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Altves S, Guclu E, Yetisgin E, Bilecen K, Vural H. Upregulation of Immune checkpoint PD-L1 in Colon cancer cell lines and activation of T cells by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:204. [PMID: 38755413 PMCID: PMC11098917 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Globally colorectal cancer ranks as the third most widespread disease and the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Immunotherapy treatments like PD-L1 blockade have been used to inhibit the PD-L1 legend, which boosts the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Recently, studies suggest that some probiotics could potentially enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy treatments for cancer patients. We found that in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, the live Leuconostoc mesenteroides treatment resulted an increase in the PD-L1 expression and this treatment stimulated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production in Jurkat T-cells. Due to the well-established ability of IFN-γ to enhance PD-L1 expression, the combination of IFN-γ and L. mesenteroides was used in colon cancer cell lines and a resulting remarkable increase of over tenfold in PD-L1 expression was obtained. Interestingly, when L. mesenteroides and IFN-γ are present, the blockage of PD-L1 using PD-L1 antibodies not only improved the viability of Jurkat T-cells but also significantly boosted the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, the T-cells activation marker cytokines. In addition to upregulating PD-L1, L. mesenteroides also activated Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NODs) pathways, specifically through TLR2 and NOD2, while also exerting a suppressive effect on autophagy in colon cancer cell lines. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a significant upregulation of PD-L1 expression in colon cancer cells upon co-culturing with L. mesenteroides. Moreover, the presence of PD-L1 antibodies during co-culturing activates Jurkat T cells. The observed enhancement in PD-L1 expression may be attributed to the inhibition of the Autophagy pathway or activation of the hippo pathway. KEY POINTS: Co-culturing L. mesenteroides increases PD-L1 gene and protein transaction in colon cancer. L. mesenteroides existing enhances T cells viability and activity. GPCR41/42 is a possible link between L. mesenteroides, YAP-1 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Altves
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Guclu
- Department of Basic Science and Health, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Esra Yetisgin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Safaa ALTVES, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kivanc Bilecen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Safaa ALTVES, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Vural
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Chattopadhyay A, Jagdish S, Karhale AK, Ramteke NS, Zaib A, Nandi D. IFN-γ lowers tumor growth by increasing glycolysis and lactate production in a nitric oxide-dependent manner: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282653. [PMID: 37965321 PMCID: PMC10641808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the sole member of the type-II interferon family, is well known to protect the host from infectious diseases as well as mount anti-tumor responses. The amounts of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment determine the host responses against tumors; however, several tumors employ evasive strategies by responding to low IFN-γ signaling. Methods In this study, the response of various tumor cell lines to IFN-γ was studied in vitro. Results IFN-γ-activation increases glycolytic flux and reduces mitochondrial function in a nitric oxide (NO)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner in the H6 hepatoma tumor cell line. The higher glycolysis further fueled NO and ROS production, indicating a reciprocal regulation. These processes are accompanied by Hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α stabilization and HIF-1α-dependent augmentation of the glycolytic flux. The IFN-γ enhancement of lactate production also occurred in other NO-producing cell lines: RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage and Renca renal adenocarcinoma. However, two other tumor cell lines, CT26 colon carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, did not produce NO and lactate upon IFN-γ-activation. HIF-1α stabilization upon IFN-γ-activation led to lower cell growth of B16F10 but not CT26 cells. Importantly, the IFN-γ-activation of both CT26 and B16F10 cells demonstrated significant cellular growth reduction upon metabolic rewiring by exogenous administration of potassium lactate. Discussion Clinical studies have shown the crucial roles of IFN-γ for successful cancer immunotherapies involving checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. The positive implications of this study on the metabolic modulation of IFN-γ activation on heterogeneous tumor cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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3
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Boulch M, Cazaux M, Cuffel A, Guerin MV, Garcia Z, Alonso R, Lemaître F, Beer A, Corre B, Menger L, Grandjean CL, Morin F, Thieblemont C, Caillat-Zucman S, Bousso P. Tumor-intrinsic sensitivity to the pro-apoptotic effects of IFN-γ is a major determinant of CD4 + CAR T-cell antitumor activity. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:968-983. [PMID: 37248395 PMCID: PMC10368531 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells and CD4+ chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells display highly variable antitumor activity in preclinical models and in patients; however, the mechanisms dictating how and when CD4+ T cells promote tumor regression are incompletely understood. With the help of functional intravital imaging, we report that interferon (IFN)-γ production but not perforin-mediated cytotoxicity was the dominant mechanism for tumor elimination by anti-CD19 CD4+ CAR T cells. Mechanistically, mouse or human CD4+ CAR T-cell-derived IFN-γ diffused extensively to act on tumor cells at distance selectively killing tumors sensitive to cytokine-induced apoptosis, including antigen-negative variants. In anti-CD19 CAR T-cell-treated patients exhibiting elevated CAR CD4:CD8 ratios, strong induction of serum IFN-γ was associated with increased survival. We propose that the sensitivity of tumor cells to the pro-apoptotic activity of IFN-γ is a major determinant of CD4+ CAR T-cell efficacy and may be considered to guide the use of CD4+ T cells during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Boulch
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marine Cazaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Cuffel
- Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR976, Institut de Recherche St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion V Guerin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Ruby Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Beer
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Corre
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Laurie Menger
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Capucine L Grandjean
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florence Morin
- Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Thieblemont
- Service d'Hémato-Oncologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR976, Institut de Recherche St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:474-497. [PMID: 37455828 PMCID: PMC10345208 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide despite modern breakthroughs in medicine, and novel treatments are urgently needed. The revolutionary success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the past decade serves as proof of concept that the immune system can be effectively harnessed to treat cancer. Cytokines are small signalling proteins with critical roles in orchestrating the immune response and have become an attractive target for immunotherapy. Type 1 immune cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), have been shown to have largely tumour suppressive roles in part through orchestrating anti-tumour immune responses mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells and T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Conversely, type 2 immunity involving group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and Th2 cells are involved in tissue regeneration and wound repair and are traditionally thought to have pro-tumoural effects. However, it is found that the classical type 2 immune cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 may have conflicting roles in cancer. Similarly, type 2 immunity-related cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 with recently characterised roles in cancer may either promote or suppress tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, type 1 cytokines IFNγ and TNFα have also been found to have pro-tumoural effects under certain circumstances, further complicating the overall picture. Therefore, the dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 cytokines inhibiting and promoting tumours respectively is not concrete, and attempts of utilising these for cancer immunotherapy must take into account all available evidence. This review provides an overview summarising the current understanding of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in tumour immunity and discusses the prospects of harnessing these for immunotherapy in light of previous and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jou
- Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9ET Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
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Uribe P, Barra J, Painen K, Zambrano F, Schulz M, Moya C, Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Mallmann P, Sánchez R. FeTPPS, a Peroxynitrite Decomposition Catalyst, Ameliorates Nitrosative Stress in Human Spermatozoa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1272. [PMID: 37372002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive levels of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as peroxynitrite, promote nitrosative stress, which is an important cause of impaired sperm function. The metalloporphyrin FeTPPS is highly effective in catalyzing the decomposition of peroxynitrite, reducing its toxic effects in vivo and in vitro. FeTPPS has significant therapeutic potential in peroxynitrite-related diseases; however, its effects on human spermatozoa under nitrosative stress have not been described. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of FeTPPS against peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress in human spermatozoa. For this purpose, spermatozoa from normozoospermic donors were exposed to 3-morpholinosydnonimine, a molecule that generates peroxynitrite. First, the FeTPPS-mediated peroxynitrite decomposition catalysis was analyzed. Then, its individual effect on sperm quality parameters was evaluated. Finally, the effect of FeTPPS on ATP levels, motility, mitochondrial membrane potential, thiol oxidation, viability, and DNA fragmentation was analyzed in spermatozoa under nitrosative stress conditions. The results showed that FeTPPS effectively catalyzes the decomposition of peroxynitrite without affecting sperm viability at concentrations up to 50 μmol/L. Furthermore, FeTPPS mitigates the deleterious effects of nitrosative stress on all sperm parameters analyzed. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of FeTPPS in reducing the negative impact of nitrosative stress in semen samples with high RNS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Uribe
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile
| | - Javiera Barra
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - Kevin Painen
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - Fabiola Zambrano
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile
| | - Mabel Schulz
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile
| | - Claudia Moya
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - Vladimir Isachenko
- Research Group in Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cologne University, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Evgenia Isachenko
- Research Group in Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cologne University, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Research Group in Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cologne University, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Raúl Sánchez
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile
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CD4 + T cells in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:317-329. [PMID: 36894637 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunology and immunotherapy are driving forces of research and development in oncology, mostly focusing on CD8+ T cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recent progress highlights the importance of CD4+ T cells, corresponding to the long-known fact that CD4+ T cells are central players and coordinators of innate and antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, they have now been recognized as anti-tumor effector cells in their own right. Here we review the current status of CD4+ T cells in cancer, which hold great promise for improving knowledge and therapies in cancer.
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Vij S, Thakur R, Kumari L, Suri CR, Rishi P. Potential of a novel flagellin epitope as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against enteric fever. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105936. [PMID: 36494021 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Relentless emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains, coupled with the drawbacks associated with currently available vaccines against enteric fever, warrants an urgent need to look for new vaccine candidates. Out of the multiple virulence factors harbored by Salmonella, flagella are regarded as one of the most important targets of innate as well as adaptive immune response. Individual Salmonella serotypes alternate between expression of two different antigenic forms encoded by fliC and fljB genes, respectively thereby employing this as a strategy to escape the host immune response. In the present study, using various immunoinformatic approaches, a flagellin epitope, present in both antigenic forms of typhoidal Salmonellae has been targeted. Following B-cell epitope and B-cell derived T-cell epitope prediction and interaction studies with major histocompatibility complexes using molecular docking, a peptide epitope was selected. Further, it was screened for its presence in majority of typhoidal serovars along with other useful attributes, in silico. Thereafter, safety studies were performed with the synthesized peptide. Subsequently, immunization studies were carried out using S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A induced murine peritonitis model. Active immunization with peptide-BSA conjugate resulted in 75% and 80% mice survival following lethal challenge with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A respectively, along with a significant IgG antibody titer, thereby highlighting its immunogenic potential. Reduced bacterial burden in vital organs along with improved histoarchitecture and cytokine levels further substantiated the protective efficacy of the proposed candidate. Passive immunization studies with the candidate verified the protective efficacy of the generated antibodies against lethal challenge of bacteria in mice. Given the endemic nature of enteric fever and the antigenic variability observed in Salmonella serotypes, present study highlights the importance of using a vaccine candidate, which, along with generating a strong immune response, also exhibits a broad coverage against both, S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Laxmi Kumari
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Kong C, Chen X. Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6427-6446. [PMID: 36540374 PMCID: PMC9760263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation therapy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has been identified as a tumour ablation modality for numerous cancer indications, with photosensitisers and photothermal conversion agents playing important roles in the phototherapy process, especially in recent decades. In addition, the iteration of nanotechnology has strongly promoted the development of phototherapy in tumour treatment. PDT can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to PTT by interfering with the tumour microenvironment, whereas the heat generated by PTT can increase blood flow, improve oxygen supply and enhance the PDT therapeutic effect. In addition, tumour cell debris generated by phototherapy can serve as tumour-associated antigens, evoking antitumor immune responses. In this review, the research progress of phototherapy, and its research effects in combination with immunotherapy on the treatment of tumours are mainly outlined, and issues that may need continued attention in the future are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunqing Kong
- Department of medical imaging center, central hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xingcai Chen, Email
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9
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Confino H, Dirbas FM, Goldshtein M, Yarkoni S, Kalaora R, Hatan M, Puyesky S, Levi Y, Malka L, Johnson M, Chaisson S, Monson JM, Avniel A, Lisi S, Greenberg D, Wolf I. Gaseous nitric oxide tumor ablation induces an anti-tumor abscopal effect. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:405. [PMID: 36514083 PMCID: PMC9745717 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-situ tumor ablation provides the immune system with the appropriate antigens to induce anti-tumor immunity. Here, we present an innovative technique for generating anti-tumor immunity by delivering exogenous ultra-high concentration (> 10,000 ppm) gaseous nitric oxide (UHCgNO) intratumorally. METHODS The capability of UHCgNO to induce apoptosis was tested in vitro in mouse colon (CT26), breast (4T1) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) cancer cell lines. In vivo, UHCgNO was studied by treating CT26 tumor-bearing mice in-situ and assessing the immune response using a Challenge assay. RESULTS Exposing CT26, 4T1 and LLC-1 cell lines to UHCgNO for 10 s-2.5 min induced cellular apoptosis 24 h after exposure. Treating CT26 tumors in-situ with UHCgNO followed by surgical resection 14 days later resulted in a significant secondary anti-tumor effect in vivo. 100% of tumor-bearing mice treated with 50,000 ppm UHCgNO and 64% of mice treated with 20,000 ppm UHCgNO rejected a second tumor inoculation, compared to 0% in the naive control for 70 days. Additionally, more dendrocytes infiltrated the tumor 14 days post UHCgNO treatment versus the nitrogen control. Moreover, T-cell penetration into the primary tumor was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Systemic increases in T- and B-cells were seen in UHCgNO-treated mice compared to nitrogen control. Furthermore, polymorphonuclear-myeloid-derived suppressor cells were downregulated in the spleen in the UHCgNO-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that UHCgNO followed by the surgical removal of the primary tumor 14 days later induces a strong and potent anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick M. Dirbas
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of General Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yakir Levi
- Beyond Cancer Ltd., 7608801 Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Jedidiah M. Monson
- Beyond Cancer Ltd., Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.476982.6California Cancer Associates for Research and Excellence, Fresno, CA USA
| | - Amir Avniel
- Beyond Air Ltd., 7608801 Rehovot, Israel ,Beyond Air Inc, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Steve Lisi
- Beyond Air Inc, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - David Greenberg
- Beyond Air Ltd., 7608801 Rehovot, Israel ,Beyond Air Inc, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Ido Wolf
- grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Oncology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Chagas Disease Megaesophagus Patients Carrying Variant MRPS18B P260A Display Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Response to IFN-γ Stimulus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092215. [PMID: 36140315 PMCID: PMC9496350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8 million people, and around 1/3 develop chronic cardiac (CCC) or digestive disease (megaesophagus/megacolon), while the majority remain asymptomatic, in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease (ASY). Most CCC cases in families with multiple Chagas disease patients carry damaging mutations in mitochondrial genes. We searched for exonic mutations associated to chagasic megaesophagus (CME) in genes essential to mitochondrial processes. We performed whole exome sequencing of 13 CME and 45 ASY patients. We found the damaging variant MRPS18B 688C > G P230A, in five out of the 13 CME patients (one of them being homozygous; 38.4%), while the variant appeared in one out of 45 ASY patients (2.2%). We analyzed the interferon (IFN)-γ-induced nitro-oxidative stress and mitochondrial function of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. We found the CME carriers of the mutation displayed increased levels of nitrite and nitrated proteins; in addition, the homozygous (G/G) CME patient also showed increased mitochondrial superoxide and reduced levels of ATP production. The results suggest that pathogenic mitochondrial mutations may contribute to cytokine-induced nitro-oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesize that, in mutation carriers, IFN-γ produced in the esophageal myenteric plexus might cause nitro-oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, contributing to megaesophagus.
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Fujita Y, Iketani M, Ito M, Ohsawa I. Temporal changes in mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species generation during the development of replicative senescence in human fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 2022; 165:111866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Cao X, Lai SWT, Chen S, Wang S, Feng M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:61-108. [PMID: 35636930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune components in the tumor microenvironment and play a plethora of roles in regulating tumorigenesis. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of TAMs has emerged as a new paradigm for immunotherapy of cancer. Herein, the review summarizes the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs in the progression of malignant diseases. The understanding of such knowledge leads to several distinct therapeutic strategies to manipulate TAMs to battle cancer, which include those to reduce TAM abundance, such as depleting TAMs or inhibiting their recruitment and differentiation, and those to harness or boost the anti-tumor activities of TAMs such as blocking phagocytosis checkpoints, inducing antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and reprogramming TAM polarization. In addition, modulation of TAMs may reshape the tumor microenvironment and therefore synergize with other cancer therapeutics. Therefore, the rational combination of TAM-targeting therapeutics with conventional therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other immunotherapies is also reviewed. Overall, targeting TAMs presents itself as a promising strategy to add to the growing repertoire of treatment approaches in the fight against cancer, and it is hopeful that these approaches currently being pioneered will serve to vastly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| | - Seigmund W T Lai
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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13
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McKenzie B, Khazen R, Valitutti S. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: How Tumor Cells Defend Against the Siege Weapons of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894306. [PMID: 35592329 PMCID: PMC9110820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the main cellular effectors of the adaptive immune response against cancer cells, which in turn have evolved sophisticated cellular defense mechanisms to withstand CTL attack. Herein we provide a critical review of the pertinent literature on early and late attack/defense events taking place at the CTL/target cell lytic synapse. We examine the earliest steps of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (“the poison arrows”) elicited within seconds of CTL/target cell encounter, which face commensurately rapid synaptic repair mechanisms on the tumor cell side, providing the first formidable barrier to CTL attack. We examine how breach of this first defensive barrier unleashes the inextinguishable “Greek fire” in the form of granzymes whose broad cytotoxic potential is linked to activation of cell death executioners, injury of vital organelles, and destruction of intracellular homeostasis. Herein tumor cells deploy slower but no less sophisticated defensive mechanisms in the form of enhanced autophagy, increased reparative capacity, and dysregulation of cell death pathways. We discuss how the newly discovered supra-molecular attack particles (SMAPs, the “scorpion bombs”), seek to overcome the robust defensive mechanisms that confer tumor cell resistance. Finally, we discuss the implications of the aforementioned attack/defense mechanisms on the induction of regulated cell death (RCD), and how different contemporary RCD modalities (including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) may have profound implications for immunotherapy. Thus, we propose that understanding and targeting multiple steps of the attack/defense process will be instrumental to enhance the efficacy of CTL anti-tumor activity and meet the outstanding challenges in clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienne McKenzie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxana Khazen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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14
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Pashaei-Asl R, Pashaiasl M, Ebrahimie E, Lale Ataei M, Paknejad M. Apoptotic effects of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium on human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 13:191-206. [PMID: 37431479 PMCID: PMC10329748 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer, as the most common malignancy among women, is shown to have a high mortality rate and resistance to chemotherapy. Research has shown the possible inhibitory role of Mesenchymal stem cells in curing cancer. Thus, the present work used human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (hAFMSCs-CM) as an apoptotic reagent on the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Methods Conditioned medium (CM) was prepared from hAFMSCs. After treating MCF-7 cells with CM, a number of analytical procedures (MTT, real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry) were recruited to evaluate the cell viability, Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression, P53 protein expression, and apoptosis, respectively. Human fibroblast cells (Hu02) were used as the negative control. In addition, an integrated approach to meta-analysis was performed. Results The MCF-7 cells' viability was decreased significantly after 24 hours (P < 0.0001) and 72 hours (P < 0.05) of treatment. Compared with the control cells, Bax gene's mRNA expression increased and Bcl-2's mRNA expression decreased considerably after treating for 24 hours with 80% hAFMSCs-CM (P = 0.0012, P < 0.0001, respectively); an increasing pattern in P53 protein expression could also be observed. The flow cytometry analysis indicated apoptosis. Results from literature mining and the integrated meta-analysis showed that hAFMSCs-CM is able to activate a molecular network where Bcl2 downregulation stands in harmony with the upregulation of P53, EIF5A, DDB2, and Bax, leading to the activation of apoptosis. Conclusion Our finding demonstrated that hAFMSCs-CM presents apoptotic effect on MCF-7 cells; therefore, the application of hAFMSCs-CM, as a therapeutic reagent, can suppress breast cancer cells' viabilities and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghiyeh Pashaei-Asl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pashaiasl
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Maryam Lale Ataei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Programmed cell death: the pathways to severe COVID-19? Biochem J 2022; 479:609-628. [PMID: 35244141 PMCID: PMC9022977 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two years after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, our understanding of COVID-19 disease pathogenesis is still incomplete. Despite unprecedented global collaborative scientific efforts and rapid vaccine development, an uneven vaccine roll-out and the emergence of novel variants of concern such as omicron underscore the critical importance of identifying the mechanisms that contribute to this disease. Overt inflammation and cell death have been proposed to be central drivers of severe pathology in COVID-19 patients and their pathways and molecular components therefore present promising targets for host-directed therapeutics. In our review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role and impact of diverse programmed cell death (PCD) pathways on COVID-19 disease. We dissect the complex connection of cell death and inflammatory signaling at the cellular and molecular level and identify a number of critical questions that remain to be addressed. We provide rationale for targeting of cell death as potential COVID-19 treatment and provide an overview of current therapeutics that could potentially enter clinical trials in the near future.
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16
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Sharma KS, Dubey AK, Kumar C, Phadnis PP, Sudarsan V, Vatsa RK. Mesoporous Silica-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles Assisted Photodynamic Therapy Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid: Mechanistic and In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:583-597. [PMID: 35025194 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exclusively red-emitting upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with the composition NaErF4:0.5%Tm as a core and NaYF4 as a shell were synthesized for performing photodynamic therapy (PDT). A possible mechanism was proposed for core-shell UCNPs formation. For loading a maximum amount of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), mesoporous silica coating was performed on UCNPs. Studies under dark conditions confirmed the biocompatibility of 5-ALA-loaded UCNPs formulation (UCNPs-5-ALA) with MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, studies under light-exposed conditions exhibited effective cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Studies employing D2O-based cell cultured media and addition of DABCO in cell culture established that the cell death was due to oxidation of cellular components by reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering the apoptosis. The formation of ROS was confirmed by DCF(H)DA-based ROS analysis via fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the ROS production, which mediates the programmed cell death. Additionally, we have validated the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells with flow cytometry analyses. This was further confirmed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay on nuclear extract and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential. In the case of animal model studies, the formulation UCNPs-5-ALA without irradiation (980 nm) did not possess any in vivo cytotoxicity on tumor-induced SCID mice and there was a minimum migration of UCNPs-5-ALA to the vital organs but maximum retention at the tumor site only. Meanwhile, only the mice treated with UCNPs-5-ALA and irradiated on the tumor region with 980 nm laser (500 mW) for 20 min possessed a tumor with a size reduced to about 75% as compared with the corresponding control groups. To the best of our knowledge, this type of study was conducted for the first time employing exclusively red-emitting phosphors for effective PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shitaljit Sharma
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Akhil K Dubey
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Prasad P Phadnis
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | | | - Rajesh K Vatsa
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
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17
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Nunes JPS, Andrieux P, Brochet P, Almeida RR, Kitano E, Honda AK, Iwai LK, Andrade-Silva D, Goudenège D, Alcântara Silva KD, Vieira RDS, Levy D, Bydlowski SP, Gallardo F, Torres M, Bocchi EA, Mano M, Santos RHB, Bacal F, Pomerantzeff P, Laurindo FRM, Teixeira PC, Nakaya HI, Kalil J, Procaccio V, Chevillard C, Cunha-Neto E. Co-Exposure of Cardiomyocytes to IFN-γ and TNF-α Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Nitro-Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:755862. [PMID: 34867992 PMCID: PMC8632642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) and can lead to arrhythmia, heart failure and death. Chagas disease affects 8 million people worldwide, and chronic production of the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α by T cells together with mitochondrial dysfunction are important players for the poor prognosis of the disease. Mitochondria occupy 40% of the cardiomyocytes volume and produce 95% of cellular ATP that sustain the life-long cycles of heart contraction. As IFN-γ and TNF-α have been described to affect mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that IFN-γ and TNF-α are involved in the myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction observed in CCC patients. In this study, we quantified markers of mitochondrial dysfunction and nitro-oxidative stress in CCC heart tissue and in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated AC-16 human cardiomyocytes. We found that CCC myocardium displayed increased levels of nitro-oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial DNA as compared with myocardial tissue from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). IFN-γ/TNF-α treatment of AC-16 cardiomyocytes induced increased nitro-oxidative stress and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). We found that the STAT1/NF-κB/NOS2 axis is involved in the IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced decrease of ΔΨm in AC-16 cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, treatment with mitochondria-sparing agonists of AMPK, NRF2 and SIRT1 rescues ΔΨm in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated cells. Proteomic and gene expression analyses revealed that IFN-γ/TNF-α-treated cells corroborate mitochondrial dysfunction, transmembrane potential of mitochondria, altered fatty acid metabolism and cardiac necrosis/cell death. Functional assays conducted on Seahorse respirometer showed that cytokine-stimulated cells display decreased glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production, dependency of fatty acid oxidation as well as increased proton leak and non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Together, our results suggest that IFN-γ and TNF-α cause direct damage to cardiomyocytes’ mitochondria by promoting oxidative and nitrosative stress and impairing energy production pathways. We hypothesize that treatment with agonists of AMPK, NRF2 and SIRT1 might be an approach to ameliorate the progression of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil.,INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Andrieux
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Brochet
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kitano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Kenji Honda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Goudenège
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Karla Deysiree Alcântara Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Souza Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Levy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Gallardo
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Torres
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Heart Failure Team, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mano
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Bacal
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pomerantzeff
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- Translational Research Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Chevillard
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,iii-Institute for Investigation in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Zhang W, An EK, Park HB, Hwang J, Dhananjay Y, Kim SJ, Eom HY, Oda T, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Ecklonia cava fucoidan has potential to stimulate natural killer cells in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:111-121. [PMID: 34119543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide, derived from various marine brown seaweeds, that has immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we analyzed the effects of five different fucoidans, which were extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum, Undaria pinnatifida, Macrocystis pyrifera, Fucus vesiculosus, and Ecklonia cava, on natural killer (NK) cell activation in mice. Among these, E. cava fucoidan (ECF) promoted an increase in the number of NK cells in the spleen and had the strongest effect on the activation of NK cells. Additionally, we observed that DC stimulation was required for NK cell activation and that ECF had the most potent effect on splenic dendritic cells (DC). Finally, ECF treatment effectively prevented infiltration of CT-26 carcinoma cells in the lungs of BALB/c mice in an NK cell dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that ECF could be a suitable candidate for enhancing NK cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yadav Dhananjay
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Eom
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Gocher AM, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Interferon-γ: teammate or opponent in the tumour microenvironment? Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:158-172. [PMID: 34155388 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy offers substantive benefit to patients with various tumour types, in some cases leading to complete tumour clearance. However, many patients do not respond to immunotherapy, galvanizing the field to define the mechanisms of pre-existing and acquired resistance. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a cytokine that has both protumour and antitumour activities, suggesting that it may serve as a nexus for responsiveness to immunotherapy. Many cancer immunotherapies and chemotherapies induce IFNγ production by various cell types, including activated T cells and natural killer cells. Patients resistant to these therapies commonly have molecular aberrations in the IFNγ signalling pathway or express resistance molecules driven by IFNγ. Given that all nucleated cells can respond to IFNγ, the functional consequences of IFNγ production need to be carefully dissected on a cell-by-cell basis. Here, we review the cells that produce IFNγ and the different effects of IFNγ in the tumour microenvironment, highlighting the pleiotropic nature of this multifunctional and abundant cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gocher
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Rare Pathogenic Variants in Mitochondrial and Inflammation-Associated Genes May Lead to Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy in Chagas Disease. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1048-1063. [PMID: 33660144 PMCID: PMC8249271 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Cardiomyopathies are an important cause of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Little is known about the role of rare genetic variants in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy prevalent in Latin America, developing in 30% of the 6 million patients chronically infected by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, while 60% remain free of heart disease (asymptomatic (ASY)). The cytokine interferon-γ and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to play a major pathogenetic role. Chagas disease provides a unique model to probe for genetic variants involved in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Methods We used whole exome sequencing to study nuclear families containing multiple cases of Chagas disease. We searched for rare pathogenic variants shared by all family members with CCC but absent in infected ASY siblings and in unrelated ASY. Results We identified heterozygous, pathogenic variants linked to CCC in all tested families on 22 distinct genes, from which 20 were mitochondrial or inflammation-related – most of the latter involved in proinflammatory cytokine production. Significantly, incubation with IFN-γ on a human cardiomyocyte line treated with an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase brequinar (enzyme showing a loss-of-function variant in one family) markedly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM), indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusion Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation may be genetically determined in CCC, driven by rare genetic variants. We hypothesize that CCC-linked genetic variants increase mitochondrial susceptibility to IFN-γ-induced damage in the myocardium, leading to the cardiomyopathy phenotype in Chagas disease. This mechanism may also be operative in other inflammatory cardiomyopathies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01000-y.
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21
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Todorović-Raković N. The role of cytokines in the evolution of cancer: IFN-γ paradigm. Cytokine 2021; 151:155442. [PMID: 33509640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of malignant cells implies an increase in oncogenic fitness of cells which arises in active and reciprocal interaction with the tumor microenvironment. The mechanisms facilitating the adaptive evolution of cancer cells involve clonal selection of cancer cells, in a direction of increased adaptive potential under the selective pressure of host defensive strategies. Once reached, this potential could go the other way, changing the same evolutionary force in the tumor microenvironment which influenced its emergence and favoring cancer progression. The immunological system as a part of host defensive mechanisms could be an effective modulator of cancer evolution/progression since it is also a major source of cellular intermediators, such as cytokines. The exemplar of IFN-γ actions during cancer evolution could help the revealing of these mutual interactions and enable better insight into the complex nature of cancer disease, leading to a new approach to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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22
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Han SJ, Lee JE, Cho YJ, Park MJ, O’Malley BW. Genomic Function of Estrogen Receptor β in Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2495-2516. [PMID: 31504401 PMCID: PMC6773435 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) β plays a critical role in endometriosis progression because cytoplasmic ERβ stimulates proinflammatory signaling in ectopic lesions and prevents apoptosis to promote their survival. However, the role of "nuclear ERβ" in endometriosis progression is not known. This critical knowledge gap obscures our understanding of the full molecular etiology of ERβ-mediated endometriosis progression. To fill this void, we generated an ERβ-regulated transcriptome and ERβ cistrome in ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium of mice with endometriosis by using a new endometrium-specific FLAG-tagged human ERβ overexpression mouse model. The integration of these omics data sets revealed that ERβ stimulated the proliferation activities of ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium by directly upregulating MYC and E2 transcription factor target genes and genes associated with the G2/M transition. Additionally, ERβ stimulated gene expression associated with TNFα/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reactive oxygen species signaling, IL-6/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling, and hypoxia signaling and suppressed IFNα signaling in ectopic lesions to enhance endometriosis progression. ERβ also stimulated gene expression associated with the unfolded protein response and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitory signaling and suppressed TNFα/NF-κB signaling in the eutopic endometrium to cause endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction. Therefore, nuclear ERβ-regulated gene networks provide critical clues to understand the molecular etiology and complexity of endometriosis and endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Sang Jun Han, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
| | - Jiyeun E Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bert W O’Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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23
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Shin Y, Choi SH, Kim E, Bylykbashi E, Kim JA, Chung S, Kim DY, Kamm RD, Tanzi RE. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in a 3D In Vitro Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900962. [PMID: 31637161 PMCID: PMC6794630 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harmful materials in the blood are prevented from entering the healthy brain by a highly selective blood-brain barrier (BBB), and impairment of barrier function has been associated with a variety of neurological diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), BBB breakdown has been shown to occur even before cognitive decline and brain pathology. To investigate the role of the cerebral vasculature in AD, a physiologically relevant 3D human neural cell culture microfluidic model is developed having a brain endothelial cell monolayer with a BBB-like phenotype. This model is shown to recapitulate several key aspects of BBB dysfunction observed in AD patients: increased BBB permeability, decreased expression of claudin-1, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin, increased expression of matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and reactive oxygen species, and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides at the vascular endothelium. Thus, it provides a well-controlled platform for investigating BBB function as well as for screening of new drugs that need to pass the BBB to gain access to neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Enjana Bylykbashi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Biomedical Omics GroupKorea Basic Science InstituteCheongju28119Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio‐Analytical ScienceUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34113Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321CambridgeMA02139USA
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART)BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM)Singapore138602Singapore
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
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24
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Chevillard C, Nunes JPS, Frade AF, Almeida RR, Pandey RP, Nascimento MS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Disease Tolerance and Pathogen Resistance Genes May Underlie Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence and Differential Progression to Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2791. [PMID: 30559742 PMCID: PMC6286977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects over 8 million people worldwide. In spite of a powerful innate and adaptive immune response in acute infection, the parasite evades eradication, leading to a chronic persistent infection with low parasitism. Chronically infected subjects display differential patterns of disease progression. While 30% develop chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC)—a severe inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy—decades after infection, 60% of the patients remain disease-free, in the asymptomatic/indeterminate (ASY) form, and 10% develop gastrointestinal disease. Infection of genetically deficient mice provided a map of genes relevant for resistance to T. cruzi infection, leading to the identification of multiple genes linked to survival to infection. These include pathogen resistance genes (PRG) needed for intracellular parasite destruction, and genes involved in disease tolerance (protection against tissue damage and acute phase death—DTG). All identified DTGs were found to directly or indirectly inhibit IFN-γ production or Th1 differentiation. We hypothesize that the absolute need for DTG to control potentially lethal IFN-γ PRG activity leads to T. cruzi persistence and establishment of chronic infection. IFN-γ production is higher in CCC than ASY patients, and is the most highly expressed cytokine in CCC hearts. Key DTGs that downmodulate IFN-γ, like IL-10, and Ebi3/IL27p28, are higher in ASY patients. Polymorphisms in PRG and DTG are associated with differential disease progression. We thus hypothesize that ASY patients are disease tolerant, while an imbalance of DTG and IFN-γ PRG activity leads to the inflammatory heart damage of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Farage Frade
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilda Savóia Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Aqbi HF, Wallace M, Sappal S, Payne KK, Manjili MH. IFN-γ orchestrates tumor elimination, tumor dormancy, tumor escape, and progression. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:10.1002/JLB.5MIR0917-351R. [PMID: 29469956 PMCID: PMC6157004 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0917-351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunoediting consisting of three phases of elimination, equilibrium or dormancy, and escape has been supported by preclinical and clinical data. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which antitumor immune responses regulate these three phases are important for developing highly tailored immunotherapeutics that can control cancer. To this end, IFN-γ produced by Th1 cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in all three phases of tumor immunoediting, as well as during inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis processes. This essay presents a review of literature and suggests that overcoming tumor escape is feasible by driving tumor cells into a state of quiescent but not indolent dormancy in order for IFN-γ-producing tumor-specific T cells to prevent tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Aqbi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Samay Sappal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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26
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Yadav S, Pathak S, Sarikhani M, Majumdar S, Ray S, Chandrasekar BS, Adiga V, Sundaresan NR, Nandi D. Nitric oxide synthase 2 enhances the survival of mice during Salmonella Typhimurium infection-induced sepsis by increasing reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:73-87. [PMID: 29309892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading cause of death in intensive care units, is primarily caused due to an exaggerated immune response. The hyperactive inflammatory response mediated by immune cells against infectious organisms and their toxins results in host cell death and tissue damage, the hallmarks of septic shock. Therefore, molecules that modulate inflammatory responses are attractive therapeutic targets for sepsis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule, which is implicated in regulating diverse immune functions. Although, the protective roles of NO in infectious diseases are well documented, its importance in sepsis is controversial. In the present study, the effects of intra-peritoneal injection of mice with Salmonella Typhimurium, a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, were studied which leads to a rapid upregulation of serum cytokines and infiltration of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity. Surprisingly, the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, e.g. IL6 and CCL2, and the infiltration of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity are mitigated in mice lacking Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). The reduced inflammatory response in Nos2-/- mice is accompanied by greater bacterial burden in the peritoneal cavity, lower thymic atrophy, higher liver damage and cardiovascular dysfunction followed by decreased survival. However, no significant differences are observed in other responses between C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and Nos2-/- mice: induction of glucocorticoids, phagocytic ability and apoptosis of peritoneal cells. This study clearly highlights the NOS2-dependent and -independent responses in this mouse model of peritonitis induced sepsis. Importantly, pre-treatment of Nos2-/- mice with DETA-NO, a NO donor, upon infection, restores neutrophil recruitment, reduces bacterial numbers in the peritoneal cavity, improves liver and cardio-vascular function and enhances survival. Interestingly, DETA-NO treatment does not significantly increase the survival of infected WT mice. The implications of these results and the complex roles of NO as a target molecule during sepsis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohsen Sarikhani
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shamik Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Semanti Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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27
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In vitro immunomodulation of splenocytes from DO11.10 mice by the food colouring agent amaranth. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:395-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Lee SH, Kwon JY, Kim SY, Jung K, Cho ML. Interferon-gamma regulates inflammatory cell death by targeting necroptosis in experimental autoimmune arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10133. [PMID: 28860618 PMCID: PMC5579272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon γ (IFN-γ) induces an inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and T helper (Th) 17 cells, and downregulation of apoptosis of inflammatory cells. We hypothesized that IFN-γ would reduce inflammatory cell death in vitro and that loss of IFN-γ would aggravate inflammation in vivo. IFN-γ downregulated necroptosis and the expression of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIPL) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). However, loss of IFN-γ promoted the production of cFLIPL and MLKL, and necroptosis. IFN-γ deficiency increased Th17 cell number and upregulated the expression of IL-17 and TNF-α. Expression of MLKL, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1, and RIPK3 was increased in the joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Compared with wild-type mice with CIA, IFN-γ−/− CIA mice showed exacerbation of cartilage damage and joint inflammation, and acceleration of MLKL, RIPK1, and RIPK3 production in the joints. IFN-γ deficiency induced the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. These results suggest that IFN-γ regulates inflammatory cell death and may have potential for use in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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29
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Yan X, Zhang H, Fan Q, Hu J, Tao R, Chen Q, Iwakura Y, Shen W, Lu L, Zhang Q, Zhang R. Dectin-2 Deficiency Modulates Th1 Differentiation and Improves Wound Healing After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2017; 120:1116-1129. [PMID: 28193608 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophages are involved in wound healing after myocardial infarction (MI). The role of Dectin-2, a pattern recognition receptor mainly expressed on myeloid cells, in the infarct healing remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine whether Dectin-2 signaling is involved in the healing process and cardiac remodeling after MI and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In a mouse model of permanent coronary ligation, Dectin-2, mainly expressed in macrophages, was shown to be increased in the early phase after MI. Dectin-2 knockout mice showed an improvement in the infarct healing and cardiac remodeling, compared with wild-type mice, which was demonstrated by significantly lower mortality because of cardiac rupture, increased wall thickness, and better cardiac function. Increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I/III was observed, whereas the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were decreased in the hearts of Dectin-2 knockout mice after MI. Dectin-2 deficiency inhibited the rate of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. However, Dectin-2 did not affect immune cell infiltration and macrophage polarization, but it led to a stronger activation of the Th1/interferon-γ immune reaction, through the enhancement of interleukin-12 production in the heart. Interferon-γ was shown to downregulate transforming growth factor-β-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I/III in isolated cardiac fibroblasts, leading to a decrease in migration and myofibroblast differentiation. Finally, Dectin-2 knockout improved myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarct healing. CONCLUSIONS Dectin-2 leads to an increase in cardiac rupture, impairs wound healing, and aggravates cardiac remodeling after MI through the modulation of Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Hang Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Qin Fan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Jian Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Rong Tao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Qiujing Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Weifeng Shen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Lin Lu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.)
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., J.H., R.T., W.S., L.L., Q.Z., R.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (X.Y., H.Z., Q.F., Q.C., L.L.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, PR China; and Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.I.).
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30
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Xu J, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Geng Y, Huang Y, Dai K, Zhang X. IL-12p40 impairs mesenchymal stem cell-mediated bone regeneration via CD4 + T cells. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1941-1951. [PMID: 27472064 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe or prolonged inflammatory response caused by infection or biomaterials leads to delayed healing or bone repair failure. This study investigated the important roles of the proinflammatory cytokines of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) family, namely, IL-12 and IL-23, in the inflammation-mediated inhibition of bone formation in vivo. IL-12p40-/- mice lacking IL-12 and IL-23 exhibited enhanced bone formation. IL-12 and IL-23 indirectly inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) differentiation by stimulating CD4+ T cells to increase interferon γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17 levels. Mechanistically, IL-17 synergistically enhanced IFN-γ-induced BMMSC apoptosis. Moreover, INF-γ and IL-17 exerted proapoptotic effects by upregulating the expression levels of Fas and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), as well as by activating the caspase cascade in BMMSCs. IL-12p40 depletion in mice could promote ectopic bone formation. Thus, IL-12p40 is an attractive therapeutic target to overcome the inflammation-mediated inhibition of bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiyun Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200011, China
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Interferon-gamma and nitric oxide synthase 2 mediate the aggregation of resident adherent peritoneal exudate cells: implications for the host response to pathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128301. [PMID: 26029930 PMCID: PMC4452304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (Ifnγ), a key macrophage activating cytokine, plays pleiotropic roles in host immunity. In this study, the ability of Ifnγ to induce the aggregation of resident mouse adherent peritoneal exudate cells (APECs), consisting primarily of macrophages, was investigated. Cell-cell interactions involve adhesion molecules and, upon addition of Ifnγ, CD11b re-localizes preferentially to the sites of interaction on APECs. A functional role of CD11b in enhancing aggregation is demonstrated using Reopro, a blocking reagent, and siRNA to Cd11b. Studies with NG-methyl-L-arginine (LNMA), an inhibitor of Nitric oxide synthase (Nos), NO donors, e.g., S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) or Diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO), and Nos2-/- mice identified Nitric oxide (NO) induced by Ifnγ as a key regulator of aggregation of APECs. Further studies with Nos2-/- APECs revealed that some Ifnγ responses are independent of NO: induction of MHC class II and CD80. On the other hand, Nos2 derived NO is important for other functions: motility, phagocytosis, morphology and aggregation. Studies with cytoskeleton depolymerizing agents revealed that Ifnγ and NO mediate the cortical stabilization of Actin and Tubulin which contribute to aggregation of APECs. The biological relevance of aggregation of APECs was delineated using infection experiments with Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). APECs from orally infected, but not uninfected, mice produce high amounts of NO and aggregate upon ex vivo culture in a Nos2-dependent manner. Importantly, aggregated APECs induced by Ifnγ contain fewer intracellular S. Typhimurium compared to their single counterparts post infection. Further experiments with LNMA or Reopro revealed that both NO and CD11b are important for aggregation; in addition, NO is bactericidal. Overall, this study elucidates novel roles for Ifnγ and Nos2 in regulating Actin, Tubulin, CD11b, motility and morphology during the aggregation response of APECs. The implications of aggregation or “group behavior” of APECs are discussed in the context of host resistance to infectious organisms.
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