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Karpov OA, Stotland A, Raedschelders K, Chazarin B, Ai L, Murray CI, Van Eyk JE. Proteomics of the heart. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:931-982. [PMID: 38300522 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a sophisticated identification tool specializing in portraying protein dynamics at a molecular level. Proteomics provides biologists with a snapshot of context-dependent protein and proteoform expression, structural conformations, dynamic turnover, and protein-protein interactions. Cardiac proteomics can offer a broader and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underscore cardiovascular disease, and it is foundational to the development of future therapeutic interventions. This review encapsulates the evolution, current technologies, and future perspectives of proteomic-based mass spectrometry as it applies to the study of the heart. Key technological advancements have allowed researchers to study proteomes at a single-cell level and employ robot-assisted automation systems for enhanced sample preparation techniques, and the increase in fidelity of the mass spectrometers has allowed for the unambiguous identification of numerous dynamic posttranslational modifications. Animal models of cardiovascular disease, ranging from early animal experiments to current sophisticated models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, have provided the tools to study a challenging organ in the laboratory. Further technological development will pave the way for the implementation of proteomics even closer within the clinical setting, allowing not only scientists but also patients to benefit from an understanding of protein interplay as it relates to cardiac disease physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Karpov
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lizhuo Ai
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher I Murray
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
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2
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Proteomics as a Tool for the Study of Mitochondrial Proteome, Its Dysfunctionality and Pathological Consequences in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054692. [PMID: 36902123 PMCID: PMC10003354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the proteomic approaches applied to the study of the qualitative/quantitative changes in mitochondrial proteins that are related to impaired mitochondrial function and consequently different types of pathologies. Proteomic techniques developed in recent years have created a powerful tool for the characterization of both static and dynamic proteomes. They can detect protein-protein interactions and a broad repertoire of post-translation modifications that play pivotal roles in mitochondrial regulation, maintenance and proper function. Based on accumulated proteomic data, conclusions can be derived on how to proceed in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, this article will present an overview of the recently published proteomic papers that deal with the regulatory roles of post-translational modifications of mitochondrial proteins and specifically with cardiovascular diseases connected to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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3
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Patra SK, Sinha N, Molla F, Sengupta A, Chakraborty S, Roy S, Ghosh S. In-vivo protein nitration facilitates Vibrio cholerae cell survival under anaerobic, nutrient deprived conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 728:109358. [PMID: 35872323 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration (PTN), a highly selective post translational modification, occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under nitrosative stress. However, its physiological function is not yet clear. Like many gut pathogens, Vibrio cholerae also faces nitrosative stress, which makes proteome more vulnerable to PTN. Here, we report for the first time in-vivo PTN in V. cholerae by immunoblotting and LC-ESI-MS/MS proteomic analysis. Our results indicated that in-vivo PTN in V. cholerae was culture media independent. Surprisingly, in-vivo PTN was reduced in V. cholerae proteome under anaerobic or hypoxic condition in a nutrient deprived state. Interestingly, intracellular nitrate content was more than the nitrite content in V. cholerae under anaerobic conditions. Additionally, biochemical measurement of GSH/GSSG ratio, activities of catalase and SOD, ROS and RNS imaging by confocal microscopy confirmed a relative intracellular oxidizing environment in V. cholerae under anaerobic conditions. This altered redox environment favors the oxidation of nitrite which may be generated from protein denitration enriching the intracellular nitrate pool. The cell survival of V. cholerae can finally be facilitated by nitrate reductase (NapA) utilizing that nitrate pool. Our cell viability study using wild type and ΔnapA strain of V. cholerae also supported the role of NapA mediated cell survival under nutrient deprived anaerobic conditions. In spite of having nitrate reductase (NapA), V. cholerae lacks any nitrite reductase (NiR). Hence, in-vivo nitration may provide an avenue for toxic nitrite storage and also may help in nitrosative stress tolerance mechanism preventing further unnecessary protein nitration in V. cholerae proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kumar Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Firoz Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayantika Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Chen CL, Zhang L, Jin Z, Kasumov T, Chen YR. Mitochondrial redox regulation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C12-C23. [PMID: 34757853 PMCID: PMC8721908 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00131.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as an important mechanism of disease and redox signaling in the cellular system. Under basal or pathological conditions, electron leakage for ROS production is primarily mediated by complexes I and III of the electron transport chain (ETC) and by the proton motive force (PMF), consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors control redox status in mitochondria, including ROS, the PMF, oxidative posttranslational modifications (OPTM) of the ETC subunits, SOD2, and cytochrome c heme lyase (HCCS). In the mitochondrial PMF, increased ΔpH-supported backpressure due to diminishing electron transport and chemiosmosis promotes a more reductive mitochondrial physiological setting. OPTM by protein cysteine sulfonation in complex I and complex III has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, the proton gradient, redox status, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Pathological conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), increase mitochondrial ROS production and redox dysfunction via oxidative injury to complexes I and III, intensely enhancing protein cysteine sulfonation and impairing heme integrity. The physiological conditions of reductive stress induced by gains in SOD2 function normalize I/R-mediated ROS overproduction and redox dysfunction. Further insight into the cellular mechanisms by which HCCS, biogenesis of c-type cytochrome, and OPTM regulate PMF and ROS production in mitochondria will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and identify new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwen-Lih Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Liwen Zhang
- 2Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine,
Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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Albuck AL, Sakamuri SSVP, Sperling JA, Evans WR, Kolli L, Sure VN, Mostany R, Katakam PVG. Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst enhances respiratory function in isolated brain mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H630-H641. [PMID: 33164581 PMCID: PMC8082788 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00389.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (PN), generated from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide, is implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic and neurodegenerative brain injuries. Mitochondria produce NO from mitochondrial NO synthases and superoxide by the electron transport chain. Our objective was to detect the generation of PN of mitochondrial origin and characterize its effects on mitochondrial respiratory function. Freshly isolated brain nonsynaptosomal mitochondria from C57Bl/6 (wild type, WT) and endothelial NO synthase knockout (eNOS-KO) mice were treated with exogenous PN (0.1, 1, 5 µmol/L) or a PN donor (SIN-1; 50 µmol/L) or a PN scavenger (FeTMPyP; 2.5 µmol/L). Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured using Agilent Seahorse XFe24 analyzer and mitochondrial respiratory parameters were calculated. Mitochondrial membrane potential, superoxide, and PN were determined from rhodamine 123, dihydroethidium, and DAX-J2 PON green fluorescence measurements, respectively. Mitochondrial protein nitrotyrosination was determined by Western blots. Both exogenous PN and SIN-1 decreased respiratory function in WT isolated brain mitochondria. FeTMPyP enhanced state III and state IVo mitochondrial respiration in both WT and eNOS-KO mitochondria. FeTMPyP also elevated state IIIu respiration in eNOS-KO mitochondria. Unlike PN, neither SIN-1 nor FeTMPyP depolarized the mitochondria. Although mitochondrial protein nitrotyrosination was unaffected by SIN-1 or FeTMPyP, FeTMPyP reduced mitochondrial PN levels. Mitochondrial superoxide levels were increased by FeTMPyP but were unaffected by PN or SIN-1. Thus, we present the evidence of functionally significant PN generation in isolated brain mitochondria. Mitochondrial PN activity was physiologically relevant in WT mice and pathologically significant under conditions with eNOS deficiency.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondria generate superoxide and nitric oxide that could potentially react with each other to produce PN. We observed eNOS and nNOS immunoreactivity in isolated brain and heart mitochondria with pharmacological inhibition of nNOS found to modulate the mitochondrial respiratory function. This study provides evidence of generation of functionally significant PN in isolated brain mitochondria that affects respiratory function under physiological conditions. Importantly, the mitochondrial PN levels and activity were exaggerated in the eNOS-deficient mice, suggesting its pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Albuck
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jared A Sperling
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Wesley R Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lahari Kolli
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Mitochondrial ROS in myocardial ischemia reperfusion and remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165768. [PMID: 32173461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite major progress in interventional and medical treatments, myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent development of heart failure (HF) are still associated with high mortality. Both during ischemia reperfusion (IR) in the acute setting of MI, as well as in the chronic remodeling process following MI, oxidative stress substantially contributes to cardiac damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within mitochondria are particular drivers of mechanisms contributing to IR injury, including induction of mitochondrial permeability transition or oxidative damage of intramitochondrial structures and molecules. But even beyond the acute setting, mechanisms like inflammatory signaling, extracellular remodeling, or pro-apoptotic signaling that contribute to post-infarction remodeling are regulated by mitochondrial ROS. In the current review, we discuss both sources and consequences of mitochondrial ROS during IR and in the chronic setting following MI, thereby emphasizing the potential therapeutic value of attenuating mitochondrial ROS to improve outcome and prognosis for patients suffering MI.
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Bandookwala M, Sengupta P. 3-Nitrotyrosine: a versatile oxidative stress biomarker for major neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1047-1062. [PMID: 31914343 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1713776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are generated as a by-product of routine biochemical reactions. However, dysfunction of the antioxidant system or mutations in gene function may result in the elevated production of the pro-oxidant species. Modified endogenous molecules due to chemical interactions with increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the cellular microenvironment can be termed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. 3-Nitrotyrosine is one such promising biomarker of oxidative stress formed due to nitration of protein-bound and free tyrosine residues by reactive peroxynitrite molecules. Nitration of proteins at the subcellular level results in conformational alterations that damage the cytoskeleton and result in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarized the role of oxidative/nitrosative processes as a contributing factor for progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease and Prion disease. The selective tyrosine protein nitration of the major marker proteins in related pathologies has been discussed. The alteration in 3-Nitrotyrosine profile occurs well before any symptoms appear and can be considered as a potential target for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the reduction in 3-Nitrotyrosine levels in response to treatment with neuroprotective has been highlighted which is indicative of the importance of this particular marker in oxidative stress-related brain and central nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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8
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Wang C, Ke H, Xu X, Chen J, Sun D, Ji F. Protective effect of nicorandil on collapse‑induced lung injury in rabbits by inhibiting apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:725-736. [PMID: 31173181 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The one‑lung ventilation (OLV) technique is vital in thoracic surgery. However, it can result in severe lung injury, which is difficult to manage. The main solution at present is the use of ventilation strategies, including continuous positive oxygen pressure, low tidal volume and high frequency ventilation, and the administering of drugs, including phenylephrine, dexmedetomidine and morphine. However, the protective effect of these methods on the lungs is not sufficient to improve the prognosis of patients. Therefore, how to develop a novel protective drug remains an open question. Nicorandil, a mitochondrial (mito)KATP‑specific opener, serves an important role in cardioprotection, although its effect on lung injury remains unclear. The present study examined the protective role of nicorandil against collapse‑induced lung injury in rabbits undergoing OLV. Changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2), wet/dry weight ratio, and the microstructure of tissues and cells were observed. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rabbits treated with nicorandil. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase transfer‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling was used to detect apoptosis and western blotting was used to analyze the relative proteins involved in apoptosis. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to examine the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF‑1α), phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB in the lungs of rabbits treated with nicorandil. The SaO2 and PaO2 in the high‑dose group were significantly higher than those in the control group in the process of OLV. The wet/dry weight ratio, and the concentrations of MDA and TNF‑α in the collapsed lung of the high‑dose group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The activity of SOD in the high‑dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The lung had improved microstructure and less apoptosis, which was determined by the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in the high‑dose group. The expression levels of PI3K, phosphorylated Akt and HIF‑1α were upregulated, whereas the expression of NF‑κB was downregulated. In conclusion, nicorandil had a protective effect via inhibiting apoptosis in non‑ventilated lung collapsed and re‑expansion during OLV in the rabbit. It acted on mitoKATP through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Ke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xingguo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmic Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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9
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Tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial proteins during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:217-227. [PMID: 31115776 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased formation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. The main purpose of this study was to assess the role of tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial proteins in postischemic contractile dysfunction known as myocardial stunning. Isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to 20-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion. The reperfused hearts showed marked decline in left ventricular developed pressure, maximal rate of contraction (+dP/dt), and maximal rate of relaxation (-dP/dt). Immunofluorescence and ELISA assays demonstrated enhanced protein tyrosine nitration in reperfused hearts. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, eight mitochondrial proteins were identified to be nitrated after ischemia reperfusion. These proteins are crucial in mitochondrial electron transport, fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, ATP synthesis, and control of high-energy phosphates. The proteome data also indicated reduced abundance in several of nitrated proteins. The results suggest that these changes may contribute to inhibition of aconitase activity but are unlikely to affect electron transport chain activity. Whether tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial proteins can be considered the contributing factor of postischemic contractile dysfunction remains to be explored.
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10
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Ait-Aissa K, Blaszak SC, Beutner G, Tsaih SW, Morgan G, Santos JH, Flister MJ, Joyce DL, Camara AKS, Gutterman DD, Donato AJ, Porter GA, Beyer AM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation defect in the Heart of Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7623. [PMID: 31110224 PMCID: PMC6527853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Detailed understanding of abnormalities in mitochondrial function that occur in patients with CAD is lacking. We evaluated mitochondrial damage, energy production, and mitochondrial complex activity in human non-CAD and CAD hearts. Fresh and frozen human heart tissue was used. Cell lysate or mitochondria were isolated using standard techniques. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), NAD + and ATP levels, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity were evaluated. Proteins critical to the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and function were also evaluated in tissue lysates. PCR analysis revealed an increase in mtDNA lesions and the frequency of mitochondrial common deletion, both established markers for impaired mitochondrial integrity in CAD compared to non-CAD patient samples. NAD+ and ATP levels were significantly decreased in CAD subjects compared to Non-CAD (NAD+ fold change: non-CAD 1.00 ± 0.17 vs. CAD 0.32 ± 0.12* and ATP fold change: non-CAD 1.00 ± 0.294 vs. CAD 0.01 ± 0.001*; N = 15, P < 0.005). We observed decreased respiration control index in CAD tissue and decreased activity of complexes I, II, and III. Expression of ETC complex subunits and respirasome formation were increased; however, elevations in the de-active form of complex I were observed in CAD. We observed a corresponding increase in glycolytic flux, indicated by a rise in pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, indicating a compensatory increase in glycolysis for cellular energetics. Together, these results indicate a shift in mitochondrial metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in human hearts subjects with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Ait-Aissa
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Scott C Blaszak
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gisela Beutner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Garrett Morgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Janine H Santos
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIHEHS, Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Flister
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David L Joyce
- Department of Surgery, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,VA Medical Center-Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George A Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine (Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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11
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Xu DD, Li WT, Jiang D, Wu HG, Ren MS, Chen MQ, Wu YB. 3-N-Butylphthalide mitigates high glucose-induced injury to Schwann cells: association with nitrosation and apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:513-518. [PMID: 30539821 PMCID: PMC6334601 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A high glucose state readily causes peripheral axon atrophy, demyelination, loss of nerve fiber function, and delayed regeneration. However, few studies have examined whether nitration is also critical for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of high glucose on proliferation, apoptosis, and 3-nitrotyrosine levels of Schwann cells treated with butylphthalide. In addition, we explored potential protective mechanisms of butylphthalide on peripheral nerves. Schwann cells were cultured in vitro with high glucose then stimulated with the peroxynitrite anion inhibitors uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide for 48 hours. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to investigate the effects of uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide on proliferation and apoptosis of Schwann cells exposed to a high glucose environment. Effects of uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide on levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in Schwann cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that Schwann cells cultured in high glucose showed decreased proliferation, but increased apoptosis and intracellular 3-nitrotyrosine levels. However, intervention with uric acid or 3-n-butylphthalide could increase proliferation of Schwann cells cultured in high glucose, and inhibited apoptosis and intracellular 3-nitrotyrosine levels. According to our data, 3-n-butylphthalide may inhibit cell nitrification and apoptosis, and promote cell proliferation, thereby reducing damage to Schwann cells caused by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China; Department of Neurology, Anhui Second People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Department of Infection, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Anhui Second People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huai-Guo Wu
- Department of Neurology, Anhui Second People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Shan Ren
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mei-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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12
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MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Mitochondria and neuroprotection in stroke: Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) as a novel class of mitochondria-targeted neuroprotective therapeutics. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:17-33. [PMID: 30218759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and represents a major cause of devastating long-term disability. Despite sustained efforts to develop clinically effective neuroprotective therapies, presently there is no clinically available neuroprotective agent for stroke. As a central mediator of neurodamaging events in stroke, mitochondria are recognised as a critical neuroprotective target, and as such, provide a focus for developing mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics. In recent years, cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) have been identified as a novel class of neuroprotective agent with several demonstrated mechanisms of action, including their ability to target mitochondria and exert positive effects on the organelle. This review provides an overview on neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemic stroke pathophysiology and highlights the potential beneficial effects of CARPs on mitochondria in the ischaemic brain following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Sun X, Kong L, Zhou L. Protective effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide on hippocampal tissues and its relevant mechanism in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:445-451. [PMID: 29977367 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide (PFC) on the hippocampus tissues in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine, and to explore the underlying mechanism. The epileptic rat models were established using lithium chloride-pilocarpine treatment. According to the dosage of PFC, the rat models were divided into three groups: The low-dose (100 mg/kg/day), middle-dose (200 mg/kg/day) and high-dose (300 mg/kg/day) groups. The intervention for rat models lasted for 24 days. Subsequently, the production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the mitochondrial membrane potential and the expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase [P-38, Janus kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2], cytochrome-C and caspase-3 in hippocampal tissues were detected. In addition, the structure of the CA-1 region of the hippocampus was also observed. Compared with the control group, the production levels of ROS were increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in the hippocampus tissues of rats in the model group. In addition, in the model group, it was observed that MDA content was increased, SOD activity was decreased, and the expressions of phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-JNK, cytochrome-c and caspase-3 were increased, compared with the control group. Furthermore, those abnormal variations of the indicators were reversed by the intervention of PFC. These findings suggest that PFC can ameliorate the secondary damage to the hippocampi of epileptic rats, and that the anti-oxidation and -apoptosis effects of PFC may be associated with the mechanism that provides a protective effect for hippocampal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Lingting Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Gaotang County, Liaocheng, Shandong 252800, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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14
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Pak O, Sydykov A, Kosanovic D, Schermuly RT, Dietrich A, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Gudermann T, Sommer N, Weissmann N. Lung Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:195-225. [PMID: 29047088 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) occurs in many lung diseases and during surgical procedures such as lung transplantation. The re-establishment of blood flow and oxygen delivery into the previously ischaemic lung exacerbates the ischaemic injury and leads to increased microvascular permeability and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as to vigorous activation of the immune response. These events initiate the irreversible damage of the lung with subsequent oedema formation that can result in systemic hypoxaemia and multi-organ failure. Alterations in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been suggested as crucial mediators of such responses during ischaemia-reperfusion in the lung. Among numerous potential sources of ROS/RNS within cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, nitric oxide synthases and mitochondria have been investigated during LIRI. Against this background, we aim to review here the extensive literature about the ROS-mediated cellular signalling during LIRI, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidants as treatment option for LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pak
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Feng J, Chen X, Lu S, Li W, Yang D, Su W, Wang X, Shen J. Naringin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting Peroxynitrite-Mediated Mitophagy Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9029-9042. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Pahima H, Reina S, Tadmor N, Dadon-Klein D, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Mazure NM, De Pinto V, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Hypoxic-induced truncation of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is mediated by both asparagine endopeptidase and calpain 1 activities. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12825-12841. [PMID: 29560113 PMCID: PMC5849177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), an outer mitochondria membrane (OMM)
protein, serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, mediating the transport of
nucleotides, Ca2+ and other metabolites across the OMM. VDAC1 also
plays a central role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by facilitating the release
of apoptotic proteins and by association with both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins.
Tumor cells, which are constantly exposed to hypoxic conditions, affect the cell via
the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) that induces transcriptional
activity. In cultured cells and in lung cancer patients, hypoxia induces VDAC1
truncation at the C-terminus (VDAC1-ΔC). However, the molecular mechanisms
involved in VDAC1-ΔC formation are unknown. Here, we show that hypoxia-induced
VDAC1-ΔC formation is inhibited by the Ca2+ chelator
BAPTA-AM, by calpain inhibitor-1, by inhibitor of the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP)
and by si-RNA targeting HIF1-α or Ca2+-activated protease
calpain-1 expression but not that of calpain-2. Finally, VDAC1-ΔC expressed in
bacteria and reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer exhibited decreased channel
conductance relative to the full-length protein, yet retained voltage-dependent
conductance. These findings suggest that hypoxia, acting via HIF-1α
expression, leads to VDAC1 cleavage involving the activation of calpain 1 and
AEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Pahima
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Catania and National Institute for Biomembranes and Biosystems, Section of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Noa Tadmor
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniella Dadon-Klein
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice 06189, France.,Present address: INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice 06204, France
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Catania and National Institute for Biomembranes and Biosystems, Section of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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17
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Inhibition of Peroxynitrite-Induced Mitophagy Activation Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6369-6386. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Jiang Q, Gao Y, Wang C, Tao R, Wu Y, Zhan K, Liao M, Lu N, Lu Y, Wilcox CS, Luo J, Jiang LH, Yang W, Han F. Nitration of TRPM2 as a Molecular Switch Induces Autophagy During Brain Pericyte Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1297-1316. [PMID: 28292196 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunction of neurovascular pericytes underlies breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin-related 2 (TRPM2) channel and autophagy during brain pericyte injury both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS A rapid induction in autophagy in human brain vascular pericytes, in the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP)-induced cell stress model, was paralleled with an increase in the expression of the TRPM2-S truncated isoform, which was abolished by treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and a peroxynitrite scavenger. Furthermore, Y1485 in the C-terminus of the TRPM2 protein was identified as the tyrosine nitration substrate by mass spectrometry. Overexpression of the Y1485S TRPM2 mutant reduced LC3-II accumulation and pericyte injury induced by ZnO-NP. Consistently, LC3-II accumulation was reduced and pericytes were better preserved in intact brain microvessels of the TRPM2 knockout mice after ZnO-NP-induced vascular injury. Innovation and Conclusions: Our present study has revealed a novel mechanism of autophagy disturbance secondary to nitrosative stress-induced tyrosine nitration of TRPM2 during pericyte injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1297-1316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Jiang
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinping Gao
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China .,2 School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongrong Tao
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- 3 Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhan
- 3 Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meihua Liao
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nannan Lu
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingmei Lu
- 2 School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- 4 Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jianhong Luo
- 3 Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- 5 Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,6 Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury, and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University , Henan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- 3 Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Han
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Kang PT, Chen CL, Lin P, Chilian WM, Chen YR. Impairment of pH gradient and membrane potential mediates redox dysfunction in the mitochondria of the post-ischemic heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:36. [PMID: 28508960 PMCID: PMC5495109 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial electrochemical gradient (Δp), which comprises the pH gradient (ΔpH) and the membrane potential (ΔΨ), is crucial in controlling energy transduction. During myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR), mitochondrial dysfunction mediates superoxide (·O2-) and H2O2 overproduction leading to oxidative injury. However, the role of ΔpH and ΔΨ in post-ischemic injury is not fully established. Here we studied mitochondria from the risk region of rat hearts subjected to 30 min of coronary ligation and 24 h of reperfusion in vivo. In the presence of glutamate, malate and ADP, normal mitochondria (mitochondria of non-ischemic region, NR) exhibited a heightened state 3 oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and reduced ·O2- and H2O2 production when compared to state 2 conditions. Oligomycin (increases ΔpH by inhibiting ATP synthase) increased ·O2- and H2O2 production in normal mitochondria, but not significantly in the mitochondria of the risk region (IR mitochondria or post-ischemic mitochondria), indicating that normal mitochondrial ·O2- and H2O2 generation is dependent on ΔpH and that IR impaired the ΔpH of normal mitochondria. Conversely, nigericin (dissipates ΔpH) dramatically reduced ·O2- and H2O2 generation by normal mitochondria under state 4 conditions, and this nigericin quenching effect was less pronounced in IR mitochondria. Nigericin also increased mitochondrial OCR, and predisposed normal mitochondria to a more oxidized redox status assessed by increased oxidation of cyclic hydroxylamine, CM-H. IR mitochondria, although more oxidized than normal mitochondria, were not responsive to nigericin-induced CM-H oxidation, which is consistent with the result that IR induced ΔpH impairment in normal mitochondria. Valinomycin, a K+ ionophore used to dissipate ΔΨ, drastically diminished ·O2- and H2O2 generation by normal mitochondria, but less pronounced effect on IR mitochondria under state 4 conditions, indicating that ΔΨ also contributed to ·O2- generation by normal mitochondria and that IR mediated ΔΨ impairment. However, there was no significant difference in valinomycin-induced CM-H oxidation between normal and IR mitochondria. In conclusion, under normal conditions the proton backpressure imposed by ΔpH restricts electron flow, controls a limited amount of ·O2- generation, and results in a more reduced myocardium; however, IR causes ΔpH impairment and prompts a more oxidized myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Kang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Chwen-Lih Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Paul Lin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
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20
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Gao W, Zhao J, Li H, Gao Z. Triosephosphate isomerase tyrosine nitration induced by heme-NaNO2-H2O2or peroxynitrite: Effects of different natural phenolic compounds. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
- Basis Medical College; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning 437100 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica; Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
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21
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Feng J, Chen X, Shen J. Reactive nitrogen species as therapeutic targets for autophagy: implication for ischemic stroke. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:305-317. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1281250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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22
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Gao W, Zhao J, Gao Z, Li H. Synergistic Interaction of Light Alcohol Administration in the Presence of Mild Iron Overload in a Mouse Model of Liver Injury: Involvement of Triosephosphate Isomerase Nitration and Inactivation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170350. [PMID: 28103293 PMCID: PMC5245837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that iron overload promotes alcoholic liver injury, but the doses of iron or alcohol used in studies are usually able to induce liver injury independently. Little attention has been paid to the coexistence of low alcohol consumption and mild iron overload when either of them is insufficient to cause obvious liver damage, although this situation is very common among some people. We studied the interactive effects and the underlining mechanism of mild doses of iron and alcohol on liver injury in a mouse model. Forty eight male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, iron (300 mg/kg iron dextran, i.p.), alcohol (2 g/kg/day ethanol for four weeks i.g.), and iron plus alcohol group. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice were sacrificed and blood and livers were collected for biochemical analysis. Protein nitration level in liver tissue was determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Although neither iron overload nor alcohol consumption at our tested doses can cause severe liver injury, it was found that co-administration of the same doses of alcohol and iron resulted in liver injury and hepatic dysfunction, accompanied with elevated ratio of NADH/NAD+, reduced antioxidant ability, increased oxidative stress, and subsequent elevated protein nitration level. Further study revealed that triosephosphate isomerase, an important glycolytic enzyme, was one of the targets to be oxidized and nitrated, which was responsible for its inactivation. These data indicate that even under low alcohol intake, a certain amount of iron overload can cause significant liver oxidative damage, and the modification of triosephosphate isomerasemight be the important underlining mechanism of hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Basis medical college, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kobeissy FH, Guingab-Cagmat JD, Zhang Z, Moghieb A, Glushakova OY, Mondello S, Boutté AM, Anagli J, Rubenstein R, Bahmad H, Wagner AK, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Neuroproteomics and Systems Biology Approach to Identify Temporal Biomarker Changes Post Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Front Neurol 2016; 7:198. [PMID: 27920753 PMCID: PMC5118702 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a critical health problem of which diagnosis, management, and treatment remain challenging. TBI is a contributing factor in approximately one-third of all injury-related deaths in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 1.7 million people suffer a TBI in the United States annually. Efforts continue to focus on elucidating the complex molecular mechanisms underlying TBI pathophysiology and defining sensitive and specific biomarkers that can aid in improving patient management and care. Recently, the area of neuroproteomics–systems biology is proving to be a prominent tool in biomarker discovery for central nervous system injury and other neurological diseases. In this work, we employed the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of experimental TBI in rat model to assess the temporal–global proteome changes after acute (1 day) and for the first time, subacute (7 days), post-injury time frame using the established cation–anion exchange chromatography-1D SDS gel electrophoresis LC–MS/MS platform for protein separation combined with discrete systems biology analyses to identify temporal biomarker changes related to this rat TBI model. Rather than focusing on any one individual molecular entity, we used in silico systems biology approach to understand the global dynamics that govern proteins that are differentially altered post-injury. In addition, gene ontology analysis of the proteomic data was conducted in order to categorize the proteins by molecular function, biological process, and cellular localization. Results show alterations in several proteins related to inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in both acute (1 day) and subacute (7 days) periods post-TBI. Moreover, results suggest a differential upregulation of neuroprotective proteins at 7 days post-CCI involved in cellular functions such as neurite growth, regeneration, and axonal guidance. Our study is among the first to assess temporal neuroproteome changes in the CCI model. Data presented here unveil potential neural biomarkers and therapeutic targets that could be used for diagnosis, for treatment and, most importantly, for temporal prognostic assessment following brain injury. Of interest, this work relies on in silico bioinformatics approach to draw its conclusion; further work is conducted for functional studies to validate and confirm the omics data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zhiqun Zhang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed Moghieb
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Olena Y Glushakova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Angela M Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - John Anagli
- NeuroTheranostics Inc., Detroit, MI, USA; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Hisham Bahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Evidence-based selection of training compounds for use in the mechanism-based integrated prediction of drug-induced liver injury in man. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2979-3003. [PMID: 27659300 PMCID: PMC5104805 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current test systems employed by pharmaceutical industry are poorly predictive for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The ‘MIP-DILI’ project addresses this situation by the development of innovative preclinical test systems which are both mechanism-based and of physiological, pharmacological and pathological relevance to DILI in humans. An iterative, tiered approach with respect to test compounds, test systems, bioanalysis and systems analysis is adopted to evaluate existing models and develop new models that can provide validated test systems with respect to the prediction of specific forms of DILI and further elucidation of mechanisms. An essential component of this effort is the choice of compound training set that will be used to inform refinement and/or development of new model systems that allow prediction based on knowledge of mechanisms, in a tiered fashion. In this review, we focus on the selection of MIP-DILI training compounds for mechanism-based evaluation of non-clinical prediction of DILI. The selected compounds address both hepatocellular and cholestatic DILI patterns in man, covering a broad range of pharmacologies and chemistries, and taking into account available data on potential DILI mechanisms (e.g. mitochondrial injury, reactive metabolites, biliary transport inhibition, and immune responses). Known mechanisms by which these compounds are believed to cause liver injury have been described, where many if not all drugs in this review appear to exhibit multiple toxicological mechanisms. Thus, the training compounds selection offered a valuable tool to profile DILI mechanisms and to interrogate existing and novel in vitro systems for the prediction of human DILI.
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Hu L, Wang J, Zhu H, Wu X, Zhou L, Song Y, Zhu S, Hao M, Liu C, Fan Y, Wang Y, Li Q. Ischemic postconditioning protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury via neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2222. [PMID: 27171264 PMCID: PMC4917647 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a result of its spatial confinement in cardiomyocytes, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is thought to regulate mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function by maintaining nitroso-redox balance and Ca2+ cycling. Thus, we hypothesize that ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) protects hearts against ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury through an nNOS-mediated pathway. Isolated mouse hearts were subjected to I/R injury in a Langendorff apparatus, H9C2 cells and primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. IPostC, compared with I/R, decreased infarct size and improved cardiac function, and the selective nNOS inhibitors abolished these effects. IPostC recovered nNOS activity and arginase expression. IPostC also increased AMP kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and alleviated oxidative stress, and nNOS and AMPK inhibition abolished these effects. IPostC increased nitrotyrosine production in the cytosol but decreased it in mitochondria. Enhanced phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, normalized SR function and decreased Ca2+ overload were observed following the recovery of nNOS activity, and nNOS inhibition abolished these effects. Similar effects of IPostC were demonstrated in cardiomyocytes in vitro. IPostC decreased oxidative stress partially by regulating uncoupled nNOS and the nNOS/AMPK/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha/superoxide dismutase axis, and improved SR function through increasing SR Ca2+ load. These results suggest that IPostC protected hearts against I/R injury via an nNOS-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - S Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Natarajan K, Abraham P. Methotrexate administration induces differential and selective protein tyrosine nitration and cysteine nitrosylation in the subcellular organelles of the small intestinal mucosa of rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 251:45-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Injury and Protective Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8254942. [PMID: 27200148 PMCID: PMC4856919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8254942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart represents a major health burden mainly associated with acute coronary syndromes. While timely coronary reperfusion has become the established routine therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, the restoration of blood flow into the previously ischaemic area is always accompanied by myocardial injury. The central mechanism involved in this phenomenon is represented by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides their harmful role when highly generated during early reperfusion, minimal ROS formation during ischaemia and/or at reperfusion is critical for the redox signaling of cardioprotection. In the past decades, mitochondria have emerged as the major source of ROS as well as a critical target for cardioprotective strategies at reperfusion. Mitochondria dysfunction associated with I/R myocardial injury is further described and ultimately analyzed with respect to its role as source of both deleterious and beneficial ROS. Furthermore, the contribution of ROS in the highly investigated field of conditioning strategies is analyzed. In the end, the vascular sources of mitochondria-derived ROS are briefly reviewed.
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The Dual Function of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Bioenergetics and Cell Death: The Role of ATP Synthase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3869610. [PMID: 27034734 PMCID: PMC4806282 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3869610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) targeting mitochondria are major causative factors in disease pathogenesis. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) is a mega-channel modulated by calcium and ROS/RNS modifications and it has been described to play a crucial role in many pathophysiological events since prolonged channel opening causes cell death. The recent identification that dimers of ATP synthase form the PTP and the fact that posttranslational modifications caused by ROS/RNS also affect cellular bioenergetics through the modulation of ATP synthase catalysis reveal a dual function of these modifications in the cells. Here, we describe mitochondria as a major site of production and as a target of ROS/RNS and discuss the pathophysiological conditions in which oxidative and nitrosative modifications modulate the catalytic and pore-forming activities of ATP synthase.
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Cong W, Ruan D, Xuan Y, Niu C, Tao Y, Wang Y, Zhan K, Cai L, Jin L, Tan Y. Cardiac-specific overexpression of catalase prevents diabetes-induced pathological changes by inhibiting NF-κB signaling activation in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:314-25. [PMID: 26456065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme that specifically catabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overexpression of catalase via a heart-specific promoter (CAT-TG) was reported to reduce diabetes-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further prevent diabetes-induced pathological abnormalities, including cardiac structural derangement and left ventricular abnormity in mice. However, the mechanism by which catalase overexpression protects heart function remains unclear. This study found that activation of a ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway was downregulated in hearts of diabetic mice overexpressing catalase. In addition, catalase overexpression inhibited the significant increase in nitration levels of key enzymes involved in energy metabolism, including α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (α-KGD) and ATP synthase α and β subunits (ATP-α and ATP-β). To assess the effects of the NF-κB pathway activation on heart function, Bay11-7082, an inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, was injected into diabetic mice, protecting mice against the development of cardiac damage and increased nitrative modifications of key enzymes involved in energy metabolism. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that catalase protects mouse hearts against diabetic cardiomyopathy, partially by suppressing NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses and associated protein nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Dandan Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China; The Health Examination Center, the 117th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou 310013, PR China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Chao Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Youli Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Kungao Zhan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Lu Cai
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
| | - Yi Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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Varga ZV, Ferdinandy P, Liaudet L, Pacher P. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1453-67. [PMID: 26386112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00554.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria has an essential role in myocardial tissue homeostasis; thus deterioration in mitochondrial function eventually leads to cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell death and consequent cardiovascular dysfunction. Several chemical compounds and drugs have been known to directly or indirectly modulate cardiac mitochondrial function, which can account both for the toxicological and pharmacological properties of these substances. In many cases, toxicity problems appear only in the presence of additional cardiovascular disease conditions or develop months/years following the exposure, making the diagnosis difficult. Cardiotoxic agents affecting mitochondria include several widely used anticancer drugs [anthracyclines (Doxorubicin/Adriamycin), cisplatin, trastuzumab (Herceptin), arsenic trioxide (Trisenox), mitoxantrone (Novantrone), imatinib (Gleevec), bevacizumab (Avastin), sunitinib (Sutent), and sorafenib (Nevaxar)], antiviral compound azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) and several oral antidiabetics [e.g., rosiglitazone (Avandia)]. Illicit drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, and synthetic cannabinoids (spice, K2) may also induce mitochondria-related cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial toxicity develops due to various mechanisms involving interference with the mitochondrial respiratory chain (e.g., uncoupling) or inhibition of the important mitochondrial enzymes (oxidative phosphorylation, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle, mitochondrial DNA replication, ADP/ATP translocator). The final phase of mitochondrial dysfunction induces loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in mitochondrial oxidative/nitrative stress, eventually culminating into cell death. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of mitochondrion-mediated cardiotoxicity of commonly used drugs and some potential cardioprotective strategies to prevent these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland; Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary; and
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine BH 08-621-University Hospital Medical Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland;
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Bernardi P, Di Lisa F, Fogolari F, Lippe G. From ATP to PTP and Back: A Dual Function for the Mitochondrial ATP Synthase. Circ Res 2015; 116:1850-62. [PMID: 25999424 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria not only play a fundamental role in heart physiology but are also key effectors of dysfunction and death. This dual role assumes a new meaning after recent advances on the nature and regulation of the permeability transition pore, an inner membrane channel whose opening requires matrix Ca(2+) and is modulated by many effectors including reactive oxygen species, matrix cyclophilin D, Pi (inorganic phosphate), and matrix pH. The recent demonstration that the F-ATP synthase can reversibly undergo a Ca(2+)-dependent transition to form a channel that mediates the permeability transition opens new perspectives to the field. These findings demand a reassessment of the modifications of F-ATP synthase that take place in the heart under pathological conditions and of their potential role in determining the transition of F-ATP synthase from and energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (P.B., F.D.L.); and Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (F.F) and Department of Food Science (G.L.), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (P.B., F.D.L.); and Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (F.F) and Department of Food Science (G.L.), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Fogolari
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (P.B., F.D.L.); and Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (F.F) and Department of Food Science (G.L.), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (P.B., F.D.L.); and Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (F.F) and Department of Food Science (G.L.), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Waltz P, Escobar D, Botero AM, Zuckerbraun BS. Nitrate/Nitrite as Critical Mediators to Limit Oxidative Injury and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:328-39. [PMID: 26140517 PMCID: PMC4692126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical signaling molecule marked by complex chemistry and varied biological responses depending on the context of the redox environment. In the setting of inflammation, NO can not only contribute to tissue injury and be causative of oxidative damage but can also signal as an adaptive molecule to limit inflammatory signaling in multiple cell types and tissues. RECENT ADVANCES An advance in our understanding of NO biology was the recognition of the nitrate-nitrite-NO axis, whereby nitrate (predominantly from dietary sources) could be converted to nitrite and nitrite could be reduced to NO. CRITICAL ISSUES Intriguingly, the recognition of multiple enzymes that serve as nitrite reductases in the setting of hypoxia or ischemia established the concept of nitrite as a circulating endocrine reservoir of NO, with the selective release of NO at sites that were primed for this reaction. This review highlights the anti-inflammatory roles of nitrite in numerous clinical conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion, transplant, cardiac arrest, and vascular injury, and in gastrointestinal inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These preclinical and clinical investigations set up further clinical trials and studies that elucidate the endogenous role this pathway plays in protection against inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Waltz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Escobar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana Maria Botero
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian S. Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Autophagy of mitochondria: a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:707-19. [PMID: 24807843 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The autophagic process is the only known mechanism for mitochondrial turnover and it has been speculated that dysfunction of autophagy may result in mitochondrial error and cellular stress. Emerging investigations have provided new understanding of how autophagy of mitochondria (also known as mitophagy) is associated with cellular oxidative stress and its impact on neurodegeneration. This impaired autophagic function may be considered as a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington disease. It can be suggested that autophagy dysfunction along with oxidative stress is considered main events in neurodegenerative disorders. New therapeutic approaches have now begun to target mitochondria as a potential drug target. This review discusses evidence supporting the notion that oxidative stress and autophagy are intimately associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. This review also explores new approaches that can prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, improve neurodegenerative etiology, and also offer possible cures to the aforementioned neurodegenerative diseases.
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Houée-Lévin C, Bobrowski K, Horakova L, Karademir B, Schöneich C, Davies MJ, Spickett CM. Exploring oxidative modifications of tyrosine: An update on mechanisms of formation, advances in analysis and biological consequences. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:347-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1007968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Yeo WS, Kim YJ, Kabir MH, Kang JW, Ahsan-Ul-Bari M, Kim KP. Mass spectrometric analysis of protein tyrosine nitration in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:166-183. [PMID: 24889964 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the significance of protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) in signal transduction pathways, the progress achieved in analytical methods, and the implication of nitration in the cellular pathophysiology of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Although mass spectrometry of nitrated peptides has become a powerful tool for the characterization of nitrated peptides, the low stoichiometry of this modification clearly necessitates the use of affinity chromatography to enrich modified peptides. Analysis of nitropeptides involves identification of endogenous, intact modification as well as chemical conversion of the nitro group to a chemically reactive amine group and further modifications that enable affinity capture and enhance detectability by altering molecular properties. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in chemical derivatization of nitropeptides for enrichment and mass analysis, and for detection and quantification using various analytical tools. PTN participates in physiological processes, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine has been found to occur during the aging process; this was identified through mass spectrometry. Further, there are several studies implicating the presence of nitrated tyrosine in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Chang CF, Diers AR, Hogg N. Cancer cell metabolism and the modulating effects of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:324-36. [PMID: 25464273 PMCID: PMC5275750 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered metabolic phenotype has been recognized as a hallmark of tumor cells for many years, but this aspect of the cancer phenotype has come into greater focus in recent years. NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase of iNOS) has been implicated as a component in many aggressive tumor phenotypes, including melanoma, glioblastoma, and breast cancer. Nitric oxide has been well established as a modulator of cellular bioenergetics pathways, in many ways similar to the alteration of cellular metabolism observed in aggressive tumors. In this review we attempt to bring these concepts together with the general hypothesis that one function of NOS2 and NO in cancer is to modulate metabolic processes to facilitate increased tumor aggression. There are many mechanisms by which NO can modulate tumor metabolism, including direct inhibition of respiration, alterations in mitochondrial mass, oxidative inhibition of bioenergetic enzymes, and the stimulation of secondary signaling pathways. Here we review metabolic alterations in the context of cancer cells and discuss the role of NO as a potential mediator of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Anne R Diers
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Neil Hogg
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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37
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Ng JY, Wong JWH. Bioorthogonal labelling of 3-nitrotyrosine in peptides and proteins through diazotisation mediated azidation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:374-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A bioorthogonal method of transforming 3-nitrotyrosine to 3-azidotyrosine is described, providing new opportunities to study 3-nitrotyrosine in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y. Ng
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School
- UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jason W. H. Wong
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School
- UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
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38
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Yang M, Stowe DF, Udoh KB, Heisner JS, Camara AKS. Reversible blockade of complex I or inhibition of PKCβ reduces activation and mitochondria translocation of p66Shc to preserve cardiac function after ischemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113534. [PMID: 25436907 PMCID: PMC4250075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) play a vital role in cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. P66Shc, a splice variant of the ShcA adaptor protein family, enhances mROS production by oxidizing reduced cytochrome c to yield H2O2. Ablation of p66Shc protects against IR injury, but it is unknown if and when p66Shc is activated during cardiac ischemia and/or reperfusion and if attenuating complex I electron transfer or deactivating PKCβ alters p66Shc activation during IR is associated with cardioprotection. Methods Isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused and subjected to increasing periods of ischemia and reperfusion with or without amobarbital, a complex I blocker, or hispidin, a PKCβ inhibitor. Phosphorylation of p66Shc at serine 36 and levels of p66Shc in mitochondria and cytosol were measured. Cardiac functional variables and redox states were monitored online before, during and after ischemia. Infarct size was assessed in some hearts after 120 min reperfusion. Results Phosphorylation of p66Shc and its translocation into mitochondria increased during reperfusion after 20 and 30 min ischemia, but not during ischemia only, or during 5 or 10 min ischemia followed by 20 min reperfusion. Correspondingly, cytosolic p66Shc levels decreased during these ischemia and reperfusion periods. Amobarbital or hispidin reduced phosphorylation of p66Shc and its mitochondrial translocation induced by 30 min ischemia and 20 min reperfusion. Decreased phosphorylation of p66Shc by amobarbital or hispidin led to better functional recovery and less infarction during reperfusion. Conclusion Our results show that IR activates p66Shc and that reversible blockade of electron transfer from complex I, or inhibition of PKCβ activation, decreases p66Shc activation and translocation and reduces IR damage. These observations support a novel potential therapeutic intervention against cardiac IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - David F Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Research Service, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Kenechukwu B Udoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - James S Heisner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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Agarwal B, Stowe DF, Dash RK, Bosnjak ZJ, Camara AKS. Mitochondrial targets for volatile anesthetics against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2014; 5:341. [PMID: 25278902 PMCID: PMC4165278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical modulators of cell function and are increasingly recognized as proximal sensors and effectors that ultimately determine the balance between cell survival and cell death. Volatile anesthetics (VA) are long known for their cardioprotective effects, as demonstrated by improved mitochondrial and cellular functions, and by reduced necrotic and apoptotic cell death during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. The molecular mechanisms by which VA impart cardioprotection are still poorly understood. Because of the emerging role of mitochondria as therapeutic targets in diseases, including ischemic heart disease, it is important to know if VA-induced cytoprotective mechanisms are mediated at the mitochondrial level. In recent years, considerable evidence points to direct effects of VA on mitochondrial channel/transporter protein functions and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes as potential targets in mediating cardioprotection. This review furnishes an integrated overview of targets that VA impart on mitochondrial channels/transporters and ETC proteins that could provide a basis for cation regulation and homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission in redox signaling for cardiac cell protection during IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Agarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David F. Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Zablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zeljko J. Bosnjak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
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Peinado MÁ, Hernández R, Peragón J, Ovelleiro D, Pedrosa JÁ, Blanco S. Proteomic characterization of nitrated cell targets after hypobaric hypoxia and reoxygenation in rat brain. J Proteomics 2014; 109:309-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jayakumari NR, Reghuvaran AC, Rajendran RS, Pillai VV, Karunakaran J, Sreelatha HV, Gopala S. Are nitric oxide-mediated protein modifications of functional significance in diabetic heart? ye'S, -NO', wh'Y-NO't? Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:35-44. [PMID: 25153035 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein modifications effected by nitric oxide (NO) primarily in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) include tyrosine nitration, cysteine S-nitrosylation, and glutathionylation. The physiological and pathological relevance of these three modifications is determined by the amino acids on which these modifications occur -cysteine and tyrosine, for instance, ranging from altering structural integrity/catalytic activity of proteins or by altering propensity towards protein degradation. Even though tyrosine nitration is a well-established nitroxidative stress marker, instilled as a footprint of oxygen- and nitrogen-derived oxidants, newer data suggest its wider role in embryonic heart development and substantiate the need to focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of reversibility and specificity of tyrosine nitration. S-nitrosylation is a covalent modification in specific cysteine residues of proteins and is suggested as one of the ways in which NO contributes to its ubiquitous signalling. Several sensitive and specific techniques including biotin switch assay and mass spectrometry based analysis make it possible to identify a large number of these modified proteins, and provide a great deal of potential S-nitrosylation sites. The number of studies that have documented nitrated proteins in diabetic heart is relatively much less compared to what has been published in the normal physiology and other cardiac pathologies. Nevertheless, elucidation of nitrated proteome of diabetic heart has revealed the presence of many mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins of functional importance. But, the existence of different models of diabetes and analyses at diverse stages of this disease have impeded scientists from gaining insights that would be essential to understand the cardiac complications during diabetes. This review summarizes NO mediated protein modifications documented in normal and abnormal heart physiology including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ravikumar Jayakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Anand Chellappan Reghuvaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Raji Sasikala Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Vivek Velayudhan Pillai
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Jayakumar Karunakaran
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Harikrishnan Vijayakumar Sreelatha
- Division of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India.
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Tsikas D, Duncan MW. Mass spectrometry and 3-nitrotyrosine: strategies, controversies, and our current perspective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:237-76. [PMID: 24167057 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive-nitrogen species (RNS) such as peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), that is, the reaction product of nitric oxide ((•)NO) and superoxide (O2(-•)), nitryl chloride (NO2Cl) and (•)NO2 react with the activated aromatic ring of tyrosine to form 3-nitrotyrosine. This modification, which has been known for more than a century, occurs to both the free form of the amino acid (i.e., soluble/free tyrosine) and to tyrosine residues covalently bound within the backbone of peptides and proteins. Nitration of tyrosine is thought to be of biological significance and has been linked to health and disease, but determining its role has proved challenging. Several key questions have been the focus of much of the research activity: (a) to what extent is free/soluble tyrosine nitrated in biological tissues and fluids, and (b) are there specific site(s) of nitration within peptides/proteins and to what extent (i.e., stoichiometry) does this modification occur? These issues have been addressed in a wide range of sample types (e.g., blood, urine, CSF, exhaled breath condensate and various tissues) and a diverse array of physiological/pathophysiological scenarios. The accurate determination of nitrated tyrosine is, however, a stumbling block. Despite extensive study, the extent to which nitration occurs in vivo, the specificity of the nitration reaction, and its importance in health and disease, remain unclear. In this review, we highlight the analytical challenges and discuss the approaches adopted to address them. Mass spectrometry, in combination with either gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS), has played the central role in the analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine and tyrosine-nitrated biological macromolecules. We discuss its unique attributes and highlight the role of stable-isotope labeled 3-nitrotyrosine analogs in both accurate quantification, and in helping to define the biological relevance of tyrosine nitration. We show that the application of sophisticated mass spectrometric techniques is advantageous if not essential, but that this alone is by no means a guarantee of accurate findings. We discuss the important analytical challenges in quantifying 3-nitrotyrosine, possible workarounds, and we attempt to make sense of the disparate findings that have been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kalogeris T, Bao Y, Korthuis RJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a double edged sword in ischemia/reperfusion vs preconditioning. Redox Biol 2014; 2:702-14. [PMID: 24944913 PMCID: PMC4060303 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the blood supply produce considerable injury if the duration of ischemia is prolonged. Paradoxically, restoration of perfusion to ischemic organs can exacerbate tissue damage and extend the size of an evolving infarct. Being highly metabolic organs, the heart and brain are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). While the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to I/R-induced tissue injury and infarction are multifactorial, the relative importance of each contributing factor remains unclear. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria plays a critical role in damaging cellular components and initiating cell death. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms whereby mitochondrial ROS generation occurs in I/R and contributes to myocardial infarction and stroke. In addition, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to participate in preconditioning by several pharmacologic agents that target potassium channels (e.g., ATP-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels or large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (mBKCa) channels) to activate cell survival programs that render tissues and organs more resistant to the deleterious effects of I/R. Finally, we review novel therapeutic approaches that selectively target mROS production to reduce postischemic tissue injury, which may prove efficacious in limiting myocardial dysfunction and infarction and abrogating neurocognitive deficits and neuronal cell death in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Yimin Bao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
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Peng J, Zeng J, Cai B, Yang H, Cohen MJ, Chen W, Sun MW, Lu CD, Jiang H. Establishment of quantitative severity evaluation model for spinal cord injury by metabolomic fingerprinting. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93736. [PMID: 24727691 PMCID: PMC3984092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with a limited hope for recovery and represents an enormous public health issue. It is crucial to understand the disturbances in the metabolic network after SCI to identify injury mechanisms and opportunities for treatment intervention. Through plasma 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) screening, we identified 15 metabolites that made up an "Eigen-metabolome" capable of distinguishing rats with severe SCI from healthy control rats. Forty enzymes regulated these 15 metabolites in the metabolic network. We also found that 16 metabolites regulated by 130 enzymes in the metabolic network impacted neurobehavioral recovery. Using the Eigen-metabolome, we established a linear discrimination model to cluster rats with severe and mild SCI and control rats into separate groups and identify the interactive relationships between metabolic biomarkers in the global metabolic network. We identified 10 clusters in the global metabolic network and defined them as distinct metabolic disturbance domains of SCI. Metabolic paths such as retinal, glycerophospholipid, arachidonic acid metabolism; NAD-NADPH conversion process, tyrosine metabolism, and cadaverine and putrescine metabolism were included. In summary, we presented a novel interdisciplinary method that integrates metabolomics and global metabolic network analysis to visualize metabolic network disturbances after SCI. Our study demonstrated the systems biological study paradigm that integration of 1H-NMR, metabolomics, and global metabolic network analysis is useful to visualize complex metabolic disturbances after severe SCI. Furthermore, our findings may provide a new quantitative injury severity evaluation model for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Peng
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Zeng
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Computational Mathematics and Biostatistics, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mitchell Jay Cohen
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Sun
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Charles Damien Lu
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Program for Computational Biology, Systems Biology, and Translational Research, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Computational Mathematics and Biostatistics, Metabolomics and Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Trauma Research, Institute for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as an important mechanism of disease and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Under basal or pathological conditions, electron leakage for ROS production is primarily mediated by the electron transport chain and the proton motive force consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors controlling ROS production in the mitochondria include flavin mononucleotide and flavin mononucleotide-binding domain of complex I, ubisemiquinone and quinone-binding domain of complex I, flavin adenine nucleotide-binding moiety and quinone-binding pocket of complex II, and unstable semiquinone mediated by the Q cycle of complex III. In mitochondrial complex I, specific cysteinyl redox domains modulate ROS production from the flavin mononucleotide moiety and iron-sulfur clusters. In the cardiovascular system, mitochondrial ROS have been linked to mediating the physiological effects of metabolic dilation and preconditioning-like mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation. Furthermore, oxidative post-translational modification by glutathione in complex I and complex II has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, protein-protein interactions, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, increase mitochondrial ROS production via oxidative injury of complexes I and II and superoxide anion radical-induced hydroxyl radical production by aconitase. Further insight into cellular mechanisms by which specific redox post-translational modifications regulate ROS production in the mitochondria will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and identify new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Renn Chen
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH (Y.-R.C); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (J.L.Z.)
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Cong W, Zhao T, Zhu Z, Huang B, Ma W, Wang Y, Tan Y, Chakrabarti S, Li X, Jin L, Cai L. Metallothionein prevents cardiac pathological changes in diabetes by modulating nitration and inactivation of cardiac ATP synthase. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:463-74. [PMID: 24629910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP production is the main energy source for the cell. Diabetes reduces the efficient generation of ATP, possibly due to the inactivation of ATP synthase. However, the exact mechanism by which diabetes induces inactivation of ATP synthase remains unknown, as well as whether such inactivation has a role in the development of pathological abnormalities of the diabetic heart. To address these issues, we used cardiac metallothionein-transgenic (MT-TG) and wild-type (WT) mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, since we have demonstrated previously that diabetes-induced cardiac damage and remodeling were found in WT diabetic mice, but not in MT-TG diabetic mice. Immunohistochemical and biochemical assays were used to compare pathological and biochemical changes of the heart between MT-TG and WT diabetic mice, and a proteomic assay to evaluate ATP synthase expression and tyrosine nitration, with its activity. LC/MS analysis revealed that diabetes increased tyrosine nitration of the ATP synthase α subunit at Tyr(271), Tyr(311), and Tyr(476), and the β subunit at Tyr(269) and Tyr(508), and also significantly reduced ATP synthase activity by ~32%. These changes were not observed in MT-TG diabetic mice. Furthermore, parallel experiments with induced expression of cardiac MT by zinc supplementation in diabetic mice produced similar effects. These results suggest that MT can preserve ATP synthase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, probably through the inhibition of ATP synthase nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Cong
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weide Ma
- Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute (KCHRI), Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Litai Jin
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute (KCHRI), Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Ullrich V, Schildknecht S. Sensing hypoxia by mitochondria: a unifying hypothesis involving S-nitrosation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:325-38. [PMID: 22793377 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sudden hypoxia requires a rapid response in tissues with high energy demand. Mitochondria are rapid sensors for a lack of oxygen, but no consistent mechanism for the sensing process and the subsequent counter-regulation has been described. RECENT ADVANCES In the present hypothesis review, we suggest an oxygen-sensing mechanism by mitochondria that is initiated at low oxygen tension by electrons from the respiratory chain, leading to the reduction of intracellular nitrite to nitric oxide ((•)NO) that would subsequently compete with oxygen for binding to cytochrome c oxidase. This allows superoxide ((•)O2(-)) formation in hypoxic areas, leading to S-nitrosation and the inhibition of mitochondrial Krebs cycle enzymes. With more formation of (•)O2(-), peroxynitrite is generated and known to damage the connection between the mitochondrial matrix and the outer membrane. CRITICAL ISSUES A fundamental question on a regulatory mechanism is its reversibility. Readmission of oxygen and opening of the mitochondrial KATP-channel would allow electrons from glycerol-3-phosphate to selectively reduce the ubiquinone pool to generate (•)O2(-) at both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. On the cytosolic side, superoxide is dismutated and will support H2O2/Fe(2+)-dependent transcription processes and on the mitochondrial matrix side, it could lead to the one-electron reduction and reactivation of S-nitrosated proteins. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It remains to be elucidated up to which stage the herein proposed silencing of mitochondria remains reversible and when irreversible changes that ultimately lead to classical reperfusion injury are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Ullrich
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
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Mailloux RJ, Jin X, Willmore WG. Redox regulation of mitochondrial function with emphasis on cysteine oxidation reactions. Redox Biol 2013; 2:123-39. [PMID: 24455476 PMCID: PMC3895620 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have a myriad of essential functions including metabolism and apoptosis. These chief functions are reliant on electron transfer reactions and the production of ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production of ATP and ROS are intimately linked to the electron transport chain (ETC). Electrons from nutrients are passed through the ETC via a series of acceptor and donor molecules to the terminal electron acceptor molecular oxygen (O2) which ultimately drives the synthesis of ATP. Electron transfer through the respiratory chain and nutrient oxidation also produces ROS. At high enough concentrations ROS can activate mitochondrial apoptotic machinery which ultimately leads to cell death. However, if maintained at low enough concentrations ROS can serve as important signaling molecules. Various regulatory mechanisms converge upon mitochondria to modulate ATP synthesis and ROS production. Given that mitochondrial function depends on redox reactions, it is important to consider how redox signals modulate mitochondrial processes. Here, we provide the first comprehensive review on how redox signals mediated through cysteine oxidation, namely S-oxidation (sulfenylation, sulfinylation), S-glutathionylation, and S-nitrosylation, regulate key mitochondrial functions including nutrient oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, ROS production, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), apoptosis, and mitochondrial fission and fusion. We also consider the chemistry behind these reactions and how they are modulated in mitochondria. In addition, we also discuss emerging knowledge on disorders and disease states that are associated with deregulated redox signaling in mitochondria and how mitochondria-targeted medicines can be utilized to restore mitochondrial redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Mailloux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - William G. Willmore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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Gorenkova N, Robinson E, Grieve DJ, Galkin A. Conformational change of mitochondrial complex I increases ROS sensitivity during ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1459-68. [PMID: 23419200 PMCID: PMC3797456 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cardiomyocyte death. The generation of excessive quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant damage to mitochondrial enzymes is considered an important mechanism underlying reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial complex I can exist in two interconvertible states: active (A) and deactive or dormant (D). We have studied the active/deactive (A/D) equilibrium in several tissues under ischemic conditions in vivo and investigated the sensitivity of both forms of the heart enzyme to ROS. RESULTS We found that in the heart, t½ of complex I deactivation during ischemia was 10 min, and that reperfusion resulted in the return of A/D equilibrium to its initial level. The rate of superoxide generation by complex I was higher in ischemic samples where content of the D-form was higher. Only the D-form was susceptible to inhibition by H2O2 or superoxide, whereas turnover-dependent activation of the enzyme resulted in formation of the A-form, which was much less sensitive to ROS. The mitochondrial-encoded subunit ND3, most likely responsible for the sensitivity of the D-form to ROS, was identified by redox difference gel electrophoresis. INNOVATION A combined in vivo and biochemical approach suggests that sensitivity of the mitochondrial system to ROS during myocardial I/R can be significantly affected by the conformational state of complex I, which may therefore represent a new therapeutic target in this setting. CONCLUSION The presented data suggest that transition of complex I into the D-form in the absence of oxygen may represent a key event in promoting cardiac injury during I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gorenkova
- 1 Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, United Kingdom
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Derochette S, Vanderplasschen A, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Effect of myeloperoxidase and anoxia/reoxygenation on mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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