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Ferguson DT, Taka E, Messeha S, Flores-Rozas H, Reed SL, Redmond BV, Soliman KFA, Kanga KJW, Darling-Reed SF. The Garlic Compound, Diallyl Trisulfide, Attenuates Benzo[a]Pyrene-Induced Precancerous Effect through Its Antioxidant Effect, AhR Inhibition, and Increased DNA Repair in Human Breast Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:300. [PMID: 38276538 PMCID: PMC10819007 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to B[a]P, the most characterized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, significantly increases breast cancer risk. Our lab has previously reported that diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a garlic organosulfur compound (OSC) with chemopreventive and cell cycle arrest properties, reduces lipid peroxides and DNA damage in normal breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of DATS to block the B[a]P-induced initiation of carcinogenesis in MCF-10A cells by examining changes in proliferation, clonogenic formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, and protein expression of ARNT/HIF-1β, CYP1A1, and DNA POLβ. The study results indicate that B[a]P increased proliferation, clonogenic formation, ROS formation, and 8-OHdG levels, as well as increasing the protein expression of ARNT/HIF-1β and CYP1A1 compared to the control. Conversely, DATS/B[a]P co-treatment (CoTx) inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenic formation, ROS formation, and 8-OHdG levels compared to B[a]P alone. Treatment with DATS significantly inhibited (p < 0.0001) AhR expression, implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. The CoTx also attenuated all the above-mentioned B[a]P-induced changes in protein expression. At the same time, it increased DNA POLβ protein expression, which indicates increased DNA repair, thus causing a chemopreventive effect. These results provide evidence for the chemopreventive effects of DATS in breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique T. Ferguson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Equar Taka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Samia Messeha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Hernan Flores-Rozas
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Sarah L. Reed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Bryan V. Redmond
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Konan J. W. Kanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Selina F. Darling-Reed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.M.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
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Ferguson DT, Taka E, Tilghman SL, Womble T, Redmond BV, Gedeon S, Flores-Rozas H, Reed SL, Soliman KFA, Kanga KJW, Darling-Reed SF. The Anticancer Effects of the Garlic Organosulfide Diallyl Trisulfide through the Attenuation of B[a]P-Induced Oxidative Stress, AhR Expression, and DNA Damage in Human Premalignant Breast Epithelial (MCF-10AT1) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:923. [PMID: 38255999 PMCID: PMC10815401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the most characterized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon associated with breast cancer. Our lab previously reported that the organosulfur compound (OSC), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), chemoprevention mechanism works through the induction of cell cycle arrest and a reduction in oxidative stress and DNA damage in normal breast epithelial cells. We hypothesize that DATS will inhibit B[a]P-induced cancer initiation in premalignant breast epithelial (MCF-10AT1) cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of DATS to attenuate B[a]P-induced neoplastic transformation in MCF-10AT1 cells by measuring biological endpoints such as proliferation, clonogenicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) DNA damage levels, as well as DNA repair and antioxidant proteins. The results indicate that B[a]P induced proliferation, clonogenic formation, ROS formation, and 8-OHdG levels, as well as increasing AhR, ARNT/HIF-1β, and CYP1A1 protein expression compared with the control in MCF-10AT1 cells. B[a]P/DATS's co-treatment (CoTx) inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenic formation, ROS formation, AhR protein expression, and 8-OHdG levels compared with B[a]P alone and attenuated all the above-mentioned B[a]P-induced changes in protein expression, causing a chemopreventive effect. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that DATS prevents premalignant breast cells from undergoing B[a]P-induced neoplastic transformation, thus providing more evidence for its chemopreventive effects in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique T. Ferguson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Equar Taka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Syreeta L. Tilghman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Tracy Womble
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Bryan V. Redmond
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Shasline Gedeon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Hernan Flores-Rozas
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Sarah L. Reed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
| | - Konan J. W. Kanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Selina F. Darling-Reed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (D.T.F.); (E.T.); (S.L.T.); (T.W.); (S.G.); (H.F.-R.); (S.L.R.); (K.F.A.S.)
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3
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Elias M, Guan X, Hudson D, Bose R, Kwak J, Petrounia I, Touah K, Mansour S, Yue P, Errasti G, Delacroix T, Ghosh A, Chakrabarti R. Evolution of Organic Solvent-Resistant DNA Polymerases. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3170-3188. [PMID: 37611245 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of thermostable polymerases revolutionized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biotechnology. However, many GC-rich genes cannot be PCR-amplified with high efficiency in water, irrespective of temperature. Although polar organic cosolvents can enhance nucleic acid polymerization and amplification by destabilizing duplex DNA and secondary structures, nature has not selected for the evolution of solvent-tolerant polymerase enzymes. Here, we used ultrahigh-throughput droplet-based selection and deep sequencing along with computational free-energy and binding affinity calculations to evolve Taq polymerase to generate enzymes that are both stable and highly active in the presence of organic cosolvents, resulting in up to 10% solvent resistance and over 100-fold increase in stability at 97.5 °C in the presence of 1,4-butanediol, as well as tolerance to up to 10 times higher concentrations of the potent cosolvents sulfolane and 2-pyrrolidone. Using these polymerases, we successfully amplified a broad spectrum of GC-rich templates containing regions with over 90% GC content, including templates recalcitrant to amplification with existing polymerases, even in the presence of cosolvents. We also demonstrated dramatically reduced GC bias in the amplification of genes with widely varying GC content in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). By expanding the scope of solvent systems compatible with nucleic acid polymerization, these organic solvent-resistant polymerases enable a dramatic reduction of sequence bias not achievable through thermal resistance alone, with significant implications for a wide range of applications including sequencing and synthetic biology in mixed aqueous-organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elias
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Xiangying Guan
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Devin Hudson
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Rahul Bose
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Joon Kwak
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Ioanna Petrounia
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Kenza Touah
- Center for Protein Engineering & Drug Discovery, PMC Isochem SAS, 32 Rue Lavoisier, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France
| | - Sourour Mansour
- Center for Protein Engineering & Drug Discovery, PMC Isochem SAS, 32 Rue Lavoisier, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France
| | - Peng Yue
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
| | - Gauthier Errasti
- Center for Protein Engineering & Drug Discovery, PMC Isochem SAS, 32 Rue Lavoisier, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France
| | - Thomas Delacroix
- Center for Protein Engineering & Drug Discovery, PMC Isochem SAS, 32 Rue Lavoisier, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France
| | - Anisha Ghosh
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
- McGill University, 845 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Raj Chakrabarti
- Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Suite 110, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, United States
- Center for Protein Engineering & Drug Discovery, PMC Isochem SAS, 32 Rue Lavoisier, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France
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Cerqueira PG, Meyer D, Zhang L, Mallory B, Liu J, Hua Fu BX, Zhang X, Heyer WD. Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase IV overcomes Rad51 inhibition of DNA polymerase δ in Rad52-mediated direct-repeat recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5547-5564. [PMID: 37070185 PMCID: PMC10287921 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase IV (Pol4) like its homolog, human DNA polymerase lambda (Polλ), is involved in Non-Homologous End-Joining and Microhomology-Mediated Repair. Using genetic analysis, we identified an additional role of Pol4 also in homology-directed DNA repair, specifically in Rad52-dependent/Rad51-independent direct-repeat recombination. Our results reveal that the requirement for Pol4 in repeat recombination was suppressed by the absence of Rad51, suggesting that Pol4 counteracts the Rad51 inhibition of Rad52-mediated repeat recombination events. Using purified proteins and model substrates, we reconstituted in vitro reactions emulating DNA synthesis during direct-repeat recombination and show that Rad51 directly inhibits Polδ DNA synthesis. Interestingly, although Pol4 was not capable of performing extensive DNA synthesis by itself, it aided Polδ in overcoming the DNA synthesis inhibition by Rad51. In addition, Pol4 dependency and stimulation of Polδ DNA synthesis in the presence of Rad51 occurred in reactions containing Rad52 and RPA where DNA strand-annealing was necessary. Mechanistically, yeast Pol4 displaces Rad51 from ssDNA independent of DNA synthesis. Together our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that Rad51 suppresses Rad52-dependent/Rad51-independent direct-repeat recombination by binding to the primer-template and that Rad51 removal by Pol4 is critical for strand-annealing dependent DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Cerqueira
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Damon Meyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Lilin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Benjamin Mallory
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Becky Xu Hua Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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DNA double-strand break repair machinery in Penaeid crustaceans: A focus on the Non-Homologous End-Joining pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 264:110803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang G, He C, Zou J, Liu J, Du Y, Chen T. Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA with an Expanded Genetic Alphabet Using Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4142-4155. [PMID: 36455255 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Development of unnatural base pairs (UBPs) has significantly expanded the genetic alphabet both in vitro and in vivo and led to numerous potential applications in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry. Efficient synthesis of oligonucleotides containing unnatural nucleobases is undoubtedly an essential prerequisite for making full use of the UBPs, and de novo synthesis of oligonucleotides with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases (TdTs) has emerged as a method of great potential to overcome limitations of traditional solid-phase synthesis. Herein, we report the efficient template-independent incorporation of nucleotides of unnatural nucleobases dTPT3 and dNaM, which have been designed to make one of the most successful UBPs to date, dTPT3-dNaM, into DNA oligonucleotides with a TdT enzyme under optimized conditions. We also demonstrate the efficient TdT incorporation of dTPT3 derivatives with different functional linkers into oligonucleotides for orthogonal labeling of nucleic acids and applications thereof. The development of a method for the daily laboratory preparation of DNAs with UBPs at arbitrary sites with the assistance of TdT is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Wang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chuanping He
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Zou
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiayun Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Du
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tingjian Chen
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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8
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Structural and Molecular Kinetic Features of Activities of DNA Polymerases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126373. [PMID: 35742812 PMCID: PMC9224347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis during the replication, repair, and recombination of DNA. Based on phylogenetic analysis and primary protein sequences, DNA polymerases have been categorized into seven families: A, B, C, D, X, Y, and RT. This review presents generalized data on the catalytic mechanism of action of DNA polymerases. The structural features of different DNA polymerase families are described in detail. The discussion highlights the kinetics and conformational dynamics of DNA polymerases from all known polymerase families during DNA synthesis.
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9
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Prostova M, Shilkin E, Kulikova AA, Makarova A, Ryazansky S, Kulbachinskiy A. Noncanonical prokaryotic X family DNA polymerases lack polymerase activity and act as exonucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6398-6413. [PMID: 35657103 PMCID: PMC9226535 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The X family polymerases (PolXs) are specialized DNA polymerases that are found in all domains of life. While the main representatives of eukaryotic PolXs, which have dedicated functions in DNA repair, were studied in much detail, the functions and diversity of prokaryotic PolXs have remained largely unexplored. Here, by combining a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of prokaryotic PolXs and biochemical experiments involving selected recombinant enzymes, we reveal a previously unrecognized group of PolXs that seem to be lacking DNA polymerase activity. The noncanonical PolXs contain substitutions of the key catalytic residues and deletions in their polymerase and dNTP binding sites in the palm and fingers domains, but contain functional nuclease domains, similar to canonical PolXs. We demonstrate that representative noncanonical PolXs from the Deinococcus genus are indeed inactive as DNA polymerases but are highly efficient as 3'-5' exonucleases. We show that both canonical and noncanonical PolXs are often encoded together with the components of the non-homologous end joining pathway and may therefore participate in double-strand break repair, suggesting an evolutionary conservation of this PolX function. This is a remarkable example of polymerases that have lost their main polymerase activity, but retain accessory functions in DNA processing and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgeniy Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Kulikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alena Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Sergei Ryazansky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Andrey Kulbachinskiy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +7 4991960015; Fax: +7 4991960015;
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10
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Huang QY, Song D, Wang WW, Peng L, Chen HF, Xiao X, Liu XP. Mechanism Underlying the Bypass of Apurinic/Pyrimidinic Site Analogs by Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DNA Polymerase IV. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052729. [PMID: 35269871 PMCID: PMC8910976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous depurination of genomic DNA occurs frequently and generates apurinic/pyrimidinic (AP) site damage that is mutagenic or lethal to cells. Error-prone DNA polymerases are specifically responsible for the translesion synthesis (TLS) of specific DNA damage, such as AP site damage, generally with relatively low fidelity. The Y-family DNA polymerases are the main error-prone DNA polymerases, and they employ three mechanisms to perform TLS, including template-skipping, dNTP-stabilized misalignment, and misincorporation-misalignment. The bypass mechanism of the dinB homolog (Dbh), an archaeal Y-family DNA polymerase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, is unclear and needs to be confirmed. In this study, we show that the Dbh primarily uses template skipping accompanied by dNTP-stabilized misalignment to bypass AP site analogs, and the incorporation of the first nucleotide across the AP site is the most difficult. Furthermore, based on the reported crystal structures, we confirmed that three conserved residues (Y249, R333, and I295) in the little finger (LF) domain and residue K78 in the palm subdomain of the catalytic core domain are very important for TLS. These results deepen our understanding of how archaeal Y-family DNA polymerases deal with intracellular AP site damage and provide a biochemical basis for elucidating the intracellular function of these polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
| | - Dong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (X.-P.L.)
| | - Xi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.-Y.H.); (D.S.); (W.-W.W.); (L.P.); (H.-F.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (X.-P.L.)
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11
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Morcinek-Orłowska J, Zdrojewska K, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage-Encoded DNA Polymerases-Beyond the Traditional View of Polymerase Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:635. [PMID: 35054821 PMCID: PMC8775771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases are enzymes capable of synthesizing DNA. They are involved in replication of genomes of all cellular organisms as well as in processes of DNA repair and genetic recombination. However, DNA polymerases can also be encoded by viruses, including bacteriophages, and such enzymes are involved in viral DNA replication. DNA synthesizing enzymes are grouped in several families according to their structures and functions. Nevertheless, there are examples of bacteriophage-encoded DNA polymerases which are significantly different from other known enzymes capable of catalyzing synthesis of DNA. These differences are both structural and functional, indicating a huge biodiversity of bacteriophages and specific properties of their enzymes which had to evolve under certain conditions, selecting unusual properties of the enzymes which are nonetheless crucial for survival of these viruses, propagating as special kinds of obligatory parasites. In this review, we present a brief overview on DNA polymerases, and then we discuss unusual properties of different bacteriophage-encoded enzymes, such as those able to initiate DNA synthesis using the protein-priming mechanisms or even start this process without any primer, as well as able to incorporate untypical nucleotides. Apart from being extremely interesting examples of biochemical biodiversity, bacteriophage-encoded DNA polymerases can also be useful tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Morcinek-Orłowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (J.M.-O.); (K.Z.)
| | - Karolina Zdrojewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (J.M.-O.); (K.Z.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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12
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Oh JM, Myung K. Crosstalk between different DNA repair pathways for DNA double strand break repairs. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503438. [PMID: 35094810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most threatening type of DNA lesions and must be repaired properly in order to inhibit severe diseases and cell death. There are four major repair pathways for DSBs: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), single strand annealing (SSA) and alternative end joining (alt-EJ). Cells choose repair pathway depending on the cell cycle phase and the length of 3' end of the DNA when DSBs are generated. Blunt and short regions of the 5' or 3' overhang DNA are repaired by NHEJ, which uses direct ligation or limited resection processing of the broken DNA end. In contrast, HR, SSA and alt-EJ use the resected DNA generated by the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex and C-terminal binding protein interacting protein (CtIP) activated during the S and G2 phases. Here, we review recent findings on each repair pathway and the choice of repair mechanism and highlight the role of mismatch repair (MMR) protein in HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Oh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Maldonado E, Morales-Pison S, Urbina F, Solari A. Molecular and Functional Characteristics of DNA Polymerase Beta-Like Enzymes From Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670564. [PMID: 34422676 PMCID: PMC8375306 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a group of primitive unicellular eukaryotes that can cause diseases in plants, insects, animals, and humans. Kinetoplast genome integrity is key to trypanosomatid cell survival and viability. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) is usually under attack by reactive oxygen and nitric species (ROS and RNS), damaging the DNA, and the cells must remove and repair those oxidatively generated lesions in order to survive and proliferate. Base excision repair (BER) is a well-conserved pathway for DNA repair after base damage, single-base loss, and single-strand breaks, which can arise from ROS, RSN, environmental genotoxic agents, and UV irradiation. A powerful BER system has been described in the T. cruzi kinetoplast and it is mainly carried out by DNA polymerase β (pol β) and DNA polymerase β-PAK (pol β-PAK), which are kinetoplast-located in T. cruzi as well as in other trypanosomatids. Both pol β and pol β-PAK belong to the X-family of DNA polymerases (pol X family), perform BER in trypanosomatids, and display intrinsic 5-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase and DNA polymerase activities. However, only Pol β-PAK is able to carry out trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) across 8oxoG lesions. T. cruzi cells overexpressing pol β are more resistant to ROS and are also more efficient to repair 8oxoG compared to control cells. Pol β seems to play a role in kDNA replication, since it associates with kinetoplast antipodal sites in those development stages in trypanosomatids which are competent for cell replication. ROS treatment of cells induces the overexpression of pol β, indicating that plays a role in kDNA repair. In this review, we will summarize the main features of trypanosomatid minicircle kDNA replication and the biochemical characteristics of pol β-like enzymes and their involvement in BER and kDNA replication. We also summarize key structural features of trypanosomatid pol β compared to their mammalian (human) counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Morales-Pison
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Al-Kawaz A, Ali R, Toss MS, Miligy IM, Mohammed OJ, Green AR, Madhusudan S, Rakha EA. The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 190:39-51. [PMID: 34406589 PMCID: PMC8557137 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The prediction of clinical behaviour of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its progression to invasive disease remains a challenge. Alterations of DNA damage repair mechanisms are associated with invasive breast cancer (BC). This study aims to assess the role of base excision repair (BER) DNA Polymerase Beta (POLβ) in DCIS. Methods A cohort of DCIS comprising pure DCIS (n = 776) and DCIS coexisting with invasive BC (n = 239) were prepared as tissue microarrays. POLβ protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. Preclinically, we investigated the impact of POLβ depletion on stem cell markers in representative DCIS cell line models. Results Reduced POLβ expression was associated with aggressive DCIS features including high nuclear grade, comedo necrosis, larger tumour size, hormonal receptor negativity, HER2 overexpression and high Ki67 index. Combined low nuclear/low cytoplasmic POLβ expression showed the strongest association with the features’ characteristics of aggressive behaviour. There was a gradual reduction in the POLβ expression from normal breast tissue, to DCIS, with the lowest expression observed in the invasive BC. Low POLβ expression was an independent predictor of recurrence in DCIS patients treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS). POLβ knockdown was associated with a significant increase in cell stemness markers including SOX2, NANOG and OCT4 levels in MCF10-DCIS cell lines. Conclusion Loss of POLβ in DCIS is associated with aggressive behaviour and it can predict recurrence. POLβ expression in DCIS provides an additional feature for patients’ risk stratification for personalised therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-021-06357-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulbaqi Al-Kawaz
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pathology, College of Dentistry, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Reem Ali
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael S Toss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Islam M Miligy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Omar J Mohammed
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt. .,Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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15
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Fagan SP, Mukherjee P, Jaremko WJ, Nelson-Rigg R, Wilson RC, Dangerfield TL, Johnson KA, Lahiri I, Pata JD. Pyrophosphate release acts as a kinetic checkpoint during high-fidelity DNA replication by the Staphylococcus aureus replicative polymerase PolC. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8324-8338. [PMID: 34302475 PMCID: PMC8373059 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial replication is a fast and accurate process, with the bulk of genome duplication being catalyzed by the α subunit of DNA polymerase III within the bacterial replisome. Structural and biochemical studies have elucidated the overall properties of these polymerases, including how they interact with other components of the replisome, but have only begun to define the enzymatic mechanism of nucleotide incorporation. Using transient-state methods, we have determined the kinetic mechanism of accurate replication by PolC, the replicative polymerase from the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Remarkably, PolC can recognize the presence of the next correct nucleotide prior to completing the addition of the current nucleotide. By modulating the rate of pyrophosphate byproduct release, PolC can tune the speed of DNA synthesis in response to the concentration of the next incoming nucleotide. The kinetic mechanism described here would allow PolC to perform high fidelity replication in response to diverse cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Fagan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Purba Mukherjee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - William J Jaremko
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Nelson-Rigg
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ryan C Wilson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tyler L Dangerfield
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Johnson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Indrajit Lahiri
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Janice D Pata
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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16
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Hix MA, Leddin EM, Cisneros GA. Combining Evolutionary Conservation and Quantum Topological Analyses To Determine Quantum Mechanics Subsystems for Biomolecular Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4524-4537. [PMID: 34087064 PMCID: PMC8477969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selection of residues and other molecular fragments for inclusion in the quantum mechanics (QM) region for QM/molecular mechanics (MM) simulations is an important step for these calculations. Here, we present an approach that combines protein sequence/structure evolution and electron localization function (ELF) analyses. The combination of these two analyses allows the determination of whether a residue needs to be included in the QM subsystem or can be represented by the MM environment. We have applied this approach on two systems previously investigated by QM/MM simulations, 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4OT) and ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2), that provide examples where fragments may or may not need to be included in the QM subsystem. Subsequently, we present the use of this approach to determine the appropriate QM subsystem to calculate the minimum energy path (MEP) for the reaction catalyzed by human DNA polymerase λ (Polλ) with a third cation in the active site. Our results suggest that the combination of protein evolutionary and ELF analyses provides insights into residue/molecular fragment selection for QM/MM simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hix
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Emmett M Leddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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17
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Shilkin ES, Petrova DV, Poltorachenko VA, Boldinova EO, Zharkov DO, Makarova AV. Template Properties of 5-Methyl-2'-Deoxycytidine and 5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-Deoxycytidine in Reactions with Human Translesion and Reparative DNA Polymerases. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Ghosh D, Raghavan SC. 20 years of DNA Polymerase μ, the polymerase that still surprises. FEBS J 2021; 288:7230-7242. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
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19
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The PHP domain of PolX from Staphylococcus aureus aids high fidelity DNA synthesis through the removal of misincorporated deoxyribo-, ribo- and oxidized nucleotides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4178. [PMID: 33603016 PMCID: PMC7893174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The X family is one of the eight families of DNA polymerases (dPols) and members of this family are known to participate in the later stages of Base Excision Repair. Many prokaryotic members of this family possess a Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase (PHP) domain at their C-termini. The PHP domain has been shown to possess 3'-5' exonuclease activity and may represent the proofreading function in these dPols. PolX from Staphylococcus aureus also possesses the PHP domain at the C-terminus, and we show that this domain has an intrinsic Mn2+ dependent 3'-5' exonuclease capable of removing misincorporated dNMPs from the primer. The misincorporation of oxidized nucleotides such as 8oxodGTP and rNTPs are known to be pro-mutagenic and can lead to genomic instability. Here, we show that the PHP domain aids DNA replication by the removal of misincorporated oxidized nucleotides and rNMPs. Overall, our study shows that the proofreading activity of the PHP domain plays a critical role in maintaining genomic integrity and stability. The exonuclease activity of this enzyme can, therefore, be the target of therapeutic intervention to combat infection by methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus.
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20
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Miyabayashi H, Jain R, Suzuki S, Grogan DW, Kurosawa N. PolB1 Is Sufficient for DNA Replication and Repair Under Normal Growth Conditions in the Extremely Thermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:613375. [PMID: 33424816 PMCID: PMC7785828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has four DNA polymerases (DNAPs): PolB1, PolB2, PolB3, and Dbh (PolY). Previous in vitro studies suggested that PolB1 is the main replicative DNAP of Sulfolobales whereas PolB2 and Y-family polymerases Dpo4 (Saccharolobus solfataricus) or Dbh are involved in DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis. On the other hand, there are various opinions about the role of PolB3, which remains to be clearly resolved. In order to examine the roles of the DNAPs of S. acidocaldarius through in vivo experiments, we constructed polB2, polB3, and dbh deletion strains and characterized their phenotypes. Efforts to construct a polB1 deletion strain were not successful; in contrast, it was possible to isolate triple gene-deletion strains lacking polB2, polB3, and dbh. The growth of these strains was nearly the same as that of the parent strains under normal growth conditions. The polB2, polB3, and dbh single-deletion strains were sensitive to some types of DNA-damaging treatments, but exhibited normal sensitivity to UV irradiation and several other damaging treatments. Overall, the genotype which exhibited the greatest sensitivity to the DNA-damaging treatments we tested was the ΔpolB2 ΔpolB3 combination, providing the first evidence of overlapping function for these two DNAPs in vivo. The results of our study strongly suggest that PolB1 is responsible for the DNA replication of both the leading and lagging strands and is sufficient to complete the repair of most DNA damage under normal growth conditions in S. acidocaldarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroka Miyabayashi
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rupal Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dennis W. Grogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Norio Kurosawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Tang Q, Kamble P, Çağlayan M. DNA ligase I variants fail in the ligation of mutagenic repair intermediates with mismatches and oxidative DNA damage. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:391-404. [PMID: 32914844 PMCID: PMC7846189 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA ligase I (LIG1) joins DNA strand breaks during DNA replication and repair transactions and contributes to genome integrity. The mutations (P529L, E566K, R641L and R771W) in LIG1 gene are described in patients with LIG1-deficiency syndrome that exhibit immunodeficiency. LIG1 senses 3'-DNA ends with a mismatch or oxidative DNA base inserted by a repair DNA polymerase. However, the ligation efficiency of the LIG1 variants for DNA polymerase-promoted mutagenesis products with 3'-DNA mismatches or 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) remains undefined. Here, we report that R641L and R771W fail in the ligation of nicked DNA with 3'-8-oxodG, leading to an accumulation of 5'-AMP-DNA intermediates in vitro. Moreover, we found that the presence of all possible 12 non-canonical base pairs variously impacts the ligation efficiency by P529L and R771W depending on the architecture at the DNA end, whereas E566K exhibits no activity against all substrates tested. Our results contribute to the understanding of the substrate specificity and mismatch discrimination of LIG1 for mutagenic repair intermediates and the effect of non-synonymous mutations on ligase fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pradnya Kamble
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melike Çağlayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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ASFV DNA polymerase extends recessed DNAs with catalytic efficiencies outperforming those exerted on gapped DNA substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:526-532. [PMID: 33223051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The DNA polymerase from african swine fever virus (ASFV Pol X), lacking both 8 kDa and thumb domains, is the smallest enzyme featuring competence in DNA extension. Here we show that ASFV Pol X features poor filling activity of DNA gaps consisting of 15 bases, and exerts a more efficient action at the expense of DNA substrates containing a recessed end of equal length. We also show that shortening the recessed end of DNA substrates decreases the rate of DNA elongation catalysed by ASFV Pol X. Finally, by means of stopped-flow experiments we were able to determine that DNA binding is a step responsible for restraining the efficiency of ASFV Pol X catalytic action.
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23
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Gruenke PR, Alam KK, Singh K, Burke DH. 2'-fluoro-modified pyrimidines enhance affinity of RNA oligonucleotides to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1667-1679. [PMID: 32732393 PMCID: PMC7566575 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077008.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers can be chemically modified to enhance function, but modifying previously selected aptamers can have nontrivial structural and functional consequences. We present a reselection strategy to evaluate the impact of several modifications on preexisting aptamer pools. RNA aptamer libraries with affinity to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) were retranscribed with 2'-F, 2'-OMe, or 2'-NH2 pyrimidines and subjected to three additional selection cycles. RT inhibition was observed for representative aptamers from several structural families identified by high-throughput sequencing when transcribed with their corresponding modifications. Thus, reselection identified specialized subsets of aptamers that tolerated chemical modifications from unmodified preenriched libraries. Inhibition was the strongest with the 2'-F-pyrimidine (2'-FY) RNAs, as compared to inhibition by the 2'-OMeY and 2'-NH2Y RNAs. Unexpectedly, a diverse panel of retroviral RTs were strongly inhibited by all 2'-FY-modified transcripts, including sequences that do not inhibit those RTs as unmodified RNA. The magnitude of promiscuous RT inhibition was proportional to mole fraction 2'-FY in the transcript. RT binding affinity by 2'-FY transcripts was more sensitive to salt concentration than binding by unmodified transcripts, indicating that interaction with retroviral RTs is more ionic in character for 2'-FY RNA than for unmodified 2'-OH RNA. These surprising features of 2'-FY-modified RNA may have general implications for applied aptamer technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige R Gruenke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Khalid K Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Donald H Burke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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24
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Wang M, Long K, Li E, Li L, Li B, Ci S, He L, Pan F, Hu Z, Guo Z. DNA polymerase beta modulates cancer progression via enhancing CDH13 expression by promoter demethylation. Oncogene 2020; 39:5507-5519. [PMID: 32641859 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase β (Pol β) plays a critical role in DNA base excision repair (BER), which is involved in maintaining genomic stability and in the modulation of DNA demethylation. Numerous studies implicated deficiency of Pol β in the genomic instability and dysregulation of genes expression, leading to affecting initiation of cancer. However, the role of Pol β in cancer progression is still unclear. Here, we show that Pol β depresses migratory and invasive capabilities of both breast and lung carcinomas, which were evident in human breast and lung cancer cells, as well as in mouse xenograft tumors. On the molecular basis, overexpression of Pol β enhanced expression of CDH13, which show function on cell adhesion and migration. Knockdown of CDH13 restores the migratory, invasive capabilities and angiogenesis in tumor, which gets impaired by Pol β. According to the function of BER on modulation of DNA demethylation, our studies on CDH13 expression and the DNA methylation levels of CDH13 promoter suggested that Pol β promotes expression of CDH13 by augmenting DNA demethylation of CDH13 promoter. Our findings elucidated a novel possibility that Pol β impair cancer cell metastasis during cancer progression and shed light on the role of Pol β in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaili Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Enjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Binghua Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shusheng Ci
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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25
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Abstract
DNA polymerases play a central role in biology by transferring genetic information from one generation to the next during cell division. Harnessing the power of these enzymes in the laboratory has fueled an increase in biomedical applications that involve the synthesis, amplification, and sequencing of DNA. However, the high substrate specificity exhibited by most naturally occurring DNA polymerases often precludes their use in practical applications that require modified substrates. Moving beyond natural genetic polymers requires sophisticated enzyme-engineering technologies that can be used to direct the evolution of engineered polymerases that function with tailor-made activities. Such efforts are expected to uniquely drive emerging applications in synthetic biology by enabling the synthesis, replication, and evolution of synthetic genetic polymers with new physicochemical properties.
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26
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Fijen C, Mahmoud MM, Kronenberg M, Kaup R, Fontana M, Towle-Weicksel JB, Sweasy JB, Hohlbein J. Using single-molecule FRET to probe the nucleotide-dependent conformational landscape of polymerase β-DNA complexes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9012-9020. [PMID: 32385112 PMCID: PMC7335799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase β (Pol β) plays an important role in cellular DNA repair, as it fills short gaps in dsDNA that result from removal of damaged bases. Since defects in DNA repair may lead to cancer and genetic instabilities, Pol β has been extensively studied, especially its mechanisms for substrate binding and a fidelity-related conformational change referred to as "fingers closing." Here, we applied single-molecule FRET to measure distance changes associated with DNA binding and prechemistry fingers movement of human Pol β. First, using a doubly labeled DNA construct, we show that Pol β bends the gapped DNA substrate less than indicated by previously reported crystal structures. Second, using acceptor-labeled Pol β and donor-labeled DNA, we visualized dynamic fingers closing in single Pol β-DNA complexes upon addition of complementary nucleotides and derived rates of conformational changes. We further found that, while incorrect nucleotides are quickly rejected, they nonetheless stabilize the polymerase-DNA complex, suggesting that Pol β, when bound to a lesion, has a strong commitment to nucleotide incorporation and thus repair. In summary, the observation and quantification of fingers movement in human Pol β reported here provide new insights into the delicate mechanisms of prechemistry nucleotide selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Fijen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Mariam M Mahmoud
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meike Kronenberg
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Kaup
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mattia Fontana
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie B Towle-Weicksel
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Johannes Hohlbein
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Microspectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Aline Dias da P, Nathalia Marins de A, Gabriel Guarany de A, Robson Francisco de S, Cristiane Rodrigues G. The World of Cyclic Dinucleotides in Bacterial Behavior. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102462. [PMID: 32466317 PMCID: PMC7288161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of multiple bacterial phenotypes was found to depend on different cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that constitute intracellular signaling second messenger systems. Most notably, c-di-GMP, along with proteins related to its synthesis, sensing, and degradation, was identified as playing a central role in the switching from biofilm to planktonic modes of growth. Recently, this research topic has been under expansion, with the discoveries of new CDNs, novel classes of CDN receptors, and the numerous functions regulated by these molecules. In this review, we comprehensively describe the three main bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, and cGAMP focusing on description of their three-dimensional structures and their structural similarities with other protein families, as well as the essential residues for catalysis. The diversity of CDN receptors is described in detail along with the residues important for the interaction with the ligand. Interestingly, genomic data strongly suggest that there is a tendency for bacterial cells to use both c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP signaling networks simultaneously, raising the question of whether there is crosstalk between different signaling systems. In summary, the large amount of sequence and structural data available allows a broad view of the complexity and the importance of these CDNs in the regulation of different bacterial behaviors. Nevertheless, how cells coordinate the different CDN signaling networks to ensure adaptation to changing environmental conditions is still open for much further exploration.
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28
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Selvaraj B, Kocaman S, Trifas M, Serpersu EH, Cuneo MJ. "Catch and Release": A Variation of the Archetypal Nucleotidyl Transfer Reaction. ACS Catal 2020; 10:3548-3555. [PMID: 38250052 PMCID: PMC10797667 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotidyl transfer is an archetypal enzyme reaction central to DNA replication and repair. Here we describe a variation of the nucleotidylation reaction termed "catch and release" that is used by an antibiotic modifying enzyme. The aminoglycoside nucleotidyl transferase 4' (ANT4') inactivates antibiotics such as kanamycin and neomycin through nucleotidylation within an active site that shares significant structural, and inferred underlying catalytic similarity, with human DNA polymerase beta. Here we follow the entire nucleotidyl transfer reaction coordinate of ANT4' covalently inactivating neomycin using X-ray crystallography. These studies show that although the underlying reaction mechanism is conserved with polymerases, a short 2.35 A hydrogen bond is initially formed to facilitate tight binding of the aminoglycoside substrate and is subsequently disrupted by the assembly of the catalytically active ternary complex. This enables the release of products post catalysis due to a lower free energy of the product state compared to the starting substrate complex. We propose that this "catch and release" mechanism of antibiotic turnover observed in ANT4' is a variation of nucleotidyl transfer that has been adapted for the inactivation of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Selvaraj
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seda Kocaman
- The Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Maria Trifas
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Engin H. Serpersu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
- National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, United States
| | - Matthew J. Cuneo
- Department of Structural Biology, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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29
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Batra VK, Alnajjar KS, Sweasy JB, McKenna CE, Goodman MF, Wilson SH. Revealing an Internal Stabilization Deficiency in the DNA Polymerase β K289M Cancer Variant through the Combined Use of Chemical Biology and X-ray Crystallography. Biochemistry 2020; 59:955-963. [PMID: 31999437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA polymerase (pol) β cancer variant K289M has altered polymerase activity in vitro, and the structure of wild-type pol β reveals that the K289 side chain contributes to a network of stabilizing interactions in a C-terminal region of the enzyme distal to the active site. Here, we probed the capacity of the K289M variant to tolerate strain introduced within the C-terminal region and active site. Strain was imposed by making use of a dGTP analogue containing a CF2 group substitution for the β-γ bridging oxygen atom. The ternary complex structure of the K289M variant displays an alteration in the C-terminal region, whereas the structure of wild-type pol β is not altered in the presence of the dGTP CF2 analogue. The alteration in the K289M variant impacts the active site, because the enzyme in the ternary complex fails to adopt the normal open to closed conformational change and assembly of the catalytically competent active site. These results reveal the importance of the K289-mediated stabilizing network in the C-terminal region of pol β and suggest an explanation for why the K289M cancer variant is deficient in polymerase activity even though the position 289 side chain is distal to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Batra
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Khadijeh S Alnajjar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Myron F Goodman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, United States
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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30
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Ministro JH, Oliveira SS, Oliveira JG, Cardoso M, Aires-da-Silva F, Corte-Real S, Goncalves J. Synthetic antibody discovery against native antigens by CRISPR/Cas9-library generation and endoplasmic reticulum screening. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2501-2512. [PMID: 32020276 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant advances of antibodies as therapeutic agents, there is still much room for improvement concerning the discovery of these macromolecules. Here, we present a new synthetic cell-based strategy that takes advantage of eukaryotic cell biology to produce highly diverse antibody libraries and, simultaneously, link them to a high-throughput selection mechanism, replicating B cell diversification mechanisms. The interference of site-specific recognition by CRISPR/Cas9 with error-prone DNA repair mechanisms was explored for the generation of diversity, in a cell population containing a gene for a light chain antibody fragment. We achieved up to 93% of cells containing a mutated antibody gene after diversification mechanisms, specifically inside one of the antigen-binding sites. This targeted variability strategy was then integrated into an intracellular selection mechanism. By fusing the antibody with a KDEL retention signal, the interaction of antibodies and native membrane antigens occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum during the process of protein secretion, enabling the detection of high-quality leads for expression and affinity by flow cytometry. We successfully obtained antibody lead candidates against CD3 as proof of concept. In summary, we developed a novel antibody discovery platform against native antigens by endoplasmic synthetic library generation using CRISPR/Cas9, which will contribute to a faster discovery of new biotherapeutic molecules, reducing the time-to-market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana H Ministro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.,Technophage SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraia S Oliveira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.,Technophage SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana G Oliveira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.,Technophage SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Aires-da-Silva
- CIISA - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Corte-Real
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.,Technophage SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.
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31
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Hoitsma NM, Whitaker AM, Schaich MA, Smith MR, Fairlamb MS, Freudenthal BD. Structure and function relationships in mammalian DNA polymerases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:35-59. [PMID: 31722068 PMCID: PMC7050493 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are vital for the synthesis of new DNA strands. Since the discovery of DNA polymerase I in Escherichia coli, a diverse library of mammalian DNA polymerases involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, antibody generation, and cell checkpoint signaling has emerged. While the unique functions of these DNA polymerases are differentiated by their association with accessory factors and/or the presence of distinctive catalytic domains, atomic resolution structures of DNA polymerases in complex with their DNA substrates have revealed mechanistic subtleties that contribute to their specialization. In this review, the structure and function of all 15 mammalian DNA polymerases from families B, Y, X, and A will be reviewed and discussed with special emphasis on the insights gleaned from recently published atomic resolution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hoitsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Amy M Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Matthew A Schaich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Mallory R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Max S Fairlamb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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32
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NMR and computational methods for molecular resolution of allosteric pathways in enzyme complexes. Biophys Rev 2019; 12:155-174. [PMID: 31838649 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostery is a ubiquitous biological mechanism in which a distant binding site is coupled to and drastically alters the function of a catalytic site in a protein. Allostery provides a high level of spatial and temporal control of the integrity and activity of biomolecular assembles composed of proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules. Understanding the physical forces that drive allosteric coupling is critical to harnessing this process for use in bioengineering, de novo protein design, and drug discovery. Current microscopic models of allostery highlight the importance of energetics, structural rearrangements, and conformational fluctuations, and in this review, we discuss the synergistic use of solution NMR spectroscopy and computational methods to probe these phenomena in allosteric systems, particularly protein-nucleic acid complexes. This combination of experimental and theoretical techniques facilitates an unparalleled detection of subtle changes to structural and dynamic equilibria in biomolecules with atomic resolution, and we provide a detailed discussion of specialized NMR experiments as well as the complementary methods that provide valuable insight into allosteric pathways in silico. Lastly, we highlight two case studies to demonstrate the adaptability of this approach to enzymes of varying size and mechanistic complexity.
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33
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Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Legume-Associated Ascochyta and Its Related Genera in the Dothideomycetes. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110627. [PMID: 31671808 PMCID: PMC6891577 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotoxins, secondary metabolites toxic to plants and produced by fungi, are believed to play an important role in disease development by targeting host cellular machineries and/or interfering with host immune responses. The Ascochyta blight diseases on different legume plants are caused by Ascochyta and related taxa, such as Phoma. The causal agents of the Ascochyta blight are often associated with specific legume plants, showing a relatively narrow host range. The legume-associated Ascochyta and Phoma are known to produce a diverse array of polyketide-derived secondary metabolites, many of which exhibited significant phytotoxicity and have been claimed as virulence or pathogenicity factors. In this article, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the diversity and biological activities of the phytotoxic compounds produced by Ascochyta and Phoma species. Also, we touched on the secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters identified thus far and discussed the role of metabolites in the fungal biology.
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34
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An array of basic residues is essential for the nucleolytic activity of the PHP domain of bacterial/archaeal PolX DNA polymerases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9947. [PMID: 31289311 PMCID: PMC6616362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial/archaeal family X DNA polymerases (PolXs) have a C-terminal PHP domain with an active site formed by nine histidines and aspartates that catalyzes 3′-5′ exonuclease, AP-endonuclease, 3′-phosphodiesterase and 3′-phosphatase activities. Multiple sequence alignments have allowed us to identify additional highly conserved residues along the PHP domain of bacterial/archaeal PolXs that form an electropositive path to the catalytic site and whose potential role in the nucleolytic activities had not been established. Here, site directed mutagenesis at the corresponding Bacillus subtilis PolX (PolXBs) residues, Arg469, Arg474, Asn498, Arg503 and Lys545, as well as to the highly conserved residue Phe440 gave rise to enzymes severely affected in all the nucleolytic activities of the enzyme while conserving a wild-type gap-filling activity, indicating a function of those residues in DNA binding at the PHP domain. Altogether, the results obtained with the mutant proteins, the spatial arrangement of those DNA binding residues, the intermolecular transference of the 3′-terminus between the PHP and polymerization active sites, and the available 3D structures of bacterial PolXs led us to propose the requirement to a great degree of a functional/structural flexibility to coordinate the synthetic and degradative activities in these enzymes.
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35
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Zhang X, Liu Q, Jin Y, Li B. Facile and Sensitive Fluorescence Assay of DNA Polymerase Activity Using Cu2+
and Ascorbate as Signal Developers. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 China
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36
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Sarac I, Hollenstein M. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in the Synthesis and Modification of Nucleic Acids. Chembiochem 2019; 20:860-871. [PMID: 30451377 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) belongs to the X family of DNA polymerases. This unusual polymerase catalyzes the template-independent addition of random nucleotides on 3'-overhangs during V(D)J recombination. The biological function and intrinsic biochemical properties of the TdT have spurred the development of numerous oligonucleotide-based tools and methods, especially if combined with modified nucleoside triphosphates. Herein, we summarize the different applications stemming from the incorporation of modified nucleotides by the TdT. The structural, mechanistic, and biochemical properties of this polymerase are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Sarac
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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37
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Laverty DJ, Greenberg MM. Expanded Substrate Scope of DNA Polymerase θ and DNA Polymerase β: Lyase Activity on 5'-Overhangs and Clustered Lesions. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6119-6127. [PMID: 30299084 PMCID: PMC6200648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is a multifunctional enzyme with double-strand break (DSB) repair, translesion synthesis, and lyase activities. Pol θ lyase activity on ternary substrates containing a 5'-dRP that are produced during base excision repair of abasic sites (AP) is weak compared to that of DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a polymerase integrally involved in base excision repair. This led us to explore whether Pol θ utilizes its lyase activity to remove 5'-dRP and incise abasic sites from alternative substrates that might be produced during DNA damage and repair. We found that Pol θ exhibited lyase activity on abasic lesions near DSB termini and on clustered lesions. To calibrate the Pol θ activity, Pol β reactivity was examined with the same substrates. Pol β excised 5'-dRP from within a 5'-overhang 80 times faster than did Pol θ. Pol θ and Pol β also incised AP within clustered lesions but showed opposite preferences with respect to the polarity of the lesions. AP lesions in 5'-overhangs were typically excised by Pol β 35-50 times faster than those in a duplex substrate but 15-20-fold more slowly than 5'-dRP in a ternary complex. This is the first report of Pol θ exhibiting lyase activity within an unincised strand. These results suggest that bifunctional polymerases may exhibit lyase activity on a greater variety of substrates than previously recognized. A role in DSB repair could potentially be beneficial, while the aberrant activity exhibited on clustered lesions may be deleterious because of their conversion to DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Laverty
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Marc M. Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Genna
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Donati
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
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39
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Kirby TW, Pedersen LC, Gabel SA, Gassman NR, London RE. Variations in nuclear localization strategies among pol X family enzymes. Traffic 2018; 19:10.1111/tra.12600. [PMID: 29931796 PMCID: PMC6684861 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the essential roles of pol X family enzymes in DNA repair, information about the structural basis of their nuclear import is limited. Recent studies revealed the unexpected presence of a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) in DNA polymerase β, indicating the importance of active nuclear targeting, even for enzymes likely to leak into and out of the nucleus. The current studies further explore the active nuclear transport of these enzymes by identifying and structurally characterizing the functional NLS sequences in the three remaining human pol X enzymes: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), DNA polymerase mu (pol μ) and DNA polymerase lambda (pol λ). NLS identifications are based on Importin α (Impα) binding affinity determined by fluorescence polarization of fluorescein-labeled NLS peptides, X-ray crystallographic analysis of the Impα∆IBB•NLS complexes and fluorescence-based subcellular localization studies. All three polymerases use NLS sequences located near their N-terminus; TdT and pol μ utilize monopartite NLS sequences, while pol λ utilizes a bipartite sequence, unique among the pol X family members. The pol μ NLS has relatively weak measured affinity for Impα, due in part to its proximity to the N-terminus that limits non-specific interactions of flanking residues preceding the NLS. However, this effect is partially mitigated by an N-terminal sequence unsupportive of Met1 removal by methionine aminopeptidase, leading to a 3-fold increase in affinity when the N-terminal methionine is present. Nuclear targeting is unique to each pol X family enzyme with variations dependent on the structure and unique functional role of each polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kirby
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Scott A Gabel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Molecular & Metabolic Oncology, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Robert E London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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40
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Variable termination sites of DNA polymerases encountering a DNA-protein cross-link. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198480. [PMID: 29856874 PMCID: PMC5983568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are important DNA lesions induced by endogenous crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, as well as ionizing radiation, cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, and abortive action of some enzymes. Due to their very bulky nature, they are expected to interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis and DNA repair. DPCs are highly genotoxic and the ability of cells to deal with them is relevant for many chemotherapeutic interventions. However, interactions of DNA polymerases with DPCs have been poorly studied due to the lack of a convenient experimental model. We have used NaBH4-induced trapping of E. coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase with DNA to construct model DNA polymerase substrates containing a DPC in single-stranded template, or in the template strand of double-stranded DNA, or in the non-template (displaced) strand of double-stranded DNA. Nine DNA polymerases belonging to families A, B, X, and Y were studied with respect to their behavior upon encountering a DPC: Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I, Pyrococcus furiosus DNA polymerase, Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase IV, human DNA polymerases β, κ and λ, and DNA polymerases from bacteriophages T4 and RB69. Although none were able to fully bypass DPCs in any context, Family B DNA polymerases (T4, RB69) and Family Y DNA polymerase IV were able to elongate the primer up to the site of the cross-link if a DPC was located in single-stranded template or in the displaced strand. In other cases, DNA synthesis stopped 4-5 nucleotides before the site of the cross-link in single-stranded template or in double-stranded DNA if the polymerases could displace the downstream strand. We suggest that termination of DNA polymerases on a DPC is mostly due to the unrelieved conformational strain experienced by the enzyme when pressing against the cross-linked protein molecule.
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Loc'h J, Delarue M. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase: the story of an untemplated DNA polymerase capable of DNA bridging and templated synthesis across strands. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 53:22-31. [PMID: 29656238 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) is a member of the polX family which is involved in DNA repair. It has been known for years as an untemplated DNA polymerase used during V(D)J recombination to generate diversity at the CDR3 region of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors. Recently, however, TdT was crystallized in the presence of a complete DNA synapsis made of two double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), each with a 3' protruding end, and overlapping with only one micro-homology base-pair, thus giving structural insight for the first time into DNA synthesis across strands. It was subsequently shown that TdT indeed has an in trans template-dependent activity in the presence of an excess of the downstream DNA duplex. A possible biological role of this dual activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Loc'h
- Unit of Structural Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules and UMR 3528 du CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Delarue
- Unit of Structural Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules and UMR 3528 du CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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Jensen MA, Davis RW. Template-Independent Enzymatic Oligonucleotide Synthesis (TiEOS): Its History, Prospects, and Challenges. Biochemistry 2018. [PMID: 29533604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for sustainable methods in research and development, where instead of hazardous chemicals, an aqueous medium is chosen to perform biological reactions. In this Perspective, we examine the history and current methodology of using enzymes to generate artificial single-stranded DNA. By using traditional solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry as a metric, we also explore criteria for the method of template-independent enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis (TiEOS). As its key component, we delve into the biology of one of the most enigmatic enzymes, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). As TdT is found to exponentially increase antigen receptor diversity in the vertebrate immune system by adding nucleotides in a template-free manner, researchers have exploited this function as an alternative to the phosphoramidite synthesis method. Though TdT is currently the preferred enzyme for TiEOS, its random nucleotide incorporation presents a barrier in synthesis automation. Taking a closer look at the TiEOS cycle, particularly the coupling step, we find it is comprised of additions > n+1 and deletions. By tapping into the physical and biochemical properties of TdT, we strive to further elucidate its mercurial behavior and offer ways to better optimize TiEOS for production-grade oligonucleotide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jensen
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry , Stanford University , Palo Alto , California 94304 , United States
| | - Ronald W Davis
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry , Stanford University , Palo Alto , California 94304 , United States.,Department of Genetics , Stanford University , Palo Alto , California 94304 , United States
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Mahmoud MM, Schechter A, Alnajjar KS, Huang J, Towle-Weicksel J, Eckenroth BE, Doublié S, Sweasy JB. Defective Nucleotide Release by DNA Polymerase β Mutator Variant E288K Is the Basis of Its Low Fidelity. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5550-5559. [PMID: 28945359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases synthesize new DNA during DNA replication and repair, and their ability to do so faithfully is essential to maintaining genomic integrity. DNA polymerase β (Pol β) functions in base excision repair to fill in single-nucleotide gaps, and variants of Pol β have been associated with cancer. Specifically, the E288K Pol β variant has been found in colon tumors and has been shown to display sequence-specific mutator activity. To probe the mechanism that may underlie E288K's loss of fidelity, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer system that utilizes a fluorophore on the fingers domain of Pol β and a quencher on the DNA substrate was employed. Our results show that E288K utilizes an overall mechanism similar to that of wild type (WT) Pol β when incorporating correct dNTP. However, when inserting the correct dNTP, E288K exhibits a faster rate of closing of the fingers domain combined with a slower rate of nucleotide release compared to those of WT Pol β. We also detect enzyme closure upon mixing with the incorrect dNTP for E288K but not WT Pol β. Taken together, our results suggest that E288K Pol β incorporates all dNTPs more readily than WT because of an inherent defect that results in rapid isomerization of dNTPs within its active site. Structural modeling implies that this inherent defect is due to interaction of E288K with DNA, resulting in a stable closed enzyme structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Mahmoud
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Allison Schechter
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Khadijeh S Alnajjar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ji Huang
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jamie Towle-Weicksel
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brian E Eckenroth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Sylvie Doublié
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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44
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Trakselis MA, Cranford MT, Chu AM. Coordination and Substitution of DNA Polymerases in Response to Genomic Obstacles. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1956-1971. [PMID: 28881136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability for DNA polymerases (Pols) to overcome a variety of obstacles in its path to maintain genomic stability during replication is a complex endeavor. It requires the coordination of multiple Pols with differing specificities through molecular control and access to the replisome. Although a number of contacts directly between Pols and accessory proteins have been identified, forming the basis of a variety of holoenzyme complexes, the dynamics of Pol active site substitutions remain uncharacterized. Substitutions can occur externally by recruiting new Pols to replisome complexes through an "exchange" of enzyme binding or internally through a "switch" in the engagement of DNA from preformed associated enzymes contained within supraholoenzyme complexes. Models for how high fidelity (HiFi) replication Pols can be substituted by translesion synthesis (TLS) Pols at sites of damage during active replication will be discussed. These substitution mechanisms may be as diverse as the number of Pol families and types of damage; however, common themes can be recognized across species. Overall, Pol substitutions will be controlled by explicit protein contacts, complex multiequilibrium processes, and specific kinetic activities. Insight into how these dynamic processes take place and are regulated will be of utmost importance for our greater understanding of the specifics of TLS as well as providing for future novel chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Matthew T Cranford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Aurea M Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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45
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Wu WJ, Yang W, Tsai MD. How DNA polymerases catalyse replication and repair with contrasting fidelity. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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46
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Goetze RW, Kim DH, Schinazi RF, Kim B. A CRISPR/Cas9 approach reveals that the polymerase activity of DNA polymerase β is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in dividing and nondividing cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14016-14025. [PMID: 28684413 PMCID: PMC5572920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus integration into the host genome relies on several host enzymes, potentially including DNA polymerase β (Pol β). However, whether human Pol β is essential for lentivirus replication in human cells is unclear. Here, we abolished DNA polymerase β (Pol β) expression by targeting its DNA polymerase domain with CRISPR/Cas9 in human monocytic THP-1 cells to investigate the role of Pol β in HIV-1 transduction in both dividing and nondividing macrophage stages of THP-1 cells. Pol β-knock-out was confirmed by enhanced sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA damage. Of note, nuclear extracts from Pol β-knock-out THP-1 cells prepared from both dividing and nondividing stages displayed significantly reduced capability to repair the gapped HIV-1 integration intermediate DNA substrate in a biochemical simulation. However, nuclear extract from both dividing and nondividing stages of the Pol β-KO cells had detectable gap repair activity, suggesting that other host DNA polymerases also repair gapped HIV-1 DNA, particularly in dividing cells. Next, when we compared transduction using HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus in control and Pol β-KO cells, the loss of the Pol β expression did not affect transduction efficiency of these lentiviruses in both dividing and nondividing stages. Finally, the gap repair assay indicated that limited cellular dNTP pools, but not Pol β expression, are a primary factor for HIV-1 DNA gap repair, particularly in nondividing cells. These data support the idea that Pol β polymerase activity is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in both dividing and nondividing stages of human cells targeted by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Goetze
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Baek Kim
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,; School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.
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47
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Jamsen JA, Beard WA, Pedersen LC, Shock DD, Moon AF, Krahn JM, Bebenek K, Kunkel TA, Wilson SH. Time-lapse crystallography snapshots of a double-strand break repair polymerase in action. Nat Commun 2017; 8:253. [PMID: 28811466 PMCID: PMC5557891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase (pol) μ is a DNA-dependent polymerase that incorporates nucleotides during gap-filling synthesis in the non-homologous end-joining pathway of double-strand break repair. Here we report time-lapse X-ray crystallography snapshots of catalytic events during gap-filling DNA synthesis by pol μ. Unique catalytic intermediates and active site conformational changes that underlie catalysis are uncovered, and a transient third (product) metal ion is observed in the product state. The product manganese coordinates phosphate oxygens of the inserted nucleotide and PPi. The product metal is not observed during DNA synthesis in the presence of magnesium. Kinetic analyses indicate that manganese increases the rate constant for deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate insertion compared to magnesium. The likely product stabilization role of the manganese product metal in pol μ is discussed. These observations provide insight on structural attributes of this X-family double-strand break repair polymerase that impact its biological function in genome maintenance.DNA polymerase (pol) μ functions in DNA double-strand break repair. Here the authors use time-lapse X-ray crystallography to capture the states of pol µ during the conversion from pre-catalytic to product complex and observe a third transiently bound metal ion in the product state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas A Jamsen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - William A Beard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David D Shock
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Andrea F Moon
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Juno M Krahn
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bebenek
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Thomas A Kunkel
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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48
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Boldinova EO, Wanrooij PH, Shilkin ES, Wanrooij S, Makarova AV. DNA Damage Tolerance by Eukaryotic DNA Polymerase and Primase PrimPol. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1584. [PMID: 28754021 PMCID: PMC5536071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PrimPol is a human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase that also possesses primase activity and is involved in DNA damage tolerance, the prevention of genome instability and mitochondrial DNA maintenance. In this review, we focus on recent advances in biochemical and crystallographic studies of PrimPol, as well as in identification of new protein-protein interaction partners. Furthermore, we discuss the possible functions of PrimPol in both the nucleus and the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Paulina H Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Evgeniy S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sjoerd Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alena V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
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49
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Comparative Genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus and Other Microalga-Infecting Large DNA Viruses Highlights Their Intricate Evolutionary Relationship with the Established Mimiviridae Family. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00230-17. [PMID: 28446675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00230-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysochromulina ericina virus CeV-01B (CeV) was isolated from Norwegian coastal waters in 1998. Its icosahedral particle is 160 nm in diameter and encloses a 474-kb double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome. This virus, although infecting a microalga (the haptophyceae Haptolina ericina, formerly Chrysochromulina ericina), is phylogenetically related to members of the Mimiviridae family, initially established with the acanthamoeba-infecting mimivirus and megavirus as prototypes. This family was later split into two genera (Mimivirus and Cafeteriavirus) following the characterization of a virus infecting the heterotrophic stramenopile Cafeteria roenbergensis (CroV). CeV, as well as two of its close relatives, which infect the unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes Phaeocystis globosa (Phaeocystis globosa virus [PgV]) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (Aureococcus anophagefferens virus [AaV]), are currently unclassified by the International Committee on Viral Taxonomy (ICTV). The detailed comparative analysis of the CeV genome presented here confirms the phylogenetic affinity of this emerging group of microalga-infecting viruses with the Mimiviridae but argues in favor of their classification inside a distinct clade within the family. Although CeV, PgV, and AaV share more common features among them than with the larger Mimiviridae, they also exhibit a large complement of unique genes, attesting to their complex evolutionary history. We identified several gene fusion events and cases of convergent evolution involving independent lateral gene acquisitions. Finally, CeV possesses an unusual number of inteins, some of which are closely related despite being inserted in nonhomologous genes. This appears to contradict the paradigm of allele-specific inteins and suggests that the Mimiviridae are especially efficient in spreading inteins while enlarging their repertoire of homing genes.IMPORTANCE Although it infects the microalga Chrysochromulina ericina, CeV is more closely related to acanthamoeba-infecting viruses of the Mimiviridae family than to any member of the Phycodnaviridae, the ICTV-approved family historically including all alga-infecting large dsDNA viruses. CeV, as well as its relatives that infect the microalgae Phaeocystic globosa (PgV) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (AaV), remains officially unclassified and a source of confusion in the literature. Our comparative analysis of the CeV genome in the context of this emerging group of alga-infecting viruses suggests that they belong to a distinct clade within the established Mimiviridae family. The presence of a large number of unique genes as well as specific gene fusion events, evolutionary convergences, and inteins integrated at unusual locations document the complex evolutionary history of the CeV lineage.
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50
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Ma DL, Dong ZZ, Vellaisamy K, Cheung KM, Yang G, Leung CH. Luminescent Strategies for Label-Free G-Quadruplex-Based Enzyme Activity Sensing. CHEM REC 2017; 17:1135-1145. [PMID: 28467681 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By catalyzing highly specific and tightly controlled chemical reactions, enzymes are essential to maintaining normal cellular physiology. However, aberrant enzymatic activity can be linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, the unusual activity of particular enzymes can represent testable biomarkers for the diagnosis or screening of certain diseases. In recent years, G-quadruplex-based platforms have attracted wide attention for the monitoring of enzymatic activities. In this Personal Account, we discuss our group's works on the development of G-quadruplex-based sensing system for enzyme activities by using mainly iridium(III) complexes as luminescent label-free probes. These studies showcase the versatility of the G-quadruplex for developing assays for a variety of different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ka-Man Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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