1
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Liu Y, Zhu Y, Xu W, Li P. A phase separation-fortified bi-specific adaptor for conditional tumor killing. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1385-1397. [PMID: 38561483 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A common approach in therapeutic protein development involves employing synthetic ligands with multivalency, enabling sophisticated control of signal transduction. Leveraging the emerging concept of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and its ability to organize cell surface receptors into functional compartments, we herein have designed modular ligands with phase-separation modalities to engineer programmable interreceptor communications and precise control of signal pathways, thus inducing the rapid, potent, and specific apoptosis of tumor cells. Despite their simplicity, these "triggers", named phase-separated Tumor Killers (hereafter referred to as psTK), are sufficient to yield interreceptor clustering of death receptors (represented by DR5) and tumor-associated receptors, with notable features: LLPS-mediated robust high-order organization, well-choreographed conditional activation, and broad-spectrum capacity to potently induce apoptosis in tumor cells. The development of novel therapeutic proteins with phase-separation modalities showcases the power of spatially reorganizing signal transduction. This approach facilitates the diversification of cell fate and holds promising potential for targeted therapies against challenging tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Pilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Lteif M, Pallardy M, Turbica I. Antibodies internalization mechanisms by dendritic cells and their role in therapeutic antibody immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250340. [PMID: 37985174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are critical steps for initiating a T-cell response to therapeutic antibodies. Consequences are the production of neutralizing antidrug antibodies altering the clinical response, the presence of immune complexes, and, in some rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the knowledge of cellular uptake mechanisms of antibodies in DCs. The uptake of antibodies could be directly related to their immunogenicity by regulating the quantity of materials entering the DCs in relation to antibody structure. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways in DCs. We highlight the approaches to study endocytosis, the impact of endocytosis routes on T-cell response, and discuss the link between how DCs internalize therapeutic antibodies and the potential mechanisms that could give rise to immunogenicity. Understanding these processes could help in developing assays to evaluate the immunogenicity potential of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lteif
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
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3
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Martinez PA, Zanata SM, Nakao LS. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis of extracellular QSOX1b modulates the migration of fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113906. [PMID: 38176465 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX1) is a secreted flavoprotein that modulates cellular proliferation, migration and adhesion, roles attributed to its ability to organize the extracellular matrix. We previously showed that exogenously added QSOX1b induces smooth muscle cells migration in a process that depends on its enzymatic activity and that is mediated by hydrogen peroxide derived from Nox1, a catalytic subunit of NAD(P)H oxidases. Here, we report that exogenous QSOX1b also stimulates the migration of L929 fibroblasts and that this effect is regulated by its endocytosis. The use of endocytosis inhibitors and caveolin 1-knockdown demonstrated that this endocytic pathway is caveola-mediated. QSOX1b colocalized with Nox1 in intracellular vesicles, as detected by confocal fluorescence, suggesting that extracellular QSOX1b is endocytosed with the transmembrane Nox1. These results reveal that endosomal QSOX1b is a novel intracellular redox regulator of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierina A Martinez
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lia S Nakao
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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4
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Zeng X, Wu C, Cao Y, Li H, Zhang X. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of PKCβII is responsible for insulin-induced heterologous desensitization of dopamine D 3 receptor. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:400-414. [PMID: 38302840 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The insulin and dopaminergic systems in the brain are associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease with respect to etiology and treatment. The present study investigated the crosstalk between the insulin receptor (IR) and dopamine receptor and found that insulin stimulation selectively inhibits signaling of D3 R in a PKCβII-dependent manner. Upon insulin stimulation, E3 ligase enzyme Mdm2 moves out of the nucleus to ubiquitinate PKCβII. Subsequently, ubiquitinated PKCβII translocates to the cell membrane and interacts with D3 R in a phosphorylation-dependent manner at S229/257, resulting in the attenuation of D3 R signaling and initiating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and downregulation. Considering that both IR and D3 R are closely related to some neuropsychosis, this study could provide new molecular insight into the etiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - ChengYan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongkai Cao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, People's Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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5
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Møller TC, Moo EV, Inoue A, Pedersen MF, Bräuner-Osborne H. Characterization of the real-time internalization of nine GPCRs reveals distinct dependence on arrestins and G proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119584. [PMID: 37714305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane receptors that respond to external stimuli and undergo conformational changes to activate G proteins and modulate cellular processes leading to biological outcomes. To prevent overstimulation and prolonged exposure to stimuli, GPCRs are regulated by internalization. While the canonical GPCR internalization mechanism in mammalian cells is arrestin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, more diverse GPCR internalization mechanisms have been described over the years. However, there is a lack of consistent methods used in the literature making it complicated to determine a receptor's internalization pathway. Here, we utilized a highly efficient time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) internalization assay to determine the internalization profile of nine distinct GPCRs representing the GPCR classes A, B and C and with different G protein coupling profiles. This technique, coupled with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) engineered knockout cells allows us to effectively study the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins and non-visual arrestins. We found that all the nine receptors internalized upon agonist stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner and six receptors showed basal internalization. Yet, there is no correlation between the receptor class and primary G protein coupling to the arrestin and G protein dependence for GPCR internalization. Overall, this study presents a platform for studying internalization that is applicable to most GPCRs and may even be extended to other membrane proteins. This method can be easily applicable to other endocytic machinery of interest and ultimately will lend itself towards the construction of comprehensive receptor internalization profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Abdelmessih R, Xu J, Hung FR, Auguste DT. Integration of an LPAR1 Antagonist into Liposomes Enhances Their Internalization and Tumor Accumulation in an Animal Model of Human Metastatic Breast Cancer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5500-5514. [PMID: 37844135 PMCID: PMC10631474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is elevated in breast cancer. The deregulation of LPAR1, including the function and level of expression, is linked to cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. LPAR1 antagonists, AM095 or Ki16425, may be effective therapeutic molecules, yet their limited water solubility hinders in vivo delivery. In this study, we report on the synthesis of two liposomal formulations incorporating AM095 or Ki16425, embedded within the lipid bilayer, as targeted nanocarriers for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The data show that the Ki16425 liposomal formulation exhibited a 50% increase in internalization by MBC mouse epithelial cells (4T1) and a 100% increase in tumor accumulation in a mouse model of MBC compared with that of a blank liposomal formulation (control). At the same time, normal mouse epithelial cells (EpH-4Ev) internalized the Ki16425 liposomal formulation 25% lesser than the control formulation. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the integration of AM095 or Ki16425 modified the physical and mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer, making it more flexible in these liposomal formulations compared with liposomes without drug. The incorporation of an LPAR1 antagonist within a liposomal drug delivery system represents a viable therapeutic approach for targeting the LPA-LPAR1 axis, which may hinder the progression of MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf
G. Abdelmessih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francisco R. Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Debra T. Auguste
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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7
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DiLucia SG, Kendrick BJ, Sims-Robinson C. Hyperinsulinemia Impairs Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of the Insulin Receptor and Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Brain Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14670. [PMID: 37834116 PMCID: PMC10572607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate perfusion of cerebral tissues, which is necessary for the preservation of optimal brain health, depends on insulin signaling within brain endothelial cells. Proper insulin signaling relies on the regulated internalization of insulin bound to the insulin receptor, a process which is disrupted by hyperinsulinemia via an unknown mechanism. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize the impact of hyperinsulinemia on the regulation of molecular targets involved in cerebral blood flow and insulin receptor internalization into brain endothelial cells. The phosphorylation of molecular targets associated with cerebral blood flow and insulin receptor internalization was assessed in hyperinsulinemic brain endothelial cells. Insulin receptor uptake into cells was also examined in the setting of endocytosis blockade. Our data demonstrate that hyperinsulinemia impairs the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. These data correspond with an impairment in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin receptor and dysregulated phosphorylation of key internalization effectors. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia alters the phosphorylation of molecular targets involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, disrupts signaling through the insulin receptor, and hinders the capacity for blood flow regulation by brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. DiLucia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - B. Jacob Kendrick
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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8
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Tam LKB, Lo PC, Cheung PCK, Ng DKP. A Tetrazine-Caged Carbon-Dipyrromethene as a Bioorthogonally Activatable Fluorescent Probe. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300562. [PMID: 37489571 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-substituted carbon-dipyrromethene (C-DIPY) was synthesized from the previously reported carbonyl pyrrole dimer through a two-step procedure. Owing to the presence of a tetrazine moiety, the fluorescence emission of this compound was largely quenched in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4. Upon addition of a bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN) derivative, the tetrazine-based quenching component of the compound was disrupted through the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction to restore the fluorescence in up to 6.6-fold. This bioorthogonal activation was also demonstrated using U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells, in which the fluorescence intensity of this C-DIPY could be enhanced by 8.7-fold upon post-incubation with the BCN derivative. The results showed that this tetrazine-caged C-DIPY can serve as a bioorthogonally activatable fluorescent probe for bioimaging. The compound, however, was found to reside preferentially in the lysosomes instead of the mitochondria of the cells as predicted based on its cationic character, which could be attributed to its energy-dependent endocytic cellular uptake pathway, for which lysosomes are the end station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo K B Tam
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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9
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Odell LR, Jones NC, Chau N, Robertson MJ, Ambrus JI, Deane FM, Young KA, Whiting A, Xue J, Prichard K, Daniel JA, Gorgani NN, O'Brien TJ, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. The sulfonadyns: a class of aryl sulfonamides inhibiting dynamin I GTPase and clathrin mediated endocytosis are anti-seizure in animal models. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1492-1511. [PMID: 37593570 PMCID: PMC10429932 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that dansylcadaverine (1) a known in-cell inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME), moderately inhibits dynamin I (dynI) GTPase activity (IC50 45 μM) and transferrin (Tfn) endocytosis in U2OS cells (IC50 205 μM). Synthesis gave a new class of GTP-competitive dynamin inhibitors, the Sulfonadyns™. The introduction of a terminal cinnamyl moiety greatly enhanced dynI inhibition. Rigid diamine or amide links between the dansyl and cinnamyl moieties were detrimental to dynI inhibition. Compounds with in vitro inhibition of dynI activity <10 μM were tested in-cell for inhibition of CME. These data unveiled a number of compounds, e.g. analogues 33 ((E)-N-(6-{[(3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propen-1-yl]amino}hexyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide)) and 47 ((E)-N-(3-{[3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propen-1-yl]amino}propyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide)isomers that showed dyn IC50 <4 μM, IC50(CME) <30 μM and IC50(SVE) from 12-265 μM. Both analogues (33 and 47) are at least 10 times more potent that the initial lead, dansylcadaverine (1). Enzyme kinetics revealed these sulfonamide analogues as being GTP competitive inhibitors of dynI. Sulfonadyn-47, the most potent SVE inhibitor observed (IC50(SVE) = 12.3 μM), significantly increased seizure threshold in a 6 Hz mouse psychomotor seizure test at 30 (p = 0.003) and 100 mg kg-1 ip (p < 0.0001), with similar anti-seizure efficacy to the established anti-seizure medication, sodium valproate (400 mg kg-1). The Sulfonadyn™ class of drugs target dynamin and show promise as novel leads for future anti-seizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Odell
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Mark J Robertson
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Joseph I Ambrus
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Fiona M Deane
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Ainslie Whiting
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Jing Xue
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Kate Prichard
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - James A Daniel
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Nick N Gorgani
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
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10
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Brodeur A, Migneault F, Lanoie M, Beillevaire D, Turgeon J, Karakeussian-Rimbaud A, Thibodeau N, Boilard É, Dieudé M, Hébert MJ. Apoptotic exosome-like vesicles transfer specific and functional mRNAs to endothelial cells by phosphatidylserine-dependent macropinocytosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:449. [PMID: 37474514 PMCID: PMC10359336 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of endothelial cells prompts the release of apoptotic exosome-like vesicles (ApoExos), subtype extracellular vesicles secreted by apoptotic cells after caspase-3 activation. ApoExos are different from both apoptotic bodies and classical exosomes in their protein and nucleic acid contents and functions. In contrast to classical apoptotic bodies, ApoExos induce immunogenic responses that can be maladaptive when not tightly regulated. In the present study, we elucidated the mechanisms by which ApoExos are internalized by endothelial cells, which leads to shared specific and functional mRNAs of importance to endothelial function. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we revealed that ApoExos were actively internalized by endothelial cells. SiRNA-induced inhibition of classical endocytosis pathways with pharmacological inhibitors showed that ApoExos were internalized via phosphatidylserine-dependent macropinocytosis independently of classical endocytosis pathways. An electron microscopy analysis revealed that ApoExos increased the macropinocytosis rate in endothelial cells, setting in motion a positive feedback loop that increased the amount of internalized ApoExos. Deep sequencing of total RNA revealed that ApoExos possessed a unique protein-coding RNA profile, with PCSK5 being the most abundant mRNA. Internalization of ApoExos by cells led to the transfer of this RNA content from the ApoExos to cells. Specifically, PCSK5 mRNA was transferred to cells that had taken up ApoExos, and these cells subsequently expressed PCSK5. Collectively, our findings suggest that macropinocytosis is an effective entry pathway for the delivery of RNAs carried by ApoExos and that these RNAs are functionally expressed by the endothelial cells that internalize them. As ApoExos express a specific mRNA signature, these results suggest new avenues to understand how ApoExos produced at sites of vascular injury impact vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Brodeur
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Migneault
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
| | - Maude Lanoie
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Déborah Beillevaire
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Turgeon
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
| | - Annie Karakeussian-Rimbaud
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Thibodeau
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Boilard
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Dieudé
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program (CDTRP), Edmonton, AL, Canada.
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Min X, Wang S, Zhang X, Sun N, Kim KM. PKCβII activation requires nuclear trafficking for phosphorylation and Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201748. [PMID: 36717249 PMCID: PMC9887771 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PKCβII, a conventional PKC family member, plays critical roles in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. Here, we employed loss-of-function approaches and mutants of PKCβII with altered phosphorylation and protein interaction behaviors to identify the cellular mechanisms underlying the activation of PKCβII. Our results show that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1)-mediated constitutive phosphorylation of PKCβII at the activation loop (T500) is required for phorbol ester-induced nuclear entry and subsequent Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of PKCβII, whereas ubiquitination of PKCβII is required for the PDK1-mediated inducible phosphorylation of PKCβII at T500 in the nucleus. After moving out of the nucleus, PKCβII interacts with actin, undergoes inducible mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation at the turn motif (T641), interacts with clathrin, and then translocates to the plasma membrane. This overall cascade of cellular events intertwined with the phosphorylation at critical residues and Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination in the nucleus and along with interactions with actin and clathrin plays roles that encompass the core processes of PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
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Wang S, Zhu A, Paudel S, Jang CG, Lee YS, Kim KM. Structure-Activity Relationship and Evaluation of Phenethylamine and Tryptamine Derivatives for Affinity towards 5-Hydroxytryptamine Type 2A Receptor. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:176-182. [PMID: 36224112 PMCID: PMC9970836 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 14 subtypes of serotonin receptors (5-HTRs), 5-HT2AR plays important roles in drug addiction and various psychiatric disorders. Agonists for 5-HT2AR have been classified into three structural groups: phenethylamines, tryptamines, and ergolines. In this study, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of phenethylamine and tryptamine derivatives for binding 5-HT2AR was determined. In addition, functional and regulatory evaluation of selected compounds was conducted for extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and receptor endocytosis. SAR studies showed that phenethylamines possessed higher affinity to 5-HT2AR than tryptamines. In phenethylamines, two phenyl groups were attached to the carbon and nitrogen (R3) atoms of ethylamine, the backbone of phenethylamines. Alkyl or halogen groups on the phenyl ring attached to the β carbon exerted positive effects on the binding affinity when they were at para positions. Oxygen-containing groups attached to R3 exerted mixed influences depending on the position of their attachment. In tryptamine derivatives, tryptamine group was attached to the β carbon of ethylamine, and ally groups were attached to the nitrogen atom. Oxygen-containing substituents on large ring and alkyl substituents on the small ring of tryptamine groups exerted positive and negative influence on the affinity for 5-HT2AR, respectively. Ally groups attached to the nitrogen atom of ethylamine exerted negative influences. Functional and regulatory activities of the tested compounds correlated with their affinity for 5-HT2AR, suggesting their agonistic nature. In conclusion, this study provides information for designing novel ligands for 5-HT2AR, which can be used to control psychiatric disorders and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61146, Republic of Korea
| | - Anlin Zhu
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61146, Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Paudel
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61146, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61146, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-62-530-2936, Fax: +82-62-530-2949
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13
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Endocytosis and signaling of angiotensin II type 1 receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:141-157. [PMID: 36631190 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A vasoactive octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) hormone is the key regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It binds with the two different plasma membrane receptors like angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) and consequence various biological responses occur. Further, AT1 has two subtypes such as AT1A and AT1B. These angiotensin receptors are classified to be G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The main constituent of RAS is the AT1 receptor (AT1R), and its activation, signal transduction, and regulation have been extensively studied. After Ang II stimulation, the ligand-receptor complexes internalized and trafficked through the early endosome, recycling endosome, and some receptors skipped the recycling endosome and trafficked to the lysosome for metabolic degradation. Moreover, some short sequence motifs located in the carboxyl-terminus (CT) of the receptor play a vital role in the internalization, phosphorylation, subcellular trafficking, signaling, and desensitization. Furthermore, in endocytosis, the various proteins interact with the CT region of the receptor. This chapter highlights the basic mechanism of AT1 receptor internalization, trafficking and signaling in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Alkafaas SS, Abdallah AM, Ghosh S, Loutfy SA, Elkafas SS, Abdel Fattah NF, Hessien M. Insight into the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2403. [PMID: 36345157 PMCID: PMC9877911 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants sustainable efforts to upgrade both the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Understanding the details of cellular and molecular basis of the virus-host cell interaction is essential for developing variant-independent therapeutic options. The internalization of SARS-CoV-2, into lung epithelial cells, is mediated by endocytosis, especially clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Although vaccination is the gold standard strategy against viral infection, selective inhibition of endocytic proteins, complexes, and associated adaptor proteins may present a variant-independent therapeutic strategy. Although clathrin and/or dynamins are the most important proteins involved in CME, other endocytic mechanisms are clathrin and/or dynamin independent and rely on other proteins. Moreover, endocytosis implicates some subcellular structures, like plasma membrane, actin and lysosomes. Also, physiological conditions, such as pH and ion concentrations, represent an additional factor that mediates these events. Accordingly, endocytosis related proteins are potential targets for small molecules that inhibit endocytosis-mediated viral entry. This review summarizes the potential of using small molecules, targeting key proteins, participating in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, as variant-independent antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review takes two approaches. The first outlines the potential role of endocytic inhibitors in preventing endocytosis-mediated viral entry and its mechanism of action, whereas in the second computational analysis was implemented to investigate the selectivity of common inhibitors against endocytic proteins in SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis. The analysis revealed that remdesivir, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, rottlerin, and Bis-T can effectively inhibit clathrin, HMG-CoA reductase, actin, and dynamin I GTPase and are more potent in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 than chloroquine. CME inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- Narcotic Research DepartmentNational Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR)GizaEgypt
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Samah A. Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Nanotechnology Research CenterBritish UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringMenofia UniversityMenofiaEgypt
| | - Nasra F. Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
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Min X, Zhang X, Wang S, Kim KM. Activation of PKCβII through nuclear trafficking guided by βγ subunits of trimeric G protein and 14-3-3ε. Life Sci 2022; 312:121245. [PMID: 36503900 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Conventional members of protein kinase C (PKC) family, including PKCβII, are constitutively phosphorylated on three major motifs and located in the cytosol in a primed state. In response to cellular stimuli, PKCβII is activated through inducible phosphorylation and Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination. In this study, we aimed to identify the activation mechanism of PKCβII, focusing on the signaling cascade that regulate the phosphorylation and ubiquitination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Loss-of-function approaches and mutants of PDK1/PKCβII that display different regulatory properties were used to identify the cellular components and processes responsible for endocytosis. KEY FINDINGS Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of PKCβII, which are needed for its translocation to the plasma membrane, required the presence of both Gβγ and 14-3-3ε. Gβγ and 14-3-3ε mediated the constitutive phosphorylation of PKCβII by scaffolding PI3K and PDK1 in the cytosol, which is an inactive but required state for the activation of PKCβII by subsequent signals. In response to PMA treatment, the signaling complex translocated to the nucleus with dissociation of PI3K from it. Thereafter, PDK1 stably interacted with 14-3-3ε and was dephosphorylated; PKCβII interacted with Mdm2 along with Gβγ, leading to its ubiquitination at two lysine residues on its C-tail. Finally, PDK1/14-3-3ε and ubiquitinated PKCβII translocated to the plasma membrane. SIGNIFICANCE As PKCβII mediates a wide range of cellular functions and plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, our results will provide clues to understand the pathogenesis of PKCβII-related disorders and facilitate their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea.
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Members of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis complex entry into host cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a pH-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14556. [PMID: 36008558 PMCID: PMC9411563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pixuna virus (PIXV) and Río Negro virus (RNV) are mosquito-borne alphaviruses belonging to the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) complex, which includes pathogenic epizootic and enzootic subtypes responsible for life-threatening diseases in equines. Considering that the first steps in viral infection are crucial for the efficient production of new progeny, the aim of this study was to elucidate the early events of the replication cycle of these two viruses. To this end, we used chemical inhibitors and the expression of dominant-negative constructs to study the dependence of clathrin and endosomal pH on PIXV and RNV internalization mechanisms. We demonstrated that both viruses are internalized primarily via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, where the low pH in endosomes is crucial for viral replication. Contributing knowledge regarding the entry route of VEE complex members is important to understand the pathogenesis of these viruses and also to develop new antiviral strategies.
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17
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Meecham A, Cutmore LC, Protopapa P, Rigby LG, Marshall JF. Ligand-bound integrin αvβ6 internalisation and trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:920303. [PMID: 36092709 PMCID: PMC9448872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.920303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ6 is expressed at low levels in most normal healthy tissue but is very often upregulated in a disease context including cancer and fibrosis. Integrins use endocytosis and trafficking as a means of regulating their surface expression and thus their functions, however little is known of how this process is regulated in the context of αvβ6. As αvβ6 is a major target for the development of therapeutics in cancer and fibrosis, understanding these dynamics is critical in the development of αvβ6-targeted therapies. Following development of a flow cytometry-based assay to measure ligand (A20FMDV2 or LAP)-bound αvβ6 endocytosis, an siRNA screen was performed to identify which genes were responsible for internalising αvβ6. These data identified 15 genes (DNM2, CBLB, DNM3, CBL, EEA1, CLTC, ARFGAP3, CAV1, CYTH2, CAV3, CAV2, IQSEC1, AP2M1, TSG101) which significantly decreased endocytosis, predominantly within dynamin-dependent pathways. Inhibition of these dynamin-dependent pathways significantly reduced αvβ6-dependent migration (αvβ6-specific migration was 547 ± 128 under control conditions, reduced to 225 ± 73 with clathrin inhibition, and 280 ± 51 with caveolin inhibition). Colocalization studies of αvβ6 with endosome markers revealed that up to 6 h post-internalisation of ligand, αvβ6 remains in Rab11-positive endosomes in a perinuclear location, with no evidence of αvβ6 degradation up to 48 h post exposure to A20FMDV2. Additionally, 60% of ligand-bound αvβ6 was recycled back to the surface by 6 h. With studies ongoing using conjugated A20FMDV2 to therapeutically target αvβ6 in cancer and fibrosis, these data have important implications. Binding of A20FMDV2 seemingly removes much of the αvβ6 from the cell membrane, and upon its recycling, a large fraction appears to still be in the ligand-bound state. While these results are observed with A20FMDV2, these data will be of value in the design of αvβ6-specific therapeutics and potentially the types of therapeutic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Meecham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lauren C. Cutmore
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Protopapa
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren G. Rigby
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Gao Z, Min X, Kim KM, Liu H, Hu L, Wu C, Zhang X. The tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2 is responsible for activated D2R-mediated insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 628:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Umbach S, Levin R, Neumann S, Steinmetzer T, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Transfer mechanism of cell-free synthesized membrane proteins into mammalian cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:906295. [PMID: 35935506 PMCID: PMC9355040 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.906295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiscs are emerging to serve as transfer vectors for the insertion of recombinant membrane proteins into membranes of living cells. In combination with cell-free expression technologies, this novel process opens new perspectives to analyze the effects of even problematic targets such as toxic, hard-to-express, or artificially modified membrane proteins in complex cellular environments of different cell lines. Furthermore, transferred cells must not be genetically engineered and primary cell lines or cancer cells could be implemented as well. We have systematically analyzed the basic parameters of the nanotransfer approach and compared the transfer efficiencies from nanodiscs with that from Salipro particles. The transfer of five membrane proteins was analyzed: the prokaryotic proton pump proteorhodopsin, the human class A family G-protein coupled receptors for endothelin type B, prostacyclin, free fatty acids type 2, and the orphan GPRC5B receptor as a class C family member. The membrane proteins were cell-free synthesized with a detergent-free strategy by their cotranslational insertion into preformed nanoparticles containing defined lipid environments. The purified membrane protein/nanoparticles were then incubated with mammalian cells. We demonstrate that nanodiscs disassemble and only lipids and membrane proteins, not the scaffold protein, are transferred into cell membranes. The process is detectable within minutes, independent of the nanoparticle lipid composition, and the transfer efficiency directly correlates with the membrane protein concentration in the transfer mixture and with the incubation time. Transferred membrane proteins insert in both orientations, N-terminus in and N-terminus out, in the cell membrane, and the ratio can be modulated by engineering. The viability of cells is not notably affected by the transfer procedure, and transferred membrane proteins stay detectable in the cell membrane for up to 3 days. Transferred G-protein coupled receptors retained their functionality in the cell environment as shown by ligand binding, induction of internalization, and specific protein interactions. In comparison to transfection, the cellular membrane protein concentration is better controllable and more uniformly distributed within the analyzed cell population. A further notable difference to transfection is the accumulation of transferred membrane proteins in clusters, presumably determined by microdomain structures in the cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Umbach
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman Levin
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Neumann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank Bernhard,
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20
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Liu MX, Zhang XL, Yang JB, Lu ZL, Zhang QT. Highly water-dispersible PCN nanosheets as light-controlled lysosome self-promoting escape type non-cationic gene carriers for tumor therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5430-5438. [PMID: 35775960 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00440b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction of non-viral gene delivery faces two major challenges: cytotoxicity caused by high cationic charge units and easy degradation by lysosomes. Herein, highly water-dispersible polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) nanosheets were utilized as the core to construct a light-controlled non-cationic gene delivery system with sufficient lysosomal escape ability. In this system, these nanosheets exhibited efficient DNA condensation, outstanding biocompatibility, transfection tracking, light responsiveness and high transfection efficiency. Once PCN-DNA was taken up by the tumor cells, the accumulated ROS generated by photosensitizers (PSs) under light irradiation would destroy the structure of lysosomes, promote the escape of PCN-DNA and increase the efficiency of gene transfection. Simultaneously, the gene transfection process could be tracked in real time through fluorescence imaging technology, which was conducive to investigate the transfection mechanism. In vitro and in vivo experiments further confirmed that PCN nanosheets loaded with the P53 gene were beneficial to the regeneration of the P53 apoptotic pathway, increased tumor sensitivity to PSs, and further induced tumor cell apoptosis. In summary, the highly water-dispersible PCN nanosheets were applied to light-controlled self-escaping gene delivery for the first time, and tumor gene therapy was successfully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Qi-Tao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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21
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Xie D, Niu Y, Mu R, Campos de Souza S, Yin X, Dong L, Wang C. A Toll-like Receptor-Activating, Self-Adjuvant Glycan Nanocarrier. Front Chem 2022; 10:864206. [PMID: 35592309 PMCID: PMC9110926 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.864206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 highlights the importance of vaccination, which remains the most efficient measure against many diseases. Despite the progress in vaccine design, concerns with suboptimal antigen immunogenicity and delivery efficiency prevail. Self-adjuvant carriers–vehicles that can simultaneously deliver antigens and act as adjuvants–may improve efficacies in these aspects. Here, we developed a self-adjuvant carrier based on an acetyl glucomannan (acGM), which can activate toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and encapsulate the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) via a double-emulsion process. In vitro tests showed that these OVA@acGM-8k nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced cellular uptake and activated TLR2 on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs), with increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (e.g. CD80 and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α and IL12p70). In vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that OVA@acGM-8k NPs accumulated in the lymph nodes and promoted DCs’ maturation. The immunization also boosted the humoral and cellular immune responses. Our findings suggest that this self-adjuvant polysaccharide carrier could be a promising approach for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ruoyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Senio Campos de Souza
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunming Wang, ; Lei Dong,
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chunming Wang, ; Lei Dong,
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22
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A New Method for the Visualization of Living Dopaminergic Neurons and Prospects for Using It to Develop Targeted Drug Delivery to These Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073678. [PMID: 35409040 PMCID: PMC8998426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study aiming to develop a method for the long-term visualization of living nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons using 1-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine-BODIPY (GBR-BP), the original fluorescent substance, which is a derivative of GBR-12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor. This method is based on the authors’ hypothesis about the possibility of specifically internalizing into dopaminergic neurons substances with a high affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Using a culture of mouse embryonic mesencephalic and LUHMES cells (human embryonic mesencephalic cells), as well as slices of the substantia nigra of adult mice, we have obtained evidence that GBR-BP is internalized specifically into dopaminergic neurons in association with DAT via a clathrin-dependent mechanism. Moreover, GBR-BP has been proven to be nontoxic. As we have shown in a primary culture of mouse metencephalon, GBR-BP is also specifically internalized into some noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons, but is not delivered to nonmonoaminergic neurons. Our data hold great promise for visualization of dopaminergic neurons in a mixed cell population to study their functioning, and can also be considered a new approach for the development of targeted drug delivery to dopaminergic neurons in pathology, including Parkinson’s disease.
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23
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Atomic force microscopy-single-molecule force spectroscopy unveils GPCR cell surface architecture. Commun Biol 2022; 5:221. [PMID: 35273337 PMCID: PMC8913689 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest family of cell surface receptors. Despite considerable insights into their pharmacology, the GPCR architecture at the cell surface still remains largely unexplored. Herein, we present the specific unfolding of different GPCRs at the surface of living mammalian cells by atomic force microscopy-based single molecule force spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS). Mathematical analysis of the GPCR unfolding distances at resting state revealed the presence of different receptor populations relying on distinct oligomeric states which are receptor-specific and receptor expression-dependent. Moreover, we show that the oligomer size dictates the receptor spatial organization with nanoclusters of high-order oligomers while lower-order complexes spread over the whole cell surface. Finally, the receptor activity reshapes both the oligomeric populations and their spatial arrangement. These results add an additional level of complexity to the GPCR pharmacology until now considered to arise from a single receptor population at the cell surface. Atomic force microscopy-based single molecule force spectroscopy reveals the unfolding of G-protein coupled receptors on the surface of living mammalian cells.
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De Logu F, Nassini R, Hegron A, Landini L, Jensen DD, Latorre R, Ding J, Marini M, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Ramírez-Garcia P, Whittaker M, Retamal J, Titiz M, Innocenti A, Davis TP, Veldhuis N, Schmidt BL, Bunnett NW, Geppetti P. Schwann cell endosome CGRP signals elicit periorbital mechanical allodynia in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:646. [PMID: 35115501 PMCID: PMC8813987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity modifying protein-1, CLR/RAMP1) implicates peripherally-released CGRP in migraine pain. However, the site and mechanism of CGRP-evoked peripheral pain remain unclear. By cell-selective RAMP1 gene deletion, we reveal that CGRP released from mouse cutaneous trigeminal fibers targets CLR/RAMP1 on surrounding Schwann cells to evoke periorbital mechanical allodynia. CLR/RAMP1 activation in human and mouse Schwann cells generates long-lasting signals from endosomes that evoke cAMP-dependent formation of NO. NO, by gating Schwann cell transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), releases ROS, which in a feed-forward manner sustain allodynia via nociceptor TRPA1. When encapsulated into nanoparticles that release cargo in acidified endosomes, a CLR/RAMP1 antagonist provides superior inhibition of CGRP signaling and allodynia in mice. Our data suggest that the CGRP-mediated neuronal/Schwann cell pathway mediates allodynia associated with neurogenic inflammation, contributing to the algesic action of CGRP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
- Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Alan Hegron
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Julia Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | | | - Paulina Ramírez-Garcia
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Whittaker
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jeffri Retamal
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mustafa Titiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Alessandro Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.
- Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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Rapid Regulation of Glutamate Transport: Where Do We Go from Here? Neurochem Res 2022; 47:61-84. [PMID: 33893911 PMCID: PMC8542062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). A family of five Na+-dependent transporters maintain low levels of extracellular glutamate and shape excitatory signaling. Shortly after the research group of the person being honored in this special issue (Dr. Baruch Kanner) cloned one of these transporters, his group and several others showed that their activity can be acutely (within minutes to hours) regulated. Since this time, several different signals and post-translational modifications have been implicated in the regulation of these transporters. In this review, we will provide a brief introduction to the distribution and function of this family of glutamate transporters. This will be followed by a discussion of the signals that rapidly control the activity and/or localization of these transporters, including protein kinase C, ubiquitination, glutamate transporter substrates, nitrosylation, and palmitoylation. We also include the results of our attempts to define the role of palmitoylation in the regulation of GLT-1 in crude synaptosomes. In some cases, the mechanisms have been fairly well-defined, but in others, the mechanisms are not understood. In several cases, contradictory phenomena have been observed by more than one group; we describe these studies with the goal of identifying the opportunities for advancing the field. Abnormal glutamatergic signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Although recent studies have begun to link regulation of glutamate transporters to the pathogenesis of these disorders, it will be difficult to determine how regulation influences signaling or pathophysiology of glutamate without a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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26
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Loss of E-Cadherin Leads to Druggable Vulnerabilities in Sphingolipid Metabolism and Vesicle Trafficking. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010102. [PMID: 35008266 PMCID: PMC8749886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Germline loss of the CDH1 gene is the primary genetic basis for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, a disease resulting in elevated risk of both diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Current preventative treatment consists of prophylactic total gastrectomy, a therapy with several associated long-term morbidities. To address the lack of targeted molecular therapies for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, we have utilized a synthetic lethal approach to identify candidate compounds that can specifically kill CDH1-null cells. Inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism and vesicle trafficking pathways were identified as promising candidate compounds in a cell line model of CDH1 loss, then further validated in murine-derived organoid models of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. With further research, these findings may lead to the development of novel chemoprevention strategies for the treatment of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Abstract Germline inactivating variants of CDH1 are causative of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), a cancer syndrome characterized by an increased risk of both diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Because loss of function mutations are difficult to target therapeutically, we have taken a synthetic lethal approach to identify targetable vulnerabilities in CDH1-null cells. We have previously observed that CDH1-null MCF10A cells exhibit a reduced rate of endocytosis relative to wildtype MCF10A cells. To determine whether this deficiency is associated with wider vulnerabilities in vesicle trafficking, we screened isogenic MCF10A cell lines with known inhibitors of autophagy, endocytosis, and sphingolipid metabolism. Relative to wildtype MCF10A cells, CDH1−/− MCF10A cells showed significantly greater sensitivity to several drugs targeting these processes, including the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, the endocytosis inhibitors chlorpromazine and PP1, and the sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor PF-543. Synthetic lethality was confirmed in both gastric and mammary organoid models of CDH1 loss, derived from CD44-Cre/Cdh1fl/fl/tdTomato mice. Collectively, these results suggest that both sphingolipid metabolism and vesicle trafficking represent previously unrecognised druggable vulnerabilities in CDH1-null cells and may lead to the development of new therapies for HDGC.
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Peng YJ, Geng J, Wu Y, Pinales C, Langen J, Chang YC, Buser C, Chang KT. Minibrain kinase and calcineurin coordinate activity-dependent bulk endocytosis through synaptojanin. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212674. [PMID: 34596663 PMCID: PMC8491876 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons use multiple modes of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE), during mild and intense neuronal activity, respectively, to maintain stable neurotransmission. While molecular players modulating CME are well characterized, factors regulating ADBE and mechanisms coordinating CME and ADBE activations remain poorly understood. Here we report that Minibrain/DYRK1A (Mnb), a kinase mutated in autism and up-regulated in Down's syndrome, plays a novel role in suppressing ADBE. We demonstrate that Mnb, together with calcineurin, delicately coordinates CME and ADBE by controlling the phosphoinositol phosphatase activity of synaptojanin (Synj) during varying synaptic demands. Functional domain analyses reveal that Synj's 5'-phosphoinositol phosphatase activity suppresses ADBE, while SAC1 activity is required for efficient ADBE. Consequently, Parkinson's disease mutation in Synj's SAC1 domain impairs ADBE. These data identify Mnb and Synj as novel regulators of ADBE and further indicate that CME and ADBE are differentially governed by Synj's dual phosphatase domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jheng Peng
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Junhua Geng
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ying Wu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jennifer Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yen-Ching Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Karen T Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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28
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Artykov AA, Yagolovich AV, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP, Trushina DB, Gasparian ME. Death Receptors DR4 and DR5 Undergo Spontaneous and Ligand-Mediated Endocytosis and Recycling Regardless of the Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to TRAIL. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:733688. [PMID: 34660590 PMCID: PMC8514705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.733688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-associated ligand inducing apoptosis (TRAIL) induces apoptosis through the death receptors (DRs) 4 and 5 expressed on the cell surface. Upon ligand stimulation, death receptors are rapidly internalized through clathrin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, there have been conflicting data on the role of death receptor endocytosis in apoptotic TRAIL signaling and possible cell type-specific differences in TRAIL signaling have been proposed. Here we have compared the kinetics of TRAIL-mediated internalization and subsequent recycling of DR4 and DR5 in resistant (HT-29 and A549) and sensitive (HCT116 and Jurkat) tumor cell lines of various origin. TRAIL stimulated the internalization of both receptors in a concentration-dependent manner with similar kinetics in sensitive and resistant cell lines without affecting the steady-state expression of DR4 and DR5 in cell lysates. Using the receptor-selective TRAIL variant DR5-B, we have shown that DR5 is internalized independently of DR4 receptor. After internalization and elimination of TRAIL from culture medium, the receptors slowly return to the plasma membrane. Within 4 h in resistant or 6 h in sensitive cells, the surface expression of receptors was completely restored. Recovery of receptors occurred both from newly synthesized molecules or from trans-Golgi network, as cycloheximide and brefeldin A inhibited this process. These agents also suppressed the expression of cell surface receptors in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, indicating that DRs undergo constitutive endocytosis. Inhibition of receptor endocytosis by sucrose led to sensitization of resistant cells to TRAIL and to an increase in its cytotoxic activity against sensitive cells. Our results confirm the universal nature of TRAIL-induced death receptor endocytosis, thus cell sensitivity to TRAIL can be associated with post-endocytic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Artykov
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anne V Yagolovich
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Dolgikh
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Kirpichnikov
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria B Trushina
- Department of X-Ray and Synchrotron Research, A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marine E Gasparian
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (RAS), Moscow, Russia
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29
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Li X, Klausen LH, Zhang W, Jahed Z, Tsai CT, Li TL, Cui B. Nanoscale Surface Topography Reduces Focal Adhesions and Cell Stiffness by Enhancing Integrin Endocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8518-8526. [PMID: 34346220 PMCID: PMC8516714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Both substrate stiffness and surface topography regulate cell behavior through mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Such intertwined effects suggest that engineered surface topographies might substitute or cancel the effects of substrate stiffness in biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms by which cells recognize topographical features are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that the presence of nanotopography drastically alters cell behavior such that neurons and stem cells cultured on rigid glass substrates behave as if they were on soft hydrogels. With atomic force microscopy, we show that rigid nanotopography resembles the effects of soft hydrogels in reducing cell stiffness and membrane tension. Further, we reveal that nanotopography reduces focal adhesions and cell stiffness by enhancing the endocytosis and the subsequent removal of integrin receptors. This mechanistic understanding will support the rational design of nanotopography that directs cells on rigid materials to behave as if they were on soft ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lasse H Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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30
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Bifunctional small molecules that mediate the degradation of extracellular proteins. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:947-953. [PMID: 34413525 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Most TPD technologies use the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and are therefore limited to targeting intracellular proteins. To address this limitation, we developed a class of modular, bifunctional synthetic molecules called MoDE-As (molecular degraders of extracellular proteins through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR)), which mediate the degradation of extracellular proteins. MoDE-A molecules mediate the formation of a ternary complex between a target protein and ASGPR on hepatocytes. The target protein is then endocytosed and degraded by lysosomal proteases. We demonstrated the modularity of the MoDE-A technology by synthesizing molecules that induce depletion of both antibody and proinflammatory cytokine proteins. These data show experimental evidence that nonproteinogenic, synthetic molecules can enable TPD of extracellular proteins in vitro and in vivo. We believe that TPD mediated by the MoDE-A technology will have widespread applications for disease treatment.
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31
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Dilna A, Deepak KV, Damodaran N, Kielkopf CS, Kagedal K, Ollinger K, Nath S. Amyloid-β induced membrane damage instigates tunneling nanotube-like conduits by p21-activated kinase dependent actin remodulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166246. [PMID: 34403739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses gradually via anatomically connected brain regions. Direct transfer of amyloid-β1-42 oligomers (oAβ) between connected neurons has been shown, however, the mechanism is not fully revealed. We observed formation of oAβ induced tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)-like nanoscaled f-actin containing membrane conduits, in differentially differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal models. Time-lapse images showed that oAβ propagate from one cell to another via TNT-like structures. Preceding the formation of TNT-like conduits, we detected oAβ-induced plasma membrane (PM) damage and calcium-dependent repair through lysosomal-exocytosis, followed by massive endocytosis to re-establish the PM. Massive endocytosis was monitored by an influx of the membrane-staining dye TMA-DPH and PM damage was quantified by propidium iodide influx in the absence of Ca2+. The massive endocytosis eventually caused accumulation of internalized oAβ in Lamp1 positive multivesicular bodies/lysosomes via the actin cytoskeleton remodulating p21-activated kinase1 (PAK1) dependent endocytic pathway. Three-dimensional quantitative confocal imaging, structured illumination superresolution microscopy, and flowcytometry quantifications revealed that oAβ induces activation of phospho-PAK1, which modulates the formation of long stretched f-actin extensions between cells. Moreover, the formation of TNT-like conduits was inhibited by preventing PAK1-dependent internalization of oAβ using the small-molecule inhibitor IPA-3, a highly selective cell-permeable auto-regulatory inhibitor of PAK1. The present study reveals that the TNT-like conduits are probably instigated as a consequence of oAβ induced PM damage and repair process, followed by PAK1 dependent endocytosis and actin remodeling, probably to maintain cell surface expansion and/or membrane tension in equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Dilna
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - K V Deepak
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Nandini Damodaran
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Claudia S Kielkopf
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kagedal
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Ollinger
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India.
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32
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Internalization and membrane activity of the antimicrobial peptide CGA-N12. Biochem J 2021; 478:1907-1919. [PMID: 33955460 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are conventional antibiotic alternatives due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and special mechanisms of action against pathogens. The antifungal peptide CGA-N12 was originally derived from human chromogranin A (CGA) and consists of the 65th to 76th amino acids of the CGA N-terminal region. In the present study, we found that CGA-N12 had fungicidal activity and exhibited time-dependent inhibition activity against Candida tropicalis. CGA-N12 entered the cells to exert its antagonist activity. The internalization of CGA-N12 was energy-dependent and accompanied by actin cytoskeleton-, clathrin-, sulfate proteoglycan-, endosome-, and lipid-depleting agent-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, the CGA-N12 internalization pathway was related to the peptide concentration. The effects of CGA-N12 on the cell membrane were investigated. CGA-N12 at a low concentration less than 4 × MIC100 did not destroy the cell membrane. While with increasing concentration, the damage to the cell membrane caused by CGA-N12 became more serious. At concentrations greater than 4 × MIC100, CGA-N12 destroyed the cell membrane integrity. Therefore, the membrane activity of CGA-N12 is concentration dependant.
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Acharya S, Kundu D, Kim KM. β-Arrestin1 and GPCR kinase2 play permissive roles in Src-mediated endocytosis of α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3498-3516. [PMID: 33844281 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR), a subtype of the ligand-gated ion channel, is abundantly expressed in the brain and is implicated in several neurological disorders. The endocytosis of nAChRs plays important roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Loss-of-function approaches and mutants of α4β2 nAChRs that display different endocytic properties were used to identify the cellular components and processes responsible for endocytosis. The signalling cascade that leads to endocytosis was deduced via protein interactions in predicted cellular components. The endocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs was determined and crosschecked using an ELISA and radioligand assay. KEY RESULTS Endocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs occurred through clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a dynamin-dependent manner. 14-3-3η-dependent Src-mediated phosphorylation of the nAChR α4 subunit at Y575 was required for nAChR endocytosis, and this occurred with the assistance of β-arrestin1 and GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) without the need for kinase activity. Endocytosis triggered the mouse double minute 2 homologue-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent down-regulation of α4β2 nAChRs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS α4β2 nAChR, an ionophore receptor, employs the metabotropic signalling pathway required for endocytosis, which leads to ubiquitination and down-regulation. Further, GRK2 and β-arrestin1, usually associated with GPCR signalling, are involved in the endocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs via different mechanisms. Considering the functional and pathological implications of nAChR endocytosis, results obtained in this study are crucial for the progression of basic research and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Mitchell Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Dooti Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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34
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Wang S. pH-Responsive Amphiphilic Carboxylate Polymers: Design and Potential for Endosomal Escape. Front Chem 2021; 9:645297. [PMID: 33834015 PMCID: PMC8021698 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.645297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of emerging biomacromolecular therapeutics, such as genes, peptides, and proteins, remains a great challenge. Unlike small hydrophobic drugs, these biotherapeutics are impermeable to the cell membrane, thus relying on the endocytic pathways for cell entry. After endocytosis, they are entrapped in the endosomes and finally degraded in lysosomes. To overcome these barriers, many carriers have been developed to facilitate the endosomal escape of these biomacromolecules. This mini-review focuses on the development of anionic pH-responsive amphiphilic carboxylate polymers for endosomal escape applications, including the design and synthesis of these polymers, the mechanistic insights of their endosomal escape capability, the challenges in the field, and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Pan X, He G, Hai B, Liu Y, Bian L, Yong L, Zhang H, Yang C, Du C, Mao T, Ma Y, Jia F, Dou X, Zhai S, Liu X. VPS34 regulates dynamin to determine the endocytosis of mitochondria-targeted zinc oxide nanoparticles in human osteosarcoma cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2641-2655. [PMID: 33683276 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) presented satisfying therapeutic effects with cancer cell selectivity in osteosarcoma cells and, thus, have been considered as a potential nanomedicine for human osteosarcoma treatment. However, the poorly investigated internalization process, including their endocytic pathway into tumor cells and intracellular fate, limits the clinical application. Here, we further clarified these aspects. First, ZnO NPs were rapidly internalized by osteosarcoma cells and accumulated in mitochondria, before being entrapped into lysosomes. Second, dynasore (a dynamin inhibitor) was demonstrated to be the most effective in blocking ZnO NP uptake and rescuing ZnO NP-induced osteosarcoma cell autophagic death and apoptosis. Third, we confirmed the key role of dynamin 2 in ZnO NP endocytosis and subsequent autophagic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we proved that VPS34 transferred from cell cytoplasm to cell membrane to interact with dynamin under ZnO NP treatment. Altogether, combined with our previous study, the current research further revealed that ZnO NPs entered human osteosarcoma cells through the VPS34/dynamin 2-dependent endocytic pathway, directly targeting and damaging the mitochondria before being entrapped into the lysosomes, thereby initiating mitophagy-Zn2+-reactive oxygen species-mitophagy axis mediated cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Biomimetic Titanium Orthopedic Implants, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Moo EV, van Senten JR, Bräuner-Osborne H, Møller TC. Arrestin-Dependent and -Independent Internalization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Methods, Mechanisms, and Implications on Cell Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:242-255. [PMID: 33472843 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced endocytosis is a key regulatory mechanism for controlling the responsiveness of the cell by changing the density of cell surface receptors. In addition to the role of endocytosis in signal termination, endocytosed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been found to signal from intracellular compartments of the cell. Arrestins are generally believed to be the master regulators of GPCR endocytosis by binding to both phosphorylated receptors and adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) or clathrin, thus recruiting receptors to clathrin-coated pits to facilitate the internalization process. However, many other functions have been described for arrestins that do not relate to their role in terminating signaling. Additionally, there are now more than 30 examples of GPCRs that internalize independently of arrestins. Here we review the methods, pharmacological tools, and cellular backgrounds used to determine the role of arrestins in receptor internalization, highlighting their advantages and caveats. We also summarize key examples of arrestin-independent GPCR endocytosis in the literature and their suggested alternative endocytosis pathway (e.g., the caveolae-dependent and fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis pathways). Finally, we consider the possible function of arrestins recruited to GPCRs that are endocytosed independently of arrestins, including the catalytic arrestin activation paradigm. Technological improvements in recent years have advanced the field further, and, combined with the important implications of endocytosis on drug responses, this makes endocytosis an obvious parameter to include in molecular pharmacological characterization of ligand-GPCR interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis is an important means to terminate receptor signaling, and arrestins play a central role in the widely accepted classical paradigm of GPCR endocytosis. In contrast to the canonical arrestin-mediated internalization, an increasing number of GPCRs are found to be endocytosed via alternate pathways, and the process appears more diverse than the previously defined "one pathway fits all."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cooperation and Interplay between EGFR Signalling and Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122639. [PMID: 33302515 PMCID: PMC7764760 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) takes centre stage in carcinogenesis throughout its entire cellular trafficking odyssey. When loaded in extracellular vesicles (EVs), EGFR is one of the key proteins involved in the transfer of information between parental cancer and bystander cells in the tumour microenvironment. To hijack EVs, EGFR needs to play multiple signalling roles in the life cycle of EVs. The receptor is involved in the biogenesis of specific EV subpopulations, it signals as an active cargo, and it can influence the uptake of EVs by recipient cells. EGFR regulates its own inclusion in EVs through feedback loops during disease progression and in response to challenges such as hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and drugs. Here, we highlight how the spatiotemporal rules that regulate EGFR intracellular function intersect with and influence different EV biogenesis pathways and discuss key regulatory features and interactions of this interplay. We also elaborate on outstanding questions relating to EGFR-driven EV biogenesis and available methods to explore them. This mechanistic understanding will be key to unravelling the functional consequences of direct anti-EGFR targeted and indirect EGFR-impacting cancer therapies on the secretion of pro-tumoural EVs and on their effects on drug resistance and microenvironment subversion.
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Patwardhan A, Cheng N, Trejo J. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Control Cellular Signaling Dynamics in Space and Time. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:120-151. [PMID: 33268549 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family comprising >800 signaling receptors that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs have been implicated in numerous diseases and represent the largest class of drug targets. Although advances in GPCR structure and pharmacology have improved drug discovery, the regulation of GPCR function by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) has received minimal attention. Over 200 PTMs are known to exist in mammalian cells, yet only a few have been reported for GPCRs. Early studies revealed phosphorylation as a major regulator of GPCR signaling, whereas later reports implicated a function for ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation in GPCR biology. Although our knowledge of GPCR phosphorylation is extensive, our knowledge of the modifying enzymes, regulation, and function of other GPCR PTMs is limited. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of GPCR post-translational modifications with a greater focus on new discoveries. We discuss the subcellular location and regulatory mechanisms that control post-translational modifications of GPCRs. The functional implications of newly discovered GPCR PTMs on receptor folding, biosynthesis, endocytic trafficking, dimerization, compartmentalized signaling, and biased signaling are also provided. Methods to detect and study GPCR PTMs as well as PTM crosstalk are further highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of GPCR PTMs in human disease and their importance for drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Post-translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls all aspects of receptor function; however, the detection and study of diverse types of GPCR modifications are limited. A thorough understanding of the role and mechanisms by which diverse post-translational modifications regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking is essential for understanding dysregulated mechanisms in disease and for improving and refining drug development for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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GRK2-mediated receptor phosphorylation and Mdm2-mediated β-arrestin2 ubiquitination drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:383-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang X, Qiu Y, Wang M, Zhang C, Zhang T, Zhou H, Zhao W, Zhao W, Xia G, Shao R. Endocytosis and Organelle Targeting of Nanomedicines in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9447-9467. [PMID: 33268987 PMCID: PMC7701161 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s274289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines (NMs) have played an increasing role in cancer therapy as carriers to efficiently deliver therapeutics into tumor cells. For this application, the uptake of NMs by tumor cells is usually a prerequisite to deliver the cargo to intracellular locations, which mainly relies on endocytosis. NMs can enter cells through a variety of endocytosis pathways. Different endocytosis pathways exhibit different intracellular trafficking routes and diverse subcellular localizations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of endocytosis mechanisms is necessary for increasing cellular entry efficiency and to trace the fate of NMs after internalization. This review focuses on endocytosis pathways of NMs in tumor cells, mainly including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, involving effector molecules, expression difference of those molecules between normal and tumor cells, as well as the intracellular trafficking route of corresponding endocytosis vesicles. Then, the latest strategies for NMs to actively employ endocytosis are described, including improving tumor cellular uptake of NMs by receptor-mediated endocytosis, transporter-mediated endocytosis and enabling drug activity by changing intracellular routes. Finally, active targeting strategies towards intracellular organelles are also mentioned. This review will be helpful not only in explicating endocytosis and the trafficking process of NMs and elucidating anti-tumor mechanisms inside the cell but also in rendering new ideas for the design of highly efficacious and cancer-targeted NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghui Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guimin Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Plyasova AA, Pokrovskaya MV, Lisitsyna OM, Pokrovsky VS, Alexandrova SS, Hilal A, Sokolov NN, Zhdanov DD. Penetration into Cancer Cells via Clathrin-Dependent Mechanism Allows L-Asparaginase from Rhodospirillum rubrum to Inhibit Telomerase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E286. [PMID: 33008089 PMCID: PMC7650658 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effect of L-asparaginases (L-ASNases) is attributable to their ability to hydrolyze L-asparagine in the bloodstream and cancer cell microenvironment. Rhodospirillum rubrum (RrA) has dual mechanism of action and plays a role in the suppression of telomerase activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible mechanism of RrA penetration into human cancer cells. Labeling of widely used L-ASNases by fluorescein isothiocyanate followed by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy demonstrated that only RrA can interact with cell membranes. The screening of inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis demonstrated the involvement of clathrin receptors in RrA penetration into cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed the cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of RrA in human breast cancer SKBR3 cells. Two predicted nuclear localization motifs allow RrA to penetrate into the cell nucleus and inhibit telomerase. Chromatin relaxation promoted by different agents can increase the ability of RrA to suppress the expression of telomerase main catalytic subunit. Our study demonstrated for the first time the ability of RrA to penetrate into human cancer cells and the involvement of clathrin receptors in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Plyasova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Marina V. Pokrovskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Olga M. Lisitsyna
- International Biotechnology Center “Generium” LLC, Vladimirskaya st. 14, 601125 Volginsky, Russia;
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Alexandrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Abdullah Hilal
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (A.H.); (N.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Lazar S, Wurtzel JGT, Chen X, Ma P, Goldfinger LE. High-efficiency unassisted transfection of platelets with naked double-stranded miRNAs modulates signal-activated translation and platelet function. Platelets 2020; 32:794-806. [PMID: 32838617 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1809642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We sought novel approaches to improve transfection efficiencies of microRNAs (miRNAs) in platelets, and to apply these approaches to investigate the roles of miRNAs in regulating signal-activated protein translation and functional effects. We found that ex vivo human platelets support gymnosis---internalization of ectopic miRNAs following co-incubation in the absence of conventional transfection reagents or schemes---and subsequently incorporate transfected miRNA into ARGONAUTE2 (AGO2)-based RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). Thrombin/fibrinogen stimulation activated translation of miR-223-3p target SEPTIN2, which was suppressed by miR-223-3p transfection in an AGO2/RISC-dependent manner. Thrombin/fibrinogen-induced exosome and microvesicle generation was inhibited by miR-223-3p transfection, and this effect was reversed with a RISC inhibitor. Platelet gymnosis of naked miRNAs appeared to be mediated in part by endocytic pathways including clathrin-dependent and fluid-phase endocytosis and caveolae. These results demonstrate the ability of ex vivo platelets to internalize ectopic miRNAs by unassisted transfection, and utilize them to modulate signal-activated translation and platelet function. Our results identify new roles for miR-223-3p in extracellular vesicle generation in stimulated platelets. High-efficiency gymnotic transfection of miRNAs in ex vivo platelets may be a broadly useful tool for exploring molecular genetic regulation of platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Lazar
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy G T Wurtzel
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peisong Ma
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence E Goldfinger
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kim CS, Mathew AP, Uthaman S, Moon MJ, Bae EH, Kim SW, Park IK. Glycol chitosan-based renal docking biopolymeric nanomicelles for site-specific delivery of the immunosuppressant. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kang RH, Jang JE, Huh E, Kang SJ, Ahn DR, Kang JS, Sailor MJ, Yeo SG, Oh MS, Kim D, Kim HY. A brain tumor-homing tetra-peptide delivers a nano-therapeutic for more effective treatment of a mouse model of glioblastoma. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1213-1225. [PMID: 32510090 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organ-specific cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of molecules that can be highly effective at delivering therapeutic cargoes, and they are currently of great interest in cancer treatment strategies. Herein, we describe a new CPP (amino acid sequence serine-isoleucine-tyrosine-valine, or SIWV) that homes to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumor tissues with remarkable specificity in vitro and in vivo. The SIWV sequence was identified from an isoform of annexin-A3 (AA3H), a membrane-interacting human protein. The mechanism of intracellular permeation is proposed to follow a caveolin-mediated endocytotic pathway, based on in vitro and in vivo receptor inhibition and genetic knockdown studies. Feasibility as a targeting agent for therapeutics is demonstrated in a GBM xenograft mouse model, where porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) containing the clinically relevant anticancer drug SN-38 are grafted with SIWV via a poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. The formulation shows enhanced in vivo targeting ability relative to a formulation employing a scrambled control peptide, and significant (P < 0.05) therapeutic efficacy relative to free SN-38 in the GBM xenograft animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Hyung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SH, Park DJ, Yun WS, Park JE, Choi JS, Key J, Seo YJ. Endocytic trafficking of polymeric clustered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in mesenchymal stem cells. J Control Release 2020; 326:408-418. [PMID: 32711024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The technology of directing nanoparticles to specific locations in the body continues to be an area of great interest in a myriad of research fields. In the present study, we have developed nanoparticles and a method that allows the nanoparticles to move to specific sites by simultaneously utilizing the homing ability and magnetism of stem cells. Polymeric clustered SPIO (PCS) nanoparticles are composed of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) cluster core coated with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and labeled with the fluorescent dye Cy5.5 for tracking. PCS is designed to be internalized by stem cells via endocytosis and then moved to the desired subcellular location through magnetism. Here, we investigated the interactions between SPIONs and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including their absorption mechanism and subcellular localization. Exposure to the nanoparticles at 40 μg/mL for over 96 h did not affect cell survival or differentiation. We used a variety of endocytosis inhibitors and identified the potential cellular internalization pathway of SPIONs to be clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Antibodies to organelles were used to accumulate lysosomes through early and late endosomes. PCS at 40 μg/mL was internalized and stored without significant deleterious effects on stem cells, indicating that MSCs can act as an effective nanoparticle carrier. These findings also demonstrate the successful localization of the novel particles using magnetic attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea; Research institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju of College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea; Research institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju of College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea
| | - Wan Su Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea; Research institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju of College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea
| | - Jin Sil Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea; Research institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju of College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea
| | - Jaehong Key
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Seo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea; Research institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju of College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, South Korea.
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Tam DY, Ho JWT, Chan MS, Lau CH, Chang TJH, Leung HM, Liu LS, Wang F, Chan LLH, Tin C, Lo PK. Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Self-Assembled 3D DNA Nanocages as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Brain Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28928-28940. [PMID: 32432847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of biocompatible drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy in the brain remains a big challenge. In this study, we designed self-assembled DNA nanocages functionalized with or without blood-brain barrier (BBB)-targeting ligands, d and we investigated their penetration across the BBB. Our DNA nanocages were not cytotoxic and they were substantially taken up in brain capillary endothelial cells and Uppsala 87 malignant glioma (U-87 MG) cells. We found that ligand modification is not essential for this DNA system as the ligand-free DNA nanocages (LF-NCs) could still cross the BBB by endocytosis inin vitro and in vivo models. Our spherical DNA nanocages were more permeable across the BBB compared with tubular DNA nanotubes. Remarkably, in vivo studies revealed that DNA nanocages could carry anticancer drugs across the BBB and inhibit the tumor growth in a U-87 MG xenograft mouse model. This is the first example showing the potential of DNA nanocages as innovative delivery vehicles to the brain for cancer therapy. Unlike other delivery systems, our work suggest that a DNA nanocage-based platform provides a safe and cost-effective tool for targeted delivery to the brain and therapy for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Yan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan Weng-Thim Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miu Shan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cia Hin Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tristan Juin Han Chang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Man Leung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Sum Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leanne Lai Hang Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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47
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Zheng M, Zhang X, Sun N, Min X, Acharya S, Kim KM. A novel molecular mechanism responsible for phosphorylation-independent desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors exemplified by the dopamine D 3 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:432-439. [PMID: 32505358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation followed by association with β-arrestins has been proposed to be the molecular mechanism involved in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, this mechanism does not explain the desensitization of some GPCRs, such as dopamine D3 receptor (D3R), which does not undergo GRK-mediated phosphorylation. Loss-of-function approaches and mutants of dopamine D2 receptor and D3R, which exhibit different desensitization properties, were used to identify the cellular components and processes responsible for desensitization. D3R mediated the recruitment of Mdm2 to the cytosol, which resulted in the constitutive ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 in the resting state. Under desensitization conditions, cytosolic Mdm2 returned to the nucleus, resulting in the deubiquitination of cytosolic β-arrestins. Deubiquitinated β-arrestins formed a tight complex with Gβγ, thereby sequestering it, causing interference in D3R signaling. In conclusion, this study shows that β-arrestins, depending on their ubiquitination status, control the G protein cycling by regulating their interactions with Gβγ. This is a novel mechanism proposed to explain how certain GPCRs can undergo desensitization without receptor phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Srijan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Hong X, Zhong X, Du G, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Gong T, Zhang L, Sun X. The pore size of mesoporous silica nanoparticles regulates their antigen delivery efficiency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4462. [PMID: 32596445 PMCID: PMC7304990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines generally proceed through a 4-step in vivo cascade-the DUMP cascade-to generate potent cell-mediated immune responses: (1) drainage to lymph nodes; (2) uptake by dendritic cells (DCs); (3) maturation of DCs; and (4) Presentation of peptide-MHC I complexes to CD8+ T cells. How the physical properties of vaccine carriers such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) influence this cascade is unclear. We fabricated 80-nm MSNs with different pore sizes (7.8 nm, 10.3 nm, and 12.9 nm) and loaded them with ovalbumin antigen. Results demonstrated these MSNs with different pore sizes were equally effective in the first three steps of the DUMP cascade, but those with larger pores showed higher cross-presentation efficiency (step 4). Consistently, large-pore MSNs loaded with B16F10 tumor antigens yielded the strongest antitumor effects. These results demonstrate the promise of our lymph node-targeting large-pore MSNs as vaccine-delivery vehicles for immune activation and cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang X, Min X, Wang S, Sun N, Kim KM. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 in the nucleus occurs in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114049. [PMID: 32450252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fate and activity of β-arrestin2, a key player in the regulation of desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are regulated by mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2)-mediated ubiquitination. However, details of the molecular mechanisms of β-arrestin2 ubiquitination remain unclear. Studies on β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 mutants with modified nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties have revealed that β-arrestin2 ubiquitination occurs in the nucleus in a Gβγ- and clathrin-dependent manner. The nuclear entry of both β-arrestin2 and Mdm2 commonly relies on the presence of importin complex but can occur independently of each other. Gβγ and clathrin regulated the nuclear entry of β-arrestin2 by mediating the interaction between β-arrestin2 and importin β1. In contrast, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of two serine residues of Mdm2 partly regulated the nuclear entry of Mdm2. Ubiquitinated β-arrestin2 along with Mdm2 translocated to the cytoplasm where they play various functional roles including receptor endocytosis and ubiquitination of other cytoplasmic proteins. The nuclear export of Mdm2 required nuclear entry and interaction of β-arrestin2 with Mdm2. Ubiquitination was required for the translocation of β-arrestin2 toward activated receptors on the plasma membrane and for its endocytic activity. The current study revealed the cellular components and processes involved in the ubiquitination of β-arrestin2, and these findings could be quintessential for providing directions and detailed strategies for the manipulation of GPCR functions and development of GPCR-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Peters A, Rabe P, Krumbholz P, Kalwa H, Kraft R, Schöneberg T, Stäubert C. Natural biased signaling of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 and G protein-coupled receptor 84. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:31. [PMID: 32102673 PMCID: PMC7045412 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-chain fatty acids and their 3-hydroxy derivatives are metabolites endogenously produced in humans, food-derived or originating from bacteria. They activate G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR84 and HCA3, which regulate metabolism and immune functions. Although both receptors are coupled to Gi proteins, share at least one agonist and show overlapping tissue expression, GPR84 exerts pro-inflammatory effects whereas HCA3 is involved in anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we analyzed signaling kinetics of both HCA3 and GPR84, to unravel signal transduction components that may explain their physiological differences. METHODS To study the signaling kinetics and components involved in signal transduction of both receptors we applied the label-free dynamic mass redistribution technology in combination with classical cAMP, ERK signaling and β-arrestin-2 recruitment assays. For phenotypical analyses, we used spheroid cell culture models. RESULTS We present strong evidence for a natural biased signaling of structurally highly similar agonists at HCA3 and GPR84. We show that HCA3 signaling and trafficking depends on dynamin-2 function. Activation of HCA3 by 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid but not 3-hydroxydecanoic acid leads to β-arrestin-2 recruitment, which is relevant for cell-cell adhesion. GPR84 stimulation with 3-hydroxydecanoic acid causes a sustained ERK activation but activation of GPR84 is not followed by β-arrestin-2 recruitment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results highlight that biased agonism is a physiological property of HCA3 and GPR84 with relevance for innate immune functions potentially to differentiate between endogenous, non-pathogenic compounds and compounds originating from e.g. pathogenic bacteria. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peters
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Rabe
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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