b) and swine leukocyte antigen class II (SLA-DRA) expression levels, when compared to the sham-inoculated group. In contrast, all other treatments significantly upregulated CD79b and stimulated responses in other B-cell downstream genes. These findings suggest that B. pilosicoli does not elicit an immediate T-independent B-cell response, nor does it trigger antigen-presenting mechanisms. All other agents activated at least one trigger within the T-independent pathways, as well as peptide antigen presenting mechanisms. Future research is warranted to verify these findings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Christine T Yang
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arthur N Finatto
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vinícius S Cantarelli
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Oliveira Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Singh PK, Dangelmaier CA, Vari HR, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Biochemical characterization of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) isoforms in platelets. Platelets 2023; 34:2249549. [PMID: 37661351 PMCID: PMC10502920 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2249549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternate splicing is among the regulatory mechanisms imparting functional diversity in proteins. Studying protein isoforms generated through alternative splicing is therefore critical for understanding protein functions in many biological systems. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) plays an essential role in ITAM/hemITAM signaling in many cell types, including platelets. However, the spectrum of Syk isoforms expressed in platelets has not been characterized. Syk has been shown to have a full-length long isoform SykL and a shorter SykS lacking 23 amino acid residues within its interdomain B. Furthermore, putative isoforms lacking another 23 amino acid-long sequence or a combination of the two deletions have been postulated to exist. In this report, we demonstrate that mouse platelets express full-length SykL and the previously described shorter isoform SykS, but lack other shorter isoforms, whereas human platelets express predominantly SykL. These results both indicate a possible role of alternative Syk splicing in the regulation of receptor signaling in mouse platelets and a difference between signaling regulation in mouse and human platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol A. Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Y. Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satya P. Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Dangelmaier CA, Patchin M, Vajipayajula DN, Vari HR, Singh PK, Wright MN, Kostyak JC, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase at Y346 negatively regulates ITAM-mediated signaling and function in platelets. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104865. [PMID: 37268160 PMCID: PMC10320515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is expressed in a variety of hemopoietic cells. Upon phosphorylation of the platelet immunoreceptor-based activation motif of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor gamma chain collagen receptor, both the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of Syk are increased leading to downstream signaling events. Although it has been established that the activity of Syk is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, the specific roles of individual phosphorylation sites remain to be elucidated. We observed that Syk Y346 in mouse platelets was still phosphorylated when GPVI-induced Syk activity was inhibited. We then generated Syk Y346F mice and analyzed the effect this mutation exerts on platelet responses. Syk Y346F mice bred normally, and their blood cell count was unaltered. We did observe potentiation of GPVI-induced platelet aggregation and ATP secretion as well as increased phosphorylation of other tyrosines on Syk in the Syk Y346F mouse platelets when compared to WT littermates. This phenotype was specific for GPVI-dependent activation, since it was not seen when AYPGKF, a PAR4 agonist, or 2-MeSADP, a purinergic receptor agonist, was used to activate platelets. Despite a clear effect of Syk Y346F on GPVI-mediated signaling and cellular responses, there was no effect of this mutation on hemostasis as measured by tail-bleeding times, although the time to thrombus formation determined using the ferric chloride injury model was reduced. Thus, our results indicate a significant effect of Syk Y346F on platelet activation and responses in vitro and reveal its complex nature manifesting itself by the diversified translation of platelet activation into physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Dangelmaier
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret Patchin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhruv N Vajipayajula
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica N Wright
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C Kostyak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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6
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Ralli S, Jones SJ, Leach S, Lynch HT, Brooks-Wilson AR. Gene and pathway based burden analyses in familial lymphoid cancer cases: Rare variants in immune pathway genes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287602. [PMID: 37379307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed common genetic variants with small effect sizes associated with diverse lymphoid cancers. Family studies have uncovered rare variants with high effect sizes. However, these variants explain only a portion of the heritability of these cancers. Some of the missing heritability may be attributable to rare variants with small effect sizes. We aim to identify rare germline variants associated with familial lymphoid cancers using exome sequencing. One case per family was selected from 39 lymphoid cancer families based on early onset of disease or rarity of subtype. Control data was from Non-Finnish Europeans in gnomAD exomes (N = 56,885) or ExAC (N = 33,370). Gene and pathway-based burden tests for rare variants were performed using TRAPD. Five putatively pathogenic germline variants were found in four genes: INTU, PEX7, EHHADH, and ASXL1. Pathway-based association tests identified the innate and adaptive immune systems, peroxisomal pathway and olfactory receptor pathway as associated with lymphoid cancers in familial cases. Our results suggest that rare inherited defects in the genes involved in immune system and peroxisomal pathway may predispose individuals to lymphoid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ralli
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha J Jones
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry T Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Tsygankov AY. TULA Proteins in Men, Mice, Hens, and Lice: Welcome to the Family. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119126. [PMID: 37298079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The two members of the UBASH3/STS/TULA protein family have been shown to critically regulate key biological functions, including immunity and hemostasis, in mammalian biological systems. Negative regulation of signaling through immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- and hemITAM-bearing receptors mediated by Syk-family protein tyrosine kinases appears to be a major molecular mechanism of the down-regulatory effect of TULA-family proteins, which possess protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. However, these proteins are likely to carry out some PTP-independent functions as well. Whereas the effects of TULA-family proteins overlap, their characteristics and their individual contributions to cellular regulation also demonstrate clearly distinct features. Protein structure, enzymatic activity, molecular mechanisms of regulation, and biological functions of TULA-family proteins are discussed in this review. In particular, the usefulness of the comparative analysis of TULA proteins in various metazoan taxa, for identifying potential roles of TULA-family proteins outside of their functions already established in mammalian systems, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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8
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Prendecki M, Gulati K, Pisacano N, Pinheiro D, Bhatt T, Mawhin MA, Toulza F, Masuda ES, Cowburn A, Lodge KM, Tam FWK, Roufosse C, Pusey CD, McAdoo SP. Syk Activation in Circulating and Tissue Innate Immune Cells in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:84-97. [PMID: 36428281 PMCID: PMC10099805 DOI: 10.1002/art.42321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Syk is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a role in signaling via B cell and Fc receptors (FcR). FcR engagement and signaling via Syk is thought to be important in antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) IgG-mediated neutrophil activation. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of Syk in ANCA-induced myeloid cell activation and vasculitis pathogenesis. METHODS Phosphorylation of Syk in myeloid cells from healthy controls and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients was analyzed using flow cytometry. The effect of Syk inhibition on myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA IgG activation of cells was investigated using functional assays (interleukin-8 and reactive oxygen species production) and targeted gene analysis with NanoString. Total and phosphorylated Syk at sites of tissue inflammation in patients with AAV was assessed using immunohistochemistry and RNAscope in situ hybridization. RESULTS We identified increased phosphorylated Syk at critical activatory tyrosine residues in blood neutrophils and monocytes from patients with active AAV compared to patients with disease in remission or healthy controls. Syk was phosphorylated in vitro following MPO-ANCA IgG stimulation, and Syk inhibition was able to prevent ANCA-mediated cellular responses. Using targeted gene expression analysis, we identified up-regulation of FcR- and Syk-dependent signaling pathways following MPO-ANCA IgG stimulation. Finally, we showed that Syk is expressed and phosphorylated in tissue leukocytes at sites of organ inflammation in AAV. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Syk plays a critical role in MPO-ANCA IgG-induced myeloid cell responses and that Syk is activated in circulating immune cells and tissue immune cells in AAV; therefore, Syk inhibition may be a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prendecki
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kavita Gulati
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noelle Pisacano
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Damilola Pinheiro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Tejal Bhatt
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Mawhin
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Frederic Toulza
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Cowburn
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Frederick W K Tam
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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9
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Kunapuli SP, Tsygankov AY. TULA-Family Regulators of Platelet Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314910. [PMID: 36499237 PMCID: PMC9736690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The two members of the UBASH3/TULA/STS-protein family have been shown to critically regulate cellular processes in multiple biological systems. The regulatory function of TULA-2 (also known as UBASH3B or STS-1) in platelets is one of the best examples of the involvement of UBASH3/TULA/STS proteins in cellular regulation. TULA-2 negatively regulates platelet signaling mediated by ITAM- and hemITAM-containing membrane receptors that are dependent on the protein tyrosine kinase Syk, which currently represents the best-known dephosphorylation target of TULA-2. The biological responses of platelets to collagen and other physiological agonists are significantly downregulated as a result. The protein structure, enzymatic activity and regulatory functions of UBASH3/TULA/STS proteins in the context of platelet responses and their regulation are discussed in this review.
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10
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Kanagy WK, Cleyrat C, Fazel M, Lucero SR, Bruchez MP, Lidke KA, Wilson BS, Lidke DS. Docking of Syk to FcεRI is enhanced by Lyn but limited in duration by SHIP1. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar89. [PMID: 35793126 PMCID: PMC9582627 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor, FcεRI, is the primary immune receptor found on mast cells and basophils. Signal initiation is classically attributed to phosphorylation of FcεRI β− and γ-subunits by the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn, followed by the recruitment and activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk. FcεRI signaling is tuned by the balance between Syk-driven positive signaling and the engagement of inhibitory molecules, including SHIP1. Here, we investigate the mechanistic contributions of Lyn, Syk, and SHIP1 to the formation of the FcεRI signalosome. Using Lyn-deficient RBL-2H3 mast cells, we found that another SFK can weakly monophosphorylate the γ-subunit, yet Syk still binds the incompletely phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Once recruited, Syk further enhances γ-phosphorylation to propagate signaling. In contrast, the loss of SHIP1 recruitment indicates that Lyn is required for phosphorylation of the β-subunit. We demonstrate two noncanonical Syk binding modes, trans γ-bridging and direct β-binding, that can support signaling when SHIP1 is absent. Using single particle tracking, we reveal a novel role of SHIP1 in regulating Syk activity, where the presence of SHIP1 in the signaling complex acts to increase the Syk:receptor off-rate. These data suggest that the composition and dynamics of the signalosome modulate immunoreceptor signaling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Kanagy
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Cédric Cleyrat
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Mohamadreza Fazel
- Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Shayna R Lucero
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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11
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Kostyak JC, Mauri B, Dangelmaier C, Vari HR, Patel A, Wright M, Reddy H, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Phosphorylation on Syk Y342 is important for both ITAM and hemITAM signaling in platelets. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102189. [PMID: 35753354 PMCID: PMC9287148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells express receptors bearing an immune tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) containing two YXXL motifs or hemITAMs containing only one YXXL motif. Phosphorylation of the ITAM/hemITAM is mediated by Src family kinases allowing for the binding and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). It is believed that Syk must be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues for activation, and Tyr342, а conserved tyrosine in the interdomain B region, has been shown to be critical for regulating Syk in FcεR1-activated mast cells. Syk is a key mediator of signaling pathways downstream of several platelet pathways including the ITAM bearing glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor gamma chain collagen receptor and the hemITAM containing C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2). Since platelet activation is a crucial step in both hemostasis and thrombosis, we evaluated the importance of Syk Y342 in these processes by producing an Syk Y342F knock-in mouse. When using a CLEC-2 antibody as an agonist, reduced aggregation and secretion were observed in Syk Y342F mouse platelets when compared with control mouse platelets. Platelet reactivity was also reduced in response to the GPVI agonist collagen-related peptide. Signaling initiated by either GPVI or CLEC-2 was also greatly inhibited, including Syk Y519/520 phosphorylation. Hemostasis, as measured by tail bleeding time, was not altered in Syk Y342F mice, but thrombus formation in response to FeCl3 injury was prolonged in Syk Y342F mice. These data demonstrate that phosphorylation of Y342 on Syk following stimulation of either GPVI or CLEC-2 receptors is important for the ability of Syk to transduce a signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kostyak
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Mauri
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akruti Patel
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica Wright
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haritha Reddy
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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Provan D, Newland AC. Investigational drugs for immune thrombocytopenia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:715-727. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2075340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Provan
- Centre for Immunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
| | - Adrian C Newland
- Centre for Immunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
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13
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Kueffer LE, Joseph RE, Andreotti AH. Reining in BTK: Interdomain Interactions and Their Importance in the Regulatory Control of BTK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:655489. [PMID: 34249912 PMCID: PMC8260988 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.655489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Dr. Ogden Bruton's 1952 paper describing the first human primary immunodeficiency disease, the peripheral membrane binding signaling protein, aptly named Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has been the target of intense study. Dr. Bruton's description of agammaglobulinemia set the stage for ultimately understanding key signaling steps emanating from the B cell receptor. BTK is a multidomain tyrosine kinase and in the decades since Dr. Bruton's discovery it has become clear that genetic defects in the regulatory domains or the catalytic domain can lead to immunodeficiency. This finding underscores the intricate regulatory mechanisms within the BTK protein that maintain appropriate levels of signaling both in the resting B cell and during an immune challenge. In recent decades, BTK has become a target for clinical intervention in treating B cell malignancies. The survival reliance of B cell malignancies on B cell receptor signaling has allowed small molecules that target BTK to become essential tools in treating patients with hematological malignancies. The first-in-class Ibrutinib and more selective second-generation inhibitors all target the active site of the multidomain BTK protein. Therapeutic interventions targeting BTK have been successful but are plagued by resistance mutations that render drug treatment ineffective for some patients. This review will examine the molecular mechanisms that drive drug resistance, the long-range conformational effects of active site inhibitors on the BTK regulatory apparatus, and emerging opportunities to allosterically target the BTK kinase to improve therapeutic interventions using combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy H. Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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14
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Pohlmeyer CW, Shang C, Han P, Cui ZH, Jones RM, Clarke AS, Murray BP, Lopez DA, Newstrom DW, Inzunza MD, Matzkies FG, Currie KS, Di Paolo JA. Characterization of the mechanism of action of lanraplenib, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in models of lupus nephritis. BMC Rheumatol 2021; 5:15. [PMID: 33781343 PMCID: PMC8008554 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-021-00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cells are critical mediators of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN), and antinuclear antibodies can be found in the serum of approximately 98% of patients with SLE. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling from immunoreceptors, including the B cell receptor. Active, phosphorylated SYK has been observed in tissues from patients with SLE or cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and its inhibition is hypothesized to ameliorate disease pathogenesis. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and characterize the mechanism of action of lanraplenib, a selective oral SYK inhibitor, in the New Zealand black/white (NZB/W) murine model of SLE and LN. Methods Lanraplenib was evaluated for inhibition of primary human B cell functions in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of SYK inhibition on ameliorating LN-like disease in vivo was determined by treating NZB/W mice with lanraplenib, cyclophosphamide, or a vehicle control. Glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition were quantified in kidneys. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was measured in serum. Splenocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation, and the presence of T follicular helper and dendritic cells. Results In human B cells in vitro, lanraplenib inhibited B cell activating factor-mediated survival as well as activation, maturation, and immunoglobulin M production. Treatment of NZB/W mice with lanraplenib improved overall survival, prevented the development of proteinuria, and reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Kidney morphology was significantly preserved by treatment with lanraplenib as measured by glomerular diameter, protein cast severity, interstitial inflammation, vasculitis, and frequency of glomerular crescents; treatment with lanraplenib reduced glomerular IgG deposition. Mice treated with lanraplenib had reduced concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Lanraplenib blocked disease-driven B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation in the spleen. Conclusions Lanraplenib blocked the progression of LN-like disease in NZB/W mice. Human in vitro and murine in vivo data suggest that lanraplenib may be efficacious in preventing disease progression in patients with LN at least in part by inhibiting B cell maturation. These data provide additional rationale for the use of lanraplenib in the treatment of SLE and LN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41927-021-00178-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ching Shang
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Randall M Jones
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Astrid S Clarke
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - David A Lopez
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - David W Newstrom
- Department of Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - M David Inzunza
- Department of Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Currie
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Di Paolo
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
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15
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Makhoul S, Kumm E, Zhang P, Walter U, Jurk K. The Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Regulates Syk Activity in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238939. [PMID: 33255747 PMCID: PMC7728356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct membrane receptors activate platelets by Src-family-kinase (SFK)-, immunoreceptor-tyrosine-based-activation-motif (ITAM)-dependent stimulation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Recently, we reported that platelet activation via glycoprotein (GP) VI or GPIbα stimulated the well-established Syk tyrosine (Y)-phosphorylation, but also stoichiometric, transient protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated Syk serine(S)297 phosphorylation in the regulatory interdomain-B, suggesting possible feedback inhibition. The transient nature of Syk S297 phosphorylation indicated the presence of an unknown Syk pS297 protein phosphatase. In this study, we hypothesize that the S-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is responsible for Syk pS297 dephosphorylation, thereby affecting Syk Y-phosphorylation and activity in human washed platelets. Using immunoblotting, we show that specific inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid (OA) alone leads to stoichiometric Syk S297 phosphorylation, as analyzed by Zn2+-Phos-tag gels, without affecting Syk Y-phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of Syk by PRT060318 or PKC by GF109203X only minimally reduced OA-induced Syk S297 phosphorylation. PP2A inhibition by OA preceding GPVI-mediated platelet activation induced by convulxin extended Syk S297 phosphorylation but inhibited Syk Y-phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate a novel biochemical and functional link between the S-protein phosphatase PP2A and the Y-protein kinase Syk in human platelets, and suggest that PP2A represents a potential enhancer of GPVI-mediated Syk activity caused by Syk pS297 dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Makhoul
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Elena Kumm
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (U.W.); (K.J.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (U.W.); (K.J.)
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16
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Wang Z, Li Y, Lu X, Yuan J, Qiu Q, Pan C. Increased sensitivity of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL to imatinib by releasing leukemia B cell differentiation blockage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2738-2745. [PMID: 33284894 PMCID: PMC7716132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL), B cells are blocked mainly at the pro/pre-B phase, making them poorly responsive to imatinib. We aimed to investigate whether it was possible to promote pro/pre-B cell maturation beyond this phase and make them sensitive to imatinib treatment by overexpressing immunoregulatory tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) with BCR-ABL in a Ph+ B-ALL mouse model. MATERIALS & METHODS Ph+ B-ALL mouse models were induced by BCR-ABL using retroviral transduction/transplantation. RESULTS Overexpression of ITAM promoted the differentiation of blocked pro/pre-B cells to B220+IgM+ and increased disease sensitivity to imatinib in mice. Btk deficiency accelerated the progression of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL. CONCLUSION B-cell development blockage released by ITAM renders leukemia cells sensitive to imatinib treatment in BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Xiaokai Lu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu eBond Biomedical Research CenterChengdu 610041, China
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17
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Davidzohn N, Biram A, Stoler-Barak L, Grenov A, Dassa B, Shulman Z. Syk degradation restrains plasma cell formation and promotes zonal transitions in germinal centers. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133542. [PMID: 31873727 PMCID: PMC7062533 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In germinal centers, B cells interact with antigen in the light zone and clonally expand in the dark zone. Davidzohn et al. show that BCR-induced Syk degradation in the light zone attenuates signal transduction, impedes plasma cell formation, and promotes B cell transition to the dark zone. Germinal centers (GCs) are sites at which B cells proliferate and mutate their antibody-encoding genes in the dark zone (DZ), followed by affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signals induce Syk activation followed by rapid phosphatase-mediated desensitization; however, how degradation events regulate BCR functions in GCs is unclear. Here, we found that Syk degradation restrains plasma cell (PC) formation in GCs and promotes B cell LZ to DZ transition. Using a mouse model defective in Cbl-mediated Syk degradation, we demonstrate that this machinery attenuates BCR signaling intensity by mitigating the Kras/Erk and PI3K/Foxo1 pathways, and restricting the expression of PC transcription factors in GC B cells. Inhibition of Syk degradation perturbed gene expression, specifically in the LZ, and enhanced the generation of PCs without affecting B cell proliferation. These findings reveal how long-lasting attenuation of signal transduction by degradation events regulates cell fate within specialized microanatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Lamb DJ, Rust A, Rudisch A, Glüxam T, Harrer N, Machat H, Christ I, Colbatzky F, Wernitznig A, Osswald A, Sommergruber W. Inhibition of SYK kinase does not confer a pro-proliferative or pro-invasive phenotype in breast epithelium or breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1257-1272. [PMID: 32292575 PMCID: PMC7147091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SYK has been reported to possess both tumour promotor and repressor activities and deletion has been linked to a pro-proliferative / pro-invasive phenotype in breast tumours. It is unclear whether this is a consequence of protein deletion or loss of kinase activity. The SYK inhibitor, BI 1002494, caused no increase in proliferation in breast cancer cells or primary mammary epithelial cells in 2D or 3D cultures, nor changes in proliferation (CD1/2, CDK4, PCNA, Ki67) or invadopodia markers (MMP14, PARP, phospho-vimentin Ser56). BI 1002494 did not alter SYK protein expression. There was no change in phenotype observed in 3D cultures after addition of BI 1002494. Thirteen weeks of treatment with BI 1002494 resulted in no ductal branching or cellular proliferation in the mammary glands of mice. An in silico genetic analysis in breast tumour samples revealed no evidence that SYK has a typical tumour suppressor gene profile such as focal deletion, inactivating mutations or lower expression levels. Furthermore, SYK mutations were not associated with reduction in survival and disease-free period in breast cancer patients. In conclusion, small molecule inhibition of the kinase function of SYK does not contribute to a typical tumour suppressor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lamb
- Immunology & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Aleksander Rust
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Albin Rudisch
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Glüxam
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Nathalie Harrer
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Machat
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Christ
- Immunology & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- Non-clinical drug safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Andreas Wernitznig
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Osswald
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria.,Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Feedback Regulation of Syk by Protein Kinase C in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010176. [PMID: 31881809 PMCID: PMC6981976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is essential for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent platelet activation, and it is stimulated by Src-family kinase (SFK)-/Syk-mediated phosphorylation of Y352 (interdomain-B) and Y525/526 (kinase domain). Additional sites for Syk phosphorylation and protein interactions are known but remain elusive. Since Syk S297 phosphorylation (interdomain-B) was detected in platelets, we hypothesized that this phosphorylation site regulates Syk activity via protein kinase C (PKC)-and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathways. ADP, the GPVI-agonist convulxin, and the GPIbα-agonist echicetin beads (EB) were used to stimulate human platelets with/without effectors. Platelet aggregation and intracellular messengers were analyzed, along with phosphoproteins, by immunoblotting using phosphosite-specific antibodies or phos-tags. ADP, convulxin, and EB upregulated Syk S297 phosphorylation, which was inhibited by iloprost (cAMP pathway). Convulxin-stimulated Syk S297 phosphorylation was stoichiometric, transient, abolished by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, and mimicked by the PKC activator PDBu. Convulxin/EB stimulated Syk S297, Y352, and Y525/526 phosphorylation, which was inhibited by SFK and Syk inhibitors. GFX and iloprost inhibited convulxin/EB-induced Syk S297 phosphorylation but enhanced Syk tyrosine (Y352/Y525/526) and substrate (linker adaptor for T cells (LAT), phospholipase γ2 (PLC γ2)) phosphorylation. GFX enhanced convulxin/EB-increases of inositol monophosphate/Ca2+. ITAM-activated Syk stimulates PKC-dependent Syk S297 phosphorylation, which is reduced by SFK/Syk/PKC inhibition and cAMP. Inhibition of Syk S297 phosphorylation coincides with enhanced Syk activation, suggesting that S297 phosphorylation represents a mechanism for feedback inhibition in human platelets.
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20
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Tsuji M, Koriyama C, Ishihara Y, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Kanatani K, Bamai YA, Onishi K, Senju A, Araki S, Shibata E, Morokuma S, Sanefuji M, Kitazawa H, Saito M, Umezawa M, Onoda A, Kusuhara K, Tanaka R, Kawamoto T. Associations Between Metal Levels in Whole Blood and IgE Concentrations in Pregnant Women Based on Data From the Japan Environment and Children's Study. J Epidemiol 2019; 29:478-486. [PMID: 30643099 PMCID: PMC6859078 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20180098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metal exposures could possibly affect allergic responses in pregnant women, although no studies have yet shown a clear relationship between the two, and such exposures might also affect the development of allergic diseases in children. Methods We investigated the relationship between metal concentrations in whole blood and immunoglobulin E (IgE; total and specific) in 14,408 pregnant women who participated in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The subjects submitted self-administered questionnaires, and blood samples were collected from them twice, specifically, during the first trimester and again during the second/third trimester. Concentrations of the metals Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, and Mn, as well as serum total and allergen-specific IgEs for egg white, house dust-mites (HDM), Japanese cedar pollen (JCP), animal dander, and moth, were measured. Allergen-specific IgE(s) were divided based on concentrations <0.35 or ≥0.35 UA/mL, and the metal levels were divided into quartiles. Results Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between HDM- and animal dander-specific IgEs and Hg and Mn concentrations. Conversely, there was a significant positive relationship between JCP-specific IgE and Hg and Se concentrations. Conclusions Metal exposures may be related to both increases and decreases in allergen-specific IgEs in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Chihaya Koriyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Kumiko Kanatani
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sciences
| | - Kazunari Onishi
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ayako Senju
- Japan Environment and Children's Study, UOEH Subunit Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Shunsuke Araki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Seiichi Morokuma
- Research Center for Environmental and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Masafumi Sanefuji
- Research Center for Environmental and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroshi Kitazawa
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Mayako Saito
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Atsuto Onoda
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital.,Postdoctoral Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Japan Environment and Children's Study, UOEH Subunit Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Rie Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
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21
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Travers T, Kanagy WK, Mansbach RA, Jhamba E, Cleyrat C, Goldstein B, Lidke DS, Wilson BS, Gnanakaran S. Combinatorial diversity of Syk recruitment driven by its multivalent engagement with FcεRIγ. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2331-2347. [PMID: 31216232 PMCID: PMC6743456 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-11-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Syk/Zap70 family kinases are essential for signaling via multichain immune-recognition receptors such as tetrameric (αβγ2) FcεRI. Syk activation is generally attributed to cis binding of its tandem SH2 domains to dual phosphotyrosines within FcεRIγ-ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). However, the mechanistic details of Syk docking on γ homodimers are unresolved. Here, we estimate that multivalent interactions for WT Syk improve cis-oriented binding by three orders of magnitude. We applied molecular dynamics (MD), hybrid MD/worm-like chain polymer modeling, and live cell imaging to evaluate relative binding and signaling output for all possible cis and trans Syk-FcεRIγ configurations. Syk binding is likely modulated during signaling by autophosphorylation on Y130 in interdomain A, since a Y130E phosphomimetic form of Syk is predicted to lead to reduced helicity of interdomain A and alter Syk's bias for cis binding. Experiments in reconstituted γ-KO cells, whose γ subunits are linked by disulfide bonds, as well as in cells expressing monomeric ITAM or hemITAM γ-chimeras, support model predictions that short distances between γ ITAM pairs are required for trans docking. We propose that the full range of docking configurations improves signaling efficiency by expanding the combinatorial possibilities for Syk recruitment, particularly under conditions of incomplete ITAM phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Travers
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - William K. Kanagy
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Rachael A. Mansbach
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Elton Jhamba
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Cedric Cleyrat
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Byron Goldstein
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Diane S. Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bridget S. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
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22
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Bolger-Munro M, Choi K, Scurll JM, Abraham L, Chappell RS, Sheen D, Dang-Lawson M, Wu X, Priatel JJ, Coombs D, Hammer JA, Gold MR. Arp2/3 complex-driven spatial patterning of the BCR enhances immune synapse formation, BCR signaling and B cell activation. eLife 2019; 8:e44574. [PMID: 31157616 PMCID: PMC6591008 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When B cells encounter antigens on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC), B cell receptors (BCRs) are gathered into microclusters that recruit signaling enzymes. These microclusters then move centripetally and coalesce into the central supramolecular activation cluster of an immune synapse. The mechanisms controlling BCR organization during immune synapse formation, and how this impacts BCR signaling, are not fully understood. We show that this coalescence of BCR microclusters depends on the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which nucleates branched actin networks. Moreover, in murine B cells, this dynamic spatial reorganization of BCR microclusters amplifies proximal BCR signaling reactions and enhances the ability of membrane-associated antigens to induce transcriptional responses and proliferation. Our finding that Arp2/3 complex activity is important for B cell responses to spatially restricted membrane-bound antigens, but not for soluble antigens, highlights a critical role for Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling in B cell responses to APC-bound antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Joshua M Scurll
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Libin Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Rhys S Chappell
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Duke Sheen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John J Priatel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverCanada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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McAdoo S, Tam FWK. Role of the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Driving Inflammation in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:496-503. [PMID: 30177021 PMCID: PMC6135887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Summary: IgA nephropathy is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. At least 25% of patients may progress to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation. Treatment of IgA nephropathy using generalized immunosuppression is controversial, with concerns regarding the balance of safety and efficacy in a nonspecific approach. This review describes the recent scientific evidence, and a current clinical trial, investigating whether spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) may be a novel and selective therapeutic target for IgA nephropathy. SYK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, has a pivotal role as an early intermediate in intracellular signal transduction cascades for the B-cell receptor and the immunoglobulin Fc receptor, and thus is critical for B-cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, and for mediating proinflammatory responses after Fc-receptor engagement in various cell types. In renal biopsy specimens of patients with IgA nephropathy, increased expression and phosphorylation of SYK were detected, and this correlated with the histologic features of mesangial and endocapillary proliferation. In cell culture studies, patient-derived IgA1 stimulated mesangial cell SYK activation, cell proliferation, and cytokine production, and these responses were attenuated by pharmacologic or molecular inhibition of SYK. A global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of fostamatinib (an oral prodrug SYK inhibitor) in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy is ongoing, which may provide important evidence of the safety and efficacy of targeting this pathway in clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McAdoo
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W K Tam
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom..
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Mansueto MS, Reens A, Rakhilina L, Chi A, Pan BS, Miller JR. A reevaluation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) activation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7658-7668. [PMID: 30923129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a signaling node in many immune pathways and comprises two tandem Src homology (SH) 2 domains, an SH2-kinase linker, and a C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. Two prevalent models of SYK activation exist. The "OR-gate" model contends that SYK can be fully activated by phosphorylation or binding of its SH2 domains to a dual-phosphorylated immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ppITAM). An alternative model proposes that SYK activation requires ppITAM binding and phosphorylation of the SH2-kinase linker by a SRC family kinase such as LYN proto-oncogene, SRC family tyrosine kinase (LYN). To evaluate these two models, we generated directly comparable unphosphorylated (upSYK) and phosphorylated (pSYK) proteins with or without an N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag, resulting in monomeric or obligatory dimeric SYK, respectively. We assessed the ability of a ppITAM peptide and LYN to activate these SYK proteins. The ppITAM peptide strongly activated GST-SYK but was less effective in activating upSYK untagged with GST. LYN alone activated untagged upSYK to a greater extent than did ppITAM, and inclusion of both proteins rapidly and fully activated upSYK. Using immunoblot and phosphoproteomic approaches, we correlated the kinetics and order of site-specific SYK phosphorylation. Our results are consistent with the alternative model, indicating that ppITAM binding primes SYK for rapid LYN-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr-352 and then Tyr-348 of the SH2-kinase linker, which facilitates activation loop phosphorylation and full SYK activation. This gradual activation mechanism may also explain how SYK maintains ligand-independent tonic signaling, important for B-cell development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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25
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Arrington J, Xue L, Wang WH, Geahlen RL, Tao WA. Identification of the Direct Substrates of the ABL Kinase via Kinase Assay Linked Phosphoproteomics with Multiple Drug Treatments. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1679-1690. [PMID: 30869898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ableson tyrosine kinase (ABL) plays essential roles in cell differentiation, division, adhesion, and stress response. However, fusion of the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) to ABL produces constitutive kinase activity that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib revolutionized the treatment of CML and other cancers, but acquired resistance to these inhibitors is rising. Thus, careful dissection of ABL signaling pathways is needed to find novel drug targets. Here we present a refined proteomic approach for elucidation of direct kinase substrates called kinase assay linked phosphoproteomics (KALIP). Our strategy integrates in vitro kinase assays at both the peptide and protein levels with quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics in response to treatment by multiple TKIs. Utilizing multiple TKIs permits elimination of off-target effects of these drugs, and overlapping the in vivo and in vitro data sets allows us to define a list of the most probable kinase substrates. Applying our approach produced a list of 60 ABL substrates, including novel and known proteins. We demonstrate that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a novel direct substrate of ABL, and we predict our proteomic strategy may facilitate identification of substrates in other cancers that have disrupted kinase signaling.
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26
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SYK Inhibition Potentiates the Effect of Chemotherapeutic Drugs on Neuroblastoma Cells in Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020202. [PMID: 30744170 PMCID: PMC6406899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a malignancy arising from the developing sympathetic nervous system and the most common and deadly cancer of infancy. New therapies are needed to improve the prognosis for high-risk patients and to reduce toxicity and late effects. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has previously been identified as a promising drug target in various inflammatory diseases and cancers but has so far not been extensively studied as a potential therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. In this study, we observed elevated SYK gene expression in neuroblastoma compared to neural crest and benign neurofibroma. While SYK protein was detected in the majority of examined neuroblastoma tissues it was less frequently observed in neuroblastoma cell lines. Depletion of SYK by siRNA and the use of small molecule SYK inhibitors significantly reduced the cell viability of neuroblastoma cell lines expressing SYK protein. Moreover, SYK inhibition decreased ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. The SYK inhibitor BAY 61-3606 enhanced the effect of different chemotherapeutic drugs. Transient expression of a constitutive active SYK variant increased the viability of neuroblastoma cells independent of endogenous SYK levels. Collectively, our findings suggest that targeting SYK in combination with conventional chemotherapy should be further evaluated as a treatment option in neuroblastoma.
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27
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Li J, Luo Y, Wang X, Feng G. Regulatory B cells and advances in transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:657-668. [PMID: 30548970 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0518-199r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of B cell subsets with regulatory activity on the immune response to an allograft have evoked increasing interest. Here, we summarize the function and signaling of regulatory B cells (Bregs) and their potential effects on transplantation. These cells are able to suppress the immune system directly via ligand-receptor interactions and indirectly by secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, particularly IL-10. In experimental animal models, the extensively studied IL-10-producing B cells have shown unique therapeutic advantages in the transplant field. In addition, adoptive transfer of B cell subsets with regulatory activity may reveal a new approach to prolonging allograft survival. Recent clinical observations on currently available therapies targeting B cells have revealed that Bregs play an important role in immune tolerance and that these cells are expected to become a new target of immunotherapy for transplant-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Luo
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Guiwen Feng
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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29
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Feng C, Roy A, Post CB. Entropic allostery dominates the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Syk tyrosine kinase release from immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1780-1796. [PMID: 30051939 PMCID: PMC6225982 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an essential player in immune signaling through its ability to couple multiple classes of membrane immunoreceptors to intracellular signaling pathways. Ligand binding leads to the recruitment of Syk to a phosphorylated cytoplasmic region of the receptors called ITAM. Syk binds to ITAM with high-affinity (nanomolar Kd ) via its tandem pair of SH2 domains. The affinity between Syk and ITAM is allosterically regulated by phosphorylation at Y130 in a linker connecting the tandem SH2 domains; when Y130 is phosphorylated, the binding affinity decreases (micromolar Kd ). Previous equilibrium binding studies attribute the increase in the binding free energy to an intra-molecular binding (isomerization) step of the tandem SH2 and ITAM, but a physical basis for the increased free energy is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Y130 phosphorylation imposes an entropy penalty to isomerization, but surprisingly, has negligible effect on the SH2 binding interactions with ITAM and thus on the binding enthalpy. An analysis of NMR chemical shift differences characterized conformational effects of ITAM binding, and binding thermodynamics were measured from isothermal titration calorimetry. Together the data support a previously unknown mechanism for the basis of regulating protein-protein interactions through protein phosphorylation. The decreased affinity for Syk association with immune receptor ITAMs by Y130 phosphorylation is an allosteric mechanism driven by an increased entropy penalty, likely contributed by conformational disorder in the SH2-SH2 inter-domain structure, while SH2-ITAM binding contacts are not affected, and binding enthalpy is unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Amitava Roy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAIDNational Institutes of HealthHamilton, Montana, 59840
| | - Carol Beth Post
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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30
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Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAK-659 Prevents Splenomegaly and Tumor Development in a Murine Model of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. mSphere 2018; 3:3/4/e00378-18. [PMID: 30135222 PMCID: PMC6106053 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00378-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several B and epithelial cell cancers. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) contributes to cellular transformation by mimicking B cell receptor signaling. LMP2A/MYC double transgenic mice develop splenomegaly and B cell lymphoma much faster than MYC transgenic mice do. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic efficacy of a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 for development of a treatment option for EBV-associated malignancies. In our transgenic model, TAK-659 treatment totally abrogated splenomegaly and tumor development in LMP2A/MYC mice in both pretumor and tumor cell transfer experiments. TAK-659 treatment killed tumor cells, but not host cells within the spleen and tumors. Furthermore, TAK-659 treatment abrogated metastasis of tumor cells into bone marrow. Our data also show that TAK-659 inhibits SYK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in LMP2A/MYC tumor cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, TAK-659 may provide an effective therapeutic option for treatment of LMP2A-positive EBV-associated malignancies and should be explored further in clinical trials. IMPORTANCE The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies.
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31
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Janapati S, Wurtzel J, Dangelmaier C, Manne BK, Bhavanasi D, Kostyak JC, Kim S, Holinstat M, Kunapuli SP, Goldfinger LE. TC21/RRas2 regulates glycoprotein VI-FcRγ-mediated platelet activation and thrombus stability. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02217-6. [PMID: 29883056 PMCID: PMC6286703 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essentials RAS proteins are expressed in platelets but their functions are largely uncharacterized. TC21/RRas2 is required for glycoprotein VI-induced platelet responses and for thrombus stability in vivo. TC21 regulates platelet aggregation by control of αIIb β3 integrin activation, via crosstalk with Rap1b. This is the first indication of functional importance of a proto-oncogenic RAS protein in platelets. SUMMARY Background Many RAS family small GTPases are expressed in platelets, including RAC, RHOA, RAP, and HRAS/NRAS/RRAS1, but most of their signaling and cellular functions remain poorly understood. Like RRAS1, TC21/RRAS2 reverses HRAS-induced suppression of integrin activation in CHO cells. However, a role for TC21 in platelets has not been explored. Objectives To determine TC21 expression in platelets, TC21 activation in response to platelet agonists, and roles of TC21 in platelet function in in vitro and in vivo thrombosis. Results We demonstrate that TC21 is expressed in human and murine platelets, and is activated in response to agonists for the glycoprotein (GP) VI-FcRγ immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing collagen receptor, in an Src-dependent manner. GPVI-induced platelet aggregation, integrin αIIb β3 activation, and α-granule and dense granule secretion, as well as phosphorylation of Syk, phospholipase Cγ2, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, were inhibited in TC21-deficient platelets ex vivo. In contrast, these responses were normal in TC21-deficient platelets following stimulation with P2Y, protease-activated receptor 4 and C-type lectin receptor 2 receptor agonists, indicating that the function of TC21 in platelets is GPVI-FcRγ-ITAM-specific. TC21 was required for GPVI-induced activation of Rap1b. TC21-deficient mice did not show a significant delay in injury-induced thrombosis as compared with wild-type controls; however, thrombi were unstable. Hemostatic responses showed similar effects. Conclusions TC21 is essential for GPVI-FcRγ-mediated platelet activation and for thrombus stability in vivo via control of Rap1b and integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janapati
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Wurtzel
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Dangelmaier
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B K Manne
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Bhavanasi
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J C Kostyak
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Kim
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S P Kunapuli
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L E Goldfinger
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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33
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Brodie EJ, Infantino S, Low MSY, Tarlinton DM. Lyn, Lupus, and (B) Lymphocytes, a Lesson on the Critical Balance of Kinase Signaling in Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:401. [PMID: 29545808 PMCID: PMC5837976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by increased sensitivity to self-antigens, auto-antibody production, and systemic inflammation. B cells have been implicated in disease progression and as such represent an attractive therapeutic target. Lyn is a Src family tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in regulating signaling pathways within B cells as well as other hematopoietic cells. Its role in initiating negative signaling cascades is especially critical as exemplified by Lyn-/- mice developing an SLE-like disease with plasma cell hyperplasia, underscoring the importance of tightly regulating signaling within B cells. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the function of the Src family tyrosine kinase Lyn in B lymphocytes and its contribution to positive and negative signaling pathways that are dysregulated in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Brodie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S. Y. Low
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Monash Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Shyam S, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Dermime S, Uddin S. Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29455667 PMCID: PMC5817858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases belong to a family of enzymes that mediate the movement of the phosphate group to tyrosine residues of target protein, thus transmitting signals from the cell surface to cytoplasmic proteins and the nucleus to regulate physiological processes. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) are a sub-group of tyrosine kinases, which can relay intracellular signals originating from extracellular receptor. NRTKs can regulate a huge array of cellular functions such as cell survival, division/propagation and adhesion, gene expression, immune response, etc. NRTKs exhibit considerable variability in their structural make up, having a shared kinase domain and commonly possessing many other domains such as SH2, SH3 which are protein-protein interacting domains. Recent studies show that NRTKs are mutated in several hematological malignancies, including lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas, leading to aberrant activation. It can be due to point mutations which are intragenic changes or by fusion of genes leading to chromosome translocation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activity result in the formation of oncogenes, such as Abl, Fes, Src, etc. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors have been sought after to target mutated kinases. A number of compounds have since been discovered, which have shown to inhibit the activity of NRTKs, which are remarkably well tolerated. This review covers the role of various NRTKs in the development of hematological cancers, including their deregulation, genetic alterations, aberrant activation and associated mutations. In addition, it also looks at the recent advances in the development of novel natural compounds that can target NRTKs and perhaps in combination with other forms of therapy can show great promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Sunitha Shyam
- Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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35
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Strategies to overcome resistance mutations of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:343-356. [PMID: 29347836 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib, as the first Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor, has been shown to have clinically significant activity in leukemias and lymphomas. However, the initially responsive tumors will develop resistance during the process of treatment in few patients. Here, we summarized the mechanism of acquired resistance and suggested the next-generation Btk inhibitors that override the target resistance. Moreover, the development of combination of selective antagonists or inhibitors targeting to multiple protein kinases have increased therapeutic potency to reduce the risk of the emergence of kinases inhibitor resistance. Thus, the reported combination of therapeutic drugs as an alternative therapy to overcome ibrutinib collapse or reduce the risk of the emergence of Btk inhibitor resistance also has been reviewed.
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36
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Westbroek ML, Geahlen RL. Modulation of BCR Signaling by the Induced Dimerization of Receptor-Associated SYK. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040023. [PMID: 31548538 PMCID: PMC6698873 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustering of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) by polyvalent antigens is transmitted through the SYK tyrosine kinase to the activation of multiple intracellular pathways that determine the physiological consequences of receptor engagement. To explore factors that modulate the quantity and quality of signals sent by the crosslinked BCR, we developed a novel chemical mediator of dimerization to induce clustering of receptor-associated SYK. To accomplish this, we fused SYK with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR), which binds the small molecule trimethoprim (TMP) with high affinity and selectivity and synthesized a dimer of TMP with a flexible linker. The TMP dimer is able to induce the aggregation of eDHFR-linked SYK in live cells. The induced dimerization of SYK bound to the BCR differentially regulates the activation of downstream transcription factors, promoting the activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) without affecting the activation of NFκB. The dimerization of SYK enhances the duration but not the amplitude of calcium mobilization by enhancing the extent and duration of its interaction with the crosslinked BCR at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Westbroek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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37
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Timescale Separation of Positive and Negative Signaling Creates History-Dependent Responses to IgE Receptor Stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15586. [PMID: 29138425 PMCID: PMC5686181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity receptor for IgE expressed on the surface of mast cells and basophils interacts with antigens, via bound IgE antibody, and triggers secretion of inflammatory mediators that contribute to allergic reactions. To understand how past inputs (memory) influence future inflammatory responses in mast cells, a microfluidic device was used to precisely control exposure of cells to alternating stimulatory and non-stimulatory inputs. We determined that the response to subsequent stimulation depends on the interval of signaling quiescence. For shorter intervals of signaling quiescence, the second response is blunted relative to the first response, whereas longer intervals of quiescence induce an enhanced second response. Through an iterative process of computational modeling and experimental tests, we found that these memory-like phenomena arise from a confluence of rapid, short-lived positive signals driven by the protein tyrosine kinase Syk; slow, long-lived negative signals driven by the lipid phosphatase Ship1; and slower degradation of Ship1 co-factors. This work advances our understanding of mast cell signaling and represents a generalizable approach for investigating the dynamics of signaling systems.
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38
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Schwartz SL, Cleyrat C, Olah MJ, Relich PK, Phillips GK, Hlavacek WS, Lidke KA, Wilson BS, Lidke DS. Differential mast cell outcomes are sensitive to FcεRI-Syk binding kinetics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3397-3414. [PMID: 28855374 PMCID: PMC5687039 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linking of immunoglobulin E-bound FcεRI triggers multiple cellular responses, including degranulation and cytokine production. Signaling is dependent on recruitment of Syk via docking of its dual SH2 domains to phosphorylated tyrosines within the FcεRI immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Using single-molecule imaging in live cells, we directly visualized and quantified the binding of individual mNeonGreen-tagged Syk molecules as they associated with the plasma membrane after FcεRI activation. We found that Syk colocalizes transiently to FcεRI and that Syk-FcεRI binding dynamics are independent of receptor aggregate size. Substitution of glutamic acid for tyrosine between the Syk SH2 domains (Syk-Y130E) led to an increased Syk-FcεRI off-rate, loss of site-specific Syk autophosphorylation, and impaired downstream signaling. Genome edited cells expressing only Syk-Y130E were deficient in antigen-stimulated calcium release, degranulation, and production of some cytokines (TNF-a, IL-3) but not others (MCP-1, IL-4). We propose that kinetic discrimination along the FcεRI signaling pathway occurs at the level of Syk-FcεRI interactions, with key outcomes dependent upon sufficiently long-lived Syk binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Cédric Cleyrat
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Mark J Olah
- Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Peter K Relich
- Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Genevieve K Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - William S Hlavacek
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Department of Physics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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39
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Gao P, Qiao X, Sun H, Huang Y, Lin J, Li L, Wang X, Li C. Activated spleen tyrosine kinase promotes malignant progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via mTOR/S6 signaling pathway in an ERK1/2-independent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83900-83912. [PMID: 29137391 PMCID: PMC5663563 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine enzyme, is well known for its ability in certain pathways through immune receptors. Recently, SYK role in cancer has been widely studied. SYK plays a dual role as a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. Nevertheless, its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been fully investigated. In the current study, samples from OSCC tumors and adjacent normal counterparts were collected and SYK expression was evaluated by real-time qPCR. SYK mRNA expression in tumors was higher than the normal tissues. And high SYK expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry analysis and closely related to worse overall survival. The expression of SYK mRNA and protein was detected in 2 of 4 OSCC cell lines. SYK pharmacological suppression and RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of SYK-positive cells by reducing phosphorylated ERK1/2 and mTOR levels. One inhibitor of MEK, PD98059, also suppressed the same cancer-associated phenotypes of SYK-positive cells by decreasing phosphorylated ERK1/2 but increasing phosphorylated mTOR. Piceatannol, one pharmacological inhibitor of SYK, attenuated tumor growth in vivo. Overall, our results revealed a novel mechanism triggered by SYK to increase OSCC tumoriogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianghe Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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40
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Suthers AN, Sarantopoulos S. TLR7/TLR9- and B Cell Receptor-Signaling Crosstalk: Promotion of Potentially Dangerous B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:775. [PMID: 28751890 PMCID: PMC5507964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are capable of receptor-mediated responses to foreign antigens. Recognition of microbial-derived nucleic acid (NA) by toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 in B cells has been substantiated. Endogenous NA released from damaged or dying cells can also be immunogenic in certain contexts and can incite aberrant activation of B cells. When TLR-driven B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells are not properly constrained, pathologic autoantibodies are produced. It is also clear that endosomal TLR7/TLR9 can operate in conjunction with BCR. In addition to BCR signaling, a balance between TLR7 and TLR9 is pivotal in the development of B cell autoreactivity. While TLR9 is important in normal memory B cell responses through BCR, TLR9 activation has been implicated in autoantibody production. Paradoxically, TLR9 also plays known protective roles against autoimmunity by directly and indirectly inhibiting TLR7-mediated autoantibody production. Herein, we summarize literature supporting mechanisms underpinning the promotion of pathological BCR-activated B cells by TLR7 and TLR9. We focus on the literature regarding known points of TLR7/TLR9 and BCR crosstalk. Data also suggest that the degree of TLR responsiveness relies on alterations of certain intrinsic B-cell signaling molecules and is also context specific. Because allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a high NA and B cell-activating factor environment, we conclude that B cell studies of synergistic TLR-BCR signaling in human diseases like chronic graft-versus-host disease are warranted. Further understanding of the distinct molecular pathways mediating TLR-BCR synergy will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies in autoimmune disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Suthers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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41
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Moyo TK, Wilson CS, Moore DJ, Eischen CM. Myc enhances B-cell receptor signaling in precancerous B cells and confers resistance to Btk inhibition. Oncogene 2017; 36:4653-4661. [PMID: 28368423 PMCID: PMC5552428 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the oncogenic transcription factor MYC induces B cell transformation and is a driver for B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). MYC overexpression in B-NHL is associated with more aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. Although genomic studies suggest a link between MYC overexpression and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling molecules in B-NHL, signaling pathways essential to Myc-mediated B-cell transformation have not been fully elucidated. We utilized intracellular phospho-flow cytometry to investigate the relationship between Myc and BCR signaling in pre-malignant B cells. Utilizing the Eμ-myc mouse model, where Myc is overexpressed specifically in B cells, both basal and stimulated BCR signaling were increased in precancerous B lymphocytes from Eμ-myc mice compared to wild-type littermates. B cells overexpressing Myc displayed constitutively higher levels of activated CD79α, Btk, Plcγ2, and Erk1/2. Notably, Myc overexpressing B cells maintained elevated BCR signaling despite treatment with ibrutinib, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt pathway signaling was also increased in Eμ-myc B cells, and this increase was partially suppressed with ibrutinib. Additionally, experiments with Btk-null B cells revealed off-target effects of ibrutinib on BCR signaling. Our data show that in pre-malignant B cells, Myc overexpression is sufficient to activate BCR and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and further enhances signaling following BCR ligation. Therefore, our results indicate precancerous B cells have already acquired enhanced survival and growth capabilities prior to transformation, and that elevated MYC levels confer resistance to pharmacologic inhibitors of BCR signaling, which has significant implications for B-NHL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Moyo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D J Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C M Eischen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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42
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Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Entospletinib, a Novel pSYK Inhibitor, Following Single and Multiple Oral Dosing in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 37:195-205. [PMID: 27785737 PMCID: PMC5250654 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Entospletinib is a selective, reversible, adenosine triphosphate-competitive small-molecule spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor that blocks B cell receptor-mediated signaling and proliferation in B lymphocytes. This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of entospletinib in a double-blind, single/multiple ascending dose study in healthy volunteers. Methods In sequential cohorts, 120 subjects received entospletinib (25–1200 mg; fasted) as single or twice-daily oral doses for 7 days. Along with pharmacokinetics, the study assessed functional inhibition of ex vivo anti-immunoglobulin E-stimulated CD63 expression on basophils and pervanadate-evoked phosphorylated SYK (pSYK) Y525. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. Results Entospletinib was generally well-tolerated over a 48-fold dose range. Adverse events (AEs) were generally mild to moderate, with no AE-driven study drug discontinuations noted. Entospletinib displayed a median plasma half-life of 9–15 h; entospletinib exposures reached a plateau at ≥600 mg twice daily (likely due to solubility-limited absorption) and provided >90% CD63 inhibition at peak concentrations and >60% inhibition at trough concentrations (corresponding pSYK inhibition of >70 and >50%). Conclusion The overall safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics profiles of entospletinib support further clinical evaluation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40261-016-0476-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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43
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Cottat M, Yasukuni R, Homma Y, Lidgi-Guigui N, Varin-Blank N, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Le Roy C. Phosphorylation impact on Spleen Tyrosine kinase conformation by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39766. [PMID: 28054556 PMCID: PMC5214100 DOI: 10.1038/srep39766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) plays a crucial role in immune cell signalling and its altered expression or activation are involved in several cancers. Syk activity relies on its phosphorylation status and its multiple phosphorylation sites predict several Syk conformations. In this report, we characterized Syk structural changes according to its phosphorylation/activation status by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Unphosphorylated/inactive and phosphorylated/active Syk forms were produced into two expression systems with different phosphorylation capability. Syk forms were then analysed by SERS that was carried out in liquid condition on a lithographically designed gold nanocylinders array. Our study demonstrated that SERS signatures of the two Syk forms were drastically distinct, indicating structural modifications related to their phosphorylation status. By comparison with the atomic structure of the unphosphorylated Syk, the SERS peak assignments of the phosphorylated Syk nearest gold nanostructures revealed a differential interaction with the gold surface. We finally described a model for Syk conformational variations according to its phosphorylation status. In conclusion, SERS is an efficient technical approach for studying in vitro protein conformational changes and might be a powerful tool to determine protein functions in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Cottat
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Ryohei Yasukuni
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Yo Homma
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Marc Lamy de la Chapelle
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Le Roy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
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44
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Welsby I, Detienne S, N'Kuli F, Thomas S, Wouters S, Bechtold V, De Wit D, Gineste R, Reinheckel T, Elouahabi A, Courtoy PJ, Didierlaurent AM, Goriely S. Lysosome-Dependent Activation of Human Dendritic Cells by the Vaccine Adjuvant QS-21. Front Immunol 2017; 7:663. [PMID: 28105029 PMCID: PMC5215313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adjuvant properties of the saponin QS-21 have been known for decades. It is a component of the Adjuvant System AS01 that is used in several vaccine candidates. QS-21 strongly potentiates both cellular and humoral immune responses to purified antigens, yet how it activates immune cells is largely unknown. Here, we report that QS-21 directly activated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and promoted a pro-inflammatory transcriptional program. Cholesterol-dependent QS-21 endocytosis followed by lysosomal destabilization and Syk kinase activation were prerequisites for this response. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, was essential for moDC activation in vitro and contributed to the adjuvant effects of QS-21 in vivo. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the pathways involved in the direct activation of antigen-presenting cells by a clinically relevant QS-21 formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Welsby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Gosselies , Belgium
| | - Sophie Detienne
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Gosselies , Belgium
| | - Francisca N'Kuli
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Séverine Thomas
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Gosselies , Belgium
| | | | | | - Dominique De Wit
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Gosselies , Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University , Freiburg , Germany
| | | | - Pierre J Courtoy
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Gosselies , Belgium
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45
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Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in non-Hodgkin lymphomas identified by single-cell profiling. Blood 2016; 129:759-770. [PMID: 28011673 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-718494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases downstream of B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) represent attractive targets for therapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). As clinical responses vary, improved knowledge regarding activation and regulation of BCR signaling in individual patients is needed. Here, using phosphospecific flow cytometry to obtain malignant B-cell signaling profiles from 95 patients representing 4 types of NHL revealed a striking contrast between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) tumors. Lymphoma cells from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients had high basal phosphorylation levels of most measured signaling nodes, whereas follicular lymphoma cells represented the opposite pattern with no or very low basal levels. MCL showed large interpatient variability in basal levels, and elevated levels for the phosphorylated forms of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, STAT1, and STAT5 were associated with poor outcome. CLL tumors had elevated basal levels for the phosphorylated forms of BCR-signaling nodes (Src family tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase [SYK], phospholipase Cγ), but had low α-BCR-induced signaling. This contrasted MCL tumors, where α-BCR-induced signaling was variable, but significantly potentiated as compared with the other types. Overexpression of CD79B, combined with a gating strategy whereby signaling output was directly quantified per cell as a function of CD79B levels, confirmed a direct relationship between surface CD79B, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and IgM-induced signaling levels. Furthermore, α-BCR-induced signaling strength was variable across patient samples and correlated with BCR subunit CD79B expression, but was inversely correlated with susceptibility to Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and SYK inhibitors in MCL. These individual differences in BCR levels and signaling might relate to differences in therapy responses to BCR-pathway inhibitors.
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Erasmus MF, Matlawska-Wasowska K, Kinjyo I, Mahajan A, Winter SS, Xu L, Horowitz M, Lidke DS, Wilson BS. Dynamic pre-BCR homodimers fine-tune autonomous survival signals in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra116. [PMID: 27899526 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) is an immature form of the BCR critical for early B lymphocyte development. It is composed of the membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain, surrogate light chain components, and the signaling subunits Igα and Igβ. We developed monovalent quantum dot (QD)-labeled probes specific for Igβ to study the behavior of pre-BCRs engaged in autonomous, ligand-independent signaling in live B cells. Single-particle tracking revealed that QD-labeled pre-BCRs engaged in transient, but frequent, homotypic interactions. Receptor motion was correlated at short separation distances, consistent with the formation of dimers and higher-order oligomers. Repeated encounters between diffusing pre-BCRs appeared to reflect transient co-confinement in plasma membrane domains. In human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells, we showed that frequent, short-lived, homotypic pre-BCR interactions stimulated survival signals, including expression of BCL6, which encodes a transcriptional repressor. These survival signals were blocked by inhibitory monovalent antigen-binding antibody fragments (Fabs) specific for the surrogate light chain components of the pre-BCR or by inhibitors of the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk. For comparison, we evaluated pre-BCR aggregation mediated by dimeric galectin-1, which has binding sites for carbohydrate and for the surrogate light chain λ5 component. Galectin-1 binding resulted in the formation of large, highly immobile pre-BCR aggregates, which was partially relieved by the addition of lactose to prevent the cross-linking of galectin-BCR complexes to other glycosylated membrane components. Analysis of the pre-BCR and its signaling partners suggested that they could be potential targets for combination therapy in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frank Erasmus
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ichiko Kinjyo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Avanika Mahajan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Stuart S Winter
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Sea Lane Biotechnologies, 2450 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Sea Lane Biotechnologies, 2450 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. .,UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Justa-Schuch D, Silva-Garcia M, Pilla E, Engelke M, Kilisch M, Lenz C, Möller U, Nakamura F, Urlaub H, Geiss-Friedlander R. DPP9 is a novel component of the N-end rule pathway targeting the tyrosine kinase Syk. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27614019 PMCID: PMC5039030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopeptidase DPP9 removes dipeptides from N-termini of substrates having a proline or alanine in second position. Although linked to several pathways including cell survival and metabolism, the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood. We identified a novel interaction of DPP9 with Filamin A, which recruits DPP9 to Syk, a central kinase in B-cell signalling. Syk signalling can be terminated by degradation, requiring the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl. We show that DPP9 cleaves Syk to produce a neo N-terminus with serine in position 1. Pulse-chases combined with mutagenesis studies reveal that Ser1 strongly influences Syk stability. Furthermore, DPP9 silencing reduces Cbl interaction with Syk, suggesting that DPP9 processing is a prerequisite for Syk ubiquitination. Consistently, DPP9 inhibition stabilizes Syk, thereby modulating Syk signalling. Taken together, we demonstrate DPP9 as a negative regulator of Syk and conclude that DPP9 is a novel integral aminopeptidase of the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Engelke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kilisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Möller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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48
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Mohammad DK, Nore BF, Gustafsson MO, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates SYK activity and shuttling through 14-3-3 and importin 7. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:63-74. [PMID: 27381982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates a plethora of intracellular signaling proteins to fine-tune signaling of multiple pathways. Here, we found that following B-cell receptor (BCR)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase SYK and the adaptor BLNK, the AKT/PKB enzyme strongly induced BLNK (>100-fold) and SYK (>100-fold) serine/threonine phosphorylation (pS/pT). Increased phosphorylation promoted 14-3-3 binding to BLNK (37-fold) and SYK (2.5-fold) in a pS/pT-concentration dependent manner. We also demonstrated that the AKT inhibitor MK2206 reduced pS/pT of both BLNK (3-fold) and SYK (2.5-fold). Notably, the AKT phosphatase, PHLPP2 maintained the activating phosphorylation of BLNK at Y84 and increased protein stability (8.5-fold). In addition, 14-3-3 was required for the regulation SYK's interaction with BLNK and attenuated SYK binding to Importin 7 (5-fold), thereby perturbing shuttling to the nucleus. Moreover, 14-3-3 proteins also sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of SYK and BLNK. Furthermore, substitution of S295 or S297 for alanine abrogated SYK's binding to Importin 7. SYK with S295A or S297A replacements showed intense pY525/526 phosphorylation, and BLNK pY84 phosphorylation correlated with the SYK pY525/526 phosphorylation level. Conversely, the corresponding mutations to aspartic acid in SYK reduced pY525/526 phosphorylation. Collectively, these and previous results suggest that AKT and 14-3-3 proteins down-regulate the activity of several BCR-associated components, including BTK, BLNK and SYK and also inhibit SYK's interaction with Importin 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Beston F Nore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Manuela O Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdalla J Mohamed
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410 Negara Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Chen CH, Piraner D, Gorenstein NM, Geahlen RL, Beth Post C. Differential recognition of syk-binding sites by each of the two phosphotyrosine-binding pockets of the Vav SH2 domain. Biopolymers 2016; 99:897-907. [PMID: 23955592 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The association of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a central tyrosine kinase in B cell signaling, with Vav SH2 domain is controlled by phosphorylation of two closely spaced tyrosines in Syk linker B: Y342 and Y346. Previous studies established both singly phosphorylated and doubly phosphorylated forms play a role in signaling. The structure of the doubly phosphorylated form identified a new recognition of phosphotyrosine whereby two phosphotyrosines bind simultaneously to the Vav SH2 domain, one in the canonical pTyr pocket and one in the specificity pocket on the opposite side of the central β-sheet. It is unknown if the specificity pocket can bind phosphotyrosine independent of phosphotyrosine binding the pTyr pocket. To address this gap in knowledge, we determined the structure of the complex between Vav1 SH2 and a peptide (SykLB-YpY) modeling the singly phosphorylated-Y346 form of Syk with unphosphorylated Y342. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data conclusively establish that recognition of phosphotyrosine is swapped between the two pockets; phosphorylated pY346 binds the specificity pocket of Vav1 SH2, and unphosphorylated Y342 occupies what is normally the pTyr binding pocket. Nearly identical changes in chemical shifts occurred upon binding all three forms of singly and doubly phosphorylated peptides; however, somewhat smaller shift perturbations for SykLB-YpY from residues in regions of high internal mobility suggest that internal motions are coupled to binding affinity. The differential recognition that includes this swapped binding of phosphotyrosine to the specificity pocket of Vav SH2 increases the repertoire of possible phosphotyrosine binding by SH2 domains in regulating protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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50
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Deng GM, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Targeting Syk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:78. [PMID: 27014261 PMCID: PMC4779881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a member of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which associates directly with surface receptors, including B-cell receptor and Fcγ receptor, and is involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases in which autoantibodies, immune complexes, and autoreactive T cells account for the expression of tissue inflammation and damage. Syk inhibitors efficiently suppress RA in patients albeit in the expression of unwanted side effects, including gastrointestinal effects, hypertension, and neutropenia. Syk inhibitors also inhibit clinical manifestations in lupus-prone mice. Here, we review the evidence that supports the use of Syk inhibitors to treat rheumatic and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Deng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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