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Belitardo de Oliveira A, Winter Schytz H, Fernando Prieto Peres M, Peres Mercante JP, Brunoni AR, Wang YP, Carmen B Molina MD, Koji Uchiyama L, Lotufo PA, Højland Jensen R, Benseñor IM, Härter Griep R, Goulart AC. Does physical activity and inflammation mediate the job stress-headache relationship? A sequential mediation analysis in the ELSA-Brasil study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:187-198. [PMID: 38838834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that physical activity reduces stress and promote a myriad of health-enhancing effects through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, it is unknown whether these mechanisms interfere in the association between psychosocial job stress and headache disorders. OBJECTIVE To test whether physical activity and its interplay with the systemic inflammation biomarkers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and acute phase glycoproteins (GlycA) would mediate the associations between job stress and headache disorders. METHODS We cross-sectionally evaluated the baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) regarding job stress (higher demand and lower control and support subscales), migraine and tension-type headache (ICHD-2 criteria), self-reported leisure-time physical activity, and plasma hs-CRP and GlycA levels. Conditional process analyses with a sequential mediation approach were employed to compute path coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) around the indirect effects of physical activity and biomarkers on the job stress-headache relationship. Separate models were adjusted for sex, age, and depression and anxiety. Further adjustments added BMI smoking status, and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS In total, 7,644 people were included in the study. The 1-year prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache were 13.1 % and 49.4 %, respectively. In models adjusted for sex, age, anxiety, and depression, the association between job stress (lower job control) and migraine was mediated by physical activity [effect = -0.039 (95 %CI: -0.074, -0.010)] but not hs-CRP or GlycA. TTH was associated with higher job control and lower job demand, which was mediated by the inverse associations between physical activity and GlycA [Job Control: effect = 0.0005 (95 %CI: 0.0001, 0.0010); Job Demand: effect = 0.0003 (95 %CI: 0.0001, 0.0007]. Only the mediating effect of physical activity in the job stress-migraine link remained after further adjustments including socioeconomic factors, BMI, smoking, and the exclusion of major chronic diseases. CONCLUSION In the ELSA-Brasil study, physical activity reversed the link between job stress and migraine independently of systemic inflammation, while the LTPA-mediated downregulation of GlycA was associated with lower job stress-related TTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arão Belitardo de Oliveira
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Henrik Winter Schytz
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 5, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, CEP: 05403-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627 - Jardim Leonor, CEP: 05652-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliane Prieto Peres Mercante
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, CEP: 05403-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627 - Jardim Leonor, CEP: 05652-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André R Brunoni
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, CEP: 05403-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César • CEP, 01246903 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, CEP: 05403-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Del Carmen B Molina
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, Pilar, CEP: 35402-163, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Koji Uchiyama
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César • CEP, 01246903 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rigmor Højland Jensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 5, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Isabela M Benseñor
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César • CEP, 01246903 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosane Härter Griep
- Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365 - Manguinhos, CEP: 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butantan-Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Atasoy S, Henningsen P, Sattel H, Baumert J, Rückert-Eheberg IM, Kraus U, Peters A, Ladwig KH, Hausteiner-Wiehle C. Stability and predictors of somatic symptoms in men and women over 10 years: A real-world perspective from the prospective MONICA/KORA study. J Psychosom Res 2022; 162:111022. [PMID: 36087352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the stability of somatic symptoms in community-dwelling participants. METHODS The study included 2472 participants (1190 men, 1282 women; mean age 44.3 ± 10.9) from the prospective population-based MONICA-S3 cohort (1994/95) and the 10-year follow-up KORA-F3 cohort. Somatic symptoms were assessed by an adapted version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8a) with scores ranging from 0 to 24. Somatic symptom stability was assessed by weighted kappa values (κ). Generalized Estimating Equation models assessing symptom stability were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical and psychosocial risk factors, as well as pre-existing medical conditions. RESULTS The mean (±SD) SSS-8a was lower in men (S3: 6.88 ± 3.87, F3: 6.60 ± 3.86) than women (S3: 8.43 ± 4.0, F3: 8.31 ± 4.2) at both time points. However, somatic symptoms remained moderately stable in both genders over 10 years (κ =0.42 in men and κ = 0.48 in women), with the largest stability observed in trouble sleeping for men (κ =0.41) and pain in the joints for women (κ =0.41). Pre-existing somatic symptoms were significantly associated with increasing symptoms at follow-up [men: β = 0.82 (SE 0.12), women: β = 0.85 (SE 0.12)], followed by age and psychosocial factors, whereas higher education and recent health care utilization were inversely associated with increasing symptoms. Although hypertension and obesity were associated with increasing somatic symptoms in men, pre-existing medical conditions were not associated with increasing somatic symptoms in men nor women. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that somatic symptoms remain moderately stable in the general population during 10 years of follow-up, mainly driven by sociodemographic and psychosocial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seryan Atasoy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Gießen and Marburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Heribert Sattel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jens Baumert
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Rückert-Eheberg
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Kraus
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Constanze Hausteiner-Wiehle
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; BG Trauma Center, Department of Neurology, Murnau, Germany
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3
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Atasoy S, Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Sattel H, Johar H, Roenneberg C, Peters A, Ladwig KH, Henningsen P. Gender specific somatic symptom burden and mortality risk in the general population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15049. [PMID: 36065007 PMCID: PMC9445038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender specific all-cause mortality risk associated with a high somatic symptom burden (SSB) in a population-based cohort was investigated. The study population included 5679 women and 5861 men aged 25-74 years from the population-based MONICA/KORA Cohort. SSB was assessed following the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 and categorized as very high (≥ 95th percentile), high (60-95th percentile), moderate (30-60th percentile), and low (≤ 30th percentile). The impact of SSB on all-cause mortality risk within a mean follow-up period of 22.6 years (SD 7.1; 267,278 person years) was estimated by gender-specific Cox regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, somatic and psychosocial risk factors, as well as pre-existing medical conditions. Approximately 5.7% of men and 7.3% of women had very high SSB. During follow-up, 3638 (30.6%) mortality cases were observed. Men with a very-high SSB had 48% increased relative risk of mortality in comparison to men with a low SSB after adjustment for concurrent risk factors (1.48, 95% CI 1.20-1.81, p < .0001), corresponding to 2% increased risk of mortality for each 1-point increment in SSB (1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.03; p = 0.03). In contrast, women with a very high SSB had a 22% lower risk of mortality (0.78, 95% CI 0.61-1.00, p = 0.05) and women with high SSB had an 18% lower risk of mortality (0.82; 95% CI 0.68-0.98, p = 0.03) following adjustment for concurrent risk factors. The current findings indicate that an increasing SSB is an independent risk factor for mortality in men but not in women, pointing in the direction of critical gender differences in the management of SSB, including women's earlier health care utilization than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seryan Atasoy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Constanze Hausteiner-Wiehle
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany
| | - Heribert Sattel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamimatunnisa Johar
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Casper Roenneberg
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Langerstr. 3, 81676, Munich, Germany
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Implications of COVID-19 Mitigation Policies for National Well-Being: A Systems Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 crisis and measures aimed at curbing the pandemic have a widespread impact on various aspects of well-being, such as housing, social connections, and others. Moreover, COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. This study analyzes the impact of major COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on a set of national well-being indicators from the most recent version of the OECD Well-Being Framework. Using causal loop diagrams (systems maps), we consider direct and indirect effects of these policies on various components of the national well-being system. Our results show that business closures directly and/or indirectly impact more national well-being components than any other policy. The most affected national well-being components by all policies are life satisfaction, perceived health, and prevalence of depressive symptoms. In addition, we specify how the impact of the anti-pandemic measures differs for various population strata, using the degree of income and employment loss as key stratifying variables. Our insights can be helpful to identify and promote measures that can alleviate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the national well-being.
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Tondokoro T, Nakata A, Otsuka Y, Yanagihara N, Anan A, Kodama H, Satoh N. Effects of participatory workplace improvement program on stress-related biomarkers and self-reported stress among university hospital nurses: a preliminary study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2021; 59:128-141. [PMID: 33487626 PMCID: PMC8010166 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2020-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although participatory workplace improvement programs are known to provide favorable effects on high stress occupations like nursing, no studies have confirmed its effect using biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine whether a participatory workplace improvement program would decrease stress-related symptoms as evaluated by biomarkers and self-reported stress among hospital nurses. Three actions to alleviate job stress, which were determined through focus group interviews and voting, were undertaken for two months. A total of 31 female Japanese nurses underwent measurement of inflammatory markers, autonomic nervous activity (ANA), and perceived job stress (PJS) at three-time points; before the program (T1), within a week after the completion of the program (T2), and three months after the program (T3). A series of inflammatory markers (Interferon-γ, Interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12/23p40) decreased significantly at T2, and IL-12/23p40 and IL-15 significantly decreased at T3 compared to T1, while ANA and PJS remained unchanged. Our participatory program exerted beneficial effects in reducing inflammatory responses, but not for ANA and PJS. Further investigations with a better study design, i.e., a randomized controlled trial, and a larger sample size are warranted to determine what exerted beneficial effects on inflammatory markers and why other outcomes remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukumi Tondokoro
- Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Akinori Nakata
- Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Yanagihara
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, Japan
| | - Ayumi Anan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kodama
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Noriaki Satoh
- Shared-Use Research Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Rodgers J, Cuevas AG, Williams DR, Kawachi I, Subramanian SV. The relative contributions of behavioral, biological, and psychological risk factors in the association between psychosocial stress and all-cause mortality among middle- and older-aged adults in the USA. GeroScience 2021; 43:655-672. [PMID: 33511488 PMCID: PMC8110664 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of an association between psychosocial stress and mortality continues to accumulate. However, despite repeated calls in the literature for further examination into the physiological and behavioral pathways though which stress affects health and mortality, research on this topic remains limited. This study addresses this gap by employing a counterfactual-based mediation analysis of eight behavioral, biological, and psychological pathways often hypothesized to play a role in the association between stress and health. First, we calculated the survival rate of all-cause mortality associated with cumulative psychosocial stress (high vs. low/moderate) using random effects accelerated failure time models among a sample of 7108 adults from the Midlife in the United States panel study. Then, we conducted a multiple mediator mediation analysis utilizing a counterfactual regression framework to determine the relative contributions of each mediator and all mediators combined in the association between stress and mortality. Exposure to high psychosocial stress was associated with a 0.76 times reduced survival rate over the follow-up period 1995-2015, while adjusting for age, sex, race, income, education, baseline health, and study design effects. The mediators accounted for 49% of this association. In particular, smoking, sedentary behavior, obesity/BMI, and cardiovascular disease displayed significant indirect effects and accounted for the largest reductions in the total effect of stress on mortality, with natural indirect effects of 14%, 12%, 11%, and 4%, respectively. In conclusion, traditional behavioral and biological risk factors play a significant role in the association between psychosocial stress and mortality among middle and older adults in the US context. While eliminating stress and the socioeconomic disparities that so often deliver people into high-stress scenarios should be the ultimate goal, public health interventions addressing smoking cessation, physical activity promotion, and cardiovascular disease treatment may pay dividends for preventing premature mortality in the near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rodgers
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Adolfo G Cuevas
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Peters EMJ, Schedlowski M, Watzl C, Gimsa U. [Can Stress Interact with SARS-CoV-2? A Narrative Review with a Focus on Stress-Reducing Interventions that may Improve Defence against COVID-19]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2021; 71:61-71. [PMID: 33440452 DOI: 10.1055/a-1322-3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic is on the rise and causes many concerns and fears in the population as well as among medical care givers. This raises the question as to how psychosocial stress associated with the pandemic can be managed, and also if certain forms of stress can contribute to an increase in infections and critical illnesses. METHODS Against the background of the current state of research on stress and the immune response, we provide a narrative review of studies addressing the question as to how stress can influence the immune defence against viral diseases. RESULTS Excessive stress can compromise the barrier function of the airways and alter neuroendocrine control of immune function, which can create a virus-permissive immune response. DISCUSSION Because certain forms of stress can play a role in the successful immune defence against viral respiratory disease, it is important to identify people with high psychosocial stress and to help them manage their stress. Conclusion Psychosocial measures that contribute to improved stress management may have a positive effect on the immune response against viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Milena Johanne Peters
- Klinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Psychoneuroimmunologie Labor, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, CharitéCentrum 12 (CC12) für Innere Medizin und Dermatologie, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensimmunbiologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Deutschland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Fachbereich Immunologie, Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Gimsa
- Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Leibniz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie, Dummerstorf, Deutschland
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Kasemy ZA, Abd-Ellatif EE, Abdel Latif AA, Bahgat NM, Shereda HMA, Shattla SI, Aboalizm SE, Abd Elhy AH, Allam AR, Ramadan AN, Amer HM, Ahmed NA, AlJifri AA, El Dalatony MM. Prevalence of Workaholism Among Egyptian Healthcare Workers With Assessment of Its Relation to Quality of Life, Mental Health and Burnout. Front Public Health 2020; 8:581373. [PMID: 33324599 PMCID: PMC7725873 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.581373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Work is a social double edged weapon activity that may have positive and negative effects on individual's quality of life and health. Objectives: To estimate workaholism prevalence and to determine its effects on quality of life, mental health, and burnout among healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: Using a cross-sectional study, 1,080 Egyptian participants distributed as HCWs and non-HCWs were recruited. The study included 4 questionnaires to assess workaholism, quality of life (QoL), Psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ), and General health questionnaire (GHQ). Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was applied to critical specialty HCWs in addition to pro-inflammatory markers including Il6, TNFα, and CoQ10. Results: This study revealed that 24.4 and 24.8% of HCWs were workaholic and hardworking, respectively, in comparison to 5.9 and 28.1% among non-HCWs (P < 0.001). Somatic symptoms and anxiety/ insomnia domains of GHQ were higher among HCWs than non-HCWs (P < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). QoL was significantly lower among HCWs than non-HCWs (P < 0.001). Workaholism was reported among 43.2% of HCWs with critical specialty (P < 0.001). Components of PCQ components were significantly higher among HCWs with critical specialty than non-critical HCWs while QoL showed the reverse (P < 0.05). Working excessively was a predictor to burnout [Emotional exhaustion (β = -0.23) and depersonalization (β = -0.25)] and TNFα (β = 0.41). Emotional exhaustion was a predictor to Il6 (β = 0.66), TNFα (β = 0.73), and CoQ10 (β = -0.78). Conclusion: There is a significant association between workaholism and psychologically poor-health and poor quality of life among HCWs. Critical specialty healthcare workers showed association between workaholism, burnout and pro-inflammatory markers. Addressing of personal characteristics, supporting factors in the work environment and periodic examination of the healthcare workers and responding accordingly is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A. Kasemy
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Eman E. Abd-Ellatif
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Abdel Latif
- Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health Division of Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Nadia M. Bahgat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Mohammad Abo Shereda
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Safaa Ibrahim Shattla
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Samira E. Aboalizm
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Hamed Abd Elhy
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Abeer R. Allam
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N. Ramadan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Hemat Mostafa Amer
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Abdelmawgoud Ahmed
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Abobakr A. AlJifri
- Department of Quality and Patient Safety in Healthcare, Private Hospital Riyadh, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mervat M. El Dalatony
- Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health Division of Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
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Magnusson Hanson LL, Virtanen M, Rod NH, Steptoe A, Head J, Batty GD, Kivimäki M, Westerlund H. Does inflammation provide a link between psychosocial work characteristics and diabetes? Analysis of the role of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in the Whitehall II cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:153-160. [PMID: 30684651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation may underlie the association between psychological stress and cardiometabolic diseases, but this proposition has not been tested longitudinally. We investigated whether the circulating inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mediate the relationship between psychosocial work characteristics and diabetes. METHODS We used three phases of data at 5 years intervals from the Whitehall II cohort study, originally recruiting 10,308 civil service employees aged 35-55 years. The data included repeat self-reports of job demands, control and social support, IL-6 from plasma samples, CRP from serum samples, and diabetes, ascertained through oral glucose tolerance test, medications, and self-reports of doctor-diagnosed diabetes. RESULTS Structural equation models with age, sex and occupational position considering men and women combined, showed that low social support at work, but not high job demands or low job control, was prospectively associated with diabetes (standardized ß = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.09) and higher levels of IL-6 (ß = 0.03, CI 0.00-0.06). The inflammatory markers and diabetes were bidirectionally associated over time. A mediation model including workplace social support, IL-6 and diabetes further showed that 10% of the association between social support and diabetes over the three repeat examinations (total effect ß = 0.08, CI 0.01-0.15) was attributable to a weak indirect effect through IL-6 (ß = 0.01, CI 0.00-0.02). A similar indirect effect was observed for CRP in men only, while job control was prospectively associated with IL-6 among women. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates an association between poor workplace support and diabetes that is partially ascribed to an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naja H Rod
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - G D Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hugo Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eguchi H, Watanabe K, Kawakami N, Ando E, Arima H, Asai Y, Inoue A, Inoue R, Iwanaga M, Imamura K, Kobayashi Y, Nishida N, Otsuka Y, Sakuraya A, Tsuno K, Shimazu A, Tsutsumi A. Psychosocial factors at work and inflammatory markers: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022612. [PMID: 30158233 PMCID: PMC6119426 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation may be a mediator for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic diseases and psychotic and neurodegenerative disorders. Meta-analytic associations between work-related psychosocial factors and inflammatory markers have shown that work-related psychosocial factors could affect the flexibility and balance of the immune system. However, few systematic reviews or meta-analyses have investigated the association between work-related psychosocial factors and inflammatory markers. Based on prospective studies, the present investigation will conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between work-related psychosocial factors and inflammatory markers. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The systematic review and meta-analysis will include published studies identified from electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Web of Science and Japan Medical Abstracts Society) according to recommendations of the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. Inclusion criteria are studies that: examined associations between work-related psychosocial factors and increased inflammatory markers; used longitudinal or prospective cohort designs; were conducted among workers; provided sufficient data for calculating ORs or relative risk with 95% CIs; were published as original articles in English or Japanese; and were published up to the end of 2017. Study selection, data extraction, quality assessment and statistical syntheses will be conducted by 14 investigators. Any inconsistencies or disagreements will be resolved through discussion. The quality of studies will be evaluated using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The investigation study will be based on published studies, so ethics approval is not required. The results of this study will be submitted for publication in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. The findings may be useful for assessing risk factors for increased inflammatory markers in the workplace and determining future approaches for preventing CVD, metabolic diseases and psychotic and neurodegenerative disorders. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018081553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Eguchi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Ando
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Arima
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Asai
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Reiko Inoue
- Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd, Hitachinaka, Japan
| | - Mai Iwanaga
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Imamura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Honda Motor Co., Ltd, Tokyo, UK
| | | | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Sakuraya
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- Center for Human and Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress may influence the risk of disease through its association with oxidative DNA damage. We examined whether perceived stress and depressive symptoms were associated with urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), with mutual interaction on 8-OHdG. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 6517 individuals aged 45 to 74 years who participated, between 2010 and 2012, in a follow-up survey of an ongoing cohort study. Perceived stress during the past year was measured using a self-report questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were measured using a column switching high-pressure liquid chromatography system coupled to an electrochemical detector. RESULTS Higher perceived stress was significantly associated with higher 8-OHdG (2.1% increase per one-category increase of stress; ptrend = .025), even after adjusting for sex, age, supplement use, psychosocial factors, psychotropic medication use, smoking, and body mass index. This association was modestly attenuated after further adjustment for physical activity, suggesting possible mediation or confounding by this factor. Depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with 8-OHdG. No significant interaction was detected between perceived stress and depressive symptoms on 8-OHdG. CONCLUSIONS In a general Japanese population, we found a weak positive association between perceived stress and urinary excretion of 8-OHdG, whereas no association was observed between depressive symptoms and 8-OHdG. Further studies are needed to examine whether the association between perceived stress and 8-OHdG is modified by depressive symptoms.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The current study tested associations between psychosocial stress and CRP in a large sample of women during the first postpartum year. METHODS We analyzed data collected by the five-site Community Child Health Network study, which studied a predominately poor population. Participants (n = 1206 women; 54% African American, 23% white, 23% Hispanic/Latina) were recruited shortly after the birth of a child. Multiple linear regression analyses tested associations of psychosocial stress in several life domains (financial, neighborhood, family, coparenting, partner relationship, discrimination, and interpersonal violence) with log-transformed CRP concentrations at 6-month and 1-year postpartum. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of participants showed evidence of elevated CRP (≥3 mg/L) at 6-month postpartum, and 46% had elevated CRP at 12-month postpartum. Chronic financial stress at 1-month postpartum predicted higher levels of CRP at 6- (b = .15, SE = .05, p = .006) and 12-month postpartum (b = .15, SE = .06, p = .007) adjusting for race/ethnicity, income, education, parity, health behaviors, and chronic health conditions, though associations became nonsignificant when adjusted for body mass index. CONCLUSIONS In this low-income and ethnic/racially diverse sample of women, higher financial stress at 1-month postbirth predicted higher CRP. Study findings suggest that perceived financial stress stemming from socioeconomic disadvantage may be a particular deleterious form of stress affecting maternal biology during the year after the birth of a child.
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Ogino K, Ito T, Eguchi E, Nagaoka K. Association of arginase I or nitric oxide-related factors with job strain in healthy workers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175696. [PMID: 28403218 PMCID: PMC5389831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the associations between job strain and arginase I in 378 healthy Japanese factory workers by a cross-sectional study measuring nitric oxide (NO)-related parameters (arginase I, L-arginine, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and NOx), clinical parameters, and job strain using a Japanese version of the Job Content Questionnaire by Karasek. Arginase I and FEV1% were negatively correlated with job strain and positively correlated with job control and social support. FeNO and hs-CRP were negatively correlated with job strain. Multiple regression analysis showed negative association of arginase I with job strain and positive association with job control and social support in females. It is concluded that serum levels of arginase I may be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of job stress in healthy female workers, although many factors can be influencing the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuo Ito
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Eguchi
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Effectiveness of conservative interventions for sickness and pain behaviors induced by a high repetition high force upper extremity task. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:36. [PMID: 28356066 PMCID: PMC5371184 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation is known to induce sickness behaviors, including decreased social interaction and pain. We have reported increased serum inflammatory cytokines in a rat model of repetitive strain injury (rats perform an upper extremity reaching task for prolonged periods). Here, we sought to determine if sickness behaviors are induced in this model and the effectiveness of conservative treatments. Methods Experimental rats underwent initial training to learn a high force reaching task (10 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks), with or without ibuprofen treatment (TRHF vs. TRHF + IBU rats). Subsets of trained animals went on to perform a high repetition high force (HRHF) task for 6 or 12 weeks (2 h/day, 3 days/week) without treatment, or received two secondary interventions: ibuprofen (HRHF + IBU) or a move to a lower demand low repetition low force task (HRHF-to-LRLF), beginning in task week 5. Mixed-effects models with repeated measures assays were used to assay duration of social interaction, aggression, forepaw withdrawal thresholds and reach performance abilities. One-way and two-way ANOVAs were used to assay tissue responses. Corrections for multiple comparisons were made. Results TRHF + IBU rats did not develop behavioral declines or systemic increases in IL-1beta and IL-6, observed in untreated TRHF rats. Untreated HRHF rats showed social interaction declines, difficulties performing the operant task and forepaw mechanical allodynia. Untreated HRHF rats also had increased serum levels of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, neuroinflammatory responses (e.g., increased TNFalpha) in the brain, median nerve and spinal cord, and Substance P and neurokinin 1 immunoexpression in the spinal cord. HRHF + IBU and HRHF-to-LRLF rats showed improved social interaction and reduced inflammatory serum, nerve and brain changes. However, neither secondary treatment rescued HRHF-task induced forepaw allodynia, or completely attenuated task performance declines or spinal cord responses. Conclusions These results suggest that inflammatory mechanisms induced by prolonged performance of high physical demand tasks mediate the development of social interaction declines and aggression. However, persistent spinal cord sensitization was associated with persistent behavioral indices of discomfort, despite use of conservative secondary interventions indicating the need for prevention or more effective interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0354-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Steffen PR, Walker J, Meredith R, Anderson C. The Effects of Job Instability and Financial Strain on C-Reactive Protein in a Sample of Mexican Immigrants. Ethn Dis 2016; 26:37-44. [PMID: 26843794 DOI: 10.18865/ed.26.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mexican immigrants have lower cardiovascular disease risk than US citizens, but risk increases with level of acculturation. Our study investigated whether job stress and financial strain would be related to inflammation (C-reactive protein), lipids, and blood pressure, and if they would play a role in the acculturation process in Mexican immigrants. METHODS A sample of 310 Mexican immigrants living in the United States were studied on measures of job stress, financial strain, acculturation, and cardiovascular disease risk factors (C-reactive protein, lipids, and blood pressure). RESULTS Job instability, financial strain, and acculturation, were related to inflammation, but psychological demands and decision latitude were not related. Lipids and blood pressure were not related to the variables of interest. Body mass index (BMI) was related to both increased acculturation and inflammation, and when controlling for BMI, acculturation was no longer a significant predictor of inflammation. Job instability and financial strain remained significant predictors of inflammation after controlling for BMI, sex, and age. Job instability and financial strain were not related to acculturation, suggesting that these factors are significant stressors for both newly arrived and more established immigrants. CONCLUSIONS Job instability and financial strain predict increased inflammation in Mexican immigrants but they do not play a role in the relationship between acculturation and C-reactive protein. The effects of acculturation on inflammation in this study were mediated by BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Walker
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Chris Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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Xu W, Chen B, Guo L, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zeng H. High-sensitivity CRP: possible link between job stress and atherosclerosis. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:773-9. [PMID: 26258191 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation may play an important role in linking job stress to atherosclerosis. We sought to investigate the relationship between job stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among Chinese workers. METHODS A total of 731 subjects (506 men and 225 women) were analyzed. Job stress was evaluated by effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. RESULTS Among men, after adjustment for confounders, effort, overcommitment, and ERI were significantly positively correlated with hs-CRP; and reward was significantly inversely related with hs-CRP; high level of effort, overcommitment, or ERI, respectively, significantly increased the odds of high hs-CRP with ORs of 2.0, 3.5, and 3.3 (all P<0.001), compared with the corresponding low level groups. Among women, high overcommitment or ERI also increased risk of high hs-CRP with ORs of 2.8, and 4.1 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS High effort, overcommmitment, and ERI were positively associated with hs-CRP. Inflammation indicated by hs-CRP may be one of important mediators linking job stress and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Xu
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Baoxia Chen
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Lijun Guo
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Research Center of Occupational Medicine; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
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The psychological and physiological effects of acute occupational stress in new anesthesiology residents: a pilot trial. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:878-93. [PMID: 25093592 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational stress in resident physicians has profound implications for wellness, professionalism, and patient care. This observational pilot trial measured psychological and physiological stress biomarkers before, during, and after the start of anesthesia residency. METHODS Eighteen physician interns scheduled to begin anesthesia residency were recruited for evaluation at three time points: baseline (collected remotely before residency in June 2013); first-month visit 1 (July); and follow-up visit 2 (residency months 3 to 5, September-November). Validated scales were used to measure stress, anxiety, resilience, and wellness at all three time points. During visits 1 and 2, the authors measured resting heart-rate variability, responses to laboratory mental stress (hemodynamic, catecholamine, cortisol, and interleukin-6), and chronic stress indices (C-reactive protein, 24-h ambulatory heart rate and blood pressure, 24-h urinary cortisol and catecholamines, overnight heart-rate variability). RESULTS Thirteen interns agreed to participate (72% enrollment). There were seven men and six women, aged 27 to 33 yr. The mean ± SD of all study variables are reported. CONCLUSION The novelty of this report is the prospective design in a defined cohort of residents newly exposed to the similar occupational stress of the operating environment. Because of the paucity of literature specific to the measures and stress conditions in this investigation, no data were available to generate a priori definition of primary outcomes and a data analytic plan. These findings will allow power analysis for future design of trials examining occupational stress and stress-reducing interventions. Given the importance of physician burnout in our country, the impact of chronic stress on resident wellness requires further study.
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Baumert J, Meisinger C, Lukaschek K, Emeny RT, Rückert IM, Kruse J, Ladwig KH. A pattern of unspecific somatic symptoms as long-term premonitory signs of type 2 diabetes: findings from the population-based MONICA/KORA cohort study, 1984-2009. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:87. [PMID: 25416641 PMCID: PMC4247721 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unspecific symptoms often proceed a serious chronic disease condition long before the onset of the disease. The role of an unspecific premonitory symptom (UPMS) pattern as premonitory signs of subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis independent of established cardio-metabolic risk factors is unclear and therefore was examined in the present study. METHODS The study population consisted of 10,566 participants aged 25-74 years at baseline drawn from the population-based MONICA/KORA Cohort Study conducted in 1984-2009 in the Augsburg region (Germany). Unspecific premonitory symptoms were assessed following the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8). The impact of the score on T2DM risk within a mean follow-up time of 16 years was estimated by Cox regression. RESULTS Within follow-up, 974 newly diagnosed T2DM cases were observed. The risk for T2DM increased by a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.04, p value < 0.001) for a one unit increase of the UPMS score in a Cox model adjusted for age, sex and survey. Additional adjustment for cardio-metabolic risk factors attenuated this effect (HR = 1.02) but significance remained (p value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Suffering from an elevated burden of unspecific somatic symptoms is associated with T2DM long before the onset and independent of established cardio-metabolic risk factors. Further research is needed to obtain insight in potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumert
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- />Central Hospital of Augsburg, MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Karoline Lukaschek
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
| | - Rebecca Thwing Emeny
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Rückert
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- />Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- />Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- />Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- />Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Job strain as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study. Psychosom Med 2014; 76:562-8. [PMID: 25102002 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether job strain is associated with an increased risk of subsequent Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in a population-based study of men and women. METHODS Data were derived from the prospective MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. We investigated 5337 working participants aged 29 to 66 years without diabetes at one of the three baseline surveys. Job strain was measured by the Karasek job content questionnaire. High job strain was defined by the quadrant approach, where high job demands combined with low job control were classified as high job strain. Continuous job strain (quotient of job demands divided by job control) was additionally analyzed as sensitivity analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age, sex, survey, socioeconomic and life-style variables, parental history of diabetes, and body mass index. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.7 years, 291 incident cases of T2DM were observed. The participants with high job strain at baseline had a 45% higher fully adjusted risk to develop T2DM than did those with low job strain (HR = 1.45 [95% confidence interval = 1.00-2.10], p = .048). On the continuous scale, more severe job strain in the magnitude of 1 standard deviation corresponded to a 12% increased fully adjusted T2DM risk (HR = 1.12 [95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.25], p = .045). CONCLUSIONS Men and women who experience high job strain are at higher risk for developing T2DM independently of traditional risk factors. Preventive strategies to combat the globally increasing T2DM epidemic should take into consideration the adverse effects of high strain in the work environment.
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Rezvani A, Bouju G, Keriven-Dessomme B, Moret L, Grall-Bronnec M. Workaholism: are physicians at risk? Occup Med (Lond) 2014; 64:410-6. [PMID: 25022279 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work addiction (WA), often called 'workaholism', is a relatively recent concept that has not yet been clearly defined. Ongoing studies have found prevalence rates that are highly variable due to the diversity of the models used and the populations studied. AIMS To assess the characteristics of WA among hospital medical staff. METHODS All physicians practising at a French university hospital were invited to participate in a survey based on two questionnaires: the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) for WA and the Job Contents Questionnaire (JCQ) to assess psychosocial constraints at work. RESULTS There were 444 responding physicians. The response rate was 45%. Thirteen per cent of respondents were considered to be highly work addicted and a further 35% were considered mildly work addicted. Professors had the highest average WART score, but neither age nor sex was associated with WA. Furthermore, all 3D scores obtained using the JCQ correlated with the WART score; the highest correlation coefficient being obtained between the WART score and the job demands score, indicating that workaholics experienced high job demands. CONCLUSIONS WA especially affects professors, who have the highest status amongst doctors in the hospital hierarchy. This study highlights the importance of constraints and workload, which are consistent with individual vulnerability factors. These factors may help identify ways of preventing and managing this type of addiction, through improvement of working conditions and organizational structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rezvani
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Nazaire Hospital, Saint Nazaire, France
| | - G Bouju
- Department of Public Health, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France, EA 4275-SPHERE 'Biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Subjective Measures in Health Sciences', Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - B Keriven-Dessomme
- Department of Addiction and Psychiatry, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - L Moret
- Department of Public Health, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France, Department of Addiction and Psychiatry, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - M Grall-Bronnec
- Department of Public Health, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France, EA 4275-SPHERE 'Biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Subjective Measures in Health Sciences', Nantes University, Nantes, France,
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Alevizos M, Karagkouni A, Panagiotidou S, Vasiadi M, Theoharides TC. Stress triggers coronary mast cells leading to cardiac events. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:309-16. [PMID: 24428962 PMCID: PMC4288814 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress precipitates and worsens not only asthma and atopic dermatitis but also acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), which are associated with coronary inflammation. Evidence linking stress to ACS was reviewed and indicated that activation of coronary mast cells (MCs) by stress, through corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and other neuropeptides, contributes to coronary inflammation and coronary artery disease. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched (2005-2013) for articles using the following keywords: allergies, anaphylaxis, anxiety, coronary arteries, coronary artery disease, C-reactive protein, cytokines, chymase, histamine, hypersensitivity, interleukin-6 (IL-6), inflammation, mast cells, myocardial ischemia, niacin, platelet-activating factor, rupture, spasm, statins, stress, treatment, tryptase, and uroctortin. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles were selected based on their relevance to how stress affects ACS and how it activates coronary MCs, leading to coronary hypersensitivity, inflammation, and coronary artery disease. RESULTS Stress can precipitate allergies and ACS. Stress stimulates MCs through the activation of high-affinity surface receptors for CRH, leading to a CRH-dependent increase in serum IL-6. Moreover, neurotensin secreted with CRH from peripheral nerves augments the effect of CRH and stimulates cardiac MCs to release IL-6, which is elevated in ACS and is an independent risk factor for myocardial ischemia. MCs also secrete CRH and uroctortin, which induces IL-6 release from cardiomyocytes. The presence of atherosclerosis increases the risk of cardiac MC activation owing to the stimulatory effect of lipoproteins and adipocytokines. Conditions such as Kounis syndrome, mastocytosis, and myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome are particularly prone to coronary hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSION Inhibition of cardiac MCs may be a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Alevizos
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Present address: Department of Internal Medicine, Jacoby Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna Karagkouni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Present address: Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Hospital, Mt Kisco, New York
| | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Magdalini Vasiadi
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Tuit K, Sinha R. Lower cumulative stress is associated with better health for physically active adults in the community. Stress 2014; 17:157-68. [PMID: 24392966 PMCID: PMC4548889 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2013.878329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cumulative adversity, an individual's lifetime exposure to stressors, and insufficient exercise are associated with poor health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether exercise buffers the association of cumulative adverse life events (CALE) with health in a community-wide sample of healthy adults (ages 18-50 years; women: n = 219, 29.5 ± 9.2 years; men: n = 176, 29.4 ± 8.7 years, mean ± standard deviation). Participants underwent the Cumulative Adversity Interview, which divides life events into three subsets: major life events (MLE), recent life events (RLE) and traumatic experiences (TLE). These individuals also completed the Cornell Medical Index and a short assessment for moderate or greater intensity exercise behavior, modified from the Nurses' Health Study. Results indicated that higher CALE was associated with greater total health problems (r = 0.431, p < 0.001). Interactions between stress and exercise were not apparent for RLE and TLE. However, at low levels of MLE, greater exercise was related to fewer total, physical, cardiovascular and psychological health problems (p value <0.05). Conversely, at high levels of MLE, the benefits of exercise appear to be absent. Three-way interactions were observed between sex, exercise and stress. Increased levels of exercise were related to better physical health in men, at all levels of CALE. Only women who reported both low levels of CALE and high levels of exercise had more favorable physical health outcomes. A similar pattern of results emerged for RLE. Together, these data suggest that increased exercise is related to better health, but these effects may vary by cumulative stress exposure and sex.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress and physical activity (PA) are believed to be reciprocally related; however, most research examining the relationship between these constructs is devoted to the study of exercise and/or PA as an instrument to mitigate distress. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to review the literature investigating the influence of stress on indicators of PA and exercise. METHODS A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus was employed to find all relevant studies focusing on human participants. Search terms included "stress", "exercise", and "physical activity". A rating scale (0-9) modified for this study was utilized to assess the quality of all studies with multiple time points. RESULTS The literature search found 168 studies that examined the influence of stress on PA. Studies varied widely in their theoretical orientation and included perceived stress, distress, life events, job strain, role strain, and work-family conflict but not lifetime cumulative adversity. To more clearly address the question, prospective studies (n = 55) were considered for further review, the majority of which indicated that psychological stress predicts less PA (behavioral inhibition) and/or exercise or more sedentary behavior (76.4 %). Both objective (i.e., life events) and subjective (i.e., distress) measures of stress related to reduced PA. Prospective studies investigating the effects of objective markers of stress nearly all agreed (six of seven studies) that stress has a negative effect on PA. This was true for research examining (a) PA at periods of objectively varying levels of stress (i.e., final examinations vs. a control time point) and (b) chronically stressed populations (e.g., caregivers, parents of children with a cancer diagnosis) that were less likely to be active than controls over time. Studies examining older adults (>50 years), cohorts with both men and women, and larger sample sizes (n > 100) were more likely to show an inverse association. 85.7 % of higher-quality prospective research (≥ 7 on a 9-point scale) showed the same trend. Interestingly, some prospective studies (18.2 %) report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress (behavioral activation). This should not be surprising as some individuals utilize exercise to cope with stress. Several other factors may moderate stress and PA relationships, such as stages of change for exercise. Habitually active individuals exercise more in the face of stress, and those in beginning stages exercise less. Consequently, stress may have a differential impact on exercise adoption, maintenance, and relapse. Preliminary evidence suggests that combining stress management programming with exercise interventions may allay stress-related reductions in PA, though rigorous testing of these techniques has yet to be produced. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the majority of the literature finds that the experience of stress impairs efforts to be physically active. Future work should center on the development of a theory explaining the mechanisms underlying the multifarious influences of stress on PA behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Stults-Kolehmainen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA,
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Systematic review of the evidence of a relationship between chronic psychosocial stress and C-reactive protein. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:147-64. [PMID: 23615944 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant with an increasing number of clinical functions. Studies in recent years have identified several social, economic, demographic, and psychological factors that contribute to baseline inflammation. Psychosocial stress represents a significant contributor to baseline inflammation. Given the importance of understanding background drivers of CRP levels, we conducted this review to assess the impact of chronic psychosocial stress on CRP levels. METHODS Medline was searched through February 2013 for human studies examining CRP levels with respect to chronic psychosocial stress. RESULTS The initial search identified 587 articles from which 129 potentially appropriate articles were reviewed. Of these 129 articles, 41 articles were included in the review. These studies were published between 2003 and 2013. Of these studies, 6 analyzed employment stress, 2 analyzed unemployment stress, 6 analyzed burnout and vital exhaustion, 6 analyzed caregiver stress, 3 analyzed interpersonal stress, 17 analyzed socioeconomic position, and 2 analyzed discrimination. CONCLUSION We conclude that psychosocial stress significantly impacts CRP and should be considered when interpreting the meaning of CRP elevations.
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Magnavita N, Fileni A. Work stress and metabolic syndrome in radiologists: first evidence. Radiol Med 2013; 119:142-8. [PMID: 24297580 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-013-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Scientific data have amply demonstrated that work stress increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, less attention has been given to the association between stress and metabolic syndrome. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationship between work stress and metabolic syndrome in a population of radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiologists and radiotherapists taking part in scientific conferences were invited to compile a questionnaire to evaluate work stress and the main parameters for diagnosing metabolic syndrome (obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol level, elevated triglycerides, and hyperglycemia). RESULTS Most of the doctors taking part in the survey (n = 383, 58.6 %) were found to have at least one pathological component; 47 subjects (7.1 %) had metabolic syndrome. All the variables indicating work stress, whether derived from Karasek's demand/control model or from the effort/reward model devised by Siegrist, were significant predictors of metabolic syndrome components. Radiologists with elevated levels of stress had a significantly higher risk of being affected by metabolic syndrome than colleagues with lower stress levels, whether stress was defined as "job strain", i.e., elevated work load and reduced discretionary power (OR 4.89, 95 % CI 2.51-9.55), or as "effort reward imbalance", i.e., mismatch between effort and reward for the work performed (OR 4.66, 95 % CI 2.17-10.02). CONCLUSIONS Should the results of this cross-sectional study be confirmed by a subsequent longitudinal survey, they would indicate the need for prompt organizational intervention to reduce occupational stress in radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Magnavita
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy,
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA. The interplay between stress and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:346. [PMID: 24348424 PMCID: PMC3841719 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Gender-Specific Associations of Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies with C-Reactive Protein in Middle-Aged and Older Men and Women. Int J Behav Med 2013; 21:821-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, Allen NB, Stuart AL, Hayley AC, Byrne ML, Maes M. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med 2013; 11:200. [PMID: 24228900 PMCID: PMC3846682 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 859] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We now know that depression is associated with a chronic, low-grade inflammatory response and activation of cell-mediated immunity, as well as activation of the compensatory anti-inflammatory reflex system. It is similarly accompanied by increased oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), which contribute to neuroprogression in the disorder. The obvious question this poses is 'what is the source of this chronic low-grade inflammation?' DISCUSSION This review explores the role of inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress as possible mediators of known environmental risk factors in depression, and discusses potential implications of these findings. A range of factors appear to increase the risk for the development of depression, and seem to be associated with systemic inflammation; these include psychosocial stressors, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, altered gut permeability, atopy, dental cares, sleep and vitamin D deficiency. SUMMARY The identification of known sources of inflammation provides support for inflammation as a mediating pathway to both risk and neuroprogression in depression. Critically, most of these factors are plastic, and potentially amenable to therapeutic and preventative interventions. Most, but not all, of the above mentioned sources of inflammation may play a role in other psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Suarez EC, Schramm-Sapyta NL, Vann Hawkins T, Erkanli A. Depression inhibits the anti-inflammatory effects of leisure time physical activity and light to moderate alcohol consumption. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 32:144-52. [PMID: 23541381 PMCID: PMC3686829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light to moderate alcohol consumption and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) are independently associated with lower levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a predictor of cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, depression, ranging from low mood disturbance to major depressive disorder, has been associated with elevated CRP. To test the hypothesis that depression attenuates the anti-inflammatory effects of LTPA and alcohol consumption, the current study tested the moderating effect of severity of depressive symptomatology on the relation of alcohol consumption and LTPA to CRP in 222 healthy adult men and women (18-65 years of age). Given the known effects of gender on inflammation, we also examined the effects of gender on the tested interactions. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Frequency of alcohol consumption, hours of LTPA per week and other coronary risk/protective factors were assessed via self-report and structured interview. Fasting blood samples were used to measure CRP and lipids. As predicted, the interaction between LTPA and depressive symptomatology was significant (F=5.29, p<.03) such that lower CRP was associated with the combination of decreased depressive symptomatology and increased LTPA. Among those with increased depressive symptoms, increased LTPA was not associated with higher CRP. Similarly, depression interacted with alcohol consumption in predicting CRP in men but not women (F=5.03, p<.008) such that for men light to moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower CRP but only among those with decreased depressive symptoms. Light to moderate alcohol consumption was not associated with lower CRP in those with increased depressive symptom severity. The pattern of the interactions between anti-inflammatory activities such as light to moderate alcohol consumption and LTPA and psychological distress as indexed by severity of depressive symptomatology suggests an important new avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Job strain-associated inflammatory burden and long-term risk of coronary events: findings from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg case-cohort study. Psychosom Med 2013; 75:317-25. [PMID: 23460721 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182860d63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association between job strain and coronary heart disease (CHD) and investigated the role of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as possible mediators of job strain-associated CHD risk. METHODS The sample (n = 1027) included employed participants (35-64 years old, 68% male) from the population-based MONICA/KORA (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease/Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg) studies. At baseline Karasek's Job Strain Index was assessed during standardized personal interviews, and nine biological markers were measured (1984-1995). Participants were followed (average, 12 years) to assess incident events (sudden cardiac death or fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction). In this case-cohort design, the final sample contained 114 cases and 913 noncases. RESULTS Baseline distributions of cardiometabolic risk factors were significantly different between cases and noncases, with no detectable job strain-specific differences. However, cases with high job strain had higher monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-18 compared with noncases with high job strain. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were increased in cases versus noncases, regardless of work stress. Job strain was associated with incident coronary events in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, and survey (hazard ratio = 2.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-6.07) and after adjustment for CHD risk factors (2.35, 1.003-5.49). Adjustment for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or IL-8 increased this risk estimate by 14.5% or 9.4%, respectively, whereas adjustment for C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 led to decreased hazard ratios (-9.9% and -5.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Job strain increased CHD risk in healthy workers; the associated inflammatory burden may contribute to stress-related coronary pathogenesis.
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Social Psychiatry in the Waiting Room: What a Physician Can Learn about Occupational Stress from Workers Waiting to Be Examined. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2013; 2013:701872. [PMID: 24286068 PMCID: PMC3820074 DOI: 10.1155/2013/701872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background. Work-related stress is a major problem for mental health. The occupational physician has the opportunity to gather information on the perception of stress from workers in the course of regular medical examinations. Method. 1,231 subjects, engaged in 6 different occupations, were invited to compile the Demand/Control/Support and the Effort/Reward/Imbalance questionnaires. Results. A specific profile of work-related stress emerged for each group of workers. Radiology physicians reported high control over work, but also exceedingly high demand and effort, high overcommitment, low social support, and low rewards from work. Health care workers were often overcommitted but had high levels of reward and social support. Low levels of social support and reward were recorded for mature workers, while special force policemen engaged in law enforcement during the G8 meeting had high levels of social support and regards, so that their resulting stress levels were closer to the reference group of employees in an insurance company with no front-office. Conclusion. The practice of administering questionnaires to groups of workers who are subject to medical surveillance is useful for monitoring mental health and well-being.
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